Duration: 10/01/2009 to 09/30/2014

Administrative Advisor(s):

NIFA Reps:

Non-Technical Summary

Statement of Issues and Justification

Aquaculture and capture fisheries provide a significant source of protein and economic activity for people in the United States and other countries. In addition to pond, tank, cage, and raceway production, aquaculture broadly interacts with capture fisheries by providing hatchery raised fish and shellfish that are released into the wild to enhance or rebuild wild stock populations, thereby providing support for both commercial and recreational fisheries (NOAA 2008). Capture fisheries also interact with aquaculture products in exchange markets, regulatory environments, and economic development activities. The importance of the multifaceted relationship between aquaculture and capture fisheries suggests a need for reliable economic studies of these two critical resources, especially as management, regulatory, and market demands change over time.

This proposed revision to multistate project W1004 outlines a study of the marketing, trade, and management issues found in various aquaculture and fishery resources. The research will focus on four interrelated areas: 1) marketing, niches and new products; 2) production for dynamic markets; 3) regulatory influences on sector development; and 4) assessing infrastructure and industry organization. Four cross-cutting themes integrate the project objectives: 1) analysis of emerging and innovative technologies; 2) roles of property and stakeholder rights, 3) spatial organization of management, markets and infrastructure; and 4) market coordination and integration. These themes represent an expanded focus compared to the previous W1004 project and will capitalize on the expertise of the anticipated broader participation in the project and the need to address important emerging issues. Conducting the proposed work within a multistate framework will facilitate the examination of important stakeholder issues by bringing together experts from across the country, thus avoiding duplication of effort in the design and implementation of research studies. In doing so, the project will continue to create and maintain the human capital infrastructure of the original W1004 project and provide a scientific resource that can respond to emerging problems in this resource sector.

The remainder of this section briefly describes the issues and justification for each of the main areas of research to be conducted under the project.

Marketing, Niches, and New Products

The last three decades witnessed the globalization of trade in seafood products. World exports of fishery products equaled approximately $17 billion in 1986. By 2006, they had increased to $85 billion, or 170% after adjusting for inflation (United States CPI). Much of the increase in seafood trade was fostered by advances in worldwide aquaculture production. U.S. imports of seafood products during this period increased from about $4 billion to $13 billion, with many of these imports competing directly with the U.S. capture (e.g., salmon, pollock and shrimp) and aquaculture (e.g., catfish and crawfish) fisheries. In many instances, this competition resulted in declining real dockside prices for the nation's domestically-produced products and a gradual erosion of economic activity in the harvesting and supporting sectors. Many rural U.S. communities that depend on the production of captured and farmed aquatic products are at a crossroad because of this expanded globalization. Eventually, participants in this sector must respond to global competition and adopt new methods and frontier technologies with the goals of sector rejuvenation and economic security in a changing marketplace.

To meet the challenges ahead, these communities, and the small to mid-size companies that support them, must innovate by developing new products that end-users favor, position products in market niches that increase market penetration, and/or communicate with end-users to maximize the perceived value of the product. Thus, information concerning product distribution and flow, end-user preferences and perception, pricing, processing methods and technology, packaging, and institutional and structural arrangements in the supply chain is needed to ensure marketing success and the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture assets.

Production for Dynamic Markets

Rapidly changing prices and business opportunities have led to increasing economic stress and uncertainty concerning the future direction of aquaculture and fisheries production in the U.S. If these industries are to survive, research must focus on improving efficiency and competitiveness. Many aquatic species exhibit inter- and intra-annual changes in physiological characteristics which significantly influence consumer and producer welfare. To remain competitive, U.S. aquaculture producers need to continually improve production efficiencies in order to maximize the financial benefits that can be extracted from their managed production operations, all the while doing so in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. For capture fisheries, it is essential to design regulations and management systems that both maximize the market-related economic benefits derived from the resource and reward well-managed fisheries. Research that integrates both temporal and spatial characteristics of aquaculture and capture fisheries production can be an effective way of evaluating policy options and illuminate the important mechanisms operating between fish-based resources and their respective industries and markets.

Another factor influencing production is the way in which sector growth and changing international markets have affected the trade of fish products. Optimized production practices and breakthroughs in biotechnology research have resulted in declining costs of production for most aquaculture species at a time when many traditional commercial fisheries face increasing resource exploitation, overcapitalization, and marketing infrastructure constraints. Given that these trends are expected to continue, an increasingly dynamic aquaculture sector is likely to erode the competitiveness of traditional fishery products, resulting in a need to devise strategies that will help the traditional fisheries sector adjust to the changing market scenarios. Only by carefully managing the quality and quantity of aquaculture and capture fishery production, both from a temporal and spatial perspective, will the U.S. achieve the national and regional objectives of economic efficiency, full utilization, and stock conservation.

Regulatory Influences on Sector Development

The collapse of many wild fish stocks in the U.S. and the world has led to significant changes in both commercial fisheries and aquaculture. In many parts of the world, capture fisheries management has gradually transitioned from a council-based direct management systems to stakeholder rights-based systems that, although managed by councils, utilize market forces to allocate resources. These market-based systems, which dominate management in Iceland, New Zealand, and Australia, are increasingly being used in U.S. fisheries. Meanwhile, world aquaculture production experienced dramatic expansion as it filled the gap between seafood demand and the capture fishery supply, increasing over fivefold between 1985 and 2005 and by a factor of 90 in some developing countries (FAO 2008). While some developed countries, like Norway, have kept pace with this rapid growth, the U.S. aquaculture industry stagnated even as it became the major supplier of technology, feed, and investment for the industry in other countries. Perhaps the only exception to this has been the catfish industry, which has an established presence in the U.S. but, for numerous reasons, has been unable to dominate its segment of the U.S. market.

At least three questions arise from the changes experienced in fisheries and aquaculture over the last 20 years. First, are the rights-based systems being used in some U.S. fisheries working better than regulated open access, and how should this evaluation be measured? Many of these market-oriented systems are relatively new in the U.S. and will be undergoing mandated reviews in the next 5 years. As federal fisheries managers conduct these reviews, the role of market institutions, the value of rights, methods for exchanging fisheries assets, the affect of the rights-based systems on fish stock and product marketing, and the impact of these systems on the welfare of coastal communities are all critical areas requiring analysis. Secondly, what is the economic relationship between capture fisheries and aquaculture, both in the U.S. and the world? Aquaculture has clearly arisen as a mature world industry, but it is still in relative infancy in the U.S. Investigating the economic and regulatory reasons for the lack of development in the U.S. industry can potentially lead to changes that enhance industry viability. At the same time, it is important to evaluate the role aquaculture can play in the management of capture fisheries and the welfare of the coastal communities that have historically relied on the sea. Lastly, how can U.S. aquaculture modernize and take advantage of new technologies, both from traditional and sustainable production perspectives, while at the same time competing in global markets? Answers to this question not only lay in understanding traditional market fundamentals and trade relationships, but also in evaluating the role various national policies have on industry viability.

