Annual/Termination Reports:

[12/29/2008] [11/07/2009] [12/15/2012] [01/03/2012]

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Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

ACCOMPLISHMENTS<br /> <br /> COMPLETED RESEARCH <br /> Objective 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA Immune response of dairy cows and dairy goats to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus is being evaluated at 2 state universities in Georgia. Results to date indicate that vaccination reduces new S. aureus infection rate, somatic cell counts, and culling rate while increasing milk yield, milk protein, milk fat, and days in milk. <br /> <br /> ILLINOIS Transcript profiling of mammary tissue and blood neutrophils from lactating cows in positive or negative energy balance with and without an intrammamary S. uberis challenge was completed. Intrammamary infection, regardless of energy balance status, altered expression of ca. 2,000 genes. Enriched pathways included IL-10 signaling, IL-6 signaling, and LXR/RXR signaling. Degree of energy balance altered the expression of 278 genes in non-infected quarters, several of which were associated with lipid metabolism, molecular transport, and cell growth and proliferation. Infection of cows in negative energy balance with S. uberis affected expression of 94 genes relative to infected cows in positive energy balance. Down-regulated genes were associated with antigen presentation, respiratory burst, and pro-inflammatory response. <br /> <br /> LOUISIANA The Mycoplasma mastitis surveillance program in Louisiana continued, with quarterly testing of bulk milk samples from dairies around the state. <br /> MAINE A study was conducted with the primary goal of establishing a distal teat environment that will function to exclude pathogenic bacterial colonization using probiotics delivered locally, as a teat dip. A secondary goal of this study is to study the response of selected factors in the innate immune system to this microbial flora augmentation. Modulation of innate immune system component expression in the presence of "normal" flora may provide a non-pharmacologic means of preventing mastitis in cattle.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI Data collection on a study evaluating the relationship between bovine leukosis virus infection and mastitis has been completed and data are being analyzed. The 1st year of a 2-year project evaluating the influence of plasma ionized calcium concentrations at calving on post-partum health, including clinical and subclinical mastitis, has been completed and preliminary data are being analyzed.<br /> <br /> NEW YORK Research into cow susceptibility to intrammmary infections during the dry period has been the focus of the Cornell group. Several challenge studies were performed and immune assays were developed.<br /> <br /> OHIO Intravenous administration of flunixin 4 hr after intramammary infusion of 25 ug of LPS reduced febrile responses and increased dry matter intake and rumen activity compared with IV administration of saline. SCC and milk production were not affected by flunixin.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE More than 40 polymorphisms in the CXCR1 gene were whittled to 4 representative polymorphisms that were significantly associated with clinical mastitis, fertility, and reporduction. For the polymorphism associated with mastitis, neutrophil actin mobilization is impaired and may have implications for other immune activities and subsequent disease resistance. Elevated levels of the stress hormone norepinephrine may contribute to the severity of clinical mastitis during heat stress as our preliminary studies indicate norepinephrine induces proinflammatory gene expression by mammary epithelial cells.<br /> <br /> UTAH A Utah statewide survey of bulk tank milk samples for mycoplasma infections was conducted. We found 16/222 Utah dairy herds (7%) infected, one of the highest regional prevalence levels ever reported. Infected herds were large; there were approximately 20,000 cows in these 16 herds. Initial follow up visits were made in 2008. Most farms tested individual cows for Mycoplasma spp. and sold positive cows. The second round of follow up visits is being conducted.<br /> <br /> VERMONT We have analyzed the genomic response profile mammary tissue from LPS-challenged cows (4 hours post-LPS) and LPS- exposed mammary epithelial cells in vitro (3, 8, and 24 hours post-LPS) using Affymetrix GeneChips. The genomic response includes a core of common genes and distinct time and source differences, yet appears dominated by activation of the NF-kB complex leading to upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and multiple members of the chemokine gene family. Of genes associated with the TLR4 signaling pathway, the IkB family in particular appears to be transcriptionally regulated in both epithelial cells and tissue biopsies.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA Data collection and analysis of coagulatory and inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells intracellularly infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Studies are in progress to evaluate the interactions of neutrophils with infected cells. In collaboration with Cornell, we have found that Klebsiella strains collected from multiple animals are better able to evade neutrophil killing as compared to isolates with unique RAPD-PCR profiles. Our data suggest that Klebsiella strains found in multiple animals may be better host-adapted to evade host defenses and cause infection in the mammary gland<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON A study was done to compare lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), TNF-alpha and IL-8 levels in milk and LBP levels in blood of cows with clinical mastitis (CM) caused by E. coli and environmental streptococci grouped by systemic disease severity. Milk LBP was significantly higher in cows with moderate/severe versus mild E. coli CM, however, no difference between severity groups For E. coli IMI, the trend was that LBP, TNF-alpha and IL-8 levels were significantly elevated for mild/severe cases as compared to moderate mastitis cases. No differences were seen with streptococcal IMI. Additionally, for those cows requiring retreatment, LBP in milk was lower for E. coli IMI cows.<br /> <br /> Objective 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses. <br /> <br /> LOUISIANA Evaluation of mastitis pathogens for resistance to various antibiotics is underway. Bovine isolates will be compared to similar isolates from environmental and human sources to determine the impact of agriculture practices on bacterial resistance.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI Data collection and preliminary data analysis have been completed for a study evaluating the role of coagulase negative staphylococcal species on milk somatic cell count and duration of infection. Differences between species were found for both SCC and duration of infection.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL - An apparent association was identified between certain genetic and phenotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus and the likelihood that intramammary infection will be sub-clinical versus being moderate-severely clinical. A culture collection of about 15,000 mastitis pathogens obtained from significant clinical and non-clinical intramammary infections on about 90 Canadian dairy farms over 2007 and 2008 was completed together with an associated epidemiologic database and made available to other stations (in collaboration with University of Prince Edward Island, University of Guelph, and University of Calgary). Additional stations utilizing this resource to date include University of Tennessee and University of Missouri. <br /> <br /> NEW YORK Research into virulence factors for bacterial mastitis pathogens focused on Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus uberis and dysgalactiae and Serratia marcescens. We also studied bacterial specific losses due to clinical mastitis in dairy farms.<br /> <br /> PENNSYLVANIA A project was conducted to characterize somatic cells (flow cytometry) and isolate, identify and quantify bovine MHC II bound peptides from high somatic cell count cows using immunoaffinity chromatography, and MALDI-TOF-MS. The MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of milk samples revealed that cows with > 1,000,000 cells/ml had peptides suggestive of gram negative aerobic/microaerophilic bacteria including Shewanella pealeana, Stenotrophomonas maltophila, Burkholderia xenovorans, and Comamonas testosteroni. <br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND UPEI researchers lead a study into the dynamics of mastitis on 80 farms across Canada. The objective was to establish incidence data for new intramammary infections under different days in milk and production cycle conditions. <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE Cows vaccinated with Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) experienced an 8 to 10 fold increase in specific antibody titers which were able to prevent S. uberis binding and internalization into mammary cells in vitro. Additional tools to elucidate the mechanisms associated with S. uberis pathogenesis were generated through development of a SUAM mutant and a mutant library. Escherichia coli isolated from chronic cases of mastitis invaded mammary cells for at least 3 additional days relative to strains isolated from acute mastitis cases. This demonstrates that different pathogenic mechanisms exist for E. coli which can be targeted for control strategies (NY). <br /> <br /> VIRGINIA A collection of 160 enterococcal isolates of bovine origin have been examined for the presence of well-characterized virulence factors, antibiotic resistance profiles and the ability to form biofilm. Species included in this analysis were Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, E. gallinarum, and E. casseliflavus. Statistical analyses have not been completed to date. Additionally, we found that Klebsiella strains with the same RAPD-PCR profile but found in multiple animals express similar amount of biofilm but increased amounts of capsule as compared with strains found in unique cases of mastitis, in collaboration with Cornell.<br /> <br /> Objective 3. Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. <br /> <br /> GEORGIA Evaluation of a novel antimicrobial intramammary infusion product against subclinical mastitis caused by staphylococci and streptococci is being conducted in two local Georgia dairies. The active ingredient, nisin, is generally regarded as safe for human consumption (GRAS), and may be marketed with no withdrawal period as long as milk from treated quarters is visibly normal. (WI, LA, NY, IA, WA)<br /> <br /> LOUISIANA In vitro evaluation of teat dips using A.O.A.C. methods and the excised teat model will continue. Evaluation of a new nisin based therapeutic for treatment of bovine mastitis is underway.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI Data collection and preliminary analyses have been performed for a study evaluating methods for detection of mastitis in dairy goats. We have completed data collection on the evaluation of an internal teat sealant on a pasture-based dairy system.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL It was demonstrated that for reducing incidence of new coagulase-negative staphylococci intramammary infections under Canadian conditions, sand bedding is superior to all other bedding types, and that frequent stall cleaning and bedding refreshing is effective regardless of bedding types and housing types. <br /> <br /> NEW YORK Research into the on-farm epidemiology of zoonotic pathogens on dairy farms was performed. We focused in 2008 on Salmonella infections and Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation in the milking equipment on farms.<br /> <br /> OHIO Daily and every other day application of a commercial bedding conditioner did not significantly reduce populations of coliforms or streptococci in manure solids bedding.<br /> <br /> PENNSYLVANIA A web-based milk quality interactive software is currently being tested. It is anticipated that the software will be placed on the Penn State Veterinary Extension Website by March 2009.<br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND In 2008, data analysis was completed on a study of risk factors associated with the bacterial quality of raw milk. Stall and animal hygiene, milking time management and equipment function and cleaning procedures were all important predictors of quality. Additionally, test characteristics of on-farm culture systems (Minnesota Easy Culture and Petrifilm (3M)) for clinical mastitis were evaluated in laboratory and subsequently the Petrifilm system was evaluated on-farm. <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE Real-time PCR was assessed for rapid, simultaneous assessment of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli in milk. Improvements are needed for DNA isolation and the specificity/sensitivity of primers and probes. Analysis of Tennessee bulk tank milk somatic cell counts (SCC), standard plate count (SPC), preliminary incubation count (PIC) lab pasteurized count (LPC), and Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and coliform counts revealed several relationships. Significantly lower Staphylococcus and coliform counts and significantly higher PIC and LPC also were observed when assessed at 2 days versus 1 day. The Tennessee Quality Milk Initiative was developed to provide a science-based comprehensive program to enhance milk quality and improve the profitability and sustainability of dairy farms via education, research and outreach.<br /> <br /> UTAH Use of traditional PCR and real time PCR for diagnosis and speciation of Mycoplasma infection status of dairy herds using a bulk tank sampling method. Preliminary testing and validation of the PCR methods is complete.<br /> <br /> VERMONT We have developed a mathematical model to describe mastitis pathogen transmission dynamics and to estimate the overall effects of diagnosis and treatment of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds. The model allows for the quantification of direct (cow level) and indirect (herd level) effects of treating subclinical mastitis during lactation. Results of model simulations are consistent with the concept that successful treatment of subclinical mastitis leading to reductions in duration of infection results in decreased new infections in a herd. (NY)<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA Preliminary data has been collected to assess the relationship of silage inoculants and environmental mastitis. Data suggests enterococci (commonly used in silage inoculants) are able to survive the environmental pressures of ensiling. This study was done in a laboratory setting and further data collection is required to examine the ability of enterococci to survive the gastrointestinal tract of the cow. <br /> <br /> WASHINGTON Sensitivity of detection of mycoplasma in milk was enhanced through the centrifugation of milk, resuspension of pellet and culture, as compared to conventional means. It was determined that refrigerating milk samples for 5 d and freezing milk samples have a negative effect on the number of recovered Mycoplasma sp., adding glycerol as a cryopreservative was deleterious to the recovery. Speciation obtained using partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was compared to that using API STAPH ID 20 and PCR-RFLP of the gap gene. 57.4% (151/263) of the speciation results obtained by API STAPH ID 20 was matched with that by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, 97.0% (255/263) by PCR-RFLP of the gap gene. Eleven different CNS species were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Only 57.4% (151/263) of the speciation results obtained by API STAPH ID 20 was matched with that by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whereas 97.0% (255/263) of the speciation results obtained by PCR-RFLP of the gap gene was matched with that by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. <br /> <br /> WORK IN PROGRESS <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA Study of the immune response of dairy cows and goats to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus will be continued with emphasis on dairy goats (does and doelings). Because these animals are particularly prone to coagulase-negative staphylococcal species (CNS), the focus of study will be on the response to this microorganism.<br /> <br /> ILLINOIS We will complete mammary, liver, and neutrophil transcriptomics from periparturient cows fed two levels of dietary energy prepartum and challenged with LPS during the first week postpartum. Additionally, we will complete transcriptomics analysis of bovine macrophages exposed to several types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.<br /> <br /> LOUISIANNA The mycoplasma mastitis monitoring program for Louisiana will continue.<br /> <br /> MAINE The project to evaluate probiotic teat treatments will be completed in a stepwise fashion: <br /> 1) Characterize normal teat end and distal teat canal flora in healthy dry and lactating dairy cattle including the collection of endogenous nonpathogenic flora for potential probiotic use. <br /> 2) Select exogenous or endogenous microbial nonpathogenic flora for potential probiotic use. <br /> 3) Evaluate cell adherence and biofilm capacity of potential probiotic a. A biofilm assessment protocol has been developed. b. We are evaluating 3 candidate organisms from ATCC <br /> 4) Evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of potential probiotics in vitro <br /> 5) Evaluate antimicrobial efficacy in vivo <br /> 6) Evaluate the effect of passaging selected cultures for potential probiotics <br /> 7) Test for changes in selected innate immune system components in treated, versus control, cows. <br /> <br /> MISSOURI In 2009, we plan to complete and publish the aforementioned studies. We will collaborate with the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network to characterize coagulase negative staphylococcal infections over the dry period and subclinical infections during lactation. Our role will be speciation of coagulase negative staphylococci using gene sequencing and strain-typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In addition, we will embark on a new project studying the epidemiology of mastitis pathogens on pasture-based dairies with a major focus on purchased dairy heifers.<br /> <br /> NEW YORK We plan to continue our research into susceptibility of intrammmary infections during the dry period. Further development of immune assays will include multi-color flow cytometry of mammary immune cells. <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE Identify mechanisms associated with genetic susceptibility to mastitis. Identify impact of stress hormones and heat stress on mammary epithelial cell gene expression.<br /> <br /> UTAH Follow up on the Mycoplasma surveillance project will continue; our goal is to reduce the prevalence in Utah as much as possible. The last of the second and final round of follow up visits will be made. Publications regarding farm management practices and characteristics of mycoplasma-positive herds, and the finding of Mycoplasma spp. (some confirmed by PCR as M. bovis) in environmental bedding samples on several farms are anticipated.<br /> <br /> VERMONT We are investigating between animal variation in response of dermal fibroblasts to LPS treatment and its association with mastitis resistance.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA We plan to identify the mechanism by which intracellular S. aureus prevents upregulation of inflammatory mediators in MAC-T and suppresses responses of bovine immune cells. Furthermore, we will continue our collaboration with Cornell to determine if host-adapted isolates of Klebsiella are better able to adhere, invade and survive in mammary epithelial cells as compared to non-host adapted strains. <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense.<br /> <br /> LOUISIANA Evaluation of mastitis pathogens for antimicrobial resistance will continue. Mastitis pathogens will be compared to human and environmental isolates to determine the impact of agriculture practices on bacterial resistance to antibiotics<br /> <br /> MONTREAL Associations of S. aureus genetic and phenotypic virulence markers with clinical presentation of intramammary infection will be validated and mechanisms of applying this knowledge in the field will be assessed. Distribution and access of mastitis pathogen culture collection isolates and data will be streamlined, and process implemented for archiving characterization data returned to the collection by users (in collaboration with the University of Prince Edward Island, University of Guelph, and University of Calgary).<br /> <br /> NEW YORK Our research into virulence factors for bacterial mastitis pathogens with a special focus on Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus uberis and dysgalactiae will continue. We aim to start a multi-state research project in Klebsiella mastitis.<br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Data analysis related to the dynamics of mastitis new infections in the dry period, early lactation, and mid-lactation will be completed.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE Assess efficacy of SUAM vaccine in preventing or ameliorating severity of Streptococcus uberis infection. Screen S. uberis mutant library for genes critical for pathogenesis. Identify impact of heat stress in promoting E. coli pathogenesis<br /> <br /> VERMONT We are investigating potential associations between carriage of antimicrobial resistance genes and response to antimicrobial therapy among different strain types of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA We intend to describe the strain similarity of enterococcal isolates collected pre- and post-ensiling. Furthermore, we will examine the subsequent infectivity of these enterococcal isolates from silage inoculates prior to ensiling and post-ensiling an in intramammary challenge model. Finally, statistical analyses will be conducted to examine species differences among enterococcal isolates in virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and ability to form biofilm. In collaboration with Cornell, we will determine if capsule expression by host-adapted Klebsiella strains is responsible for increased ability to evade neutrophil killing by host-adapted strains.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON Determine if CNS that cause mastitis and cause an elevated SCC are more likely to possess virulence factors associated with S. aureus, such as fibronectin binding protein and the enterotoxins, than mastitis CNS which induce a reduced SCC.<br /> <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 3: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA Evaluation of a novel antimicrobial intramammary infusion product against subclinical mastitis caused by staphylococci and streptococci will be continued to complete data collection for this multi-station trial. A general feed immunostimulant fed to dairy calves will be evaluated for its ability to augment a vaccination protocol against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis.<br /> <br /> LOUISIANA In vitro evaluation of new teat dip products will continue. Evaluation of the nisin therapeutic will continue.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL Dairy farm management practices in use on Canadian dairies that most effectively influence the duration of sub-clinical pathogen-specific intramammary infection will be distinguished from those practices that most effectively reduce the incidence of sub-clinical intramammary infection (in collaboration with the University of Prince Edward Island). A real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneously identifying S. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli in quarter milk samples will be validated for clinical mastitis samples and non-clinical screening samples (in collaboration with the University of Tennessee).<br /> <br /> NEW YORK We plan to continue our research into the on-farm epidemiology of zoonotic pathogens. Our emphasis will be on Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation and prevention in milking equipment on farms.<br /> <br /> PENNSYLVANIA Milk Quality and Mastitis Diagnosis Panel will be made available for diagnostic use.<br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Completion of a clinical trial using a treatment decision model based on on-farm Petrifilm culture. Evaluation of the economics of on-farm culture of clinical mastitis cases in Canadian herds will be completed. Expansion of the scope of the culture system to make selective dry cow therapy decisions will be the tested. <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE Analysis of bulk tank milk quality and continued delivery of the Tennessee Milk Quality Initiative.<br /> <br /> UTAH Completion of the bulk tank milk Mycoplasma PCR study is anticipated. Blind comparison of previous Modified Hayflick mycoplasma culture results with PCR results will enable calculation of relative sensitivity for each method. (Specificity will probably be 100% because the gold standard will likely be that any one positive test result on a given milk sample will be considered true positive - thus there can be no false positives).<br /> <br /> VERMONT We are evaluating impact of antimicrobial treatment of subclinical Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis mastitis during lactation on strain diversity and strain specific transmission dynamics.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON Determine the risk factors for continuation of Mycoplasma mastitis after an outbreak of this disease in the herd.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA We intend to examine the changes in lactose concentration prior to clinical mastitis using a novel in-line milk analysis system. We hypothesize lactose concentration in milk will show significant decreases prior to the onset of clinical signs/indicators of mastitis. Detection of mastitis prior to the onset of clinical signs would allow for earlier intervention and the potential avoidance of severe acute mastitis. <br />

Publications

PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> <br /> Fain, J. L., W. M. Graves, J. M. Haslett, S. C. Nickerson, and J. K. Bernard. Effect of combining GnRH and ECP with a CIDR-prostaglandin protocol on pregnancy rates in Holstein heifers submitted to timed artificial insemination. Professional Animal Scientist. 2008. In Review. <br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. Control of Heifer Mastitis: Antimicrobial Treatment  An Overview. Veterinary Microbiology. In Press.<br /> <br /> LOUISIANA<br /> <br /> Owens, W.E. and W.A. Nipper. 2008. Development of a Mycoplasma Mastitis Control Program in Louisiana. J. Professional Animal Scientist. 24, 103-106.<br /> <br /> Andrew, S.M., K.M. Moyes, A.A. Borm, L.K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J.S. Hogan, S.P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens and C. Norman. 2008. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogens presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.0222.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> <br /> Luby CD, Middleton JR, Ma J, Rinehart CL, Bucklin S, Kohler C, Tyler JW. 2007. Characterization of the antibody isotype response in serum and milk of heifers vaccinated with a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin (LysiginTM). J Dairy Res. 74(2):239-246. E-Pub: 24 April 2007.<br /> <br /> Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Nagy DW, Middleton JR. 2008. Frequency of detectable serum IgG in precolostral calves. Am J Vet Res. 69(6):791-795.<br /> <br /> Middleton JR, Luby CD. 2008. Escherichia coli mastitis in cattle being treated for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Vet Rec. 162(5):156-157.<br /> <br /> Middleton JR. 2008. Staphylococcus aureus antigens and challenges in vaccine development. Expert Review of Vaccines. 7(6):805-815. <br /> <br /> Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Dill JS, Steevens BJ. 2008. Comparison of four methods to assess colostral IgG concentration in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 233(5):761-766.<br /> <br /> Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Schultz LG, Middleton JR, Steevens BJ, Spain JN. 2008. The effect of colostrum administration by use of oroesophageal intubation on serum IgG concentrations in Holstein bull calves. Am J Vet Res. 69(9):1158-1163.<br /> <br /> Middleton JR, Luby CD, Adams DS. 2008. Efficacy of vaccination against staphylococcal mastitis: A review and new data. Vet Microbiol. In Press. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.053. <br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> <br /> Roy, J.-P., Du Tremblay, D., DesCôteaux, L., Messier, S., Scholl, D. and Bouchard, E. Evaluation of the California Mastitis Test as a precalving treatment selection tool for Holstein heifers. Vet. Microbiol. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.020 In press.<br /> <br /> Olde Riekerink, R.G.M., Barkema, H.W., Scholl, D.T., and Kelton, D. Incidence Rate of Clinical Mastitis on Canadian Dairy Farms. J. Dairy Sci. 2008. 91: 1366-1377<br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> <br /> Andrew, S. M., K. M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens, and C. Norman. 2008. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. (In press).<br /> <br /> Bar, D., Grohn, Y.T., Bennett, G., Gonzalez, R.N., Hertl, J.A., Schulte, H.F., Tauer, L.W., Welcome, F.L., Schukken, Y.H., 2007. Effect of repeated episodes of generic clinical mastitis on milk yield in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 4643-4653. <br /> <br /> Bar, D., Grohn, Y.T., Bennett, G., Gonzalez, R.N., Hertl, J.A., Schulte, H.F., Tauer, L.W., Welcome, F.L., Schukken, Y.H., 2008. Effects of repeated episodes of generic clinical mastitis on mortality and culling in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 2196-2204. <br /> <br /> Bar, D., Tauer, L.W., Bennett, G., Gonzalez, R.N., Hertl, J.A., Schukken, Y.H., Schulte, H.F., Welcome, F.L., Grohn, Y.T., 2008. The cost of generic clinical mastitis in dairy cows as estimated by using dynamic programming. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 2205-2214. <br /> <br /> Barlow, J., Rauch, B., Welcome, F., Kim, S.G., Dubovi, E., Schukken, Y., 2008. Association between coxiella burnetii shedding in milk and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Vet. Res. 39, 23. <br /> <br /> Chapagain, P.P., van Kessel, J.S., Karns, J.S., Wolfgang, D.R., Hovingh, E., Nelen, K.A., Schukken, Y.H., Grohn, Y.T., 2008. A mathematical model of the dynamics of salmonella cerro infection in a US dairy herd. Epidemiol. Infect. 136, 263-272. <br /> <br /> De Vliegher, S., Zadoks, R.N., Barkema, H.W., 2008. Heifer and CNS mastitis. Vet. Microbiol. In press. Epub. <br /> <br /> Dopfer, D., Buist, W., Soyer, Y., Munoz, M.A., Zadoks, R.N., Geue, L., Engel, B., 2008. Assessing genetic heterogeneity within bacterial species isolated from gastrointestinal and environmental samples: How many isolates does it take? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 3490-3496. <br /> <br /> Munoz, M.A., Bennett, G.J., Ahlstrom, C., Griffiths, H.M., Schukken, Y.H., Zadoks, R.N., 2008. Cleanliness scores as indicator of klebsiella exposure in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 3908-3916. <br /> <br /> Munoz, M.A., Welcome, F.L., Schukken, Y.H., Zadoks, R.N., 2007. Molecular epidemiology of two klebsiella pneumoniae mastitis outbreaks on a dairy farm in new york state. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 3964-3971. <br /> <br /> Nightingale, C., Dhuyvetter, K., Mitchell, R., Schukken, Y., 2008. Influence of variable milk quality premiums on observed milk quality. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 1236-1244. <br /> <br /> Schmitt-Van de Leemput, E., Zadoks, R.N., 2007. Genotypic and phenotypic detection of macrolide and lincosamide resistance in streptococcus uberis. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 5089-5096. <br /> <br /> Schukken, Y.H., González, R.N., Tikofsky, L.L., Schulte, H.F., Santisteban, C.G., Welcome, F.L., Bennett, G.J., Zurakowski, M.J., Zadoks, R.N., 2008. CNS mastitis: Nothing to worry about? Vet. Microbiol. . <br /> <br /> Schukken, Y.H., Gonzalez, R.N., Tikofsky, L.L., Schulte, H.F., Santisteban, C.G., Welcome, F.L., Bennett, G.J., Zurakowski, M.J., Zadoks, R.N., 2008. CNS mastitis: Nothing to worry about? Vet. Microbiol. In press. Epub. <br /> <br /> Srinivasan, V., Gillespie, B.E., Lewis, M.J., Nguyen, L.T., Headrick, S.I., Schukken, Y.H., Oliver, S.P., 2007. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns of escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows with mastitis. Vet. Microbiol. 124, 319-328. <br /> <br /> Van Kessel, J.S., Karns, J.S., Wolfgang, D.R., Hovingh, E., Jayarao, B.M., Van Tassell, C.P., Schukken, Y.H., 2008. Environmental sampling to predict fecal prevalence of salmonella in an intensively monitored dairy herd. J. Food Prot. 71, 1967-1973. <br /> <br /> Van Kessel, J.S., Karns, J.S., Wolfgang, D.R., Hovingh, E., Schukken, Y.H., 2007. Longitudinal study of a clonal, subclinical outbreak of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar cerro in a U.S. dairy herd. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 4, 449-461. <br /> <br /> Wilson, D.J., Grohn, Y.T., Bennett, G.J., Gonzalez, R.N., Schukken, Y.H., Spatz, J., 2008. Milk production change following clinical mastitis and reproductive performance compared among J5 vaccinated and control dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 3869-3879. <br /> <br /> Zadoks, R.N., Watts, J.L., 2008. Species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci: Genotyping is superior to phenotyping. Vet. Microbiol. In press. Epub. <br /> <br /> OHIO<br /> <br /> Furgani, G., E. Boszormenyi, A. Fodor, A. Mathe-Fodor, S. Forst, J. Hogan, Z. Kotano, M.G. Klein, E. Stackebrandt, A. Szentirmai, F. Sztaricskai, and S. Wolf. 2007. Xenorhabdus antibiotics: a comparative analysis potential utility for controlling mastitis caused by bacteria. J. Applied Micobiol. 103:1757-1765.<br /> <br /> Petersson-Wolfe, C. S., S. Adams, S. L. Wolf, and J. S. Hogan. 2008. Genomic typing of enterococci isolated from bovine mammary glands and environmental sources. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 615-619.<br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br /> <br /> Elmoslemany, A.M., G.P. Keefe I.R. Dohoo and B.M. Jayarao. Risk Factors for Bacteriological Quality of Bulk Tank Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. Part 2: Bacteria Count Specific Risk Factors. Accepted J Dairy Sci.<br /> <br /> McCarron, J.L., G.P. Keefe, S.L.B. McKenna, I.R. Dohoo, and D.E. Poole. Laboratory Evaluation of 3M Petrifilms and University of Minnesota Bi-plates as Potential On-Farm Tests for Clinical Mastitis. Accepted J Dairy Sci.<br /> <br /> PENNSYLVANIA <br /> <br /> Houser, B. A., S. C. Donaldson, S. I. Kehoe, A. J. Heinrichs, and B. M. Jayarao. 2008. A Survey of Bacteriological Quality and the Occurrence of Salmonella in Raw Bovine Colostrum. Foodborne Pathog Dis.<br /> <br /> Houser, B. A., S. C. Donaldson, R. Padte, A. A. Sawant, C. DebRoy, and B. M. Jayarao. 2008. Assessment of phenotypic and genotypic diversity of Escherichia coli shed by healthy lactating dairy cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 5:41-51.<br /> <br /> Kehoe, S. I., B. M. Jayarao, and A. J. Heinrichs. 2007. A survey of bovine colostrum composition and colostrum management practices on Pennsylvania dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 90:4108-16.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> <br /> Cesaris, L., B. E. Gillespie, V. Srinivasan, R. A. Almeida, A. Zecconi, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Discriminating between strains of Escherichia coli using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and BOX-PCR. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease 4 (4):473-480.<br /> <br /> Srinivasan, V., Hyang-Mi Nam, Ashish A. Sawant, Susan I. Headrick, Lien T. Nguyen, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2008. Distribution of tetracycline and streptomycin resistance genes and class 1 integrons in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from dairy farm soils. Microbial Ecology 55:184-193. <br /> <br /> Pangloli, Philipus, Yobouet Dje, Omaima Ahmed, C.A. Doane, S. P. Oliver, and F. A. Draughon. 2008. Seasonal incidence and molecular characterization of Salmonella from dairy cows, calves and the farm environment. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease 5:87-97. <br /> <br /> Luther, Douglas A., Raúl A. Almeida, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2008. Elucidation of the DNA sequence of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule gene (sua) and detection of sua in strains of Streptococcus uberis isolated from geographically diverse locations. Vet. Microbiol. 128:304-312.<br /> <br /> Leyva-Baca, I., G. Pighetti and N. A. Karrow. 2008. Genotype-specific IL8RA gene expression in bovine neutrophils in response to whole blood Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge. Animal Genetics 39: 298-300. <br /> <br /> Gillespie, B. E., S. I. Headrick, S. Boonyayatra, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Prevalence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species from three dairy research herds. Vet. Microbiol. (In press). <br /> <br /> Andrew, S. M., K. M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens, and C. Norman. 2008. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. (In press).<br /> <br /> Sawant, A. A, B. E. Gillespie, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Vet. Microbiol. (In press). <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., D. A. Patel, T. R. Callaway, and M. E. Torrence. 2008. Developments and future outlook for preharvest food safety. J. Anim. Sci. (In press).<br /> <br /> Stenske, K.A., D.A. Bemis, B. E. Gillespie, D.H. DSouza, S.P. Oliver, F.A. Draughon, K.J. Matteson, and J.W. Bartges. 2008. Comparison of clonal relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility of fecal Escherichia coli from healthy dogs and their owners. Am. J. Vet. Res. (In press). <br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> Wilson DJ, Trujillo JD, Skirpstunas RT, Cavender KB: Isolation of Serratia liquefaciens from sodium chlorite lactic acid teat dip stored on a dairy farm. Bov Pract (Peer-Reviewed - Accepted, in print, 2008).<br /> <br /> VERMONT<br /> <br /> Celia, L.K., Nelson, D., and D.E. Kerr. 2008. Characterization of a bacteriophage lysin (Ply700) from Streptococcus uberis. Veterinary Microbiology 130:107-117.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> <br /> Petersson-Wolfe, C. S., S. Adams, S. L. Wolf, and J. S. Hogan. 2008. Genomic Typing of Enterococci Isolated from Bovine Mammary Glands and Environmental Sources. J Dairy Sci 91: 615-619.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> <br /> Church, G.T., L.K. Fox, C.T. Gaskins, D. D. Hancock, and J.M. Gay. 2008. The effect of a shortened dry period on intramammary infections during the subsequent lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 4219:4225.<br /> <br /> <br /> ABSTRACTS<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> <br /> Gilson, W. D., S. C. Nickerson, and L. O. Ely. Evaluating somatic cell counts in frozen milk samples using the DeLaval DCC. Pages 196-197 in Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, National Mastitis Council, Inc. Madison, WI. 2008.