W_TEMP_5045: Agrochemical Impacts On Human And Environmental Health: Mechanisms And Mitigation
(Multistate Research Project)
Status: Draft Project
W_TEMP_5045: Agrochemical Impacts On Human And Environmental Health: Mechanisms And Mitigation
Duration: 10/01/2025 to 09/30/2030
Administrative Advisor(s):
NIFA Reps:
Non-Technical Summary
Statement of Issues and Justification
Statement of Issues and Justification
Issue: By the middle of this century, our human population is predicted to reach nine billion. Food production systems must become more efficient while at the same time reducing impacts to agricultural ecosystems. There is already greater pressure to develop sustainable systems and agrochemical use will remain a cornerstone for protecting crop yield and thereby helping to meet demands for increased food production. Inevitably, a portion of the applied agrochemicals is lost to the surrounding environment potentially adversely affecting human and environmental health. Thus, assuring sustainable crop production systems and human-environmental protection will pose increasingly difficult challenges. To minimize risks to humans and to ecosystems, environmentally sound crop and public health protection will require keen understanding of traditional as well as emerging approaches for the study of fate and effects of agrochemicals along with sound mitigation strategies. In the future it will be of equal importance investigating beneficial impacts of agrochemicals juxtaposed to adverse impacts.
Continuation of the W-4045 multistate multidisciplinary research project will enable collaborations that go beyond the scope of any individual state Agricultural Experiment Stations (AES) or US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) units for advancing and transferring science to agricultural, regulatory stakeholders, and the public who require innovative solutions to complex human and environmental health concerns.
Justification: Since it was chartered in 1956, the W-4045 multistate Hatch research group has provided leadership in identifying agrochemical fate in terrestrial and aquatic systems, exposure and health effects, characterizing adverse impacts from agrochemical exposure to cells, organisms, and ecosystems, and putting into practice and advancing mitigation technologies that reduce risks to humans and the environment. Today, the work of W- 4045 extends well beyond the western region with involvement from a wide assemblage of USDA-ARS and nationwide state AES land-grant university researchers-extension specialists. W-4045 members effectively integrate information across scales ranging from molecular to landscape levels to address the fate and effects of agrochemicals and emerging organic contaminants in/on human, animal and environmental health. The ability to cross disciplinary boundaries and to adapt novel measurement and modeling tools to address complex emerging environmental problems while also interfacing with regulatory stakeholders to employ these tools remains essential for improved management and communication of hazards and risk. Cooperating W-4045 group researchers represent an array of aligned disciplines in basic and applied biology, ecology, toxicology, environmental chemistry, engineering, risk assessment, outreach, and education to address current and emerging human-environmental agrochemical health issues. USDA-ARS facilities in MN, MD and SD and state land grant AES colleges and their affiliate institutions span over the west (CA, HI, MT, NV, OR, WA), Great Plains (NE, IA), Midwest (IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI), east (CT, NJ, MA, NY), and southern states (NC, FL, LA). W-4045 includes nationwide representation of university faculty (e.g., UC Riverside, Louisiana State, Ohio State, University of Florida, Oregon State, University of Nebraska), USDA Agricultural Research Service scientists and industry representatives (e.g., Bayer), all who work collaboratively on important issues such as crop protection, climate change, sustainability, transport and mitigation, and bioindicators of ecological health. Research by group members includes basic and applied work targeted at solving agrochemical-related challenges all while adding knowledge in fields such as environmental chemistry and toxicology. Collectively, this group provides critical information for maintaining a profitable and sustainable agricultural economy in the US.
Impacts: Pesticides, fertilizers, manure, biosolids, biochar, plastic mulches, composts, and other products are used on farms and in other settings to manage pests, condition soils and protect crops or aquaculture yield and quality. Many products, such as municipal biosolids and manure contain pharmaceuticals and other emerging contaminants such as per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and microplastics contributing to environmental release of these well recognized contaminants. Despite important uses, agrochemicals and these emerging contaminants can adversely impact human, animal, and environmental health when they leach or run off into soil and water or accumulate in non-target organisms and can have cascading effects on geogenic contaminants. Researchers from 20+ State Agricultural Experiment Stations are working to help farmers, aquaculturists, government agencies, chemical manufacturers, and others make prudent decisions that reduce the adverse impacts of agrochemicals. Project members are monitoring and characterizing the fate of agrochemicals in agricultural, urban, and natural areas; determining adverse impacts from agrochemical exposure to cells, organisms, and ecosystems; developing tools to mitigate the adverse impacts of agrochemicals.
Long-term, interdisciplinary, multistate research makes it possible to understand agrochemical impacts across multiple scales in a way that no single institution or state can. Working together and with industry scientists, researchers can share ideas, knowledge, tools, and other resources to facilitate efficient, innovative research and productive collaborations. With members across the nation, findings can be shared widely. A large diverse team and regular meetings have helped many early career scientists develop long-lasting connections and skills that advance their careers. Researchers developed tools to measure agrochemical contamination and toxicity. Studies also monitored the fate of agrochemicals in the environment and impacts to non-target organisms. For example, researchers:
• Created a low-cost, minimally invasive sensor that can rapidly quantify multiple biomarkers associated with even very low pesticide exposures (Washington State University).