Assessing Infrastructure and Industry Organization

Because they are biologically-based and often located in coastal zones, the ports, working water fronts, and communities that are dependent on fisheries and aquaculture are susceptible to shocks, ranging from environmental events to more persistent changes in markets and consumer preferences. For example, hurricanes have recently and severely damaged the livelihoods of commercial and recreational fishers along the northern Gulf of Mexico. During and after these storm events, saltwater intrusion, power interruptions, and chaotic markets have also disrupted aquaculture production and marketing. Although less dramatic than storms, harvest limitations, industry consolidation, depreciating infrastructure, and changing economic and regulatory landscape constantly force coastal communities to evaluate the maintenance and revitalization efforts for their waterfronts. In particular, changing consumer product requirements, especially with regard to safety, quality and traceability, demand new and innovative industry practices. Coping with any of these shocks requires detailed information about the effected industries, including the location and quality of support infrastructure, status of product quality, and viability of the communities in which industry participants work and live.

Related, Current and Previous Work

This section briefly describes the accomplishments of the previous W1004 multistate project as they relate to each of the projects three objectives. A current CRIS search revealed few related projects and no evidence of potential duplication with the proposed revision. Appendix A contains a list of these related projects by non-W1004 participants.

Previous Objective 1: Expand and develop seafood markets by developing new marketing ideas, identifying market niches, and developing alternative seafood products

Participants in W1004 conducted studies involving the marketing and development of seafood products, focusing on consumer preferences for non-market attributes (Johnston et al. 2005, 2006), locally produced food (Roheim et al. 2007, Fonner and Sylvia 2008), and the impacts of ecolabeling on prices, price premiums, and price elasticities (Roheim 2005, Johnston and Roheim 2006, Johnston et al. 2007, Gudmundsson and Wessells 2007). The ecolabel analyses, in particular, are being actively used by industry and policy makers to determine if the benefits of developing stewardship labeling outweigh the often significant costs. Beyond the general concept of ecolabeling, project participants found that actual and potential contamination of seafood products poses significant challenges. Willson and Kazmierczak (2007) documented the historical and potential costs of contamination events in various fisheries, including a survey of regulatory responses and their impacts. Dedah et al. (2008) estimated an IAIDS model for oysters, with results indicating that the imposition of mandatory health warning labels on Gulf of Mexico oysters had a significant impact on consumer preferences. Research in this area is continuing with a focus on health warnings and perceptions regarding Vibrio vulnificus contamination in oysters and PCB contamination in farmed salmon.

Research evaluated consumer and market attitudes, perceptions, and knowledge on traceability of seafood products with the goal of designing a system for seafood that would enhance value (Fonner 2008, Oregon Salmon Commission 2007, Pugmire, 2007). Along with research on improving 1) at-sea handling techniques, 2) electronically logging product variables, and 3) tracking product information, web-based systems were designed to support integration of science, production, and marketing information (Thompson et al 2005). This information was also used to design a seafood traceability system linking seafood producers and markets (Thompson 2007, Oregon Salmon Commission 2008).

From a broader perspective, Adams and Larkin (2007) examined trade patterns for spiny lobster products in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region, while Pomeroy et al. (2008) evaluated policy options for managing the ethnically important live reef food fish trade. Keithly et al. (2006, 2008) studied the relationship of domestic and imported seafood products using both primary and secondary data, in particular noting that declines in the domestic shrimp processing industry are closely linked to increased competition from imports. Expanding this analysis, Poudel (2008) investigated the world shrimp market using an import demand / export supply model to explicitly account for trade flows and exchange rates among countries. Poudel demonstrated that the deteriorating market position of wild-caught domestic shrimp can be traced to imported products that are derived primarily from aquaculture, implying that domestic actions aimed at supporting the shrimp industry's pricing power will have limited impacts. Work continues to focus on the effect of shrimp aquaculture on the price structure of various products, with the forecasting of seafood product prices for planning and management purposes being an important and ongoing part of the project (Anderson 2004a,b, 2005, 2006, 2007a,b).

Previous Objective 2: Improve fishery and aquaculture management by developing decision support tools to integrate management and marketing.

The W1004 project had a number of activities focused on providing the necessary decision making tools that would allow producers and harvesters to efficiently and profitably manage their enterprises. Working within an interdisciplinary setting, Yu and Leung (2005) and Yu et al. (2006a,b) developed practical scheduling models for shrimp operations practicing multiple cycles per year in multiple pond settings. The models are flexible enough to be used in examining multiple small partial harvests in comparison to a single large harvest (Yu and Leung 2006), or to examine the optimizing strategies required for specific species (Moss et al. 2005). Although based on advanced computational methods, the models were equipped with simplified interfaces and step-by-step user manuals to allow their use by shrimp farmers, extension agents, and researchers.

While the management of aquaculture operations is challenging, additional difficulties are encountered with shellfish fisheries that exhibit mixed aquaculture/capture fishery characteristics. Long treated primarily as an open access capture fishery, Baskaran and Anderson (2005) and Valderrama and Anderson (2007) demonstrated that the use of rights-based and rotational systems can improve the long-term management, value and marketing of Atlantic sea scallops. Choi et al. (2006) addressed the role of environmental variability in the scheduling of sequential rotations in scallop aquaculture and showed that varying production and marketing environments require harvesters to change rotation times in order to improve net returns. In the oyster industry, variable cost structures were found to be relative low under varying fuel price schedules (Kazmierczak and Keithly 2005). Exogenous events, however, can have a large impact on the profitability of shellfish enterprises. In particular, red tides and hurricanes can damage product lines and distribution channels, potentially leading to long-run losses of buyers and markets unless mitigation plans are appropriately defined (Larkin and Adams 2007). The bioeconomic models developed as part of this effort are expected to give regulators and industry a better estimate of the likely monetary impact associated with shellfish fishery closures.

From the perspective of the capture fishery, W1004 researchers examined the grouper, shrimp, albacore and bluefin tuna industries, among others. Using a translog cost function approach, Nedelea (2007) found explicit economic interactions among species in the Florida grouper complex, including economies of scope and product specific economies of scale. This suggests that regulatory actions need to directly account for species interactions, but it is not clear how proposed IFQ programs might be devised to simultaneously address all of the species in the grouper complex. Diop et al. (2007) examined grouper from a risk, technological efficiency, cost efficiency, and management perspective, finding that the fishery is technically inefficient, over-capitalized, and operating under non-profit maximizing conditions. For a similar fleet-level study of the shrimp fishery, Ran et al. (2008) found that shrimp harvesters have some ability to allocate effort across shrimp size categories in response to relative prices, that location choice is an important factor when categorizing fleet behavior, and that shrimp harvesters have behaved as if they were becoming more risk averse in response to changes in economic conditions. Martinez-Garmendia and Anderson (2005) examined the links among harvest timing, harvesting methods, and subsequent fish quality for the East Coast tuna fishery. Gallagher et al. (2004) found that West coast pink shrimp production strategies based primarily on maximizing landings resulted in significant economic losses due to inadequate understanding of quality and price relationships. Other efforts included developing a Pacific whiting bioeconomic model that explained relationships between markets, fisheries, product quality attributes, processing strategies, and resource management to increase profitability and reduce risks (Larkin and Sylvia 2004). Rohiem (2008) discussed how traceability systems can assist in reducing costs borne by processors from unsuspected purchases of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fish.