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C., E. P. Hovingh, C. Peterson, S. Brannock, E. Schaffer, and P. W. Widel.<br /> Efficacy of a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin in reducing the new infection rate and somatic cell count in a commercial dairy. Pages 234-235 in Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, National Mastitis Council, Inc. Madison, WI. 2008.<br /> <br /> ILLINOIS <br /> <br /> Moyes, K. M., J. K. Drackley, D. E. Morin, R. E. Everts, H. A. Lewin, and J. J. Loor. 2008. Negative energy balance (NEB) alters neutrophil (PMN) gene expression in response to a Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis) mastitis challenge in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 91(E-Suppl. 1):T8.<br /> <br /> Moyes, K. M., J. K. Drackley, D. E. Morin, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, R. E. Everts, H. A. Lewin, and J. J. Loor. 2008. Effect of energy balance on gene expression in bovine mammary tissue. FASEB J. 22:294.4.<br /> <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. Patel, M. E. Prado, D. A Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Blocking effect of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule affinity purified antibodies on adherence to and internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cell. Abstract 26P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. Patel, M. E. Prado, D. A Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Serum from cows vaccinated with Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule inhibits adherence to and internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Abstract 22P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> Prado, M. E., D. A Luther, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule induces increased antibody titers in bovine vaccination trial. Abstract 24P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> Patel, D. A., R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Characterization of Streptococcus uberis transposon mutants deficient in mammary epithelial cell entry. Abstract 23P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., B. Dogan, S. Klaessig, Y. H Schukken, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Intracellular trafficking profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from acute and chronic/persistent bovine intramammary infections. Abstract 25P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> Piper, S. E., S. P. Oliver, and G. M. Pighetti. 2007. Growth and neutrophil killing of Escherichia coli isolated from transient and chronic cases of mastitis. Abstract 28P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> Elliott, A. A., S. P. Oliver, and G. M. Pighetti. 2007. Relationship of CXCR1 genotypes with responses to experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. Abstract 104P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> Oliver, S, P., D. A. Patel, T. R. Callaway, and M. E. Torrence. 2008. Developments and future outlook for preharvest food safety. J. Am. Soc Anim. Sci. Invited Centennial Paper. <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, H. M. Park, M. E. Prado, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Identification, isolation & characterization of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule. Abstract 8 p. 14 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Patel, M. E. Prado, D. A Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Blocking effect of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule affinity purified antibodies on adherence to and internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Abstract 11 p. 15 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Prado, M. E., C. Ozen, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Expression of the recombinant form of a novel surface protein (SUAM) of Streptococcus uberis. Abstract 9 p. 14 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Prado, M. E., D. A. Luther, K. E. Oliff, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Vaccination with Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule induces isotypic antibody responses in bovine serum and colostrum. Abstract 10 p. 15 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Patel, D. A., R. A. Almeida, M. E. Prado, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Characterization of Streptococcus uberis transposon mutants deficient in mammary epithelial cell entry. Abstract 12 p. 15 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Stenske, Katherine A., Barbara. E. Gillespie, Stephen P. Oliver, David A. Bemis, Karla J. Matteson, F. Ann Draughon, and Joseph W. Bartges. 2008. Comparison of clonal relatedness of fecal Escherichia coli from dogs and their owners and epidemiological analysis of within household sharing of bacteria. Abstract 2, p. 12 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Stenske, K.S, B. E Gillespie, S. P. Oliver, D. A. Bemis, K. J. Matteson, F. A. Draughon, and J. W. Bartges. 2008. Comparison of clonal relatedness of fecal Escherichia coli isolates from dogs and their owners and epidemiological analysis of within-household sharing of bacteria. J. Vet. Intern Med. 22:785.<br /> <br /> Patel, D. A., M. E. Prado, R. A. Almeida, X. Y. Chen, D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus uberis transposon mutants deficient in adhesion to and internalization of S. uberis into mammary epithelial cells or bovine collagen/fibrinogen binding. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. (In press).<br /> <br /> Chen, X. Y., D. A. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Targeted mutagenesis in Streptococcus uberis using a thermosensitive replicative plasmid. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (In press).<br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., B. Dogan, S. Klaessig, Y. H Schukken, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Intracellular persistence of strains of Escherichia coli isolated from acute and chronic/persistent bovine intramammary infections. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (In press).<br /> <br /> Prado, M. E., D. A. Luther, K. E. Oliff, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Vaccination with Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule induces isotypic antibody responses in bovine serum and colostrum. Proc. Am. Assoc. Bovine Practitioners 41:19. <br /> <br /> Elliott, A. A., J. Dunlap, and G. M. Pighetti. 2008. Identifying mechanisms associated with neutrophil migration in cows genetically susceptible to mastitis. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (In press).<br /> <br /> Pighetti, G. M. and L. J. Wojakiewicz. 2008. Norepinephrine induces pro-inflammatory gene expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (In press).<br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> <br /> Wilson DJ, González RN, Sears PM, Southwick LH, Schulte HF, Bennett GJ: Intramammary pathogens from 3755 dairy goats and sheep and farm characteristics from New York State. Journ Dairy Sci Vol. 91, E-Suppl. 1:301, 2008.<br /> <br /> Wilson DJ, Trujillo JD, Skirpstunas RT, Cavender KB: Sodium chlorite lactic acid teat dip contaminated with Serratia liquefaciens. Journ Dairy Sci Vol. 91, E-Suppl. 1:302, 2008.<br /> <br /> VERMONT<br /> <br /> Kerr, D.E., M. Latshaw and R. Parik. 2008. Genomic response of immune associated genes to LPS challenge in bovine mammary gland and epithelial cells. Journal of Dairy Science 91 (Suppl. 1).<br /> <br /> Kandasamy, S., Haddock, K.L, and D.E. Kerr. 2008. Functional evaluation of polymorphisms in the bovine IL-8 gene promoter. Journal of Dairy Science 91 (Suppl. 1).<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> <br /> A.J. Nedrow, W. Wark, M.E. Dickenson, R.N. Zadoks, and I.K. 2008. Mullarky.Comparison of virulence factors among Klebsiella isolates with varying prevalence. Proceedings for the Deans' Forum on Infectious Disease. 21. <br /> <br /> R.J. Ortiz-Marty, W. Wark, and I.K. Mullarky. 2008. Staphylococcus aureus suppresses immune responses of bovine mammary epithelial cells during intracellular infection. Proceedings for the Deans' Forum on Infectious Disease. 22.<br /> <br /> CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS <br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> <br /> Gilson, W. D., and S. C. Nickerson. 2008. The Georgia mastitis situation: Cell counts and <br /> microbiology. Pages 30-34 in Proceedings of the Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference. November 12-13, Macon, GA.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> <br /> Middleton JR. 2008. Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU) and the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)  How they impact the producer, veterinarian, processor and consumer. Proc. 47th Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. New Orleans, LA. January 20-23, 2008. Pages 21-27<br /> <br /> Middleton JR. 2008. Mastitis in the dairy heifer. Proceedings of the Indiana Veterinary Medical Association Annual Meeting. Indianapolis, IN. Jan 26, 2008<br /> <br /> Middleton JR. 2008. Milk microbiology for the practitioner. Proceedings of the Indiana Veterinary Medical Association Annual Meeting. Indianapolis, IN. Jan 26, 2008<br /> <br /> Middleton JR. 2008. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: Major or minor bovine mastitis pathogen. Proceedings of the ACVIM Forum, San Antonio, TX. 4-7 June 2008. Pages 279-281.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> <br /> Poirier, E. Bouchard, E, Messier, S., Leger, D., Del Castillo, J., Rajala-Schultz, P. , Côté, V., St-Laurent, M., Perrault, J.-D., Scholl, D.. The effect of dry cow treatment on antibiotic resistance of fecal escherichia coli and of mammary quarter isolates. NMC 47th Annual Meeting. 2008. January 20-23. New Orleans, LA. pp. 216-217.<br /> <br /> Le Thanh, B.V. Lebeau, C.J., Messier, S., Malouin, F., and Scholl, D. Association épidémiololgique entre des marqueurs de virulence de Staphylococcus aureus et la persistance des infections intramammaires bovine. 4e Colloque international francophone de microbiologie animale. September 21  24, 2008. Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada. P. 27.<br /> <br /> Reyher, K., and Scholl, D. Une plateforme nationale de recherche sur la surveillance et le contrôle de la mammite bovine au Canada. 4e Colloque international francophone de microbiologie animale. September 21  24, 2008. Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada. P. 53.<br /> <br /> Le Thanh, B.V., Lebeau, C.J., Messier, S., Malouin, F. and Scholl. D. Epidemiologic association of Staphylococcus aureus virulence markers with intramammary infection chronicity. Mastitis Control: From science to practice. Proceedings of international conference. September 30  October 2, 2008. The Hague, Netherlands. pp. 167  173.<br /> <br /> Dufour, S., Dohoo, I., DeVries, T., and Scholl, D. Improving mastitis control programs through identification of risk factors related to the incidence of subclinical intramammary infections. Mastitis Control: From science to practice. In: Proceedings of international conference. September 30  October 2, 2008. The Hague, Netherlands. pp. 211  218.<br /> <br /> Reyher, K., and Scholl, D. A national resource platform for mastitis management, planning and control in Canada. In: Mastitis Control: From science to practice. Proceedings of international conference. September 30  October 2, 2008. The Hague, Netherlands. p. 439.<br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> <br /> Bar, D., Grohn, Y.T. and Y.H. Schukken. 2008. Use of a dynamic programming model to estimate the value of clinical mastitis treatment and prevention options utilized by dairy producers. Proc. agricultural systems meeting.<br /> <br /> Zadoks, R., Munoz, M., Griffiths, H., Bennett, G., Schukken, Y., 2008. KlebsiellaNot by bedding alone. Proc.Natl.Mastitis Counc.Annu.Meet.Natl.Mastitis Counc.Inc., Verona, WI 240241. <br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br /> <br /> Elmoslemany A.M., Keefe G.P., Dohoo I.R. Risk Factors for Bacteriological Quality of Bulk Tank Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. Proceedings of the 25th World Buiatrics Congress, Budapest Hungary , July 2008.<br /> <br /> Elmoslemany A.M., Keefe G.P. Risk Factors Associated with Bulk Tank Milk Quality in Prince Edward Island<br /> Dairy Herds. Proceedings National Mastitis Council, New Orleans Louisiana, January 2008.<br /> <br /> McCarron J., Keefe G. Laboratory Evaluation of Potential On-Farm Culture Systems for Clinical Mastitis Cases. Proceedings National Mastitis Council, New Orleans Louisiana, January 2008.<br /> <br /> Keefe, G.P., Elmoslemany, AM. Bulk Tank Raw Milk Quality: Effects on Consumers and Survey-based Risk Assessments. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008.<br /> <br /> Elmoslemany, AM., Keefe, G.P., Dohoo IR. Bulk Tank Raw Milk Quality:On-Farm Assessment of Risk Factors. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008.<br /> <br /> Keefe, G.P., Elmoslemany, A.M. Management of Raw Milk Quality: Opportunities for producers and processors Colanta International Congress on Milk Quality, Medellin Columbia, November, 2008. <br /> <br /> Calloway, C.D., Dohoo I.R., Keefe. G.P. Incidence Risk Patterns of Intramammary Infection Pathogens during the Dry Period in Holstein Dairy Cattle. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. <br /> <br /> Meleck S.R.A., Keefe G.P. Influence of Time, Temperature and Starting Bacteria Load Parameters on the Quality of Raw Bulk Tank Milk. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. <br /> McCarron, J.L., Keefe G.P., Poole D.E. Laboratory Evaluation of Two Potential On-farm Culture Systems for Clinical Mastitis Cases. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> <br /> Gillespie, B. E., S. Boonyayatra, M. J. Lewis, A. M. Saxton, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Bulk tank milk quality of nine dairy farms in Tennessee over a 12 month period. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc., pp. 198-199. <br /> <br /> Maxwell, M. L., B. E. Gillespie, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Real-time polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of mastitis pathogens directly from milk. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc., pp. 212-213. <br /> <br /> Prado, M. E., D. A Luther, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Vaccination with Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule induces antibody responses in bovine serum and colostrum. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc., pp. 232-233.<br /> <br /> Campbell, K. H., B. E. Gillespie, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Tennessee Quality Milk Initiative update. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc., pp. 248-249.<br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P. 2008. Best management practices to improve milk quality. In: Proc. SW Pennsylvania Regional Dairy Day. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P. 2008. Seminario de mastitis en Novillas. In: Proc. XIII Congreso Internacional ANEMBE Annual Meeting. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P. 2008. Public health and food safety issues associated with foodborne pathogens from the dairy environment. In: Proc. XIII Congreso Internacional ANEMBE Annual Meeting, pp. 267-286.<br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P. 2008. Heifer mastitis: prevalence, risk factors and strategies of control. In: Proc. XIII Congreso Internacional ANEMBE Annual Meeting, pp. 211-228. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P. 2008. Best management practices to enhance milk quality on Southeast dairies. In: Proc. 2008 Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference. (In press).<br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P. 2008. Methods to assess milk quality and their interpretation In: Proc. 2008 Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference. (In press).<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> <br /> Fox, L. K. 2008. Mycoplasma Mastitis: Emerging trends with an emerging disease. World Buiatric Congress, 25th Jubilee, Budapest, Hungary, July 6-11.<br /> <br /> POSTER PRESENTATIONS<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> <br /> Rollin, E., S. C. Nickerson, D. T. Ensley, and R .D. Berghaus. Mastitis outbreak in beef bulls on a feeding test. American Association of Bovine Practitioners. Sept 25-27, Charlotte, NC. 2008.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL <br /> <br /> Dufour, S., Scholl, D., and Dohoo, I. Améliorer les programmes de cotnrôle de la mammite subclinique en identifiant les fcteurs de risqué relies à lincidence dinfections intramammaires. 4e Colloque international francophone de microbiologie animale. September 21  24, 2008. Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada. P. 96. Poster D-02. <br /> <br /> Dufour, S., and Scholl, D. Risk factors associated with sub-clinical IMI incidence on Canadian dairy farms (Oral presentation). Canadian Association of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, May 21 - 30, 2008, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. <br /> <br /> Jacob, C.L., B. Lefebvre, E. Poirier, J.-P. Roy, D. Scholl, F. Malouin. Comparative Genomics and Virulence Potential of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Chronic Mastitis. American Society of Microbiology. June 1-5, 2008, Boston, Massachusetts. Z-020.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> <br /> Nedrow, A.J., W. Wark, M.E. Dickenson, R.N. Zadoks, and I.K. Mullarky. Comparison of virulence factors among Klebsiella isolates with varying prevalence. 2008. Deans' Forum on Infectious Disease, Blacksburg, VA.<br /> <br /> Ortiz-Marty, R.J., W. Wark, and I.K. Mullarky. Staphylococcus aureus suppresses immune responses of bovine mammary epithelial cells during intracellular infection. 2008. Deans' Forum on Infectious Disease, Blacksburg, VA.<br /> <br /> Ortiz-Marty, R.J., W. Wark, and I.K. Mullarky. Suppression of bovine mammary epithelial cell immune response by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. 2008. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease (CRWAD), Chicago, IL.<br /> <br /> Nedrow, A.J., W. Wark, M. E. Dickenson, C.S. Petersson-Wolfe, R.N. Zadoks, and I.K. Mullarky. Klebsiella pathogenicity is dependent on ability to evade neutrophil killing and production of capsule. 2008. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease (CRWAD), Chicago, IL.<br /> <br /> DISSERTATIONS<br /> <br /> ILLINOIS<br /> <br /> Moyes, K.M. Energy balance, immune system function, and suscepotibility to mastitis in dairy cows. 2008. Ph.D. Dissertation, December 2008, University of Illinois, Urbana.<br /> <br /> BOOK CHAPTERS<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> <br /> Middleton JR. Mammary Gland Surgeries: Teat Amputation, Mastectomy. In: 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore, MD. In Press.<br /> <br /> Middleton JR. Mastitis: Sheep and Goats. In: 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore, MD. In Press.<br />

Impact Statements

1. In the reporting period, 11 collaborating centers reported the completion of projects related to the characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. These projects ranged from examination of immune responses at the cellular and humoral level to genomics and immunoregulatory work. Additionally, vaccine development and enhancement, exploration of natural alternatives to chemical prevention strategies, and examination of disease interrelationships on mastitis risk were evaluated. Through an understanding of cow disease responses, these projects have near-term potential to decrease the affects of mastitis in the National dairy herd. Ten collaborating centers report work in progress related to this subject area.