• Developed nanobody-based lateral flow test strips for onsite monitoring of pesticides and pollutants (University of Hawaii).
• Developed a simplified, low-cost way to monitor the toxicity of residual herbicides in ready-to-sell composts (Ohio State University).
• Used cutting-edge analytical and mapping tools to measure and model dispersal of pesticides at a regional scale (University of Florida).
• Found that seasonality and weather affect the occurrence, distribution, and loading rates of pesticides in watersheds (Cornell University, University of Kentucky).
• Assessed how salinity affects agrochemical fate and toxicity (Louisiana State University; University of California, Riverside).
• Showed that urban use of pyrethroids can contaminate streams with hormone-disrupting chemicals (University of California, Riverside).
• Shed light on geochemical activity of heavy metals in agricultural soil and irrigation water, making their way into edible plants (University of Nebraska).
• Identified which contaminants are most likely to accumulate in vegetables (University of California, Riverside) and wetland plants (University of Kentucky)
• Monitored agricultural landscapes and found that pesticide levels had low potential for adverse effects on bees (Montana State University, Washington State University).
• Developed a sensitive fiber that can detect neonicotinoids in the nectar and sap of live, flowering plants (University of California, Riverside).
• Showed that even low doses of PFAS could adversely affect eastern tiger salamanders (Purdue University)
• Showed adverse effects of specific agrochemicals such as pyrethroids on fish in early life stages can persist through multiple generations (Oregon State University).
• Working with oyster aquaculturists to devise approaches for the safe control of invasive organisms to prevent interference with hatchery operations and bivalve health (Oregon State University).
• Worked with members of the California Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board to better characterize the fate and effects of currently used pesticides as part of the state’s Irrigated Lands Regulatory Monitoring Program (University of California, Riverside).
• Identified emerging contaminants (e.g., PFAS, pesticides, pharmaceuticals) impact wetland biogeochemical processes (University of Kentucky).
• Collaborated with regional and international scientists and the California Waterboard to produce a statewide plan for monitoring microplastics in drinking water and sediments (Oregon State University).
• Scientists discovered new ways to remediate agrochemical contamination, including: innovative treatment wetland designs and reduce over application of pesticides (University of Kentucky, University of Florida, University of California Riverside)
• Low-cost amendments to remediate herbicide-contaminated compost (Ohio State University).
• A patented cost-effective soil amendment to control concentrations of contaminants like arsenic in food crops (University of Nebraska).
• Vegetative buffers to reduce pesticide concentrations in farmland runoff (University of Florida and the Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science in Agriculture).
• Implemented high throughput cell bioassays to assess recycled and surface water quality for the State Water Board of California (University of California, Riverside)
• Land application of the biocide triclosan enriched soil for the presence of opportunistic bacterial pathogens in the genus Stenotrophomonas (Cornell)
Related, Current and Previous Work
Related, Current and Previous Work (last 10 years)
Committee members have developed methods to assess risks and mitigate impacts of agrochemicals, monitor their environmental fate and transformation, determine adverse impacts from agrochemical exposure to cells, organisms, and ecosystems, and assess/mitigate risk of exposure to humans and non-target organisms. This collaboration has also identified significant interdisciplinary knowledge gaps in agrochemical human and environmental health and led to new research opportunities for member collaboration. The value of the prior (W-4045) research group activities is strongly evident today at the national and international levels. W-3045 members from USDA-ARS (MD) and UC-Riverside AES respectively chaired and co-chaired International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry (IUPAC) scientific program activities with program support from many W4045 members. Members from USDA-ARS (MD) and AES HI are associate editors of the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. One member from UC-Riverside is the co-editor-in-chief of Science of the Total Environment and the other member from UC-Riverside is Executive Editor for Environmental Science and Technology. One member from UNL is and associate editor for Frontiers in Environmental Science. The member from Bayer Crop Science is the deputy editor of ACS Agricultural Science & Technology. Collaborations built in W-3045 have continually strengthened state AES and ARS involvement in the American Chemical Society (ACS) Agrochemical (AGRO) and Agricultural and Food Chemistry (AGFD) divisions. W-4045 members from ARS MD, UC-Riverside AES, ARS ND, NV AES, MN ARS, LA AES, OR AES, and WA AES serve in official capacities or on executive committees. Three W-4045 extension specialists and researchers have been recently distinguished as Fellows in the ACS AGRO program area.