Previous Objective 3: Increase the efficiency of fishery governance by developing ideas and knowledge supporting transition to market-based fishery management.

Given the crises in many U.S. fisheries, there is an urgent need to evaluate alternative fisheries management schemes. Pomeroy (2006) and Pomeroy and Rivera-Guieb (2006) evaluated the Georges River, Maine shellfish co-management system using institutional analysis, while Sissenwine and Pomeroy (2007) prepared technical guidelines for using marine protected areas as a fishery management tool. Pomeroy et al. (2007) also developed socioeconomic guidelines for coastal management in the Pacific region and completed an economic analysis of capture-based aquaculture (Pomeroy 2007, Pomeroy et al. 2008). Work on the interactions of property rights and aquaculture was pursued, particularly with respect to how the design of property rights institutions might influence the future success of fisheries and aquaculture industries (Baskaran and Anderson 2004, Anderson 2005, Kristofersson and Anderson 2006). Keithly and Kazmierczak (2007) examined the economic value of implied rights in the oyster lease fishery of Louisiana, finding that the ability to claim damage is as valuable, on a yearly revenue basis, as the fishery itself. Fisheries damage due to contamination was also investigated (Willson and Kazmierczak 2007), and an empirical model for managing fish stocks contaminated with toxic compounds is currently being combined with an FDA model for estimating heavy metal exposure in humans. Briand et al. (2004) examined fishing power in the Alaskan red king crab industry, with subsequent development of a quota trading model showing that a dissolution fishery association is both distributionally neutral and efficient. A recently completed a law review article examined the North Pacific crab fishery and found that the National Marine Fisheries Service routinely undercuts the legal prerogatives of the Regional Fishery Management Councils by the way it writes regulations (Matulich et al. 2007). Analysis of the Pacific Whiting Cooperative demonstrated that under certain conditions including appropriate property rights, voluntary cooperation can lead to significant gains in economic efficiency, conservation, and cooperative science (Sylvia et al. 2008). Lastly, a survey of buyback mechanisms and their potential application to the Atlantic shark fishery was conducted by Larkin et al. (2004).

Objectives

1. Improve the development of seafood markets by focusing on analyses of new marketing themes, market niches, and alternative seafood products
   
2. Enhance fishery and aquaculture production by developing decision support tools to integrate management and marketing
   
3. Increase the organizational and institutional efficiency of the aquaculture and fishery sectors by analyzing the regulatory environment and developing ideas to support the sectors
   
4. Improve the understanding of how infrastructure investment, location, and sector organization affects the stability of both the aquaculture and capture fishery industries
   

