Duration: 10/01/2024 to 09/30/2029

Administrative Advisor(s):

NIFA Reps:

Non-Technical Summary

Statement of Issues and Justification

Soil and the underlying vadose zone (in the remainder of this document, for simplicity, included in the term “soil”) are critical components of the Earth system, maintaining plant and animal life, supporting food production, providing key ecosystem services, and being a critical storage, reaction, and transport medium for water, dissolved solutes, gasses, and pollutants. Soils (i.e., soils and their underlying vadose zone) regulate water, energy, and nutrient movement throughout the terrestrial system, sustaining life above and below ground. As demands for food and water increase, so do the demands placed on soil resources. In order to sustain soils and their key functions into the future, efforts must be made to steward and protect this non-renewable resource.

Soil physics plays a critical role in our understanding of the functions of soil in regulating mass and energy transport at the Earth’s surface, and progress in recent years has led to an even greater appreciation of the complexity and heterogeneity of soils. From micropore to the continental scale, understanding and quantifying soil heterogeneity remains a key challenge. Yet, this heterogeneity is a determining factor in the fate of water, nutrients, and energy with the groundwater-soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Much research has been done at moderate spatial scales (i.e., a single field or plot), but many questions remain regarding these processes at much finer scales (i.e., nm or smaller) and at larger spatial scales (i.e,. 100s of km or larger). Recent advances in technology have increased our ability to image soil at smaller scales, and increasing computational power allows simulations of water movement at the continental scale; still, much remains to be learned about this complex system.

Historically, the field of soil physics was concerned with issues of agricultural importance such as irrigation scheduling, nutrient management, and improving crop productivity. In recent years, that focus has remained but new foci have emerged, including emphases on interdisciplinary work related to the impacts and applications of soil physics in ecology, hydrology, geohydrology, biogeochemistry, climate science, and other related fields. This trend has been observed in the field at large but also has been seen quite clearly in the outputs from this multistate project, which has grown in the breadth of topics studied over the past decades.

The collaborations developed through this multistate project have affected multiple generations of soil physicists and other scientists with significant engagement in soil physics, and the continuation of the project will serve to maintain many of these relationships into the future while simultaneously creating a pathway for new scientists to join. From the collaborations within this group, the field of soil physics has been transformed by new fundamental knowledge and applications of this knowledge have been developed for broad societal and environmental benefit. Members of this group tend to form and reform around new multi-investigator programs to address emerging critical questions for sustainable solutions to grand challenges. This flexible and synergistic approach has been extremely productive, and it encourages a rich pollination of ideas and solutions to complex problems. The multistate committee structure is a convenient and efficient platform for establishing national research collaborations, validating approaches and techniques, pooling data, creating rigorous peer reviews, sharing equipment and developing the next generation of highly-trained soil scientists, environmental scientists, and engineers. This renewal proposal seeks to maintain the ties between this extremely productive and creative group. Without the W5188 committee, the field would not be as focused on national needs research. The proposal also highlights our efforts to improve environmental monitoring, implement basic soil physics research, reach out to a broader scientific community (e.g., plant science, ecology, chemistry, and microbiology), and educate and communicate to stakeholders and colleagues within and outside our traditional disciplines.  

 

Related, Current and Previous Work

Though other active multistate research projects examine related soil, water quality, and water quantity issues, none of them focus on the interactions and feedbacks between soil physical and hydraulic properties, soil structure, energy and mass balances, soil health, and climate, and between soil/vadose zone processes and groundwater. Relevant multistate projects with some aspects similar to the proposed W5188 activities include: 

• NC1034: Impact Analyses and Decision Strategies for Agricultural Research


• NC1178: Land use and management practice impacts on soil carbon and associated agroecosytems services


• NC1186: Water Management and Quality for Specialty Crop Production and Health


• NCAC1: Crop and Soil Research


• NC1195: Enhancing nitrogen utilization in corn based cropping systems to increase yield, improve profitability and minimize environmental impacts


• NC1198: Enhancing the Resilience of Agriculture and Food of the Middle: Building for the Future


• WDC52: Implementing and Correlating Soil Health Management and Assessment in Western States


• WERA1022: Irrigation Technologies and Scheduling for Water Conservation and Water Resources Management 


• S1090: AI in Agroecosystems: Big Data and Smart Technology-Driven Sustainable Production


• SERA6: Methodology, Interpretation, and Implementation of Soil, Plant, Byproduct, and Water Analyses 


• NCERA3: Soil and Landscape Assessment, Function and Interpretation


• NCERA59: Soil Organic Matter: Formation, Function and Management


• W4147: Managing Plant Microbe Interactions in Soil to Promote Sustainable Agriculture


• W508: Western Water Network for Agriculture and Water Smart Communities: Responding to Climate Change and Other Stressors to Water Resources

The results of the previous W4188 multistate project are extensive, timely, and applicable to numerous agricultural and environmental issues. With the national dialog further expanding to include impacts of climate change, links between population growth in the U.S. and land use change, the need for sustaining the health of soils, and the importance of soil to moderate and control the water budget and important ecological systems, the general themes of W5188 are even more critical. There is consensus that the soil physics community can and should continue to pursue collaborative efforts, so that our thus-far integrated knowledge and skills can be applied to sustainable agricultural and environmental practices, natural resource stewardship, and the adaptation to and mitigation of global climate change.