Many ACS AGRO graduate research awards have been supervised by W-4045 project members in areas ranging from proteomic/bioavailability modeling to land-scale native grass phytoremediation simulations of herbicide runoff. W-4045 OR AES scientists have provided outreach to the public through toll-free and web-based services from the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC). This information center provides objective, science-based information about pesticide poisoning, toxicology, and environmental chemistry that enable people to make informed decisions. TOXicology NETwork (EXTOXNET) at OSU remains among one of the most widely used internet sites for those seeking technical information on pesticides and household chemicals. Members have worked closely with industry and non-profit associations impacted by agrochemical use such as the US Composting Council, state agricultural crop and animal commissions and commodity groups. Clearly, the collaborative and multidisciplinary activities of W-4045 members have been singularly effective in communicating to other researchers, governmental agencies, industry, non-profits and the public about the potential impacts of agrochemicals and ideas for mitigation.
Accomplishments: Several longtime members of the group are fellows in the American Chemistry Society’s AGRO division and served in division leadership positions; other members have been on the Board of Directors or are fellows in the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, and others are fellows of other societies such us American Association for Advancement of Science (AAAS) and American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). Members also serve on advisory panels for the Environmental Protection Agency and consult for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the Environmental Defense Fund. These scientists and engineers are well-established in their respective fields, serve as editors of leading journals such as Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Science of the Total Environment, Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, and Environmental Science and Technology. Several members serve in leadership positions as department chairs and research group leaders, while providing service to the public through programs such as the National Pesticide Information Center at Oregon State University (OSU).
Short-term outcomes: The W-4045 group regularly holds a well-attended meeting in June of each year with members taking turns as meeting hosts, leading to strong cohesion and collegiality among its members. In the last 30+ years, only one meeting has been cancelled due to the COVID pandemic, producing strong collaborations and productive discussions between new and well-established group members. In 2023 over twenty group members attended with only a few attending online. New group members present their work made possible through this program and establish important connections with colleagues. W-4045 comradery has led to several collaborations across universities, such as the recent work at Oregon State University and Louisiana State University (LSU) on pyrethroid pesticides funded by US EPA, a project evaluating the fate of unregulated compounds in biosolids between Michigan State University and UC Riverside, and grants from the State Water Board of California and Water Research Foundation between UC Riverside and LSU, and collaborations between Bayer Crop Sciences and the NC State Center of Excellence for Regulatory Science in Agriculture (CERSA). University of Nebraska and University of Kentucky group members are involved in externally funded projects investigating effects and treatment of antibiotics, pesticides and nitrification inhibitors in agricultural run-off. In the past two years, W-4045 group members have produced over 100 publications, based on reports in NIMSS from 2022 and 2023, and have brought in over $5 million (check numbers) in external collaborative multi-institutional grant funding alone (see multi-institutional and leveraged funding section below).
Medium-term outcomes: Over the past several years, group members have participated in a wide variety of projects benefiting U.S. agriculture. For example, researchers at Ohio State University, led by Frederick Michel, developed low-cost techniques to monitor and reduce the phytotoxicity of residual herbicides in urban compost. Work done by Louisiana State University involved scientists and members of the California Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board meeting to better characterize the fate and effects of current-use pesticides for the State’s Irrigated Lands Regulatory Monitoring Program. Other research on pesticides and herbicides included the use fermentation chemistry in pesticide discovery and innovative techniques to reduce glyphosate concentrations in storm run-off. W-4045 researchers use cutting-edge analytical and mapping tools to measure and model dispersal of pesticides at a regional scale, and even demonstrated and patented use of natural soil amendments to control levels of hazardous contaminants such as arsenic in food crops. Group members led by Rafael Muñoz-Carpena at the University of Florida in cooperation with CERSA work on novel methods for mitigation of pesticide concentrations using vegetative buffers for high-tier regulatory exposure assessments in North America. The group collaborates closely with European Union colleagues in the EU FOCUS pesticide regulatory process to adopt quantitative mitigation tools, and on new initiatives in Latin America to develop and adopt a similar pesticide regulatory process in that region. New W-4045 group lead Brander has been deeply involved in collaborations with regional and international scientists who under leadership from the California Waterboard (CA EPA) and Southern California Coastal Water Research Project produced a statewide plan for monitoring microplastics in drinking water and a newer project extending monitoring to sediments, as well as a statewide strategy and funding call for monitoring and remediation studies that includes understanding agricultural impacts from microplastics. Also serving on Science Advisory Panels for the past 15 years with the State Water Board of California, Daniel Schlenk has been responsible for the regulatory implementation of cell-bioassay testing of recycled and surface water for emerging contaminants, and the recommendations for contaminant monitoring for the State of California.
Long-term outcomes: The majority of active and recently completed member projects are using innovative approaches to deliver relevant applied and basic science support U.S. agriculture. Over the long term, collaboration between W-4045 members will better manage potential effects of agrochemicals to ecological and human health, while maximizing crop production in the U.S. to meet growing global demand for agricultural products. Group collaboration furthers the long-term goal of improving pesticide regulatory approval process, while at the same time ensuring safe use to ensure sustainable food production around the world. Finally, group members are researching the safety of municipal biosolids and emerging contaminants of concern such as pharmaceuticals, fluorinated compounds and microplastics, all of which potentially influence food production and safety. W-4045 group member research clearly supports a safe and sustainable food supply, despite the increased production pressures from a changing climate.