Methods

Each objective above will be addressed by project participants through specific research tasks. Issues and methods associated with each of these tasks is provided below. Objective 1: Marketing, Niches, and New Products Task 1-1: Preferences for Seafood Product Attributes, Including Certification and Labeling Consumers are inundated with information regarding the attributes of the seafood they consume, with only some of this information being based on scientifically valid studies. In addition, small volume aquaculture and fishery operations may have difficulty in discovering and reacting to the demands of consumers for specific product attributes, either because of the lack of scientifically valid data or because of the high transaction costs of acquiring the needed information. Attributes related to handling, storability, consistency of supply, and sustainability can influence the purchasing decisions of both middle-market and retail buyers, and thus influence the viability of harvesters and producers. This task will provide information needed to improve coordination of product supply and demand at all levels of the marketing chain. The goal of these efforts is to: 1) identify key product characteristics for use in marketing activities; 2) elicit pricing information for different product sources and forms; and 3) analyze the collected data for use in the development of production and purchasing guidelines. The information will be useful to participants in fisheries and aquaculture participants throughout their respective industries as they modernize and adapt to changes in domestic and global markets. Four states (Alabama, Florida, Indiana and Rhode Island) will work together to accomplish this task. Task 1-2: Fisheries and Aquaculture Supply and Demand Analysis, Including Price Forecasting As the structure of the U.S. seafood industry and the socioeconomic characteristics of households change over time, one can expect dynamic changes in the supply, consumption, and pricing of the species consumed and their product forms. An empirical analysis of household seafood demand, producer supply, and ultimately the prices that emerge in markets can be used to (a) forecast changes in product species and composition that will likely be forthcoming over time and (b) develop appropriate marketing programs. But, despite its potential benefits, empirical studies of retail/away-from-home U.S. seafood demand are rare, with the most relevant of these being that conducted by Cheng and Capps (1988) and Wellman (1992). To improve and expand on this past work, this task will utilize data collected as part of the NOAA Fisheries Seafood Consumption Survey, as well as other data sources, to empirically estimate household demand. Models will then be used to help forecast industry prices and trends, the effects of anticipated macroeconomic factors, and the impacts of proposed policy initiatives. A number of aquaculture and capture fishery species will be targeted in this effort, including (but not limited to) salmon, shrimp, tilapia and catfish. Five states (Alabama, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana and Rhode Island) will work together to accomplish this task. Task 1-3: Estimating the Interactions between Imported Aquaculture Products and Capture Fishery Products in the U.S. Seafood Market The primary focus of this task is to understand the extent to which imported aquaculture products interact with U.S. capture fisheries products in the U.S. seafood market. Two key questions exist: Will imports of aquaculture products - especially those from China eventually marginalize the U.S. capture fisheries products in the U.S. seafood market? How much of a premium, if any, do U.S. captured fisheries products possess in the U.S. seafood market? Answers to these questions will inform the capture fisheries industry as to how imported aquaculture species substitute for their products, and which strategies are needed for the U.S. capture fisheries industry to remain competitive in todays dynamic seafood market. To address these issues, we will first characterize the market substitution effects of the capture fishery products for imported aquaculture products of tilapia and shrimp. Next, we will identify the comparative advantages of the U.S. capture fisheries products versus Chinese aquaculture products (tilapia and shrimp) consumed in the U.S. seafood market by analyzing their cost structures, including the impacts from evolving supply chains. These results will be used to forecast the total supplies over a ten-year time horizon based on the cost structure of production. The forecasted supplies and estimated substitution effects will be incorporated into a model designed to evaluate the impact of imports on the prices of U.S. capture fisheries products. Finally, we will outline specific recommendations aimed at enhancing the competitiveness of the domestic fisheries industry in the evolving seafood market place. Two states (Louisiana and Rhode Island) will work together to accomplish this task. Objective 2: Production for Dynamic Markets Task 2-1: Analyzing and Improving the Firm-level Feasibility, Efficiency, and Management of Aquaculture Production This task focuses on three aquaculture species; shrimp, sea urchins, and catfish. For shrimp, the core objective is the continued development of production decision aids for optimal stocking and harvesting strategies. Using a model which incorporates the multi-cycle and multi-pond nature typical of commercial shrimp farms operating on a year-round basis, extensions will take into account variability in survival rate, growth rate, price seasonality and labor force constraints. The influence of these factors will be described quantitatively within the context of the operating parameters of a commercial aquaculture production firm. The application and implementation of this work will be demonstrated within a field setting. A second aquaculture enterprise of interest is land-based production of sea urchins. The research will seek to evaluate different options to design, build, and operate commercially viable land-based sea urchin aquaculture production facilities in Hawaii and Texas. There exists little market data, and no cost data, to assist in designing and operating a sea urchin producing operation. The proposed work will develop production models to assist sea urchin aquaculture facility designers and eventually farmers in production optimizing strategies and to aid in decision-making related to marketing and buyer preferences. Lastly, innovation in the catfish production process - alternative feeding, aeration, disease management, harvesting strategies, partitioned systems, and in-pond raceways (fixed and floating) - need to be analyzed economically and interpreted within the context of a producer's enterprise. Farm surveys will be used to collect information on current management strategies and tactics in order to form a baseline set of information on industry practices. Budget analysis will be used to determine areas where specific producers are above or below the average performer. Four states (Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii and Rhode Island) will work together to accomplish this task. Task 2-2: Analyzing Emerging Community-based and Sector Management in the U.S. Fisheries Harvesters generally have better information about a fishery than do managers, and may achieve better management outcomes if incentives are correctly structured. This subproject seeks to understand the factors that lead to successful community-based management in complex multispecies fish stocks using the rockfish fishery pilot program in Alaska and the fluke fishery sector program in Rhode Island as examples. A key hypothesis of the study is that fishermen in these systems will operate more efficiently if they develop a set of institutions that correctly align incentives within the fishery. To address this issue, we will track the structures of significant sector programs in New England and Alaska, along with indicators of their success such as participant satisfaction, sector membership stability, sector profitability, and stock health measures. Second, we will conduct economic modeling of community-based management institutions, with these models designed to make predictions about resource use levels and likely membership in each sector. Finally, we will use economic experiments to test these models. Analysis of effort allocations and sector stability will be particularly suited to the experimental approach because experiments will allow generation of data that are often plagued by idiosyncratic influences in the field. Two states (Alaska and Rhode Island) will work together to accomplish this task. Objective 3: Regulatory Influences on Sector Development Task 3-1: Evaluate the Role of Regulatory Environments in Developing Co-dependence Between Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries The regulatory environment facing aquaculture in the U.S. directly influences the sector's growth and competitiveness. This task will explore the dominant regulations and institutions affecting aquaculture and determine how they can be adjusted to meet regulatory objectives without undermining aquaculture innovation and competitiveness. A survey of stakeholders (regulators, aquaculturists, environmentalist, and researchers) will be conducted to determine key constraints and expectations regarding the sustainability and future of the aquaculture sector in the U.S. Case studies of how the fisheries, environmental and other regulations have influenced the success of the aquaculture sector will be conducted. Two states (Alabama and Rhode Island) will work together to accomplish this task. Task 3-2: Analysis of Limited Access Privilege Programs (LAPP) The development of LAPP fisheries creates opportunities for generating and sharing fishery rents. However, there are multiple approaches for collecting rents including auctions, taxes, and fees. Given that both industry and government maximize expected utility, there may be opportunities to find rent collection approaches that optimize overall social welfare. This task will examine the LAPP programs in three distinctly different fisheries; the Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery, the Falkland Islands squid fishery, and the Florida spiny lobster fishery. The red snapper fishery LAPP evaluation is motivated by a mandated five-year review of the Individual Fish Quota (IFQ) program. In collaboration with NOAA's Southeast Fisheries Science Center (SEFSC), we will be focusing on assessing the socio-economic performance and outcome of the red snapper IFQ fishery using a three-step approach: (1) review of market and biological data collected by the IFQ administrators; (2) interviews across the region to obtain qualitative information about the markets for shares/annual quota and to determine fishermen's perceptions of the program; and (3) a survey of IFQ participants to obtain quantitative data to test if the changes detected in step two hold for the entire population of participants. The focus of the Falklands squid LAPP study is on evaluating alternative approaches for maximizing the utility and social welfare associated with generating and collecting fishery rents. A dynamic bioeconomic model of the squid fishery and a subsequent multicriteria approach to expected utility elicitation will be employed within a two sector model to estimate the optimal rent recovery mechanism. The LAPP in the Florida spiny lobster fishery is heterogeneous in firm size and location, with participants holding a wide range of trap numbers and distributed throughout the state. Because the program does not routinely provide information on transfers, fishermen have difficulty reacting to previous exchanges and developing effective markets for certificates. Fishing grounds also vary widely due to the biology of the stock and the location of the fishermen, and the fishery is composed of two distinct ethnic groups which present cultural and language barriers among participants. Lastly, two commercial fishermen's associations are active in the study area. This project aims to examine how these factors and others influence the certificate transfer network. The resulting information will be used to describe the development of the transfer market and the identified factors will be used to describe how future programs can be efficiently designed. Three states (Florida, Louisiana and Oregon) will work together to accomplish this task. Task 3-3: Analyzing Alternative Stock Assessment Tools Stock assessments are the staple of modern-day fisheries management, using complex, sophisticated models and a variety of techniques to address issues of stock levels and uncertainty. Unfortunately, they usually require significant funding to obtain data, have it analyzed, and present the results to the regional fishery councils for use in determining management actions. Due to inadequate information, modelers are often forced to rely on biological assumptions that do not adequately address concerns for precautionary management. For some species, there may be little data to support a rigorous stock assessment, yet management actions must be taken. Thus, it is imperative to investigate the potential for more cost effective and accurate assessment methods. To that end, this task will: (1) assemble recent stock assessment data and economic data for representative West Coast rockfish species; (2) create a baseline (status quo) empirical bioeconomic model for the species; and (3) conduct simulations that explore target population age structures versus traditional MSY rebuilding objectives. Three states (Florida, Louisiana and Oregon) will work together to accomplish this task. Task 3-4: Estimating the Effects of Daily Trip Limit and Days-At-Sea Regulations This project will evaluate the economic impacts of daily trip limit (DTL) and days-at-sea (DAS) regulations imposed on the New England's groundfish fishery around the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SB-NMS). Although there is an abundance of anecdotal information about the economic and biological wastes induced by these regulations, there is a lack of quantitative analysis of the magnitude of these wastes. This information gap will be addressed by: (1) documenting and analyzing current fishing operations such as the choice of fishing ground, average total distance traveled, fuel usage, number of hauls in a fishing trip, and the time spent and weather conditions while waiting at sea to land the day's catch; (2) assessing the historical prices in the ex-vessel market, in particular the price elasticity for different attributes of quality (Thunberg et al. 1995); (3) estimating the magnitude of technical inefficiency in current operation under DTL and DAS using stochastic frontier production function model (e.g., Aigner et al. 1977; Battese and Coelli 1988); and (4) developing a behavioral model to understand fishermen's response to DTL and DAS (Anderson 1992). Efficiency gains will then be simulated under alternative regulatory regimes. Rhode Island will be the lead state on this task. Task 3-5: Impacts of Marine Protect Areas on the Small-scale Fishing Industry and Local Coastal Communities A draft management plan and environmental assessment for the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SB-NMS) off Massachusetts was recently released for public comment (U.S. Department of Commerce et al. 2008). The plan questions the sanctuary's ability to maintain active groundfish fleets on SB-NMS. This project aims to analyze the impact of the MPA on fish stock levels, fleet behavior, and local fishing communities by marrying a biological metapopulation model and a spatially dynamic economic behavior model (e.g., Holland 2000; Holland and Sutinen 1999; Sanchirico and Wilen 1999, 2001; Smith 2002; Smith and Wilen 2003). First, fishermen will be characterized by their location choices, historical landings, and fishing efforts using a representative sample of the SB-NMS fleet. Second, fishermen's location choice models will be estimated using Vessel Trip Report data. Third, the impacts of MPA will be simulated by integrating the estimated behavioral model of the fleet with spatial and age structured biological models of primary groundfish in the region. Finally, the linkages between the groundfish fishery and the local economy will be examined using simulation, with special emphasis given to the potential cumulative impacts to commercial fishing communities from establishing an MPA (Papadas and Dahl 1999). Objective 4: Assessing Infrastructure and Industry Organization Task 4-1: Updating Information on the Structure and Economic Status of the For-Hire Recreational Fishing Industry The recreational for-hire industry is a major component of most Gulf of Mexico fisheries. A survey of captains/owners is needed to collect socio-demographic, economic, and attitudinal data to complement existing effort and harvest data collections such as the Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistical Survey (MRFSS). Data of this nature were first collected in 1988 in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama (Ditton et al. 1989) and Florida (Holland and Milon 1989). A decade later a second round of surveying was conducted for the northern Gulf (Sutton et al. 1999). Since the last round of surveys, the recreational for hire (RFH)/charter boat sector has experienced a number of regulatory changes implemented through Reef Fish Fishery Management Plan (1984) amendments, including changes in size and bag limits for target species and the extension of permit moratoria for reef species and coastal migratory pelagics (GMFMC 2003). By updating the 1988 and 1998 studies, we will be able to analyze and compare the industry and its evolution over the last 20 years, leading to insight concerning the role of economic and regulatory forces on the sector. Louisiana will be the lead state on this task. Task 4-2: Develop Fishery Infrastructure Damage Models As part of an ongoing effort to assist coastal states in the acquisition and distribution of federal aid during the recovery process, research under this project seeks to produce better fisheries infrastructure damage using estimates from established and novel procedures for quantifying damage from natural disasters. Specifically, Caffey et. al. (2006, 2007) and Erlambang (2007) used hurricane storm surge modeling data combined with trip ticket data on commercial fishing revenues and vessel markets to obtain geographically-specific estimates of the damages to coastal fisheries infrastructure after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Recent applications of this technique in the wake of Hurricanes Gustav and Ike have allowed for more rapid and spatially-precise estimates of fisheries infrastructure damages (Caffey 2008). The specificity of these estimates, in most cases to the firm level, has been welcome by the state and federal agencies tasked with damage assessment and recovery funding allocation. Additional research is needed, however, to further refine these methods. Specifically, damage curves currently in use are based on a small number of field-level observations collected in 2006 following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The passage of Hurricanes Gustav and Ike in 2008 provides a unique opportunity for additional refinement of these damage functions with the goal of improving the model's ability to account for a wide range of structural- and storm-specific damages. Although the primary goal of this research is to more efficiently guide the allocation of fisheries recovery funding, a secondary goal involves the potential mitigation of future damages through the use of simulations to inform the siting and development future infrastructure development. Three states (Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi) will work together to accomplish this task. Task 4-3: Develop New Information Conveyance Mechanisms This task will develop a multiuse website to support science, management and marketing of west coast fisheries and seafood products. Based on research conducted in the first five year W1004 project, we will construct a website (PacificFishTrax.com) that can serve the real time needs of different fishery audiences, including fishermen, managers, scientists, retails, food service, consumers, and the public. The initial iteration of the website will specifically target the west coast salmon and albacore fisheries. In addition to mapping fishery and oceanographic data, the website will be capable of tracking bar-coded fishery products through the market distribution process including consumer, retailers, chefs and fishermen linkages. The novel use of computer-based kiosks at retail locations will be used to support test markets. Ultimately, the effectiveness of the website, kiosks, barcoding, and traceability systems through web based surveys of consumers will be evaluated, including plans for the long-term viability of website management and financing. Oregon will be the lead state on this task. Task 4-4: Develop a Working Waterfront Preservation Toolkit This project will inventory coastal ports with working waterfronts from Eureka, California to Westport, Washington with respect to key economic, social, and environmental criteria. The object of this inventory is to provide baseline data that can help coastal ports and working waterfronts develop strategic decision-making tools that support waterfront growth and adaptation while remaining a viable part of the community's economy. Case studies will be developed for four ports detailing historic development and decision-making within the context of economic and regulatory change. A set of approaches for protecting and enhancing working waterfront activities will be developed that takes into account economic, social, and regulatory changes and encompasses both new and traditional tools including zoning, taxation, development rights, and designated access systems. Finally the project plans to develop engagement strategies for working with four port communities and identify opportunities for utilizing the tool box. Oregon will be the lead state on this task.