2. Projects were completed at 8 collaborating centers related to the characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses. Projects examined the role of minor pathogens (coagulase negative staphylococci) in mastitis epidemiology. Additionally, because of mounted concern regarding antimicrobial resistance, several studies examined the antibiogram profiles of mastitis pathogens. Characterization of virulence, particularly of emerging environmental source pathogens, is important to design control schemes for these organisms. Projects were completed related to bacterial adhesion and biofilm development, as well as an examination of pathogen genetics related to severity of disease outcomes. Eight collaborating centers report work in progress related to this subject area.
3. In the reporting period, 13 centers reported completing projects related to the assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. Because of concerns regarding antibiotic use and the chemical quality of milk, as well as the emergence of marketing opportunities with respect to organic production, research was focused on alternative prevention methods (teat sealants and competitive probiotic teat dips) and non-antibiotic therapy products. Additionally, projects to improve detection of both mastitis and food safety pathogens could have positive impacts on monitoring systems. Progression in on-farm monitoring methodology, as well as computer modeling will advance dairy food quality and integrity. Ten collaborating centers report work in progress related to this subject area.

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Report Information

Participants

Gina Pighetti - University of Tennessee (pighetti@utk.edu);
Isis Mullarky - Virginia Tech (Mullarky@vt.edu);
Greg Keefe - University of PEI (gkeefe@upei.ca);
Leo Timms - Iowa State University (ltimms@iastate.edu);
Ian Hart - University of Connecticut (ian.hart@uconn.edu);
Dave Wilson - Utah State University (david.wilson@usu.edu);
John Middleton - University of Missouri (middletonjr@missouri.edu);
Marie-Eve Paradis - Univ. of Montreal (marie-eve.paradis.1@umontreal.ca);
Daniel Scholl - University of Montreal (Daniel.scholl@umontreal.ca);
Larry Fox - Washington State University (fox@wsu.edu);
Bill Owens - Louisiana State University (wowens@agcenter.lsu.edu);
Pamela Ruegg - University of Wisconsin (plruegg@wisc.edu);
Anne Lichtenwalner - University of Maine (alicht@umext.maine.edu);
Christina Petersson-Wolfe - Virginia Tech (milk@vt.edu);
Ynte Schukken - Cornell University (yhs2@cornell.edu);
Ron Erskine - Michigan State University (erskine@msu.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

COMPLETED RESEARCH <br /> <br /> Objective 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance.<br /> <br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Immune response of dairy cows and dairy goats to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus is being evaluated at 2 state universities and 2 commercial dairy herds in Georgia. Results to date indicate that vaccination reduces new S. aureus infection rate, somatic cell counts, and culling rate while increasing milk yield, milk protein, milk fat, and days in milk. <br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> Mouse mammary HC11 cell cultures treated with macrophage activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2; extracted from Mycoplasma fermentans) or Mycoplasma arginini showed a 100 fold increase in uterocalin sustained over 72 hrs (slower response to MALP-2) as well as increases in IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression. These studies have identified some of the effects on gene expression that occur in epithelial cells of the mammary gland in response to a mycoplasmal product (MALP-2) and the stable changes in expression of inflammatory response genes that occur in chronically infected cells.<br /> <br /> LOUISIANA<br /> Clinical mastitis samples from dairies across the US are being cultured to determine the cause of mastitis including Mycoplasma. The antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens is being determined and compared to human, avian and environmental organisms. <br /> <br /> MAINE<br /> A primary goal of this study is to establish a distal teat environment that will function to exclude pathogenic bacterial colonization using probiotics delivered locally, as a teat dip. A secondary goal of this study is to study the response of selected factors in the innate immune system to this microbial flora augmentation. Modulation of innate immune system component expression in the presence of "normal" flora may provide a non-pharmacologic means of preventing mastitis in cattle.<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> We have continued investigations of core-antigen Gram-negative bacterins (J5 Escherichia coli) including novel immunization strategies and impact of immune suppression on animal response to immunization.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> An ongoing study is evaluating the influence of subclinical hypocalcemia at calving on post-partum health including clinical and subclinical mastitis. Preliminary data from this study were presented at the ADSA meeting in Montreal, Quebec in July 2009. Another ongoing study is evaluating the association between bovine leukosis virus infection and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. These data will be presented at the 2009 mastitis research workers conference. <br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> It was shown that cows in tie-stall systems lying down less than 40 minutes or more than 60 mintues after milking were at highest risk for intramammary infection (IMI) by environmental bacteria and that feeding strategy was quite variable at controlling time to lying down. <br /> <br /> A standardized questionnaire for assessing mastitis control management strategies for research purposes was validated, and a process for distributing and updating the instrument was diffused. <br /> <br /> The effects of bedding choice, bedding change frequency and stall cleaning frequency on the incidence of new intramammary infection by coagulase-negative staphylococci in free-stall and tie-stall systems was determined.<br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> We performed a number of intramammary challenge studies to evaluate dry cow immune response. Challenged cows showed no clinical mastitis in the dry period, but became clinical with the challenge strain after calving.<br /> <br /> OHIO<br /> Sterile clinical mastitis was induced by intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide into lactating dairy cows. The behavioral traits of time spent eating and cud chewing were measurable parameters altered by acute mastitis. Administration of flunixin meglumine mitigated the adverse effects of acute mastitis on both systemic physiological and behavioral parameters.<br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br /> As part of the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network, our epidemiologic studies have evaluated farm-level risk factors for new intramammary infection in both the lactating and dry period. We have used and intensive data collection model that has allowed investigation of incidence data. Most previously reports, particularly in the lactating period, have focused exclusively on prevalence data.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Certain dairy cows genetically more susceptible to mastitis have neutrophils with a lower ability to migrate, potentially impairing their ability to resist infection. Additional studies have shown this is related to a defect in sensing a chemoattractant  causing neutrophils to move in a more circular and hence slower route. However, intramammary challenge with S. uberis of dairy cows with separate CXCR1+777 genotypes suggest that heterozygotes may better resist infection then either homozygote.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Data collection and analysis of coagulatory and inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells intracellularly infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Studies are in progress to evaluate the interactions of neutrophils with infected cells. We have found the neutrophils are activated by supernatants from epithelial cells intracellularly infected with S. aureus however, not as activated by supernatants from epithelial cells stimulate with S. aureus supernatants. Furthermore, there is a significant role for S. aureus toxins in ability to infect epithelial cells, stimulate cytokine production, and subsequent activation of neutrophils.<br /> <br /> In collaboration with Cornell, we have found that certain Klebsiella isolates are significantly (p < 0.05) better able to evade neutrophil killing when grown in skim milk as compared to LB. In addition Klebsiella isolates from certain farms have enhanced ability (p < 0.013) to evade neutrophil killing in vitro. We continue to build on the fact that certain Klebsiella isolates may be better host-adapted to evade host defenses and cause infection in the mammary gland.<br /> <br /> Efforts towards identifying suitable antigens for vaccine development have focused on the study of immune development in cows previously diagnosed with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Identification of the presence of Staphylococcus aureus specific immune T cells in the circulation suggests that cows previously infected with S. aureus mastitis mount a sufficient immune response to develop memory.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> An observational study was performed to better understand factors associated with the innate immune response of dairy cattle during naturally occurring clinical mastitis. Factors evaluated included systemic disease severity, milk culture result, parity, length of lactation and previous clinical mastitis occurrence. This study provided the most comprehensive report to date of the concentrations of innate immune response proteins in cows with clinical mastitis. It also identified factors that may potentially influence those concentrations, particularly systemic disease severity. These results provided data useful for the design and interpretation of future studies of the innate immune response to clinical mastitis in dairy cattle.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses. <br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> We have completed a study evaluating the association between coagulase negative staphylococcal (CNS) species, milk somatic cell count (SCC), and duration of intramammary infection (IMI) and demonstrated statistically significant differences in SCC and duration of infection for some CNS species. A similar study in collaboration with the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network is underway to evaluate 1500 CNS isolates from herds across Canada. Preliminary data analysis shows that there are differences in milk SCC between the different species of CNS characterized to date. We will be evaluating some of these isolates for the presence and expression of certain virulence factor genes.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> It was found that the following Staphylococcus aureus characteristics are associated more with non-clinical IMI observed at the end of lactation than moderate or severe clinical IMI: in-vitro biofilm producing, lacking the genes sec, seg or tst and being of the genotype cap5. Reduced biofilm production was associated with presence of the seg in the absence of the sen gene. <br /> <br /> To support host IMI resistance research by collaborating scientists in the project, an archive of DNA samples from 700 cows in 50 herds in Canada was created and linked to IMI history and to herd mastitis management practices. <br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> We studied bacterial characteristics of host adapted versus environmental klebsiella pneumonia bacteria. Host-adapted strains showed a difference in iron acquisition mechanisms versus environmental strains. Studies on CNS bacteria showed the importance of molecular species identification.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Studies over this past year further developed the Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) as a vaccine candidate by generating a mutant strain which does not express a functional protein, identifying antigenic sequences of the SUAM protein, and verifying their role in S. uberis adherence to mammary epithelial cells. Other potential factors contributing to S. uberis virulence were identified, including an ISS1-like insertion sequence indicating a mobile genetic component and the ability to form biofilms. E. coli strains isolated from clinical mastitis cases increased growth in response to norepinephrine  providing a potential mechanism for greater severity during periods of stress. <br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> A collection of 160 enterococcal isolates of bovine origin have been examined for the presence of well-known virulence factors, antibiotic sensitivity profiles and the ability to form biofilm. Species included in this analysis were Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, E. gallinarum, and E. casseliflavus. E. faecalis isolates, as well as those originating from the environment, possessed more virulence traits as compared to other species and origins. Biofilm does not appear to be an important virulence factor, as only one isolate displayed the ability to form biofilm. The antibiotic sensitivity profiles are being analyzed currently.<br /> <br /> In collaboration with Cornell, we have found that Klebsiella strains increase production of capsule when grown in skim mik as compared to LB but do not produce biofilm. However, a significant effect of farm on ability to evade host defenses suggests that there may be management practices that play a role in selection of virulence factors expression in individual strains.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> The gap PCR-RFLP was found to be a more accurate tool for the identification of CNS isolates from bovine IMI when compared to the currently NMC recommended phenotypic identification method, API STAPH ID 20. The possession of the super antigen (enterotoxin) genes in CNS isolates was not associated with pathogenic responses as indicated by milk LSCC. The majority of CNS isolates from bovine IMI appear to have an ability to invade bovine mammary epithelial cells which may be a virulence factor associated with this group of mastitis pathogens<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> We have been working on evaluating risk factors associated with reduced microbial quality of raw bulk milk, especially focusing on herds that use biosolids for bedding. We are also continuing to explore risk factors for antimicrobial resistance of Gram positive mastitis pathogens and the relationship between resistance and treatment outcomes.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 3. Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. <br /> <br /> CONNECTICUT<br /> 1. The antimicrobial efficacy of several plant-derived antimicrobials, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol was determined against major mastitis pathogens in milk in an in-vitro system. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of TC, which was most effective in killing bacteria, on Staph. aureus, E. coli, and Strep. uberis were 0.1 and 0.45%, respectively, whereas that on Strep. agalactiae and Strep. dysgalactiae were 0.05 and 0.4%, respectively and was the moist effective molecule tested. These results suggest that TC has the potential to be evaluated as an alternative or adjunct to antibiotics for intramammary treatment of mastitis.<br /> <br /> 2. Heifers (n = 136) from 5 herds were treated with a commercially available b-lactam intramammary antibiotic preparation containing cephapirin sodium at 1021 d prior to anticipated parturition to evaluate the risk of antibiotic residues occurring in milk postpartum and to determine factors associated with antibiotic residues and IMM pathogen presence in milk postpartum. Composite milk was collected at milkings 3, 6 and 10 postpartum and analyzed for b-lactam residues using a microbial inhibition antibiotic residue screening test. The presence of antibiotic residues in milk at the third milking was associated with a reduced risk for IMM pathogen prevalence in the first 21 d postpartum. Screening milk for antibiotic residues in milk postpartum following prepartum antibiotic therapy in heifers is recommended to reduce the risk for antibiotic residue contamination of milk.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Evaluation of a novel antimicrobial intramammary infusion product against subclinical mastitis caused by staphylococci and streptococci is being conducted in two local Georgia dairies. The active ingredient, nisin, is generally regarded as safe for human consumption (GRAS), and may be marketed with no withdrawal period as long as milk from treated quarters is visibly normal. Results have demonstrated that cows treated with nisin exhibited a significantly higher cure rate vs. the placebo-treated controls. (WI, LA, NY, IA, WA).<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> 1) Two trials were conducted ( 3 herds  1 year; and 1 herd  6 mo) where separated manure solids were used and mastitis animal health, and performance were monitored. These trials showed that composted manure solids could provide a comfortable, effective bedding source if a consistent product was generated and managed properly, and stall, alley, and milking management areas are optimized.