Research Highlights
Project members shared outreach, education, and advice about agrochemicals to industry groups, policymakers, regulators, non-profits, and others. For example, they:
• Demonstrate innovative techniques to reduce glyphosate concentrations in storm run-off (Cornell University).
• Identify new ways to use glycerol to enhance the ability of the bacteria to biodegrade carcinogenic PAHs (University of Hawaii).
• Work closely with industry and non-profit associations (including the state agricultural commissions and commodity groups) to share findings about agrochemical use.
• Consult for non-governmental organizations like the Environmental Defense Fund.
• Serve on advisory panels for the Environmental Protection Agency as well as State regulatory agencies. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency used findings to create pesticide labels and set restrictions. The State of California used laboratory studies as well as advisory recommendations to evaluate water quality throughout the state.
• Co-created the Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science in Agriculture, which collaborated with international colleagues on pesticide regulatory processes for the European Union and Latin America (North Carolina State University, Louisiana State University, University of Florida, and Bayer)
• Provided public outreach through the National Pesticide Information Center. This free, web-based resource provides objective, science-based information about pesticides, pesticide poisonings, toxicology, and environmental chemistry which enables people to make informed decisions.
• Housed the TOXicology NETwork, which is one of the most widely used websites for technical information on pesticides and household chemicals (Oregon State University).
• Produced numerous widely cited publications. A recent Environmental Science & Technology publication received over 100 citations and was selected by the editors as the “best feature paper” in recognition of the quality and novelty of the work and its impact on the field. Another article was recognized by Wiley as a top cited paper in the Journal of Environmental Quality between January 2022 and December 2023.
Chemical Ecology and Food Webs
Waterway management can have significant effects on the food-webs and exposure pathways for contaminants. In the State of California, re-routing of water through floodplains which have been historically contaminated with legacy and emerging pesticides, has been proposed to enhance salmonid habitat. Isotopic signatures and fatty acid analyses were used to characterize food-webs for salmonids, Relationships between DDTs and both sulfur (δ34S) and carbon (δ13C) SI ratios in salmon indicated that diet is a major exposure route for DDTs, particularly for individuals with a benthic detrital energy base. Greater use of a benthic detrital energy base likely accounted for the higher frequency of salmon with DDT concentrations > 60 ng/g in the flood plains compared to the riverine systems. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and DDTs were negatively correlated in salmon, indicating fatty acids may be useful biomarkers to assess the roles of food webs in pesticide exposures (Anzalone et al. 2024)
Novel Methods for Fate, Effects and Monitoring
Measurement of unknown contaminants of emerging concerns is a difficult task for analytical chemists. Through a multi-state and international collaboration involving the University of California, Riverside, the State Water Board of California conducted round-robin laboratory studies to standardize high-throughput cell bioassays that target specific biological responses for endocrine disruption and cancer. These assays have been included in the permits for water utilities throughout California to enhance water quality and limit risks to unknown emerging contaminants (Mehinto et al. 2024). In Hawaii, group members evaluated fungal Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase (ARP) which has a broad substrate specificity and higher catalytic efficiency than horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for use in understanding the effects of pesticide exposure (Yao et al 2022). ARP and recombinant ARP (rARP) are not commercially available, but clearly shows promise because of activity relationship, characteristics, and its potential for commercialization. W4045 researchers have developed a bioassay low-cost detection of pesticide pesticides in municipal compost. Methods differ in plant species used, watering methods, mix ratios, and rating systems. Using pea as an indicator species, the bioassay was used to screen compost from 55 sources and 19 states. 20% of these composts elicited effects from persistent pesticides.
Assessing Agrochemical Toxicity-Exposure to Cells, Organisms and Ecosystems
Pyrethroid insecticides have been detected in surface waters throughout the United States. While the primary target for pyrethroids is the nervous systems of pests, off-target impacts on fish endocrine activities and development have been reported in previous W-4045 studies. More recent work has shown that the molecular and cellular targets within fish are varied and have indirect effects not only on neuroendocrine responses (Fuller et al. 2022; Magnuson et al. 2024), but also cardiac and immune responses in developing fish (Wang et al. 2024). In addition, climate change-derived changes in water temperatures and salinity due to sea-level rise can have significant adverse effects on not only pyrethroid toxicity but also on other compounds such as fiproles (Magnuson et al. 2023). Additional agricultural environmental contaminants include heavy metals and aromatic amine compounds, and these chemicals may impact many different species. Researchers at Louisiana State University are investigating how heavy metals (e.g., hexavalent chromium) and aromatic amines alone and in mixtures/co-exposure settings alter the metabolism of mammalian lung cells (human, rodent, and marine mammal cell lines) to drive metabolic diseases (e.g., cancer) (Wise et al., 2023, 2024). By understanding species differences, we can determine if the response is similar between species or if long-lived species may have developed protective measures for chemical exposures. Studies by Oregon State University have shown that pyrethroids can act broadly as endocrine disrupting compounds and behavioral toxicants both within and across generations in fish, with population-level impacts (Brander et al. 2022; Hutton et al., 2023; Hutton et al., 2024). Under a project focused across pesticide classes, including pyrethroids, led by Oregon State University, Louisiana researchers, characterized pesticide partitioning pesticide to capelin (Mallotus villosus) eggs. Pesticide partitioning in capelin eggs (available in large quantities commercially) vs silverside eggs (available in lesser quantities) was also compared to determine if capelin eggs were a suitable proxy for silverside eggs (Chen et al 2023; St. Romaine et al 2023a; St. Romaine et al 2023b). This work and other research produced via a US EPA STAR grant (2019-2025) has demonstrated that biocides across applications (fungicides, herbicides, pesticides) can cause differential responses depending on the salinity at which organisms are exposed, and calls attention to potential gaps in the understanding of pesticide run-off impacts to aquatic habitats in the U.S.