Measurement of Progress and Results

Outputs

• The projects detailed in this proposal are designed to produce concrete results that will be delivered to clientele in various ways - through scientific conference, publication outlets, and through extension and outreach programs in each of the participating states. In addition, we propose broader outputs that cut across numerous objectives and tasks: internet-based fisheries economics and management courses; case studies for fisheries analysis and education; and coordination with NOAA Sea Grant.
• Internet-Based Fisheries Economics, Marketing and Management Courses -- The role of the internet in outreach and education is expanding, particularly in places where geographic distance makes it difficult to serve stakeholders with up-to-date information and training. There is a need for a common organizing outlet that can not only accumulate content that is being generated across the country, but also synthesize the material into meaningful components. The knowledge and experience embodied in the project participants is ideal as a base for generating these 21st century forms of outreach and education. We will use the project as a springboard to create fisheries economics educational materials that will facilitate an increased understanding of economic concepts as they relate to numerous fisheries management issues. This material will be targeted toward undergraduate students, graduate students, fishermen, and fisheries managers.
• Case Studies for Fisheries Analysis and Education -- Case studies are widely acknowledged as critical tools for understanding and teaching management in complex environments, but very few decision cases exist with fisheries and seafood marketing and trade as their central focus. This lack of cases limits education opportunities for undergraduate students, graduate students, and working professionals in the public and private fishery and aquaculture sectors. This project will use qualified academic, industry and government professionals to develop field-researched, decision-focused cases. Each participant in this effort will be matched with an international or U.S. industry partner with demonstrated success and innovation in global marketing of seafood. Pilot testing will be used to ensure that cases are usable by target audiences. Cases will be widely distributed through case study clearinghouses, publications, and meetings/workshops. Special emphasis will be placed on distributing the cases to state Sea Grant and USDA extension programs for use in training the seafood and other agricultural industry sectors.
• Coordination with the NOAA Sea Grant Strategic Implementation Plan for Safe and Sustainable Seafood -- In response to recommendations of the National Research Council, NOAA Sea Grant is developing a strategic plan to improve coordination and integration of national and state programs to serve local, regional, and national needs (http://www.seagrant.noaa.gov/focus/). The national strategic action plan. The Safe and Sustainable Seafood Focus Team (SSSFT) is one of four groups charged with implementing the strategic plan. The team has drafted a set of goals, objectives, and performance measures that include economic and market dimensions that overlap with the objectives of this proposed project. A key charge for the focus teams is to catalyze cooperative efforts among Sea Grant College Programs and other agencies and stakeholder organizations. Consequently the SSSFT has included as a potential activity through the USDA/CSREES research group known as W1004, partner with USDA on strategic initiatives identified in its five year plan. Such activities may include economic and marketing seafood workshops, joint publications, and seafood consumer surveys.