This project was the 2021 winner of the “Excellence in Multistate Research” award and represents the largest group of soil physics researchers in the U.S. outside of the Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) Soil Physics and Hydrology Division. This group was also recently recognized by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine as being exemplary in working on issues of national importance to advance knowledge and provide clear economic, environmental, and social benefits.

The objectives of this multistate project are to: 1) Improve fundamental understanding of soil physical and vadose zone processes; 2) Apply soil physical and vadose zone concepts to improve soil and water management; 3) Develop new instrumentation, methodology, and models to characterize and interpret soil physical and vadose zone processes; and 4) Translate new concepts and methods to students, stakeholders, and the public. 

 

Objectives

1. Improve fundamental understanding of soil physical and vadose zone processes
   Comments: 1.1. Improve understanding of preferential flow and its role in biogeochemistry 1.2. Study the role of soils in greenhouse gas emissions 1.3. Dynamic changes in soil properties and influence on processes, including water retention, coupled heat and mass transfer processes (e.g., solutes, gasses, water) 1.4. Surface energy balance and evapotranspiration 1.5. Drivers of hydrologic change 1.6. Water, solute, and heat flow in heterogeneous systems 1.7. Deep vadose zone processes and linkages to groundwater 1.8. Behaviors of emerging contaminants in soils **See attachment for Decryption of Objectives**
2. Apply soil physical and vadose zone concepts to improve soil and water management
   Comments: 2.1. Applications to address soil function and soil resiliency, including climate change mitigation 2.2. Address soil-related challenges within the water-food-energy-climate- environment nexus 2.3. Physics of non-soils growing media for food production on earth and at reduced gravity (on orbit, moon, Mars) 2.4. Applying soil physics to assess or improve soil health 2.5. Soil moisture and other soil sensing networks and their applications 2.6. Proximal and large-scale soil moisture sensing technologies **See attachment for Decryption of Objectives**
3. Develop new instrumentation, methodology, and models to characterize and interpret soil physical and vadose zone processes
   Comments: 3.1. Sensor development 3.2. Sensor protocols and evaluation/inter-comparison 3.3. Model-data fusion and integration for decision-support systems (including AI and robotics/IOT) 3.4. Development and parameterization of process-based models that simulate soil and vadose zone processes 3.5. Upscaling and downscaling of in situ, proximal, and remote sensing data for parameterization of models in the absence/scarcity of soil geodatabases 3.6. Apply geophysical tools to better quantify subsurface heterogeneity, hydrologically relevant properties, and groundwater and vadose zone interactions 3.7. Integration of sensor data, remote sensing data, in situ measurements across scales into scale-appropriate data analysis, modeling, and decision-support tools **See attachment for Decryption of Objectives**
4. 4. Translate new concepts and methods to students, stakeholders, and the public
   Comments: 4.1. Making our science more actionable for stakeholders and decision makers through knowledge translation, extension, and public outreach 4.2. Open-access and reproducible science 4.3. Open-access educational resources 4.4. Improved pedagogy and teaching methods 4.5. K-12 outreach and education 4.6. Diversity, equity, and inclusion and improving recruitment, retention of students in soil physics, hydrology, and environmental sciences 4.7. Improving interdisciplinary interactions **See attachment for Decryption of Objectives**

Methods

Methods for each sub-objective (states to add their information) Objectives:

1. Improve fundamental understanding of soil physical and vadose zone (Fundamental understanding)

1.1.  Improve understanding of preferential flow and its role in biogeochemistry

• OR, VA: use isotope tracers in mobile/immobile domains, electrical resistivity tomography and transient electromagnetic method to detect preferential flow
• DE: conduct column experiments to link soil structure with water flow and distribution and with biogeochemical processes (e.g., C dynamics, enzyme activities)
• DE: perform water isotope analysis of field samples from a coastal wetland to improve understanding of vadose processes influenced by tidal events, storms and seawater intrusion.
• TX: detect and predict preferential flow using in situ soil moisture sensors
• CA: quantify impact of preferential flow on soil health and its dynamics under different shade/light treatments
• CA, OR: perform tracer experiments and monitor nitrate, EC and oxyanion concentrations in the vadose zone and compare to vadose zone models that represent preferential flow
• UT, MN, VA, CA, TX: develop novel models/algorithms for describing preferential flow in soil
• MN, NV, CA, VA: improve understanding of infiltration behavior in water- repellent soils, and thereby improve understanding of preferential flow in water-repellent soils.