Contaminant Fate, Transport, Bioavailability and Uptake
Because treated wastewater (TWW) is increasingly recognized as a valuable water source to augment agricultural irrigation, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, use introduces contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) into agro-food systems and poses a potential risk to human health. Group members have explored mitigation strategies, such as alternating between TWW with conventional freshwater (FW) for irrigation to minimize contaminants such as PFAS accumulation in plants (Shi et al 2022; Cryder et al 2022). Baylor University members quantified paraben transformation products from wastewater treatment to identify and quantify products being released in wastewater. The average seasonal and yearly influent and effluent concentrations were evaluated at two different treatment plants to determine paraben transformation by treatment type (Penrose and Cobb, 2023). Changes in parent parabens were compared to changes in transformation products showing the effects of treatment technologies. University of Kentucky group members have focused on fate and transport of contaminants in surface waters to improve the understanding of transport scenarios of contaminants entering important natural resources, including water sources, and assessing exposure levels to humans and non-target species (Borsuah et al., 2020; Nottingham and Messer, 2021). To accomplish this, the University of Kentucky in collaboration with the University of Nebraska-Lincoln has evaluated the fate and transport mechanisms of a wide range of nonpoint source pollutants (i.e., nutrients, pesticides, nanopesticides, antibiotics, microplastics, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), found in runoff entering rivers and lakes (Satiroff et al., 2021) that are often source water for water treatment plants in the region. Adjacent land use practices have also been evaluated including feedlots (Trejo et al., 2023), wastewater treatment and mining operations, and agricultural fields receiving biosolid applications (Beni et al., 2023; Caniglia et al., 2022). Neonicotinoid pesticides have also been found to degrade in varying byproduct formations dependent on organic carbon sources (Borsuah et al., 2024). Findings are used to create risk assessment tools to guide efforts for improving sampling methods and placement of best management practices to improve water quality based on impairment hot-spots and hot-times (Abimbola et al., 2021; Hansen et al., 2019; Mittelstet et al., 2019; Ni et al., 2022).
University of Nebraska group members have identified nanoscale iron transformation and mobilization of geogenic contaminants and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and subsurface environments. Using controlled column experiments, field trials of developed products, and extensive vadose zone sampling they have unraveled the complex interactions arising because of irrigated crop production in areas with high levels of geogenic contaminants (Malakar et al 2022; Malakar et al 2024). Development of a synthetic iron nanomineral soil amendment may provide a means for controlling uptake of geogenic contaminants in food crops, as well as managing leaching losses of nitrate in irrigated sandy soils. Outcomes of this research will advance our understanding of the role of geogenic and anthropogenic contaminants in sandy unsaturated irrigated soils supporting crop production throughout the central Great Plains. Also at Nebraska, biochar addition increased topsoil carbon storage and nitrate retention. Presence of oxidized and reduced iron species at the surface of aged biochar particles and an increased presence of nitrogen species including nitrate. This pattern was more consistently found for biochar particles sampled from the irrigated field experiment. Results of this study suggest that biochar nitrate retention is driven by processes occurring at the biochar surface and that soil saturation due to water input influences these processes (Cooper et al 2022; Li et al 2023).
Cornell group members characterized the effect of triclosan and three widely used pesticides on the levels of the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Stenotrophomonas in soil Additionally, the genomes of four Stenotrophomnas isolates from these soils were analyzed and published (Żur-Pińska et al 2024). All were found to encode numerous drug efflux pumps.