Outcomes or Projected Impacts

• The multistate project is intended to enhance consumer and producer welfare of all involved stakeholders. More specifically, each project undertaken as part of the objectives is aimed at increasing the profitability of the U.S. capture fishery and aquaculture industries, either through improvement of management schemes for natural fishery resources or the optimization of production and marketing practices for all seafood products (wild and farm-raised).

Milestones

(2010): Preliminary findings and results will be presented at a special session at the IIFET meeting in Summer 2010

(2011): Progress and accomplishments will be reported at the NAAFE meeting

(2012): Progress and accomplishments will be reported at the IIFET meeting

(2013): Progress and accomplishments will be reported at the NAAFE meeting

(2014): Results and recommendations will be compiled in a special issue of Marine Resource Economics and/or an edited book

Projected Participation

View Appendix E: Participation

Outreach Plan

Different mechanisms will be used to communicate the results of this multistate project to all interested parties. The most important findings and recommendations will be presented in a special issue of Marine Resource Economics. In addition, special sessions will be organized in the following professional meetings: WAS (World Aquaculture Society), NAAFE (North American Association of Fisheries Economists), IIFET (International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade), and AAEA (American Agricultural Economics Association). Plans also include the development of a website and the publication of an edited book if the volume of generated information warrants it. On a more direct level, Rex Caffey and Quentin Fong, who hold extension appointments in Sea Grant programs in Louisiana and Alaska, will develop materials for use in training sessions with stakeholders and with Gil Sylvia, help coordinate joint work with Sea Grant. Other members of the committee will help conduct workshops with industry representatives and submit research results as publications.

Organization/Governance

Once approved, the initial participants in the project will convene a meeting to elect a new chair, vice chair, and secretary for the technical committee. These three individuals will be responsible for planning the annual meeting of the project and for coordinating progress on the project. Rex H. Caffey will initially serve as Outreach Coordinator for the project. Participants currently proposing this multistate project, along with their specific areas of interest, are listed in Appendix E.

Literature Cited

Adams, C.M. and S.L. Larkin. 2007. Trade Patterns for Spiny Lobster Products Harvested within the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Region. Abstracts for the 60th Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Meeting, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. 4-8 November 2007.

Aigner, D., C. A. K. Lovell, and P. G. Schmidt (1977). Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models. Journal of Econometrics 6:21-37.

Anderson, J.L. 2004. Economic Analysis: Shrimp Outlook 2004, In Proceedings of Global Shrimp Outlook: 2004, Global Aquaculture Alliance, Bangkok, Thailand, November 11-14,

Anderson, J.L. 2004. Fisheries, Aquaculture and Trade: The Future. In Report on the Expert Consultation on International Fish Trade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-5 Dec. 2003. FOA Fisheries Report No. 744. Rome, Italy. :55-77.

Anderson, L. G. (1999). The Microeconomics of Vessel Behavior: A Detailed Short-Run Analysis of the Effects of Regulation. Marine Resource Economics 14:129-150.

Anderson, C., and D. Holland. 2006. Auctions for Initial Sale of Annual Catch Entitlement. Land Economics 82(3):333-52.

Anderson, C.M. and J. G. Sutinen. 2005. A Laboratory Assessment of Tradable Fishing Allowances. Marine Resource Economics 20(1):1-24.

Anderson, C.M. and J.G. Sutinen. 2006. The Effect of Initial Lease Periods on Price Discovery in Laboratory Tradable Fishing Allowance Markets. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 61(2):164-180.

Anderson, J.L., Economic Analysis: Shrimp Outlook 2006. In Proceedings of the Global Shrimp Outlook: 2006, Global Aquaculture Alliance, Key Biscayne, FL Nov. 5-8, 2006.

Anderson, J.L, 2005. "Property Rights, Fisheries, Aquaculture, and the Future." In: Evolving Property Rights in Marine Fisheries. Ed. by Leal, D.R. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, MD :239-257.

Anderson, J.L., "Economic Analysis: Shrimp Outlook 2005." In Proceedings of the Global Shrimp Outlook: 2005, Global Aquaculture Alliance, Hoi Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 24-27, 2005.

Anderson. J.L. "International Trade in Seafood Products" Invited Presentation, UN FAO Fisheries Trade Symposium, Akureyri, Iceland, Feb., 1-2, 2007.

Anderson, J.L., "Economic Analysis: Shrimp Outlook 2007," Invited presentation, Global Aquaculture Outlook: 2007, Global Aquaculture Conference, Miami, FL, November 5-8, 2007.

Baskaran, R. and J.L. Anderson. 2005. Atlantic Sea Scallop Management: An Alternative Rights-based Cooperative Approach to Resource Sustainability, Marine Policy, 29:357-369.

Baskaran, R. and J.L. Anderson. 2004. Atlantic Sea Scallop Management: An Alternative Rights-based Cooperative Approach to Resource Sustainability. Marine Policy. Vol. 25:357-369.

Battese, G. E., and T. J. Coelli (1988). Prediction of firm-level technical efficiencies: with a generalized frontier production function and panel data. Journal of Econometrics 38:387-399.

Briand, Genevieve, Thomas Heckelei, Scott C. Matulich, and Ron C. Mittelhammer. 2004. Managing fishing power: the case of Alaska red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus). Can. J. Fisheries and Aquatic Sci. 61(1):43-53.

Caffey, R.H., Diop, H., Keithly, W., and R.F. Kazmierczak (2006) The Economics and Politics of Fisheries Disaster Recovery: Louisiana's Response to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, IIFET 2006, Proceedings of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, Portsmouth, England, July 2006.

Caffey, R.H., Kazmierczak, R.F., Diop H., and W. Keithly (2007). Louisiana Fisheries and the Hurricanes of 2005, in Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems, T. Hines and K. Kate McLaughlin, editors, American Fisheries Society, 21 p.