 

1.2.  Study the role of soils in greenhouse gas emissions

• TX/LA/VA: evaluate GHG emissions under different pasture and row cropping management practices
• MT: measure carbon sequestration potential and greenhouse gas implications of bioenergy grass production
• AL: evaluate the effects of biochar and biopolymers on soil thermal and physical properties
• CA: monitor CO2 and N2O emissions and N cycling from agricultural fields flooded for groundwater recharge
• MN: quantify methane emissions from peatland soils by field measurements and modeling.

 

1.3.  Dynamic changes in soil properties and influence on processes, including water retention, coupled heat and mass transfer processes (e.g., solutes, gasses, water)

• AL, VA: quantify variation of in-situ soil hydraulic properties in space and time under different land uses.
• AL: evaluate the effects of biopolymers on soil hydraulic
• AL: evaluate water retention and hysteresis in two highly weathered soils and poultry litter
• IA/NC: characterize soil structure information from transport properties
• DE: measure effects of flooding and salinity on soil physical and hydraulic properties
• CA: evaluate impact of microclimate and different light/shade treatments on soil dynamics and the changes/evolution of soil properties
• CA: evaluate impact of intentional flooding of agricultural soils for groundwater recharge on physical soil clogging and infiltration rate
• WA, CT: evaluate the effects of emerging pollutants, including micro- and nanoplastics, on soil properties
• NM: evaluate the effect of land fallowing and addition of rock dust as amendments
• OR: dynamics of temperature, water flow, and in situ solute transport during drywell-recharge
• OR: understand change in hydraulic properties, in situ clay mobilization and clogging during various vadose zone MAR.
• KS: evaluate and measure in situ soil water retention curves

 

1.4.  Surface energy balance and evapotranspiration

 

• CA: compare performance of micrometeorological and isotopic methods for evapotranspiration partitioning
• CA: estimate plant response to different light treatments
• AL: investigate microclimate conditions inside and outside of agroforestry systems
• DE: improve understanding of evaporation and evapotranspiration processes from soil under the influence of salt
• AZ: develop new means for estimation of crop water consumption from remotely sensed SWIR reflectance to conserve agricultural water
• KS: Test new low-cost sensors for measuring field-scale evapotranspiration

1.5.  Drivers of hydrologic change

• DE: establish and instrument a long-term monitoring site at the Jones Reserve to observe the changes in soil biogeochemical and hydrological processes under the influence of coastal flooding and seawater intrusion.
• NV: measure fire-impacts on soil structure, and measure sorptivity of sub- critically water-repellent soil in the field.
• AZ: fire-impacts on soil hydraulic properties and biogeochemistry, and time- scale of soil recovery
• CA: Assessing drought impacts on streamflow and groundwater resources across the US
• CA: Assessing the potential impact of managed aquifer recharge on streamflow and groundwater
• MT: analysis of woody plant expansion (WPE) and effects of prescribed fire in the Northern Great Plains
• WA,CT: quantify changes in soil hydrology induced by agricultural plastic mulch films
• KS: measure soil moisture at the watershed level using in situ, proximal and remote sensors to better understand the link between soil moisture and

 

1.6.  Water, solutes, and heat flow in heterogeneous systems

• LA: quantify spatial variability of soil properties and their influences on field- scale soil water dynamics and crop growth.
• VA: identify causes of tree mortality from growing media
• OR: use water and heat flow as tracers for recharge from drywell-
• CA: identify field/orchard-scale water, nitrogen, and salt fluxes in irrigated agriculture, through highly heterogeneous alluvial soil and vadose zone systems into groundwater.
• CA: perform basin-scale assessment of nutrient and salt management practices on nitrate and salt fluxes into groundwater.

 

1.7.  Deep vadose zone processes and linkages to groundwater

 

• OR: explain complex deep vadose zone hydrology and subsurface heterogeneity on infiltration, recharge, and contaminant transport from drywell-MAR.
• CA: improve mountain system recharge prediction in the Sierra Nevada
• CA: assess the role of spatial variability in subsurface geological and geochemical heterogeneity on groundwater recharge and solute/contaminant
• CA: examine nitrogen and carbon cycling processes and mobilization of heavy metals in the deep vadose zone.
• CA, OR: perform water quality threats assessment of drywells as stormwater drainage and aquifer recharge tools.
• NM: perform transient storage model parameter optimization using the simulated annealing method.
• AZ: build release database of Maricopa Deep Infiltration Site experimental and interpreted data.
• NE: assess spatial and temporal heterogeneity of deep vadose zone denitrification zones and effects on fate and transport of agricultural and industrial contaminants.
• MN: quantify the spatial distribution of chloride in groundwater and the contribution of groundwater seepage of chloride to surface waters.