Bioavailability and Plant Uptake
University of Kentucky group members in collaboration with the University of Nebraska-Lincoln has evaluated ecosystem based best management practices for addressing contaminant fate and transport wetlands and evaluated implications of emerging contaminants on the effectiveness of nitrogen removal in treatment wetlands (Keilhauer et al., 2019; Lindgren et al., 2022; Mccoy et al., 2024; Mckercher et al., 2022; Russell et al., 2024). Pesticides were found to be taken up into plant organs wetlands (Lindgren et al., 2022; Russell et al., 2024), wetland design was found to greatly impact nitrate-N and emerging contaminant removal wetlands (Messer et al., 2022), and floating treatment wetlands are found to be an effective tool for mitigating surface waters wetlands (Mccoy et al., 2024; McKercher et al., 2022). Further, 15N isotopic enrichment experiments have exhibited the implications for N plant uptake in wetland environments (Messer et al., 2017).
Remediation of Agrochemical Wastes and Impacts on Recycling
Vegetative filter strips (VFS), areas of implanted dense vegetation downslope from disturbed agricultural and urban areas, are a common best management practice (BMP) that have the potential to mitigate surface runoff pollution when properly designed, built, and maintained (Zang et al 2023). VFSMOD is a widely used process-based computer program that allows for the site-specific design of VFS and quantification of runoff pesticide mitigation efficiency under realistic field conditions (Reichenberger et al 2023; Ritter et al 2023). The model is currently part of the tools evaluated and used in the regulatory higher tier environmental exposure assessments (EEA) for pesticide approval. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are a class of environmental-friendly inorganic sorbents for sorption of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), particularly anionic PFAS from water, owing to their relatively large surface area and high abundance of structural positive charges within the minerals (Chen et al 2022a). Several perfluoro sulfonic acids (PFSA) were found to be sorbed by LDH from the solution with varying ionic type and strength, and could economically be synthesized as sorbents for sorption of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) from water (Chen et al 2022b).
Relationship of W-4045 to Other Projects
A thorough search of the CRIS system was conducted to determine if the proposed research is being duplicated in any other USDA supported project. No other committee appears to address similar issues of environmental contaminants with a multidisciplinary approach from the perspectives of toxicity, exposure, risk and mitigation. The W-4045 committee focuses on agrochemical toxicity, fate-transport, and ways to mitigate agrochemical impacts at the cellular to landscape-scale to improve human and ecosystem health. Some of our W-4045 colleagues are members of other multiple multistate groups and share relevant information at annual meetings. Participants in W-4045 have been involved in establishing tolerances of pesticides on specialty crops, a major goal of the IR-4 program, as well as generating data upon which pesticide regulatory policy is based at both the federal and state level.
Objectives
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Identify, develop, and validate analytical methods, bioassays and biomarkers.
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Characterize abiotic and biotic processes that influence the sources, fate, transport and transformations of agrochemicals in agricultural and natural ecosystems.
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Understand beneficial and adverse impacts from agrochemicals to cells, organisms, ecosystems, and communities.
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Quantify and mitigate human and environmental impacts of agrochemicals.
Methods
Objective 1. Identify, develop, and validate analytical methods, bioassays and biomarkers.
Advancements in measurement technologies catalyzed by W-4045 members will include new methods for emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, new pesticides, and per and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), precursors and transformation products. PFAS a presently investigated by members in California, Hawaii, Michigan, Oregon, Ohio, Kentucky and Nebraska. New classes of pesticides studied by group members include neonicotinoid insecticides and strobilurin fungicides used as seed treatments and studied extensively by group members from Nebraska, Kentucky, California, Oregan and Louisiana. Agricultural impacts of these contaminants to aquatic habitat, crop production, water supplies and food products will receive increased support leading to opportunities for multistate W-4045 collaboration. Methods for accurately assessing micro- and nano-plastics in agroecosystems involving researchers from Oregon, Nebraska, Kentucky and Ohio will advance knowledge of these contaminants and potential effects to food production systems. Texas research will investigate the development of permethrin resistance using bioassays. Further advances in development of bioassays and biomarkers for monitoring pesticides by group members will foster collaborations among other group members studying the effects of these biologically active compounds.
Objective 2. Characterize abiotic and biotic processes that influence the sources, fate, transport and transformations of agrochemicals in agricultural and natural ecosystems.
Proper use of plant protection products, including an increasingly diverse variety of pesticides, will continue to be studied by group members to understand sources, fate, transport and transformation of these compounds. Group members in California, Louisiana, Maryland, New York, Florida, and Hawaii will investigate occurrence and control of off-site transport of pesticide active ingredients as well as use of pesticide degradation products as hydrologic tracers. Research establishing the use of new ferrihydrite soil amendments and biochar for managing uptake of geogenic contaminants and controlling nitrate leaching losses in Nebraska will increase sustainability of crop production on soils vulnerable these
10 processes. Cutting-edge analytical and mapping tools will be used to measure and model dispersal of pesticides at a regional scale. Mechanisms responsible for agrochemical transport and fate will be the same as those for contaminants from wastewater treatment systems as well as general use (e.g. petroleum-based) products, thus work in these areas is directly translatable to agrochemical mechanisms. Occurrence, fate, transport, and mitigation of potentially hazardous levels of emerging contaminants such as PFAS, micro- and nano-plastics, microfibers, parabens, pharmaceuticals and antibiotics will be studied by group members at California, Texas, Oregon, Nebraska and Kentucky and shared with group members to advance our understanding of these contaminants in agroecosystems.