Caffey, R. (2008) Preliminary Estimates of Economic Damages to Louisiana Fisheries and Aquaculture Sectors as a Result of Hurricanes Gustav and Ike in September 2008, LSU AgCenter and Louisiana Sea Grant College Program, Updated September 24, 2008

Cancino, José P., Hirotsugu Uchida, and James E. Wilen. 2007. TURFs and ITQs: Coordinated vs. Decentralized Decision Making. Marine Resource Economics 22(4), 391-406.

Charles, A. 2007. Community-based management and community fishery rights. In Proceedings of 2007 Forum of the North American Association of Fisheries Economists. March 2007. Merida, Mexico.

Choi, Jong Du, S.L. Larkin, and T.H. Spreen. 2006. A Bioeconomic Model for Cham Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) Aquaculture in Korea, Aquaculture Economics and Management 10(2): 125-146.

Davis, D., and C. Holt. 1993. Experimental Economics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Dedah, C.O., W.R. Keithly, Jr. and R.F. Kazmierczak, Jr. 2008. "A System Approach to the Demand for Oysters in the United States." The National Shellfish Association Meetings, Providence, Rhode Island, April.

Diagne, A., W.R. Keithly and R.F. Kazmierczak, Jr. 2004. The Effect of Environmental Conditions and Regulatory Costs on Relaying in the Louisiana Oyster Industry. Marine Resource Economics 19(2):211-224.

Diop, H., W.R. Keithly, Jr. and R.F. Kazmierczak, Jr. 2007. "An Economic Analysis of Fleet Dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico Grouper Fishery." Final project report to the National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, DC. 120 pp.

Erlambang, T (2007) Estimating The Economic Impacts of Hurricane Damage on Coastal Fishing Infrastructure, Masters Thesis, Louisiana State University, December 2007.
http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-01102008-150648/

Fonner R. and G. Sylvia. 2008. Consumer Preferences for Seafood Information Attributes. Proceedings (CD ROM) of the Fourteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade. July 22-25, Nha Trang, Vietnam.

Fonner. 2008. Consumer Preferences for Seafood Information attributes. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2007. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2007. Rome, Italy.

Gallagher, C., R. Hannah, and G. Sylvia. 2004. A Comparison of Yield per Recruit and Revenue per Recruit Models for the Oregon Ocean Shrimp, Pandalus jordani, Fishery. Fishery Research, 66 (1): 71-84.

Gardiner, Lacey. 2006. Hedonic Analysis of British Frozen Fish Market. M.S. University of Rhode Island.

Greer, Jessica. 2006. Estimation of Market-based Benefits of Marine Stewardship Council Ecolabels on Frozen Salmon in the U.K. M.S. University of Rhode Island.

Gudmundsson, E. and C. R. Wessells. 2007. "Ecolabeling Seafood for Sustainable Production: Implications for Fisheries Management," In: Labelling Strategies in Environmental Policy, M. Teisl, ed., Ashgate Publishing, Brookfield, Vermont, December, pgs. 81-98.

Holland, D. S. (2000) A bio-economic model of marine sanctuaries on Georges Bank. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 57, 1307-1319.

Holland, D. S., and J.G. Sutinen. (1999) An empirical model of fleet dynamics in New England trawl fisheries. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 56, 253-264.

Johnston, R.J. and C. Roheim. 2006. A Battle of Taste and Environmental Convictions for Ecolabeled Seafood: A Contingent Ranking Experiment, Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 31(2): 283-300.

Johnston, R.J., C. Roheim, D. Joglekar, and R. Pomeroy. 2006. Estimating Preferences for Non-Market Attributes of Aquaculture and Sustainable Seafood Production: Methods and Empirical Applications. International Journal of Environment and Pollution.

Johnston, R. J., C. R. Wessells, H. Donath, and F. Asche. 2007. "Measuring Consumer Preferences for Ecolabeled Seafood: An International Comparison," In: Labelling Strategies in Environmental Policy, M. Teisl, ed., Ashgate Publishing, Brookfield, Vermont, December, pgs. 395-414.

Johnston, R.J., C. Roheim, D. Joglekar, and R. Pomeroy, 2005. "Estimating Preferences for Non-Market Attributes of Aquaculture and Sustainable Seafood Production: Methods and Empirical Applications." International Journal of Environment and Pollution.

Kazmierczak, Jr., R.F. and W.R. Keithly, Jr. 2005. The Costs of Harvesting Oysters from Private Leases in Louisiana. Final project report to Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 29 pp.

Keithly, Jr., W.R., H. Diop, R.F. Kazmierczak, Jr. and M. Travis. 2008. An Economic Analysis of the Southeast U.S. Shrimp Processing Industry Responses to an Increasing Import Base. In Nielsen, J., J. Dodson, K. Friedland, T. Hamon, J. Musick and E. Verspoor (eds.), Reconciling Fisheries With Conservation, pp. 283-293. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. ISBN: 978-1-888569-80-3

Keithly, Jr., W.R., Diop, H., Kazmierczak, Jr., R.F. and Travis, M. 2006. The Impacts of Imports, Particularly Farm-Raised Shrimp Product, on the Southeast U.S. Shrimp Processing Sector. Final project report to the Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Foundation, Tampa, Florida. 50 pp.

Keithly, Jr., W.R. and R.F. Kazmierczak, Jr. 2007. Economic Analysis of Oyster Lease Dynamics in Louisiana. Final project report to the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 34 pp.

Kristofersson, D. and J.L. Anderson. 2006. Is There a Relationship between Fisheries and Farming? Interdependence of Fisheries, Animal Production and Aquaculture, Marine Policy, Vol. 30, No. 6:721-725.

Larkin, S., W.R. Keithly, Jr., C. Adams and R.F. Kazmierczak, Jr. 2004. Alternative Valuation Methods and Buyback Programs: Implications for the Atlantic Shark Fishery. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 36(2):317-332.

Larkin, S.L. and C.M. Adams. 2007. Supply Disruptions from Red Tidel Events: Implications for Florida Shellfish Dealers. Abstracts for the 60th Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Meeting, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. 4-8 November 2007.

Larkin, S. and G. Sylvia. 2004. Generating Enhanced Fishery Rents by Internalizing Product Quality Characteristics. Environmental and Resource Economics, 28 (1):101-122.

Martinez-Garmendia, J. and J.L. Anderson. 2005. "Conservation, Markets, and Fisheries Policy: The North Atlantic Bluefin Tuna and the Japanese Sashimi Market." Agribusiness, Vol. 21 No. 1 (2005):17-36.

Matulich, S.C., R.Seamon, M.Roth, and R.Eppink. 2007. Policy Formulation Versus Policy Implementation Under The Magnuson-Stevens Act: Insight From North Pacific Crab Rationalization. Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review. 34(1).

Moss, S.M., Otoshi, C.A. and Leung, P.S. 2005. Optimizing strategies for growing larger L. vannamei, Global Aquaculture Advocate, 8(5):68-69.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2008. Annual Report to Congress on the Status of U.S. Fisheries 2007. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD.

Nedelea, C.I. 2007. Analyzing the Cost of Harvesting and the Economic Structure of Florida Grouper Fishery. M.S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. 63 pp.