<br /> <br /> 2) 14 lactating cows teat dip trials ( 8 weeks each; 48 cows each) were conducted utilizing a half udder design ( left- control commercial product; right teats experimental compounds and products) with teat end and skin condition and healthy scored biweekly. 9 new products showed similar excellent teat health compared to controls while 5 showed statistically poorer condition (skin and end flaking, chapping).<br /> <br /> 3) Two new prototype dry cow teat sealants ( designed for fast drying) were evaluated in a half udder design compared to a commercial dry cow sealant. Both experimental dips reduced dip dripping amounts and times, and dip drying times 50%. However, both dips showed an average of 12-24 hrs lower persistency (66-78 hrs ) vs 90 hrs (commercial dip).<br /> <br /> LOUISIANA<br /> A new mastitis therapeutic, Nisin, is being evaluated in clinical trials to determine its efficacy against gram positive mastitis pathogens.(many of our group were involved in this study).<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> We have performed a study evaluating internal teat sealants in grazing dairy cattle and found no significant difference between treated and untreated groups. We are completing a study evaluating the utility of pre-partum parameters for predicting IMI at calving in dairy heifers. Data from the latter study will be presented at the 2009 mastitis research workers conference.<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> The University of Minnesota has been involved with two different projects related to the above stated objective:<br /> <br /> 1. Use of an On-Farm Culture System for the Strategic Treatment of Clinical and Subclinical Intramammary Infections (In progress).<br /> <br /> When using on-farm culture to guide treatment decisions for mild and moderate clinical mastitis, as compared to blanket antibiotic treatment, there was a reduction in antibiotic use, a reduction in the use of extended or secondary treatments, and a tendency for a reduction in days out of tank. There was no effect on days to clinical cure, risk for bacterial cure or recurrence of clinical mastitis, future SCC, milk production, or culling or death. An economic analysis is pending. Subclinical Mastitis Study: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of using the California Mastitis Test (CMTB) alone, or the CMT and on-farm culture in series (CB), to diagnose and treat subclinical mastitis after calving, as compared to a negative control group that received no treatment (NC). Both treatment programs resulted in a higher bacteriological cure rate and significantly lower clinical mastitis rate and lower somatic cell count during the lactation. However, they did not effect milk production, reproductive performance, or cull risk. An economic analysis is pending.<br /> <br /> 2. Effect of Bedding Conditioners on Bacteria Counts and pH in Shavings, Digested Manure Solids and Recycled Sand Bedding (Completed).<br /> <br /> Though conditioner A (alkalinizing) reduced coliform bacteria counts in recycled sand (RS) or digested manure solids (DS) bedding for at least one day, it had no effect on Klebsiella spp. or Streptococcus spp. counts in these bedding materials. Conditioner A reduced bacteria counts in shavings (SH) for at least 1 day. Conditioner B (acidifying) did not reduce bacteria counts in either DS or RS, but reduced bacteria counts in SH for up to 3 to 4 days post-application. Bacteria counts were significantly lower in stalls for which fresh bedding had been added within the previous 24-48 hours.<br /> <br /> <br /> 3. Statistical Process Control (SPC) Use for Management of Decision Making to Improve Milk Quality, Dairy Cattle Health and Productivity (Completed).<br /> <br /> Significant changes in milk yield (MY) and milk electrical conductivity (MEC) were observed as early as 10 and 9 d before diagnosis of clinical mastitis. Monitoring schemes developed in this study issue alerts earlier relative to the day of diagnosis of udder, reproductive, or metabolic problems, are more sensitive, and give fewer false-positive alerts than the disease detection system currently used on the farm.<br /> <br /> <br /> Results from the second study were published in the peer-reviewed literature in 2009.<br /> <br /> Results from the third study were published in the peer-reviewed literature in 2009.<br /> For the fourth study: In spring, 2009 a year-long surveillance study was initiated involving 50 MN dairy herds. One goal of this study is to describe the prevalence of MRSA in MN dairy herds and risk factors for the presence of MRSA in dairy herds. The sample collection phase of this study was conducted between April and November of 2009. Laboratory analysis of biological samples, data analysis, and reporting of results will be completed throughout 2010.<br /> <br /> The communities of interest being targeted other mastitis research scientists, academics, extension educators, veterinarians or other industry specialists and dairy producers.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> A mastitis pathogen culture collection of 17,000 bacterial isolates from IMI in a cohort of 91 farms intensively followed over 2 years was created, linked to extensive herd and cow data and made available to other collaborating scientists in the project.<br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> We studied the presence of biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes in milking systems. We showed the presence of these biofilms in milking systems. Epidemiology of on-farm salmonella infection was studied. Statistical and mathematical modeling was developed to study the dynamics of mastitis in herds and within cows.<br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br /> Our team has successfully adapted an on-farm culture methodology, using Petrifilms, for application in clinical mastitis treatment decisions. The treatment decision algorithm has been tested in a clinical trial involving 1000 cows on 50 Canadian farms. <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Assessment of real-time PCR for rapid and simultaneous detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli in milk. Evaluation of bulk tank milk from Tennessee and a comparison of somatic cell counts (SCC), standard plate count (SPC), preliminary incubation count (PIC) lab pasteurized count (LPC), and Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and coliform counts revealed several relationships.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Preliminary data have been collected to assess the relationship of silage inoculants and fecal shedding rates of enterococci using a rumenal infusion model. These data suggest fecal shedding rates of enterococci increase for 24 h following infusion. However, strain identification has not been completed, as of yet. <br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> Centrifugation of milk to concentrate Mycoplasma sp.improved mastitis diagnosis, especially when the concentration of the pathogen was <10CFU/ml. Refrigerating milk samples for 5 d and freezing milk samples have a negative effect on the number of recovered Mycoplasma sp. and adding glycerol as a cryopreservative was deleterious to the recovery of Mycoplasma sp. from frozen milk samples. <br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> We are collaborating with private industry to develop rapid diagnostic methods that can be used to direct mastitis therapy and reduce antimicrobial usage.<br /> <br /> WORK IN PROGRESS <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Study of the immune response of dairy cows and goats to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus will be continued with emphasis on dairy goats (does and doelings). Because these animals are particularly prone to coagulase-negative staphylococcal species (CNS), the focus of study will be on the response to this microorganism.<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> Continue to define role of uterocalin in mastitis and the mammary gland inflammatory process and regulation.<br /> <br /> LOUISIANNA<br /> Clinical mastitis survey will continue. <br /> Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of mastitis pathogens will continue.<br /> The Louisiana Mycoplasma Mastitis program will continue.<br /> <br /> A collaborative effort on Mycoplasma mastitis for the NE 1028 group is in the planning stages and may begin in the coming year.<br /> <br /> MAINE<br /> 1. Characterize normal teat end and distal teat canal flora in healthy dry and lactating<br /> dairy cattle <br /> a. Continue to collect endogenous nonpathogenic flora for potential probiotic use <br /> 2. Select additional exogenous or endogenous microbial nonpathogenic flora for <br /> potential probiotic use <br /> 3. Evaluate cell adherence and biofilm capacity of potential probiotic <br /> a. We have evaluated several candidates in vitro<br /> 4. Evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of potential probiotics in vitro <br /> 5. Evaluate antimicrobial efficacy in vivo <br /> 6. Evaluate the effect of passaging selected cultures for potential probiotics <br /> 7. Test for changes in selected innate immune system components in treated, versus <br /> control, cows. <br /> a. cytokine expression will be evaluated in mammary teat canal epithelial cells<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> Continuation of research stated under Objective 1.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> In the coming year our work on hypocalcemia and peripartum health should be completed as well as our work on BLV and subclinical mastitis.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> The IMI pathogen-specific strengths of effect will be determined for a comprehensive list of known or commonly assumed management techniques for preventing IMI in tie-stall and free-stall management systems.<br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> Several challenge experiments are planned to further evaluate the importance of dry cow immune response. <br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br /> Continued analysis of the data from the large CBMRN cohort collection.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Identify intracellular processes that are altered and contribute to impaired neutrophil migration and potentially disease resistance in cows genetically more susceptible to mastitis. Evaluate the relationship of neuroendocrine stress hormones with the inflammatory response in order to better control infections during heat stress conditions. Evaluate the type and strength of immune response generated to a Streptococcus uberis vaccine.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> We plan to continue our studies of S. aureus evasion of host immune responses by both identifying the key toxins produced by this pathogen to disregulate host immune response. In addition, we will identify which cytokines are regulated by S. aureus to alter neutrophil function. <br /> <br /> The continued study of mastitis causing Klebsiella strains will focus on adhesion capacity of strains to bovine mammary epithelial cells and assessment of additional virulence factors that may aid in immune evasion.<br /> <br /> Our efforts to identify a suitable antigen for a S. aureus vaccine will focus on cloning of antigen specific T cells obtained from cows previously diagnosed with this type of mastitis.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> We will investigate the virulent characteristics of CNS isolates from bovine IMI (n = 263) by analyzing: 1) in vitro invasion or adherence ability to an established bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T); 2) the relationship between in vitro invasion or adherence ability and in vitro fibronectin (Fn) or collagen (Cn) adherence; and 3) the relationship between in vitro Fn or Cn adherence ability and the linear somatic cell count (LSCC) associated with the IMI. We hypothesize that fibronectin adherence will be related to the ability to invade MAC-T cells and that this virulence characteristic will be related with IMI with higher LSCC than with IMI by those CNS without this ability.<br /> <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense.<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> Milk samples that resulted in "No Growth" utilizing traditional culture techniques. will be tested utilizing PCR amplification 16 S rRNA genes and sequencing the hypervariable V2-V3 region to identify and quantify all bacterial species in the samples. Phase 2 of this work will concentrate on non-bacterial agents that may be present in mastitis samples. Metagenomics outcomes from clinical mastitis samples that result in "No Growth" will be compared to results from normal milk.<br /> <br /> MISSIOURI<br /> Work will continue evaluating the relationship between CNS species, milk SCC, and duration of IMI.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> The recently observed associations of several S. aureus virulence factors with IMI severity or chronicity will be validated, and association of these effects with herd IMI profile determined. The suitability of these virulence factors for forecasting S. aureus IMI that are the least likely to respond to treatment will be assessed.<br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> Further studies on the comparison of host adapted versus environmental bacterial strains are planned. This includes subtractive hybridization and phenotypic characteristics.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Identify virulence factors expressed by S. uberis through screening of a mutant library. Verify the key role Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) plays in the pathogenesis of S. uberis by evaluating the ability of a SUAM mutant strain to infect the mammary gland. Evaluate the impact of norepinephrine on the growth and virulence of E. coli.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> We hypothesize that the difference in Mycoplasma bovis (MB) manifestation between the US and Israel is due to differences in the prevalence of virulence factors carried by the strains of MB infecting Israeli cattle compared to those infecting US cattle. We expect to observe differences in the virulence factor characteristics of Mb strains isolated from cattle in the US as compared to those isolated from cattle in Israel.<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> Antimicrobial Resistance - We will be evaluating risk factors associated with genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pathogens by collecting cross sectional data on 1000 cases of clinical mastitis that occur on 100 Wisconsin dairy farms. Cumulative exposure to antimicrobials will be estimated for each cow and at the herd level. This project is funded with Wisconsin Formula Funds.<br /> <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 3: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety.<br /> <br /> CONNECTICUT<br /> 1. The efficacy of plant-derived antimicrobials against major mastitis pathogens will be investigated using an intramammary challenge model. This work will be done in collaboration with several technical members from 3 stations; Dr. Larry Fox from Washington State University, Dr. Pam Ruegg from the University of Wisconsin, and Dr. Steve Nickerson, University of Georgia.<br /> <br /> 2. Work will continue on evaluating new methods for detecting mastitis in prepartum heifers using ultrasound technology.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Evaluation of a novel, GRAS antimicrobial intramammary infusion product against mastitis will continue A general feed immunostimulant fed to dairy calves will be evaluated for its ability to augment a vaccination protocol against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis.<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> 1) Continue to evaluate teat condition and health associated with new prototype lactating dips and compounds through our intense observational half udder design model.<br /> <br /> 2) Continue to evaluate new compounds and dips for dry period mastitis prevention in dry cows and springing heifers.<br /> <br /> MISSIOURI<br /> We will continue our work in heifers using molecular techniques to characterize staphylococcal isolates from phase I of our investigations on the utility of pre-partum samples to predict IMI in heifers at calving to better define sensitivity and specificity. We will be evaluating novel approaches to treatment and prevention of IMI during the dry period.<br /> 4. Describe the epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in MN dairy herds, with emphasis on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (In progress)<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> In spring, 2009 a year-long surveillance study was initiated involving 50 MN dairy herds. One objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of strains of S. aureus in dairy herds, including MRSA. The sample collection phase of this study was conducted between April and November of 2009. Laboratory analysis of biological samples, data analysis, and reporting of results will be completed throughout 2010. Because this project is still in progress, there are no outcomes or impacts to report at present. <br /> Study activities for from the first study have been completed and preliminary results have been disseminated through oral presentations (and conference proceedings) for scientific and producer/veterinarian extension and continuing education meetings. Manuscripts are in preparation for review and publication in the peer-reviewed scientific literature.