Objective 3. Understand beneficial and adverse impacts from agrochemicals to cells, organisms, ecosystems, and communities.
The ecotoxicological effects of agrochemicals and emerging contaminants will be studied by group members in California, Hawaii, Louisiana, and Oregon. Environmental stressors such as pesticides, heavy metals, nutrients, pharmaceuticals, petroleum-based chemicals and oxygen can be detrimental to organisms. Combined with extreme weather stressors, they are a growing global concern with respect to environmental health and safety. Scientists at UC-Riverside and Purdue will jointly employ adverse outcome pathway models to predict the impacts of pesticides coupled with “weather extreme” stress (i.e. salinity and temperature) to link molecular effects at the transcriptome and metabolome with cellular effects in the brain and gonads which can subsequently be used to estimate reproduction/behavior and population impacts, particularly in salmonids. Chemicals can behave differently in seawater than in freshwater and this can differentially impact estuarine organisms. Researchers in Oregon and Louisiana will investigate toxicity of commonly used agrochemicals (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides) across a salinity gradient. Use of the EPA whole effluent toxicity model generate data relevant to North American estuaries and allow for cross comparisons with other data sets. Researchers in Oregon are additionally investigating micro- and nano-plastic and microfiber toxicity across a broad range of key aquatic species from freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems, joining work in Nebraska, Kentucky and Ohio to help better manage impacts and risks associated with micro- and nano-plastics exposures. Researchers from Cornell will evaluate the ability of pesticides to induce drug efflux pump expression and antibiotic resistance in the opportunistic pathogens from the bacterial genus Stenotrophomonas.
Objective 4. Quantify and mitigate human and environmental impacts of agrochemicals.
Evaluating and reducing human health and environmental impacts of agrochemicals will continue to be a focus of multiple W-4045 group members. Approaches to maximize benefits, while integrating industry and USDA ARS scientists with academic researchers will take advantage of multiple stakeholder perspectives for the continued use of agrochemicals. The collaborative impact of this collective research falls along a broad, but practical continuum of exposure science through adverse outcome pathways to subcellular effects that may be expressed as whole organism and population level adverse impacts. Evaluation of the potential for adverse impacts drives assessment of mitigation methods pursued by group members.
Measurement of Progress and Results
Outputs
- The results of W-4045 research will be disseminated to the scientific community through publications in refereed journals, presentations and at national and international meeting venues. Comments: State AES and USDA ARS will continue their collaborative involvement at the 11 multi-state, national, and international levels promoting symposia on transport and fate of agrochemicals for and from agricultural ecosystems. Comments: Examples include presentations at the American Geophysical Union, The American Chemical Society (ACS) divisions of Agrochemicals (AGRO), Environmental Chemistry (ENVR) and Agricultural and Food Chemistry (AGFD). Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
- Research and extension outputs will be presented to lay stakeholders through trade magazine publications; outreach presentations and materials; pesticide information centers; technical reports to growers, manufacturers, and crop consultants; workshops; online education modules ; presentations to state commodity groups, industry groups (e.g., Nebraska Agribusiness Association members, US Composting Council) state crop commissions local watershed and conservation districts , funding organizations, presentations at annual field days; presentations to Pest Control Advisors, operators, and staff; and Certified Crop Advisor proficiency testing modules.
- Members will submit collaborative research proposals assessing and communicating agrochemical risks to humans and the environment, as well as mitigation strategies to state and national funding agencies. Comments: Because one of our research aims is to provide information about agrochemical efficacy and best management practices, W-4045 researchers will be in direct communication with agrochemical manufacturers and the EPA to offer suggestions for improving product efficacy and developing label recommendations and restrictions to protect human and environmental health. Results will also be available to federal and state regulatory agencies, which may use this information in future decisions regarding agrochemical registration, risks/benefits, tolerances, and restrictions.
- Knowledge on the performance of wetlands in removing pesticides, antibiotics and other aquatic pollutants will allow strategies for maximal pesticide removal.
- New models and frameworks will better predict risk assessment for emerging contaminants during use of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids in agriculture, and identification of a short list of emerging contaminants that may pose the highest risk to humans due to contamination to food produce and dietary intakes.
- organisms. These can be used in field settings to estimate population level changes in biota exposed during pesticide runoff or discharge events.
Outcomes or Projected Impacts
- Better understanding the adverse outcome pathways of pesticides and emerging contaminants as individuals and mixtures and habitats (e.g. freshwater vs. marine) will reduce uncertainty and aid regulators conducting ecological risk assessments.
- The research on incorporating leading-edge risk assessment and decision-analytic techniques to improve integrated pest management and human exposure will directly improve decision-making by producers and others in agriculture.