 

1.8.  Behaviors of emerging contaminants in soils

• MI, VA, NE: track the fate and transport of environmental contaminants in soil, water, and plant systems, including urban and irrigated cropping
• CA: create new contaminant transport modules for the HYDRUS-1D
• CA: use reactive transport models that capture nitrogen cycling
• CA: perform crop modeling to understand climate and hydrologic change impact on nitrogen and carbon cycling and nitrate leaching.
• WA, CT: analyze surface properties of micro- and nanoplastics in terrestrial systems; assess fate and transport of micro- and nanoplastics in soils
• OR: chemical and biological fingerprinting for contaminant source tracking

 

2.  Apply soil physical and vadose zone concepts to improve soil and water management. (Applied science)

2.1.  Applications to address soil function and soil resiliency (including climate change mitigation)

• CA: identify impact of regenerative agricultural practices on soil physical parameters and functioning.

 

• CA: assess impact of managed aquifer recharge on soil water and groundwater balance, soil health and water quality.
• NM: quantify response of SOC and N to different cover crops and mixtures in a limited irrigation winter wheat-sorghum-fallow rotation.
• FL: enhance our understanding of the water dynamics and hydraulic properties of sandy soils as well as their influence on agricultural water and nutrient management and sustainability of surface and groundwater
• TX: enhance estimates of soil physical properties for soil health and groundwater management and prediction.
• NE: develop irrigation management and technologies to improve vadose zone water quality and aquifer protection.
• KY: improve nitrogen and irrigation management relative to landscape

 

2.2.  Address soil-related challenges within the water-food-energy-climate nexus

• TX, KS: use soil moisture information for improving agricultural production and decision making
• NM: measure effects of salinity on food and forage
• TX: evaluate rootzone soil water dynamic under various agronomic practices/conditions in semiarid environments.
• CA: incorporate nitrogen in the water-energy-food
• CA: compare SWAT and HYDRUS modeling approaches to estimate nitrogen leaching from crop rotations with tomatoes under California conditions.
• VA: manage soil water content and infiltration in agricultural systems (e.g., vineyards, row crops).
• NM: optimize planting density and irrigation depth of hybrid maize seed
• NE: evaluate nitrates, salinity, and munition contamination in vadose zones underlying irrigated agricultural fields.
• AZ: have staged-release of gridded high-res (100m) hydraulic properties for the contiguous USA (700+ million points) based on Soil Grids with transition to NRCS-SOLUS-100/30.
• AZ: update and validate ensemble Pedotransfer functions with NRCS-NASIS
• AZ: quantify the potential for enhanced weathering in Arizona agricultural and rangeland systems.
• OR: integrate water harvesting from agrivoltaics with drywell-MAR to mitigate surface runoff, nutrient leaching, and alternative water for
• OR: use alternate water such as waste water for recharge and understand the change in soil properties and contaminant transport.

 

2.3.  Physics of non-soils growing media for food production

• UT: improve plant growth media for “pick and eat” production in reduced gravity conditions.
• VA: quantify hydraulic properties of different soilless substrates to optimize irrigation strategies and rates.
• ID: recommend strategies for tension-based irrigation
• AZ: characterize/engineer optimal soilless substrates for soilless culture applications; simulate flow and transport processes in soilless substrates to optimize container geometry (i.e., prevent dead volumes) and irrigation
• FL: improve physical and hydraulic properties of sandy soils with domestic soil substrates.

 

2.4.  Applying soil physics to assess or improve soil health

• LA, VA: explore effects of cover cropping management on soil water and nutrient stores and fluxes.
• FL: develop data-driven modeling tools for advancing soil health in agriculture, mitigation of climate change impacts, and the security and sustainability of soil and water resources.
• TX: evaluate impacts of soil health practices on soil physical properties, review on hydrologic impacts of soil health practices.
• NM: measure soil health changes due to land fallowing and addition of
• AZ: understand stockpiling of topsoil affects soil health in semiarid mining

 

2.5.  Soil moisture networks and their applications

• CA: measure water and nitrogen fluxes in agricultural fields; perform vadose zone monitoring (soil water tension, soil water content, soil water solution).
• WY: maintain a soil moisture and rainfall monitoring network in Wyoming rangelands and evaluate drought conditions.
• KS: maintain hydrological monitoring network at the Konza Prairie to study the connection between rootzone soil moisture and streamflow in tallgrass prairies; determine optimal in situ soil moisture monitoring depths.
• AZ: perform long-term modeling of soil moisture dynamics at NRCS SCAN sites using high-resolution soil hydraulic properties.
• OK: evaluate and improve soil moisture prediction algorithms for use in dynamic soil surveys.
• OK: develop applications of soil climate measurements and soil moisture predictions in forecasting streamflow and water table depth.

 

• OR: develop deep vadose zone sensor based monitoring for recharge estimation and contaminant transport.

 

2.6.  Proximal and large-scale soil moisture sensing technologies

• KS, OK, TX: apply cosmic ray neutron sensors for proximal soil moisture
• AZ: estimate farm scale root zone soil moisture from remotely sensed
• AZ: interpret SMAP data with high-resolution gridded hydraulic
• FL: perform high-resolution profile soil moisture mapping with microwave proximal and remote sensors and AI techniques.