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> The pathogen specific sensitivity and specificity of bacterial culture and three different multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for detecting and identifying bacteria in mammary quarter milk samples, using gold-standard-free Bayesian estimation, will determined.<br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> Further studies on risk assessment of raw milk consumption on the likelihood of obtaining a Listeria infection is planned for the coming year.<br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br /> Analysis of the long term and financial implications of instituting and on-farm culture program will continue. The application of such a model to selective dry cow therapy decisions has begun and will continue through the next year. <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Continue to assess a real-time PCR-based method for the simultaneous detection of Staph. aureus, Strep. uberis, Strep. agalactiae and E. coli. Continue the efforts of the Tennessee Quality Milk Initiative by generating new modules to educate the producers and extension agents in TN.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> We intend to examine the changes in lactose concentrations and activity measures prior to clinical mastitis (naturally occurring and experimentally challenged) using a novel in-line milk analysis system and pedometer system, respectively. We hypothesizes changes in lactose concentration and activity measures will be observed prior to clinical signs. These systems may allow earlier intervention and potential avoidance of severe acute mastitis. <br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> Risk factors associated with the clearance of Mycoplasma spp. isolation from a bulk tank milk sample after a positive isolation from a previous sampling will be determined. Methods to improve the ability to diagnose mycoplasma mastitis will be made by testing the accuracy of the plate digitonin and the nisin tests. We will be testing real time PCR procedures to detect M. bovis, M. californicum, and M. bovigenitalium in milk. We will determine if universal primers can be used to differentiate between mastitis pathogens and if use of such primers in PCR assays can used to diagnose mastitis. Lastly, a study is ongoing to determine the effect of teat disinfectants on colonization of teat skin, and intramammary infection caused by, coagulase negative staphylococci.<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> We will be determining factors that influence coliform counts of bulk tank milk and determining the prevalence of potential human pathogens in herds that use biosolids as a bedding material.<br />

Publications

CONNECTICUT:<br /> Baskaran, S. A., G. W. Kazmer, L. Hinckley, S. M. Andrew, and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2009. Antibacterial effect of plant-derived antimicrobials on major bacterial mastitis pathogens in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 92: 1423-1429.<br /> <br /> Andrew S.M., Moyes K.M., Borm A.A., Fox L.K., Leslie K.E., Hogan J.S., Oliver S.P., Schukken Y.H., Owens W.E., Norman C. 2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. Feb 16;134(1-2):150-6.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Nickerson, S. C. Control of heifer mastitis: Antimicrobial treatment  An Overview. Veterinary Microbiology. 134:128-135. 2009.<br /> <br /> Rollin, E., S. C. Nickerson, D. Ensley, and R. D. Berghaus. Case Report - Mastitis in beef bulls on a feeding test. Bovine Practitioner. 43:84-87. 2009.<br /> <br /> IOWA:<br /> Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2009. Subclinical Mastitis May Not Reduce Breastmilk Intake During Established Lactation. Breastfeeding Medicine September, Vol. 4, No. 3: 161-166. <br /> <br /> Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2008. Subclinical mastitis is common among Ghanaian women lactating 3 to 4 months postpartum. J.Human Lactation. Aug; 24(3):263.<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> Kaneene J.B., L.D. Warnick, C.A. Bolin, R.J. Erskine, K. May, R. Miller Changes in tetracycline susceptibility of enteric bacteria following switching to nonmedicated milk replacer for dairy calves. J Clin Microbiol 46:1968-1977, 2008.<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA:<br /> Apparao, M.D., P.L. Ruegg, A. Lago, S. Godden, R. Bey and K. Leslie. 2009. <br /> Relationship between in vitro susceptibility test results and treatment outcomes for gram positive mastitis pathogens following treatment with Cephapirin Sodium. J. Dairy Sci. 92:2589-2597.<br /> <br /> Bey, R., S. Godden, and B. Kuechle. 2009. Effect of bedding conditioners on bacteria counts and pH in shavings, digested manure solids and recycled sand bedding. Bovine Practitioner 43(1):56-65.<br /> <br /> Lukas, J.M., J.K. Reneau, R. Wallace, D. Hawkins, and C. Munoz-Zanzi. 2009. A novel method of characterizing daily milk production and electrical conductivity to predict disease onset. J. Dairy Sci. 92:5964-5976.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> 1. Middleton JR, Luby CD. 2008. Escherichia coli mastitis in cattle being treated for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Vet Rec. 162(5):156-157.<br /> <br /> 2. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Nagy DW, Middleton JR. 2008. Frequency of detectable serum IgG in precolostral calves. Am J Vet Res. 69(6):791-795.<br /> <br /> 3. Middleton JR. 2008. Staphylococcus aureus antigens and challenges in vaccine development. Expert Review of Vaccines. 7(6):805-815. <br /> <br /> 4. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Dill JS, Steevens BJ. 2008. Comparison of four methods to assess colostral IgG concentration in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 233(5):761-766.<br /> <br /> 5. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Schultz LG, Middleton JR, Steevens BJ, Spain JN. 2008. The effect of colostrum administration by use of oroesophageal intubation on serum IgG concentrations in Holstein bull calves. Am J Vet Res. 69(9):1158-1163.<br /> <br /> 6. Middleton JR, Luby CD, Adams DS. 2009. Efficacy of vaccination against staphylococcal mastitis: A review and new data. Vet Microbiol. 134(1-2):192-198. Epub ahead of print Sept 19, 2008. <br /> <br /> 7. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Summers MK, Middleton JR, Schultz LG, Nagy DW. 2009. Evaluation of factors affecting serum IgG concentrations in bottle-fed calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 234(6):785-790. <br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> Dufour, S. Barkema, H.W., DesCôteaux, L. DeVries, T.J., Dohoo, I.R., Reyher, K., Roy, J.-P., and Scholl, D.T. Development and validation of a bilingual questionnaire for measuring udder health related management practices on dairy farms. Prev Vet Med. Accepted.<br /> <br /> DeVries, T. J., Dufour, S. S, and Scholl, D. T. Relationship between feeding strategy, lying behavior patterns, and incidence of intramammary infection in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci Accepted.<br /> <br /> Roy, J.-P., Du Tremblay, D., DesCôteaux, L.* Messier, S., Scholl, D. and Bouchard, E. Evaluation of the California Mastitis Test as a precalving treatment selection tool for Holstein heifers. Vet. Microbiol. 2009. 134: 136-142.<br /> <br /> NEW YORK:<br /> White LJ, Schukken YH, Dogan B, Green L, Döpfer D, Chappell MJ, Medley GF.<br /> Modelling the dynamics of intramammary E. coli infections in dairy cows: understanding mechanisms that distinguish transient from persistent infections.<br /> Vet Res. 2009 Oct 20;41(2):13. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 19840536.<br /> <br /> Schukken YH, Hertl J, Bar D, Bennett GJ, González RN, Rauch BJ, Santisteban C, Schulte HF, Tauer L, Welcome FL, Gröhn YT. Effects of repeated gram-positive and gram-negative clinical mastitis episodes on milk yield loss in Holstein dairycows. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Jul;92(7):3091-105. PubMed PMID: 19528587.<br /> <br /> Lu Z, Grohn YT, Smith RL, Wolfgang DR, Van Kessel JA, Schukken YH. Assessing the potential impact of Salmonella vaccines in an endemically infected dairy herd. J Theor Biol. 2009 Aug 21;259(4):770-84. Epub 2009 May 14. PubMed PMID: 19446567.<br /> <br /> Barlow JW, White LJ, Zadoks RN, Schukken YH. A mathematical model demonstrating indirect and overall effects of lactation therapy targeting subclinical mastitis in dairy herds. Prev Vet Med. 2009 Jul 1;90(1-2):31-42. Epub 2009 May 13. PubMed PMID: 19443063.<br /> <br /> Pradhan AK, Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Wolfgang DR, Hovingh E, Nelen KA, Smith JM, Whitlock RH, Fyock T, Ladely S, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Schukken YH. Dynamics of endemic infectious diseases of animal and human importance on three dairy herds in the northeastern United States. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Apr;92(4):1811-25. PubMed PMID: 19307664.<br /> <br /> Latorre AA, Van Kessel JA, Karns JS, Zurakowski MJ, Pradhan AK, Zadoks RN, Boor KJ, Schukken YH. Molecular ecology of Listeria monocytogenes: evidence for a reservoir in milking equipment on a dairy farm. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Mar;75(5):1315-23. Epub 2008 Dec 29. PubMed PMID: 19114514; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2648159.<br /> <br /> Lang P, Lefébure T, Wang W, Zadoks RN, Schukken Y, Stanhope MJ. Gene content differences across strains of Streptococcus uberis identified using oligonucleotide microarray comparative genomic hybridization. Infect Genet Evol. 2009 Mar;9(2):179-88. Epub 2008 Nov 14. PubMed PMID: 19056519.<br /> <br /> Wilson DJ, Mallard BA, Burton JL, Schukken YH, Grohn YT. Association of Escherichia coli J5-specific serum antibody responses with clinical mastitis outcome for J5 vaccinate and control dairy cattle. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009. Feb;16(2):209-17. Epub 2008 Dec 3. PubMed PMID: 19052158; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2643543.<br /> <br /> Andrew SM, Moyes KM, Borm AA, Fox LK, Leslie KE, Hogan JS, Oliver SP, Schukken YH, Owens WE, Norman C. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet Microbiol. 2009 Feb 16;134(1-2):150-6. Epub 2008 Sep 12. PubMed PMID: 18945559.<br /> <br /> Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Wolfgang DR, Hovingh E, Jayarao BM, Van Tassell CP, Schukken YH. Environmental sampling to predict fecal prevalence of Salmonella in an intensively monitored dairy herd. J Food Prot. 2008 Oct;71(10):1967-73. PubMed PMID: 18939739.<br /> <br /> Schukken YH, González RN, Tikofsky LL, Schulte HF, Santisteban CG, Welcome FL, Bennett GJ, Zurakowski MJ, Zadoks RN. CNS mastitis: nothing to worry about? Vet Microbiol. 2009 Feb 16;134(1-2):9-14. Epub 2008 Sep 11. PubMed PMID: 18842362.<br /> <br /> Munoz MA, Bennett GJ, Ahlström C, Griffiths HM, Schukken YH, Zadoks RN. Cleanliness scores as indicator of Klebsiella exposure in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2008 Oct;91(10):3908-16. PubMed PMID: 18832213.<br /> <br /> Wilson DJ, Grohn YT, Bennett GJ, González RN, Schukken YH, Spatz J. Milk production change following clinical mastitis and reproductive performance compared among J5 vaccinated and control dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2008 Oct;91(10):3869-79. PubMed PMID: 18832209.<br /> <br /> Virgin JE, Van Slyke TM, Lombard JE, Zadoks RN. Short communication: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus detection in US bulk tank milk. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Oct;92(10):4988-91. PubMed PMID: 19762816.<br /> <br /> Barkema HW, Green MJ, Bradley AJ, Zadoks RN. Invited review: The role of contagious disease in udder health. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Oct;92(10):4717-29. PubMed PMID: 19762787; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2765761.<br /> <br /> Supré K, De Vliegher S, Sampimon OC, Zadoks RN, Vaneechoutte M, Baele M, De Graef E, Piepers S, Haesebrouck F. Technical note: use of transfer RNA-intergenic spacer PCR combined with capillary electrophoresis to identify coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species originating from bovine milk and teat apices. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Jul;92(7):3204-10. PubMed PMID: 19528597.<br /> <br /> Pisoni G, Zadoks RN, Vimercati C, Locatelli C, Zanoni MG, Moroni P. Epidemiological investigation of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus involved in clinical mastitis in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Mar;92(3):943-51. PubMed PMID: 19233787.<br /> <br /> Sampimon OC, Zadoks RN, De Vliegher S, Supré K, Haesebrouck F, Barkema HW, Sol J, Lam TJ. Performance of API Staph ID 32 and Staph-Zym for identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine milk samples. Vet Microbiol. 2009 May 12;136(3-4):300-5. Epub 2008 Nov 13. PubMed PMID: 19110383.<br /> <br /> De Vliegher S, Zadoks RN, Barkema HW. Heifer and CNS mastitis. Vet Microbiol. 2009 Feb 16;134(1-2):1-2. Epub 2008 Sep 11. PubMed PMID: 18950968.<br /> <br /> Zadoks RN, Watts JL. Species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci: genotyping is superior to phenotyping. Vet Microbiol. 2009 Feb 16;134(1-2):20-8. Epub 2008 Sep 11. Review. PubMed PMID: 18930607<br /> <br /> OHIO<br /> Andrew, S. M., K. M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K. E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. P. Oliver, Y. H. Schukken, W. E. Owens and C. Norman. 2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. 134:150-156.<br /> <br /> Weiss, W .P., J. S. Hogan and D. J. Wyatt. 2009. Relative bioavailability of all-rac and RRR vitamin E based on neutrophil function and total alpha-tocopherol and isomer concentrations in periparturient dairy cows and their calves. J. Dairy Sci. 92:720-731.<br /> <br /> Petersson-Wolfe, C.S., S.L. Wolf, and J.S. Hogan. 2009. Experimental challenge of bovine mammary glands with Enterococcus faecium during early and late lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 92:3158-3164.<br /> <br /> Boszormenyi, E., T. Ersek, A. Fodor, A. M. Fodor, L. Sz. Foldes, M. Hevesi, J. S. Hogan, Z. Katona, M. G. Klein, A. Korma ny, S. Peka, A. Szentirmai, F. Sztaricskaiand R. A. J. Taylor. 2009. Isolation and activity of Xenorhabdus antimicrobial compounds against the plant pathogens Erwinia amylovora and Phytophthora nicotianae. . J. Applied Micobiol. 107:746-759.<br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br /> Andersen, S., Dohoo, I., Olde Riekerink, R., Stryhn, H., Mastitis Research Workers' Conference; Diagnosing Intramammary Infections: Evaluating Expert Opinions on the Definition of Intramammary Infection Using Conjoint Analysis. Manuscript submitted.<br /> <br /> Simon Dufour, Herman W. Barkema, Luc DesCôteaux, Trevor J. DeVries, Ian R. Dohoo, Kristen Reyher, Jean-Philippe Roy, Daniel T. Scholl. ÝDevelopment and Validation of a Bilingual Questionnaire for Measuring Udder Health Related Management Practices on Dairy FarmsÝ Prev Vet Med. accepted, October, 2009.<br /> <br /> McCarron J. L., G. P. Keefe, S. L. B. McKenna, I. R. Dohoo, and D. E. Poole. 2009. Evaluation of the University of Minnesota Tri-plate and 3M Petrifilm for the Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. from clinically mastitic milk samples. J Dairy Sci. Oct;92(10):5326-33. <br /> <br /> Elmoslemany, A.M., Keefe, G.P., Dohoo, I.R. and Dingwell, R.T. 2009. Microbiological Quality of Bulk Tank Raw Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. J Dairy Sci. Sep;92(9):4239-48.<br /> <br /> Elmoslemany, A.M., Keefe, G.P., Dohoo, I.R. and Jayarao, B.M. 2009. Risk Factors for Bacteriological Quality of Bulk Tank Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. Part 1: Overall Risk Factors. J Dairy Sci. Jun;92(6):2634-43.<br /> <br /> Elmoslemany, A.M., Keefe, G.P., Dohoo, I.R. and Jayarao, B.M. 2009. Risk factors for Bacteriological Quality of Bulk Tank Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. Part 2: Bacteria Count Specific Risk Factors. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Jun;92(6):2644-52.<br /> <br /> McCarron J. L., G. P. Keefe, S. L. B. McKenna, I. R. Dohoo, and D. E. Poole. 2009. Laboratory Evaluation of 3M Petrifilms and University of Minnesota Bi-plates as Potential On-Farm Tests for Clinical Mastitis. J Dairy Sci. May;92(5):2297-305.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Gillespie, B. E., S. I. Headrick, S. Boonyayatra, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Prevalence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species from three dairy research herds. Vet. Microbiol. 134:6572. <br /> <br /> Andrew, S. M., K. M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens, and C. Norman. 2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. 134:150-156. <br /> <br /> Sawant, A.A, B. E. Gillespie, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Vet. Microbiol. 134:73-81. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., D. A. Patel, T. R. Callaway, and M. E. Torrence. 2009. Developments and future outlook for preharvest food safety. J. Anim. Sci. 87:419-437.<br /> <br /> Patel, D. A., R. A. Almeida, J. R. Dunlap, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Bovine lactoferrin serves as a molecular bridge for internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet. Microbiol. 137:297-301. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., K. J. Boor, S. Murphy, and S. E. Murinda. 2009. Food safety hazards associated with consumption of raw milk. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease 6 (7):893-906.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Petersson-Wolfe, C.S., S.L. Wolf, and J. S. Hogan. 2009. Experimental challenge of bovine mammary glands with Enterococcus faecium during early and late lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 92(7): 3158-64. <br /> <br /> Mullarky I.K., Wark W.A., Dickenson M., Martin S., Petersson-Wolfe C.S., and Knowlton K.F. Analysis of immune function in lactating dairy cows fed diets varying in phosphorus content. J Dairy Sci. 2009 92(1):365-8. PMID: 19109293<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> Punyapornwithaya, V., L.K. Fox, J.M. Gay, D.D. Hancock, and J.R. Alldredge. 2009. The effect of centrifugation and resuspension on the recovery of Myscoplasma species from milk. J. Dairy. Sci. 92:4444-4447.<br /> <br /> Fox, L.K. 2009. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of heifer mastitis. Vet. Micro. 134:82-88.<br /> <br /> Andrew, S.M., K.M. Moyes, A.A. Borm, L.K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J.S. Hogan, S.P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens, and C. Norman. 2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk fro heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Micro. 134:150-6.<br /> <br /> Seo, K.S., J.Y. Park, W.C. Davis, L.K. Fox, M.A. McGuire, Y.H. Park, G.A. Bohach. 2009. Superantigen-mediated differentiation of bovine monocytes into dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Bio. 85:606-16<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> Apparao, D. J.,, L. Oliviera, and P. L. Ruegg. 2009. Relationship between In Vitro susceptibility Test Results and Treatment Outcomes for Gram-Positive Mastitis Pathogens Following Treatment with Pirlimycin Hydrochloride. 234:1437-1446.<br /> <br /> Apparao, M.D., P. L., Ruegg, A. Lago, S. Godden, R. Bey, and K. Leslie. 2009. Relationship between in vitro test results and treatment outcomes for Gram-positive mastitis pathogens following treatment with Cephapirin sodium. J Dairy Sci. 92: 2589-2597<br /> <br /> Pantoja, J. C. F., C. Hulland, and P. L. Ruegg. 2009. Dynamics of somatic cell counts and intramammary infections across subsequent lactations. Prev. Vet. Med. 90:43-54. <br /> <br /> Pantoja, J. C. F., D. J. Reinemann, and P. L. Ruegg. 2009. Associations between Bacterial and Somatic Cell Counts in Raw Bulk Milk. J Dairy Sci. 92:4978-4987.<br /> <br /> Pantoja, J. C. F., C. Hulland, and P. L. Ruegg. 2009. Dynamics of somatic cell counts and intramammary infections across subsequent lactations. Prev. Vet. Med. 90:43-54. <br /> <br /> Pantoja, J. C. F., C. Hulland, and P. L. Ruegg. 2009. Somatic cell count status across the dry period as a risk factor for the development of clinical mastitis in subsequent lactations J Dairy Sci 92: 139-148.<br /> <br /> <br /> ABSTRACTS<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Nickerson, S. C. New frontiers in mastitis research. Page 348 in Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, Montreal, Quebec. Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 87, E-Suppl. 2/Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 92, E-Suppl. 1. Paper 389. 2009.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. Mastitis in beef bulls caused by Arcanobacterium pyogenes. Page 582 in Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, Montreal, Quebec. Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 87, E-Suppl. 2/Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 92, E-Suppl. 1. Paper 788. 2009.<br /> <br /> Raymond, R., C. W. Bales, D.E. Bauman, D. Clemmons, R. Kleinman, D. Lann, S. C. Nickerson, and K. Sejrsen. Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST): A safety Assessment. Presented at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, Montreal, Quebec.<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2008. Is subclinical mastitis associated with reduced infant breast milk intake in Ghana. 14th Int. Conf., Int. Soc. Research in Human Milk and Lactation. Abstract 26.<br /> <br /> Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2009. Subclinical mastitis among lactating Ghanaian women, 3-6 months postpartum. Int. Congress of Nutrition, Bangkok, Thailand.<br /> <br /> Timms,L. and J. Morelli. 2008. Teat end and skin conditioning evaluation of two experimental heptanoic acid teat dips during winter. J. Dairy Sci. 91. E-Suppl.1:302.<br /> <br /> Timms, L. 2008. Evaluation of a novel chlorine dioxide teat dip on teat end and teat skin health. J. Dairy Sci. 91. E-Suppl.1:302.<br /> <br /> Timms, L. 2008. Characteristics and use of separated manure solids following anaerobic digestion for dairy freestall bedding in three Iowa dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 91. E-Suppl.1:323.<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> Apparao, M.D., P.L. Rueeg, A. Lago, S. Godden, R. Bey, and K. Leslie. Single and multi-drug resistance profiles exhibited by gram-positive mastitis pathogens. Annu mtg of AABP. Omaha, NB. Sept. 10-12, 2009. <br /> <br /> Lago, A., S. Godden, R. Bey, P. Ruegg and K. Leslie. Effect of the treatment of clinical mastitis based on on-farm culture on secondary therapy, days to clinical cure, days out of tank, mastitis recurrence, somatic cell count, milk yield and culling. Annu mtg of AABP. Omaha, NB. Sept. 10-12, 2009. <br /> <br /> Lago, A., S. Godden, R. Bey, P. Ruegg and K. Leslie. Efficacy of two fresh cow subclinical mastitis treatment programs on antibiotic use, days out of tank, bacteriological cure, clinical mastitis, somatic cell count, milk yield, reproduction and culling. Annu mtg of AABP. Omaha, NB. Sept. 10-12, 2009<br /> <br /> Lago, A., S. Godden, R. Bey, P. Ruegg, and K. Leslie. 2009. Effect of the selective treatment of clinical mastitis based on on-farm culture results on the risk to receive secondary therapy, days to clinical cure, days out of the tank, clinical mastitis recurrence, somatic cell count, milk production and culling. In Proc. Minnesota Dairy Health Conference. St. Paul, MN. May 20-21, 2009. Pg. 90-93.<br /> <br /> MISSIOURI<br /> Perry J, Middleton JR, Zadoks RN. 2009. Relationship Between Coagulase Negative Staphylococcal Species, Milk Somatic Cell Count, and Duration of Intramammary Infection. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 13, 2009, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Basler E, Perry J, Middleton JR. 2009. Characterizing Staphylococci from Mammary Quarters Co-infected with Another Mastitis Pathogen. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 13, 2009, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Chamberlin W, Middleton JR, Spain JN. 2009. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on plasma biochemical parameters and post-partum disease incidence in dairy cows. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 13, 2009, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Ringen D, Marshall T, Middleton JR. 2009. Utility of pre-partum udder secretions for predicting intramammary infections in dairy heifers at calving. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 13, 2009, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Chamberlin W, Middleton JR, Spain JN. 2009. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on plasma biochemical parameters in dairy cows. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, July 12-16. M126.<br /> <br /> Chamberlin W, Middleton JR, Spain JN. 2009. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on post-partum disease incidence in dairy cows. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, July 12-16. M325.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> Scholl, D., Messier, S., Tomita, G., Dohoo, I., Des Côteaux. L., Roy, J.-P., DeVries, T., Barkema, H., Keefe, G., Ngeleka, M., Reyher, K., DuTremblay, D., Dufour, S., Paradis, M.-E. Core Research Platform of the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. Annual Scientific Meeting, Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. October 26-28, 2009. Montreal, QC. Canada.<br /> <br /> Scholl, D., Messier, S., Oliver, S.P., and Paradis, M.-E. Validate Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for Common Intramammary Pathogens. Annual Scientific Meeting, Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. October 26-28, 2009. Montreal, QC. Canada.<br /> <br /> OHIO<br /> Zimov. J.L., N. A. Botheras, and J. S. Hogan. 2009. Behavioral and physiological responses to lipopolysaccharide induced clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 92(1):174.<br /> <br /> Stewart, B.A., T. H. Yang, J. S. Hogan , and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2009. Genotypic profiling of enterococci isolated from bovine origin. J. Dairy Sci 92(1):196.<br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br /> K MacDonald, G Keefe, I Dohoo. Comparison of 3M Petrifilm Storage Conditions for use with an On-Farm Mastitis Culture System. IDF Conference Proceedings, poster abstract, New Zealand, 2010.<br /> <br /> K MacDonald, G Keefe, I Dohoo, JP Roy, K Leslie. Preliminary economic assessment of an on-farm culture system on the diagnosis and treatment of clinical mastitis in the Canadian dairy industry. IDF Conference Proceedings, poster abstract, New Zealand, 2010.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Patel, D. A., M. E. Prado, R. A. Almeida, X. Y. Chen, D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus uberis transposon mutants deficient in adhesion to and internalization of S. uberis into mammary epithelial cells or bovine collagen/fibrinogen binding. Abstract 5P p. 102 in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> Chen, X., D. A. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Targeted mutagenesis in Streptococcus uberis using a thermosensitive replicative plasmid. Abstract 6P p. 102 in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., B. Dogan, S. Klaessig, Y. H Schukken, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Intracellular persistence of strains of Escherichia coli isolated from acute and chronic/persistent bovine intramammary infections. Abstract 4P p. 102 in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> Prado, M. E., D. A. Luther, K. E. Oliff, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Vaccination with Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule induces isotypic antibody responses in bovine serum and colostrum. Proc. Am. Assoc. Bovine Practitioners. <br /> <br /> Scholl, Daniel, Serge Messier, and Stephen Oliver. 2008. Validate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for common Gram-positive intramammary pathogens. pp. 10-11 In: Proc. 2008 Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network-Mastitis Research Workers Conference Joint Scientific Meeting.<br /> <br /> Moore, G. E., M. E. Prado, A. P. Bouchard, J. R. Dunlap, M. J. Lewis, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Biofilm production by Streptococcus uberis isolated from dairy cows with mastitis. p. 24 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Gillespie, B. E., S. Boonyayatra, M. J. Lewis, A. M. Saxton, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Bulk tank milk quality of nine dairy farms in Tennessee over a 12 month period. p. 23 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Gillespie, B. E., M. J. Lewis, M. L. Maxwell, A. M. Saxton, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. An overview of milk quality in Tennessee. p. 24 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Pathogenesis of chronic Escherichia coli mastitis. p. 19-20 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, L. M. Bauer, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Chronic Escherichia coli experimental intramammary infections in primiparous dairy cows during the periparturient period. p. 19 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Chen, X., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. sua gene deletion mutagenesis in Streptococcus uberis UT888 using a thermosensitive replicative plasmid. p. 25 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Kerro Dego, O., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, X. Chen, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Presence of ISS1-like element in wild type Streptococcus uberis strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. p. 26 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Elliott, A. A., S. P. Oliver, and G.M. Pighetti. 2009. Responses of different CXCR1 genotypes after experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. p. 25 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Luther, D. A., R. A. Almeida, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Epitope predictions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM). Abstract 9P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Predicted antigenic regions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) are involved in adherence to and internalization into mammary epithelial cells. Abstract 10P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., X. Chen, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, G. M. Pighetti, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Adherence to and internalization of ?sua Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Abstract 11P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. <br /> <br /> Chen, X., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, T. E. Fuller, and S. P. Oliver. 2009.. sua gene deletion mutagenesis in Streptococcus uberis UT888. Abstract 12P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. <br /> <br /> Kerro Dego, O., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, X. Chen, M. E. Prado, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Presence of ISS1-like insertion sequence in Streptococcus uberis strains from cases of bovine mastitis. Abstract 13P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. <br /> <br /> Kerro Dego, O., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, X. Chen, M. E. Prado, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Random transposon (pGhost9:ISS1) insertion mutations of Streptococcus uberis UT888 causes significant reduction of bacterial adherence to and internalization into mammary epithelial cells. Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. <br /> <br /> Prado, M. E., G. E. Moore, A. P. Bouchard, J. Dunlap, M. J. Lewis, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Biofilm production by Streptococcus uberis isolated from dairy cows with mastitis. Abstract 14P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. <br /> <br /> Elliott AA, SP Oliver, and GM Pighetti. 2009. Responses of different CXCR1 genotypes after experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Elliott AA, SP Oliver and GM Pighetti. Responses of cows with different CXCR1 genotypes to experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. In Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> Pighetti GM, P Morris, ML Riggle-Moxley, and ME Prado. Escherichia coli isolates from clinical mastitis grow more rapidly in the presence of norepinephrine. In Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Karp, H. and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2009. Validation of a novel in-line milk analysis system designed to measure SCC and milk components. J. Dairy Sci. 92(E-suppl 1): 117. <br /> <br /> Masiello, S. N. and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2009. The ability of enterococci to survive the ensiling process. J. Dairy Sci. 92(E-suppl 1): 543. <br /> <br /> Stewart, B. A., T. H. Yang, J. S. Hogan, and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2009. Genotypic profiling of enterococci isolated from bovine origin. J. Dairy Sci. 92(E-suppl 1): 174.<br /> <br /> Bharathan M.* W. Mwangi, I.K. Mullarky. July 2009. Staphylococcus aureus: One step closer to a vaccine. J. Dairy Sci. 92 (E-suppl 1): LB7<br /> <br /> Maxymiv N., I. K. Mullarky. December 2008. Localization of dendritic cells in thebovine mammary gland using immunohistochemistry. Proceedings of the 89th. Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Chicago, IL. p. 115.<br /> <br /> Ortiz-Marty R., W. Wark, I. K. Mullarky. December 2008. Suppression of bovinemammary epithelial cell immune response by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. Proceedings of the 89th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Chicago, IL. 2008. P.102. <br /> Nedrow A., W. Wark, M. Dickenson, R. Zadoks, I. K. Mullarky. December 2008.Comparison of virulence factors among Klebsiella isolates with varying prevalence. Proceedings of the 89th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Chicago, IL. 2008. P.116.<br /> <br /> Bharathan M. , W. Mwangi, I. K. Mullarky. December 2008. Characterization of T lymphocyte response to Staphylococcus aureus sensitized monocyte derived dendritic cells from cows with prior Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Proceedings of the 89th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Chicago, IL. p.115. <br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> Wenz, J.R. , T. E. Besser, L.K. Fox, and Y. Zhang. Comparison of 16sRNA gene sequence analysis with aerobic milk culture for the identification of potential bacterial etiologies of bovine clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Science 92 (Suppl. 1): 98<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> Abstracts ( I dont know how to separate these between proceedings and posters)<br /> Cabrera, V. E., J. C. F. Pantoja, P. L. Ruegg and G. E. Shook. 