- Publications and presentations from all projects will be used throughout the U.S. to inform policy debates on pesticides, biosolids and other soil amendments and public health. Citations of publications and citations indices are good indicators of outcomes. Collaborations of W-4045 researchers with the Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science at NC State will ensure that results and expertise from this multi-state project are incorporated into workshops that include state and federal pesticide regulators as well as scientists in the agrochemical industries.
- All work will include student training, who then will become professionals in these areas.
- Understanding the evolutionary responses of non-target organisms to pesticides may contribute to human resource development in agricultural technology.
- Research on the prevalence of herbicides and other biologically active substances in composts, clear rules about where they can and cannot be used, and ways that herbicides can be better labelled so that users do not apply them in areas where materials will be removed and recycled by composting.
- Understanding of microbial adaptation to and transformation mechanisms of toxic substances (e.g., pesticides, PFAS) lays a solid foundation for bioremediation technologies for environmental cleanup and restoration.
- A better understanding of the impacts of micro and nanoplastics, as well as microfibers to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems will improve approaches to mitigation and the use of amendments that are demonstrated to contain anthropogenic particle contamination.
Milestones
(2026):Develop a collaborative research proposal and secure funding with collaborators who have expertise with PFAS, micro- and nano-plastics and other emerging contaminants (Objective 1). Collect water, sediment and plant samples throughout different seasons and at different locations within the wetland system, determine uptake and removal of agrochemicals, and understand processes and factors contributing to enhanced removal. (Objective 2) Investigate use of biochar and other soil amendments to control nitrate leaching, trace element mobility in irrigated soils (Objective 2). Develop and apply adverse outcome pathways models to predict effects of pesticides in aquatic environments (Objective 3). Evaluate and develop strategies to reduce health impacts of the continued agrochemicals (Objective 4).(2027):Conduct joint research evaluating new methods for studying the occurrence and fate of PFAS, micro- and nano-plastics, pharmaceuticals and other emerging contaminants in wastewater- and biosolid- impacted environments (Objective 1). Investigate use of biochar and ferrihydrite for control of nitrate leaching and geogenic contaminant mobility (Objective 2). Evaluate and publish research on the performance of wetlands for controlling losses of pesticides, veterinary pharmaceuticals, other agrichemicals and transformation products in agroecosystems (Objective 2). Evaluate use of cutting-edge mapping tools to depict and model dispersal of pesticides at a regional scale (Objective 2). Evaluate the effects of environmental stressors such as pesticides, heavy metals, nutrients, pharmaceuticals, petroleum-based chemicals on aquatic organisms (Objective 3). Investigate micro- and nano-plastic toxicity across a broad range of key aquatic species from freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems to help better manage impacts and risks associated with micro- and nano-plastics exposures (Objective 3). Evaluate risks associated with use of agrochemicals and municipal biosolids as soil amendment to human health (Objective 4). Publish major research findings in peer-reviewed scientific journals. (Objectives 1-4)
(2028):Develop and apply advanced measuring techniques, bioassays and biomarkers to quantify and evaluate contaminant occurrence, transformation, effects in agroecosystems (Objective 1). Collaborate on joint projects to advance our knowledge of the environmental consequences of existing agricultural practices (Objective 2). Publish findings to highlight practices controlling off-site losses of agrichemicals, nutrients, emerging contaminants from cropland (Objective 2). Evaluate and publish joint research on multiple stressors and link to molecular effects to understand reproduction and behavior aquatic species (Objective 3). Demonstrate use of whole effluent toxicity model to predict effects of agrichemical exposure across a salinity gradient (Objective 3). Publish major research findings in peer-reviewed scientific journals. (Objectives 1-4)
(2029):Publish and apply new standardized methods for sampling, measuring and better characterizing emerging contaminants (particularly micro- and nano-plastics) in aquatic environments (Objective 1). Demonstrate use of wetlands and vegetative buffer strips in controlling losses of agrichemicals to aquatic systems (Objective 3). Communicate key outputs and outcomes to academic and agricultural 13 stakeholders. (Objectives 1-4). 8. Publish major research findings in peer-reviewed scientific journals. (Objectives 1-4).
Projected Participation
View Appendix E: ParticipationOutreach Plan
Organization/Governance
This multi-state Hatch project Technical Committee is composed of active group members representing the participating experiment stations, state extension services, and USDA ARS laboratories, as well as an Administrative Advisor, and a representative of NIFA. The officers are the chair and secretary of the Technical Committee who are elected during each business meeting and serve for two year terms each. The chair of the technical committee coordinates the collaborative research, and the annual technical meeting hosted by another member, with consultation from the administrative advisor. The chair prepares the agenda and presides over the annual meeting. The secretary is responsible for recording and distributing the minutes of the technical committee meeting, preparation of the annual report and carrying out duties assigned by the technical committee or administrative advisor. The officers and the immediate past chairman comprise the Executive Committee, which is empowered to act for the Technical Committee between annual meetings.
Literature Cited
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