NOAA. 2009. http://aquaculture.noaa.gov/us/welcome.html accessed November 22, 2008

Oregon Salmon Commission. 2007. Collaborative Research on Oregon Ocean Salmon. 2006-2007 Report to the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board. Newport, Oregon.

Oregon Salmon Commission. 2008. Collaborative Research on Oregon Ocean Salmon. 2007-2008 Report to the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board. Newport, Oregon.

Papadas, C. T., and D.C. Dahl. (1999) Supply-driven input-output multipliers. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 50, 269-85.

Pomeroy, R. 2007. Social and economic impacts of capture-based aquaculture. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome

Pomeroy, R., Park, J., Pollnac, R., Campson, T., Genio, E., Marlessy, C., Holle, E., Pido, M., Nissapa, A., Boromthanarat, S., Hue, N.T. 2007. Fish wars: Conflict and collaboration in fisheries management in Southeast Asia. Marine Policy 31:645-656.

Pomeroy, R.A., Pid, M.D., Francisco J., Pontillas, A., Francisco, B.S., White, A.T., Ponce De Leon, E.M.C., Silvestre, G.T. 2008. Evaluation of policy options for the live reef food fish trade in the province of Palawan, Western Philippines. Marine Policy 32:55-65

Pomeroy, R.S. 2006. Integrating Cooperative Research and Management. pp. 207-215 In A.N. Read and T.W. Hartley (eds.). Partnerships for a Common Purpose: Cooperative Fisheries Research and Management. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 52, Bethesda, Maryland

Pomeroy, R.S., Rivera-Guieb, R. 2006. Fisheries co-management: a practical handbook. CAB International, Rome and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.

Pugmire, Christopher. 2007. Development of the Project CROOS Website: Laying the Groundwork for the Future of Fisheries Research. Unpublished Master's Project, Marine Resource Management Program, Corvallis, Oregon.

Poudel, P. 2008. An Analysis of the World Shrimp Market and the Impact of an Increasing Import Base on the Gulf of Mexico Dockside Price. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Louisiana State University.

Ran, T., W.R. Keithly, Jr. and R.F. Kazmierczak, Jr. 2008. Modeling the Intertemporal and Spatial Supply Dynamics of the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fleet. Final report to the National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC. 160 pp.

Roheim, C., C. Durham, R. King, A. Johnson, J. McCluskey, I. Pardoe, J. Flores, and H. Zhao. 2007. "Rhode Island Consumers' Preferences for Locally Produced Food: Report on Results from a 2006 Survey," URI,ENRE report for USDA/CSREES/NRI www.uri.edu/cels/enre/C Roheim.html.

Roheim, C., L. Gardiner and F. Asche. 2007. "Value of Brands and Other Attributes: Hedonic Analysis of Retail Frozen Fish in the UK." Marine Resource Economics, 22(3):239-53.

Roheim, C. 2005. "Ecolabeling and Urban Aquaculture." In: Urban Aquaculture, B. Costa-Pierce, A. Desbonnet, P. Edwards and D. Baker, eds., CAB International Publishing, Oxfordshire, UK: 259-266.

Roheim, C. 2008. The Economics of Ecolabelling, In: Seafood Ecolabelling: Principles and Practice, Eds. T. Ward and B. Phillips, Blackwell Science Publishing, Oxford, UK

Roheim, C.A. 2008. Seafood Supply Chain Management: Methods to Prevent Illegally-Caught Product Entry into the Marketplace. Report prepared for IUCN World Conservation Union-US and the World Bank. January. Washington, D.C.

Sanchirico, J.N., and J.E. Wilen. (1999) Bioeconomics of spatial exploitation in a patchy environment. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 37, 129-150.

Sanchirico, J.N., and J.E. Wilen. (2001) A bioeconomic model of marine reserve creation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 42, 257-276.

Sissenwine, M., Pomeroy, R. 2007. Guidelines on the Role of Marine Protected Areas in Fisheries Management. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome

Smith, M. (2002) State dependence and heterogeneity in fishing location choice. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 50 319-340.

Smith, M., and J.E. Wilen. (2003) Economic impacts of marine reserves: the importance of spatial behavior. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 46, 183-206.

Smith, V.L. 1976. Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory. American Economic Review 66:274-79.

Sylvia, G., H. Munroe, and C. Pugmire. 2008. The Pacific Whiting Cooperative: Rational Cooperation in a Sea of Irrational Competition. In Fisheries Coops and Beyond: Realigning Fisheries Management, eds Townsend, R.; Shotton, R.; Uchida, H. Case studies in Fisheries Self-Governance. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 504. Rome, FAO.

Thunberg, E., E. W. Bresnyan, and C. M. Adams (1995). Economic analysis of technical interdependencies and the value of effort in a multi-species fishery. Marine Resource Economics 10:59-76.

Thompson, M. 2007. Integrating Traceability with Onboard Handling to Enhance Product Quality and Marketability of Eastern Pacific Troll-Caught Albacore Tuna. M.S. Thesis. Marine Resource Management Program, Oregon State University. Corvallis, Oregon

Thompson, M., G. Sylvia, and M.T. Morrissey. 2005. Seafood Traceability in the United States: Current Trends, System Design, and Potential Applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Safety 1:1-7.

Townsend, R., R. Shotton, and H. Uchida (eds.) 2008. Case Studies in Fisheries Self-governance. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 604. Rome, Italy.

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Marine Sanctuary Program (2008). Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Daft Management Plan / Draft Environmental Assessment. Silver Springs, MD.

Valderrama, D. and J.L. Anderson. 2007. "Improving Utilization of the Atlantic Sea Scallop Resource: An Analysis of Rotational Management of Fishing Grounds," Land Economics, Vol. 83, No. 1: 86-103.

Wasserman, M. 2001. The Last Hunting Economy. Regional Review. Quarter II. p. 8-17.

Wellman, K. 1992. "The U.S. Retail Demand for Fish Products: An Application of the Almost Ideal Demand System." Applied Economics, 24(4):445-457.

Willson, T.M. and R.F. Kazmierczak, Jr. 2007. "The Public Health and Economic Impacts of Contaminated U.S. Fisheries." Ocean Yearbook, Volume 21. International Ocean Institute and University of Chicago Press, pp. 307-337.

Yu, R., Leung, P.S. and Bienfang, P. 2006. Predicting shrimp growth: artificial neural network vs. nonlinear regression models, Aquacultural Engineering, 34(1):26-32.

Yu, R., Leung, P.S. and Bienfang, P. 2006. Optimal production schedule in commercial shrimp culture, Aquaculture, 254: 426-441.

Yu, R. and Leung, P.S. 2006. Optimal partial harvesting schedule for aquaculture operations, Marine Resource Economics, 21(3):301-315.

Yu, R. and Leung, P.S. 2005. Optimal harvesting strategies for a multi-pond and multi-cycle shrimp operation: a practical network model. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation. 68(4):339-354.

Attachments

Land Grant Participating States/Institutions

AL, CA, CT, FL, HI, IA, ID, IN, LA, MO, MS, OR, RI

Non Land Grant Participating States/Institutions

University of Alaska Anchorage