 

3.  Develop new instrumentation, methodology, and models to characterize and interpret soil physical and vadose zone processes. (Methodology)

3.1.  Sensor development

• DE: explore the potential of using VIS-NIR soil spectral measurement to develop a rapid tool for determining soil salinization for both saltine and non- saline soil.
• IA, NC: evaluate thermo-TDR sensors, impacts of salinity on
• UT: develop new electromagnetic sensing and measurement methods in
• WI: develop in situ multi-functional soil moisture, nitrate, and temperature
• VA: perform field tests of low-cost systems to measure near-surface greenhouse gas emissions.

 

3.2.  Sensor protocols and evaluation/inter-comparison

• KS, TX, OK: install in situ soil moisture sensor
• TX: utilize acquired waveforms from the new Acclima TDR-315N sensor for the characterization of soil properties and to improve water content calibrations specific to a given soil.
• OR: develop a deep vadose zone monitoring
• UT, KS, TX: develop standards for electromagnetic-based sensor calibration and evaluation

 

 

3.3.  Model-data fusion and integration for decision-support systems (including AI and robotics/IOT)

• CA: characterize hydrologic flow paths in mountainous areas using geochemical data and mixing models.

 

• KS: continue work on prototyping a deep neural network to quantify bare soil, green canopy cover, and crop residue using digital images.
• TX: perform field monitoring under different land use land covers for improved understanding of soil moisture, temperature, and carbon dynamics; develop new soil hydraulic response units using various satellite
• AZ: develop short- and mid-term forecasts of actual evapotranspiration with deep learning.
• AZ: develop a novel physical-empirical model linking shortwave infrared reflectance and soil water retention.
• WI: integrate in situ soil moisture sensors and remote sensing data using machine learning and data assimilation for mapping soil moisture at high spatial (100-m) and temporal (daily) resolutions.
• CA: develop a modeling framework for plant response to different light spectra under agrivoltaics systems.
• TX: fuse data from satellite and in situ platforms to assess surface moisture spatiotemporal distributions, dry down patterns, and associated hydrologic fluxes (ET and baseflow) estimation.
• FL: integrate physical and data driven models for characterizing soil hydraulic properties and water flow.

 

3.4.  Development and parameterization of process-based models that simulate soil and vadose zone processes

• VA: develop new theoretical and experimental framework to analyze gas diffusivity in soils and soilless substrates with non-uniform water
• CA: continue HYDRUS model
• CA: improve vegetation parameterization in integrated groundwater-land surface models.
• KY: evaluate soil hydraulic property parameters within the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2); assess spatial variability of soil physical properties and modeling of spatial soil hydrologic processes at different scales; parameterize and adapt multidimensional watershed model for decision support in water and nitrogen management.
• NE: identify the frequency and occurrence of funnel flows and denitrification hotspots in deep vadose zones.
• UT: develop new soil water flow equations using machine learning that go beyond Richardson-Richards Equation.
• WY: continue refinement of a numerical 1-D vertical coupled water-heat- solute flow and transport model for soils in cold regions.

 

3.5.  Upscaling and downscaling of in situ, proximal, and remote sensing data for parameterization of models in the absence/scarcity of soil geodatabases.

• FL: integrate SMAP and SOLUS digital maps for real-time and high- resolution soil moisture mapping.
• KY: analyze crop yield, remotely sensed vegetation indices, topographic information and soil textural information at different resolutions to quantify the change of information of space-time relationships, and identify scales that effectively contribute to the improvement of management.

 

3.6.  Apply geophysical tools to better quantify subsurface heterogeneity, hydrologically relevant properties, and groundwater and vadose zone interactions

• WY: evaluate different methods to predict subsurface hydraulic parameters using electrical resistivity tomography and seismic refraction data.
• NM: perform noninvasive geophysical and sensor methods for hyporheic zone
• NE, OR: characterize subsurface properties and heterogeneity using methods such as ERT, TEM, NMR, GPR, boreholes, and Nebraska GeoCloud.
• ID: integrate ERT and EMI measurements in irrigation design

 

3.7.    Integration of sensor data, remote sensing data, in situ measurements across scales into scale-appropriate data analysis, modeling, and decision-support tools

• CA: compare land surface-based (mass balance) monitoring of water and nitrogen fluxes, (plot-scale, spatially repeated) vadose zone monitoring of water content, soil water tension, and nitrogen concentrations, and (large plot- scale, spatially repeated) shallow groundwater monitoring of water levels and nitrate concentrations.
• CA: compare modeling approaches for assessing spatially distributed (resolution: field scale/hydrologic response unit) basin-scale nitrate and salinity transport in recharge to groundwater: mass balance, HYDRUS,
• KY: perform co-regionalization of soil measurements, soil and crop sensor data and remote sensing and their integration with landscape topography to parameterize 1-D (RZWQM2) and 3-D (SWAT) crop growth and soil process models for decision support.

 

4.  Translate new concepts and methods to students, stakeholders, and the public. (Outreach, Extension, and Education)

4.1.  Making our science more actionable for stakeholders and decision makers through knowledge translation, extension, and public outreach

• Perform field days (many locations)

 

• OR: develop and implement an action plan to reduce the nitrate concentration in groundwater less than 7 mg/L and repeal the GWMA status of the Lower Umatilla basin.
• CA: establish and implement a novel framework for the role of scientist communication in policy making.
• CA: perform an economic analysis of grower behavior under various groundwater salinization scenarios.
• CA: develop and implement groundwater sustainability plans for California groundwater basins.
• CA: develop and implement water quality guidance and decision-support tools for managers of agricultural or other managed aquifer recharge operations.
• ID: build out the Western Water
• KY: Hold short courses for farmers, extension agents, and consultants to analyze field-scale data of yield maps, drone and satellite remote sensing and topographic elevation and convert them into management decisions.

 

4.2.  Open-access and reproducible science (e.g., develop open data APIs, standardize data formats and protocols to integrate outputs across networks and test new datasets like Open ET)

• CA: develop a comprehensive framework and implement case study for measuring stream depletion of surface water due to groundwater
• AZ: continue annual releases of NRCS-SOLUS-based estimates of gridded soil hydraulic property Geotiff data, workflow annotations, and underlying Python/R code.
• CA: release source codes for web apps and web resources for diagnosis and improvement of saline and sodic soils.

 

4.3.  Open-access educational resources

• OK: release open-source textbook “Rain or Shine”.
• CA: release web apps and web resources for diagnosis and improvement of saline and sodic soils

 

4.4.  Improved pedagogy (teaching) methods (e.g., hands-on experiences like lab and field sessions)

• CA: hold HYDRUS short

 

4.5.  K-12 outreach and education

• TX: perform K-12 teacher trainings in Louis and Puerto Rico.
• VA: lead demonstration days on soil health with K-5 students in

 

• WI: hold presentations at the Wisconsin Science Festivals and Ag Discovery Day to increase the public awareness of soil.

 

4.6.  DEI and improving recruitment, retention of students in soil physics, hydrology, and environmental sciences

• TX: serve on ASA-CSSA-SSSA DEI committee, AGU Hydrology JEDI committee, SSSA K-12 committee.

Measurement of Progress and Results

Outputs

• New methods and approaches to study mass and energy transport processes in soils at spatial and temporal scales appropriate for effective resource management. Comments: The research described herein will create outputs (which we define as activities, services, methods, approaches) that will significantly improve the science and applications of mass and energy transport in near-surface environments. These outputs include:
• New knowledge affecting the environmental impacts of soil, water and chemically-based agricultural practices and broader land uses.
• Methods to transfer results from non-destructive imaging into quantitative assessments of soil structure.
• New instruments and analytical techniques for measuring water, chemical, and energy fluxes.
• New tools and capabilities to quantify and monitor movement of agricultural contaminants from the vadose zone to ground water and to the atmosphere.
• New methodologies (computer and analytical models) that integrate knowledge of mass and energy transport, improving resource management.
• Plant growth media for reduced gravity environments of space.
• Sensitivity assessments of drip irrigation management scenarios to assist farmers and managers as they adopt sustainable and efficient irrigation systems.
• New thermal instruments and analytical methods for calculating sensible and latent heat fluxes including approaches to separate latent heat flux arising from evaporation and transpiration.
• New statistical methods to link crop yield and variability from sensor measurements.
• Updated versions of various numerical tools being developed: HYDRUS, HP1, CW2D module, the UNSATCHEM modules, the HYDRUS package for MODFLOW, SMART, and others.
• New collaborations with microbiologists, ecologists, hydrologists, pedologists, and engineers who are predicting landscape responses from land use/land cover changes and climate variability.
• Machine learning methods and tools to interpret large datasets from field studies and monitoring sites.
• Improved methods for uncertainty quantification
• Improved methods for data assimilation
• Further develop fiber optic DTS as a reliable soil moisture sensor.
• Continued support of young faculty, postdocs and students, who are dedicated to studying the role of soil physics in environmental processes.
• New graduate level, international course on soils in the global groundwater-agriculture interface.
• Strengthening of international collaborations, like the International Soil Modeling Consortium, that tie together many of the activities discussed herein. Comments: Information on the scientific advancements, research findings, and inter-institutional collaborations throughout the world will be provided by an updated project website to be developed by a project member. This project will engage scientists and provide answers on short-term problems affecting US agriculture and environmental protection in the areas of salinity, water quality, solute transport, evapotranspiration, soil water and chemical transport properties and other areas, especially ecological processes. Our research will focus on long-term problems, such as identifying and characterizing the dominant processes affecting the transport of mass and energy through soils and other porous media at various management scales. This project is unique among multistate committee efforts because, rather than collaborating on a single focused objective, many collaborative projects are conducted simultaneously by organized groups of participating members and others. These extensive collaborations are established and maintained through our organizational structure. This strategy is inevitable given the diversity of problems addressed, but is also highly desirable, as information gained from the specific collaborations are shared with global science communities.

Outcomes or Projected Impacts

• New scientific knowledge and information about fundamental physical, chemical and biological processes will help to understand the transformation and transport of pesticides, pathogens, colloids, nutrients, salts, and emerging contaminants. The breadth of research topical areas will lead to a diverse set of outcomes (which we define as results, impacts, and accomplishments) that will significantly improve our knowledge regarding mass and energy transport in near-surface environments. These outcomes will help us determine how to enhance soil sustainability and benefit society as follows:
• Results will quantify the amount, fate, and transport of bioactive compounds from commercial manure handling and disposal methods.
• Improved understanding of the role of scale in basin-scale processes, including evapotranspiration, water balance and ecological functions and services.
• Improved understanding of processes that control behavior of emerging contaminants from gray water or treated wastewater in soil/water systems, including mitigation practices.
• Examine herbicide leaching to groundwater versus metabolism in the soil and in plants in diverse climates.
• Evaluate impacts of plastics in soils and fate and transport of nano- and microplastics in soils.
• Guidance to producers on the sustainability of drip irrigation in salt-affected soils with reduced quantity or marginal quality irrigation water will be improved.
• Develop and demonstrate simple and reliable soil water sensing systems to accurately quantify soil water balance and other hydrological processes.
• Broader use of frequency-dependent dielectric measurements in soil to infer soil textural properties, in addition to water content and electrical conductivity.
• Improved measurement techniques will better characterize the relationships between soil, climate, and geomorphic position at the landscape scale.
• Improvements in the Evaluation and prediction of land-use changes on managed lands (impact of grazing on compaction, erodibility, plant communities).
• Landscape-scale predictive capabilities for soil evaporation implemented into large-scale climate models.
• Improved protection of soil and water resources from energy production (i.e., coal and mineral extraction, in particular mine tailings).
• Stronger connections developed between atmospheric measurements and soil physical and hydraulic properties, especially under climate change scenarios, will improve how soil processes are embedded into atmospheric models.
• Solution to the closure problem for various hydrologic fluxes, including heterogeneity adopted into lumped parameter models (i.e., SWAT).
• Establish statistical structure between soil water, soil carbon storage and soil gas (C, N) emission fluxes in different land use systems before and after land use transition.
• Assessments, briefings, and legislative testimony in direct support of policy and decision- making bodies at the state and federal level.

Milestones

(2024):● First open data release of gridded soil hydraulic properties based on NRCS-SOLUS, including manuscript. Release of Maricopa Deep Infiltration data (open access) ● Determine surface properties and colloidal stabilities of different types of micro- and nanoplastics. ● Complete simulations of soil moisture dynamics at in situ monitoring stations nationwide using SOILWAT2 and TOPOFIRE. ● Complete development for methodology to downscale GRACE satellite total water storage anomaly to HUC-12 catchment scale. ● Publish the results from laboratory experiments aimed at quantifying gas diffusion rates and pore size distributions of nursery substrates. ● Complete development of the theoretical framework and initial results for quantifying hydraulic properties of porous media using tension infiltration. ● Quantification of changes in dynamic soil physical properties at various times throughout the growing season, and relationship to soil properties in undisturbed locations ● Development of remote-sensing based approach for detecting soil change based on land use type/change ● Quantify inter- and intra-sensor variability using in situ soil moisture sensor testbeds ● Complete K-12 teacher trainings on soil science topics in Puerto Rico at SSSA Summer Meeting

(2025):● Second open data release of gridded soil hydraulic properties based on NRCS-SOLUS, including manuscript. Release of NRCS-NASIS-validated ensemble pedotransfer functions. ● Proof-of-concept decadal simulations of soil moisture dynamics as NRCS-SCAN locations. ● Quantification of transport characteristics of micro- and nanoplastics under both saturated and unsaturated flow conditions in porous media. ● Improve Oklahoma Automated Soil Information System (OASIS) and evaluate potential for nationwide expansion. ● Build and test a new system for monitoring soil particle movement during erosion. ● Test system for distributed measurements of CO2 fluxes using low-cost sensors. ● Application of field-scale soil moisture data for predicting soil cracking

(2026):Provisional third open data release of gridded soil hydraulic properties based on NRCS- SOLUS, including manuscript. Updated decadal simulations of soil moisture dynamics as NRCS-SCAN locations. ● Determination of colloidal stability of micro- and nanoplastics in soil and aqueous environments. ● Continue the development of modeling frameworks to understand soil water repellency and preferential flow processes in soils ● Complete development of preferential flow capable Green-Ampt type infiltration model. ● Complete watershed-scale cosmic-ray neutron rover surveys of soil moisture spatial distributions in four watersheds. ● Provide recommendations for vineyard soil management that enhances wine-grape quality.

(2027):● Provisional simulations of decadal soil moisture dynamic at selected points within contiguous USA, consistent with SMAP. ● Determination of how the use of biodegradable plastic mulch films affect soil health. ● Use improved soil moisture datasets for streamflow forecasting and prediction of changes in groundwater levels. ● Complete development of peatland soil flow and transport model for simulation of methane and mercury export out of peatland soils.

(2028):● Prepare and submit new proposal for 5-year project renewal. ● Complete mapping of concentration and residence time of chloride in groundwater of the Twin Cities Metro area.

Projected Participation

View Appendix E: Participation

Outreach Plan

The project members comprise a group of dedicated soil, water and environmental scientists and engineers who excel in the communication of their research through different communications platforms, and who are active participants in soil and environmental research at universities and federal facilities across the country. For this multi-state project, we have developed a new objective (Objective 4) that specifically details many of the focal areas and activities that the project members will undertake as part of this project. Many of our members conduct workshops, short courses, and classes to educate other scientists and the public, and contribute to state, regional and federal agencies. They also lead undergraduate and graduate education and supervise research.Although most of our members do not have formal extension appointments, our members regularly participate in field days organized by extension faculty at the land grant universities. Our members are involved in publishing extension pamphlets, articles, and videos on their research projects. We are also involved in providing inputs to federal regulations pertinent to our research activities. For instance, our work on the environmental fate of microplastics helps the National Organic Standards Board to determine how to regulate the use of plastics in organic agriculture. Members of our group are actively involved in these discussions. As another instance, results of hydrologic and water quality modeling in agricultural production settings in southeastern Minnesota is being used to guide placement of nitrogen management BMPs intended to reduce nitrate transport to groundwater and surface water in the region.

W4188 members have published their findings in top-tier, peer-reviewed journals, targeting both science and engineering communities and are actively involved in organizing and participating many professional society international/national/regional meetings (SSSA, AGU, ESA, EGU, ASABE, ASCE, GRA, GSA), and major workshops and symposia sponsored by these societies.

They serve as Editors and Associate Editors on journal editorial boards and as ad hoc manuscript reviewers, and therefore, enhance the overall quality of published research. Members also serve the scientific community by their engagement in competitive grant review panels of federal and regional entities, and as peer reviewers for domestic and international grant proposals. Our members have been instrumental in creating the International Soil Modeling Consortium, now with more than 600 members worldwide. They frequently engage with legislators at the state and federal level, and with

managers, directors, and personnel in local, regional, state, and national water management organizations (e.g., irrigation and water districts, state agencies, regional MOUs) to support scientifically-based policy development and assist in technically sound decision-making. Through entrepreneurship, committee members have developed commercially available instruments, analytical tools, and textbooks. We fully expect this type of outreach to continue and thrive. Results of our work will be available through the annual project report, the project website (https://www.nimss.org/projects/18606), periodic joint meetings with related multistate research and/or coordinating groups, and through the international reputations and professional visibility of participants. The members will also work with consulting firms, companies and farmers to adopt measurement and management technologies.

 

Organization/Governance

The current W4188 multistate committee consists of members representing universities, the USDA-ARS, National Laboratories, and other research units. In addition, visiting scientists (U.S. and global) participate along with member hosts. Officers of the new W5188 will be the Chair and Secretary. The Secretary is elected each year at the annual meeting and advances to Chair the following year. The Chair may appoint members to serve on subcommittees as needed.

Meetings will be approved by the Administrative Advisor. The current Secretary will be responsible for making local arrangements. Committee meetings typically have been held in Las Vegas, NV during early January, but members may decide (by voting) to choose new locations. Virtual and hybrid options have been offered since 2020. At each meeting, research accomplishments are reviewed, new opportunities and recommendations for multistate coordination/collaboration are discussed, and strategies for maximizing the impact of committee productivity are suggested. In addition, we invite scientists from different disciplines (e.g., geomorphology, land use planning, ecology) to provide opportunities for initiating transdisciplinary collaboration on new cutting-edge research directions that would engage areas of our expertise. In this way, fresh perspectives are injected into the committee, encouraging outward-looking and multi- disciplinary approaches toward pressing agricultural and environmental problems. The project committee and its precursors have had strong historical participation at the annual meetings (35-50 attendees, 59 in 2023), with new members inducted each year to ensure longevity and infusion of fresh perspectives. Although meeting attendance can vary from year to year, existing W4188 members have indicated a strong desire to continue participation.

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Land Grant Participating States/Institutions

AZ, CA, CT, DE, IA, ID, KS, LA, MI, MN, MS, NC, NE, OK, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WY

Non Land Grant Participating States/Institutions

University of Texas - Austin, USDA/ARS-California