2009. Decision-making for early postpartum subclinical mastitis. Am Dairy Sci Assoc. <br /> <br /> Oliveira, L., C. Hulland and P.Ruegg. 2009. Prevalence of Enterotoxin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus recovered from cases of subclinical mastitis 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. <br /> <br /> Moraleda, G.R., L. Reilly, R. Panzalis, M. Haugen and P. Ruegg. 2009. Milking performance of dairy goats in Wisconsin. 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. <br /> <br /> Lago, A, S. Godden, R. Bey, .P Ruegg, and K. Leslie. 2009. Effect of the Selective Treatment of Clinical Mastitis Based in On-Farm Culture Results on the Risk to Receive Secondary Therapy, Days to Clinical Cure and Days Out of the Tank. 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. .<br /> <br /> Lago, A, S. Godden, R. Bey, .P Ruegg, and K. Leslie. 2009. Effect of the Selective Treatment of Clinical Mastitis Based in On-Farm Culture Results on Clinical Mastitis Recurrence, Somatic Cell Count, Milk Production and Culling.. 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. <br /> <br /> Ruegg, P.L. 2009. Risk factors for recurrence of clinical mastitis. 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. <br /> <br /> Sobreira, N. M., J. C. F. Pantoja and P. Ruegg. 2009. Daily Variability in Somatic Cell Count of Dairy Goats and Cows. 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. <br /> <br /> Spanu, C., D. Thomas, Y. Berger and P. Ruegg. 2009. . Performance of the Direct Cell Counter on Ovine Milk Samples 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. <br /> <br /> <br /> CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS <br /> <br /> CONNECTICUT<br /> Rezamand, P., M. A. McGuire, and S. M. Andrew. 2009. Interaction among energy status, retinol-binding protein and intra-mammary infections in periparturient dairy cows. In: Proceedings of the 44th Annual Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference. pp. 71-83.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Nickerson, S. C. Importance of dry cow management in the control of mastitis. in Dairy Cattle Mastitis and Milking Management. DAIReXNET. 2009.<br /> http://www.extension.org/pages/Dairy_Cattle_Mastitis_and_Milking_Management <br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. Mastitis detection, prevention, and control in dairy replacement heifers. in Dairy Cattle Mastitis and Milking Management. DAIReXNET. 2009. <br /> http://www.extension.org/pages/Dairy_Cattle_Mastitis_and_Milking_Management<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C., L. O. Ely, E. P. Hovingh, and P. W. Widel. Immunizing dairy heifers can reduce prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and reduce herd somatic cell counts. in Dairy Cattle Mastitis and Milking Management. DAIReXNET. 2009. http://www.extension.org/pages/Dairy_Cattle_Mastitis_and_Milking_Management<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference Program. Page 4 in: Georgia Dairy Fax. http://www.ads.uga.edu/extension/newsletters.html. April, May, June, 2009.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. and W. E. Owens. Mastitis detection, prevention, and control in dairy replacement heifers. Pages in 2009 Louisiana Dairy Report. LSUAC. Baton Rouge, LA. 2009. <br /> <br /> Owens, W. E. and S. C. Nickerson. Medical therapy options for control of bovine mastitis. Pages in 2009 Louisiana Dairy Report. LSUAC. Baton Rouge, LA. 2009. <br /> <br /> McClary, D. and S. C. Nickerson. Relationship between the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin in dairy cows and the incidence of clinical mastitis. Technical Report. ELANCO. 2009.<br /> <br /> Raymond, R. C. W. Bales, D. Bauman, D. Clemmons, R. Kleinman, D. Lanna, S. C. Nickerson, and K. Sejrsen. 2009. Independent expert panel finds no evidence of links between drinking milk from cows supplemented with rbST and human health risks. Press Release. Elanco, a division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN, September 28, 2009.<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> Gorden, P.J. and L.L. Timms. 2008 Bovine mastitis microbiology for veterinary technicians. AABP Bovine Proceedings<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> RJ Erskine Controlling Contagious Mastitis Seminar presented to Czech Republic Dairy Producers, October, 2008, Vetrny Jenikov, Czech Republic. <br /> <br /> RJ Erskine Mastitis Therapy and Pharmacology. Seminar presented to Czech Republic Buiatric Society, October, 2008, Brno, Czech Republic. <br /> <br /> RJ Erskine Mastitis Control: Balance Between Therapy and Prevention. Seminar presented to the Central Canadian Veterinary Association, November, 2008, Ottawa, Ontario. <br /> <br /> RJ Erskine Applying pharmacology to mastitis therapy. Short course presented at the Regional Summer Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, May, 2009, Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> Perry J, Middleton JR, Zadoks RN. 2009. Relationship between coagulase negative staphylococcal species, milk somatic cell count, and duration of intramammary infection. Proc. 48th Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. Charlotte, NC January 25-28. Pages 136-137.<br /> <br /> Middleton JR, Dowling P, Perry J. 2009. Legal and Medical Issues of Extra-label Drug Use. Proceedings of the ACVIM Forum, Montreal, Canada. 3 Jun 2009.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> Allard, M., Ster, C., Jacob, C.L., Diarra, M.S., Scholl, D., Lacasse, P., and Malouin, F. Identification of genes expressed by Staphylococcus aureus during bovine mastitis for vaccine and drug development. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted<br /> <br /> Scholl, D.T., Barkema H.W., Lacasse, P., and Tomita, G.M. Successes and Pitfalls of the Canadian Industry-Partnership Approach to Mastitis Research. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted<br /> <br /> Paradis, M.-E., Roy, J.-P., Scholl, D. And Bouchard, E. Impact of a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci or Staphylococcus aureus Intramammary Infection During the First Month of Lactation on SCC, Milk Yield and Culling in Primiparous Cows. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted<br /> <br /> Perry, J., Middleton, J.R., Dufour, S., Scholl, D., Calloway, C., Anderson, S. and Dohoo, I. Association of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcal Species on Milk Somatic Cell Count of Cows from the Canadian National Cohort of Dairy Farms. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted<br /> <br /> Dufour, S., Frechette, A, and Scholl, D. The Influence of Management Practices on Herds Somatic Cell Count: a Systematic Review. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted<br /> <br /> Dufour, S, Scholl, D. A Validated Questionnaire for Measuring Udder Health Related Management Practices on Dairy Farms. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted<br /> <br /> Reyher, K, S. Dufour, D. Du Tremblay, H. Barkema, L. Des Coteaux, T. DeVries, I. Dohoo, J-P. Roy and D. Scholl. The National Cohort of Dairy Farms  A Research Platform for Mastitis Management, Planning and Control in Canada. NMC 48th Annual Meeting. Charlotte, NC. January 26-28, 2009. p.134-135.<br /> <br /> Dufour, S., I. Dohoo and D. Scholl. Stall Management and Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus Infection Incidence. NMC 48th Annual Meeting. Charlotte, NC January 26-28, 2009. p. 204-205.<br /> <br /> Le Thanh, B.V., C.L. Jacob, S. Messier, F. Malouin and D. Scholl. Epidemiologic Association of Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Markers With Non-Clinical Intramammary Infection. NMC 48th Annual Meeting. Charlotte, NC. January 26-28, 2009. p. 220-221. <br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br /> K MacDonald, G Keefe, Doris Poole, Anne Muckle.Preliminary assessment of the accuracy of on-farm diagnosis of clinical mastitis using 3M Petrifilms compared to standard microbiology IDF Conference Proceedings, New Zealand, 2010.<br /> <br /> K MacDonald, G Keefe, I Dohoo, K Leslie, JP Roy. Preliminary evaluation of clinical mastitis cure rates using a 3M Petrifilm-based on-farm culture system with selective antibiotic therapy in Holstein cows IDF Conference Proceedings, New Zealand, 2010<br /> <br /> Keefe GP Techniques and Technologies to Measure Milk Quality Proceedings National Mastitis Council, Charlotte North Carolina, January 2009..<br /> <br /> Keefe, G.P., Elmoslemany, A.M. Management of Raw Milk Quality: Opportunities for producers and processors Colanta International Congress on Milk Quality, Medellin Columbia, November, 2008. <br /> <br /> Keefe, G.P., Elmoslemany, AM. Bulk Tank Raw Milk Quality: Effects on Consumers and Survey-based Risk Assessments. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008.<br /> <br /> Elmoslemany, AM., Keefe, G.P., Dohoo IR. Bulk Tank Raw Milk Quality:On-Farm Assessment of Risk Factors. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008.<br /> <br /> Calloway, C.D., Dohoo I.R., Keefe. G.P. Incidence Risk Patterns of Intramammary Infection Pathogens during the Dry Period in Holstein Dairy Cattle. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. <br /> <br /> Meleck S.R.A., Keefe G.P. Influence of Time, Temperature and Starting Bacteria Load Parameters on the Quality of Raw Bulk Tank Milk. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. <br /> <br /> McCarron, J.L., Keefe G.P., Poole D.E. Laboratory Evaluation of Two Potential On-farm Culture Systems for Clinical Mastitis Cases. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. <br /> <br /> Elmoslemany A.M., Keefe G.P., Dohoo I.R. Risk Factors for Bacteriological Quality of Bulk Tank Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. Proceedings of the 25th World Buiatrics Congress, Budapest Hungary , July 2008.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Oliver, S. P. 2008. Methods to assess milk quality and their interpretation In: Proc. 2008 Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference. pp. 36-41. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P. 2008. Best management practices to enhance milk quality on Southeast dairies. In: Proc. 2008 Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference. pp. 46-67. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, L. M. Bauer, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, and R. A. Almeida. 2009. Chronic Escherichia coli experimental intramammary infections in primiparous dairy cows during the periparturient period. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc. pp. 214-215.<br /> <br /> Prado, M. E., and S. P. Oliver. 2009. SUAM: An important Streptococcus uberis virulence factor. In: Proc. 2009 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum & Canadian Veterinary Medical Association Convention.<br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P. 2009. How to assess milk quality. In: Proc. 2009 NMC Regional Meeting and Mid-Atlantic Consortium Annual Conference, pp. 25-33. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P. 2009. Raw milk vs. pasteurized milk: the debate continues. In Proc. Factors in Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Southeast. Southeast Center for Emerging Biologic Threats and Emory University School of Medicine. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., D. A. Luther, M. E. Prado, and R. A. Almeida. 2010. Characterization of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM). In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). <br /> <br /> Almeida,R. A., X. Chen, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Lack of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule markedly influences adherence to and internalization of a sua gene deletion mutant into bovine mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). <br /> <br /> Chen, X., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, T. E. Fuller, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Creation of a Streptococcus uberis sua gene deletion mutant using a thermosensitive replicative plasmid. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). <br /> <br /> Luther, D. A., X. Chen, R. A. Almeida, Ying Yuan, Shangfeng Chang, Abadin Eurife, Lauren Jory, Steven Kovacevic, Andy Allen, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Detection of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) and sua in geographically diverse strains of S. uberis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, L. M. Bauer, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, and R. A. Almeida. 2010. Development of an Escherichia coli experimental intramammary infection model with a strain isolated from a cow with chronic E. coli mastitis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Pathogenesis of chronic Escherichia coli mastitis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). <br /> <br /> Luther, D. A., R. A. Almeida, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Surface region and epitope predictions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM). In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Predicted surface regions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) mediate internalization into mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press).<br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Protein profiles of Escherichia coli associated with chronic and acute mastitis in dairy cows. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press).<br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., M. E. Prado, D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Antibodies in serum from cows vaccinated with Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) inhibit adherence to and internalization of S. uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press).<br /> <br /> Elliott AA, SP Oliver, and GM Pighetti. 2009. Responses of cows with different CXCR1 genotypes to experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. In: Proc Intl Dairy Fed Mastitis Conf.<br /> <br /> Elliott AA, J Dunlap, S Minkin, J Biggerstaff, GM Pighetti. 2009. Cows genetically more susceptible to mastitis have altered actin expression by neutrophils. In: Proc Intl Dairy Fed Mastitis Conf.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> Fox, L.K. 2009. Epidemiology of mycoplasma mastitis. International conference on bovine mycoplasmosis. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, July 7-9, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> WEB PRESENTATIONS<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Oliver, S. P. 2009. How milk quality is assessed. DAIReXNET http://www.extension.org/pages/ How_Milk_ Quality_is_Assessed May 28, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> POSTER PRESENTATIONS<br /> <br /> CONNECTICUT<br /> Thesis: Jennifer Locke, 2009. The effect of a reformulated teat disinfectant on intramammary pathogen prevalence, new intramammary infection status, and teat end callosity in a natural exposure field trial. <br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2008. Is subclinical mastitis associated with reduced infant breast milk intake in Ghana. 14th Int. Conf., Int. Soc. Research in Human Milk and Lactation. Abstract 26.<br /> <br /> Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2009. Subclinical mastitis among lactating Ghanaian women, 3-6 months postpartum. Int. Congress of Nutrition, Bangkok, Thailand.<br /> <br /> MAINE<br /> Maine Cattle Health Assessment Program Annual Producers Meeting Sept. 2008<br /> Maine Dairy Producer Seminar March 2009<br /> <br /> MISSIOURI<br /> Perry J, Middleton JR, Zadoks RN. 2009. Relationship between coagulase negative staphylococcal species, milk somatic cell count, and duration of intramammary infection. Proc. 48th Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. Charlotte, NC January 25-28. Pages 136-137.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL <br /> Paradis, M-.E., Bouchard, E., Scholl, D., Miglior, F., and Roy, J.-P. Impact of a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci or Staphylococcus aureus Intramammary Infection in Heifers. Annual Scientific Meeting, Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. October 26-28, 2009. Montreal, QC. Canada.<br /> <br /> Dufour, S., and Scholl. D. Mesure des pratiques de gestion liées à la mammite sur les fermes laitières canadiennes : Développement, traduction et validation dun questionnaire. P. 43. Journée de la recherche. Faculté de medicine vétérinaire. Université de Montréal. Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec. February 26, 2009.<br /> <br /> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br /> K MacDonald, G Keefe, I Dohoo, K Leslie, JP Roy Preliminary evaluation of clinical mastitis cure rates using a 3M Petrifilm-based on-farm culture system with selective antibiotic therapy in Holstein cows. CBMRN Annual Conference, poster abstract, 2009<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Oliver, S. P., S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, L. M. Bauer, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, and R. A. Almeida. 2009. Chronic Escherichia coli experimental intramammary infections in primiparous dairy cows during the periparturient period. Presented at Annual Meeting of National Mastitis Council- Technology Transfer Session, Charlotte, NC.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Masiello, S. N. and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2009. The ability of enterococci to survive the ensiling process. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC. Pg. 210-211. <br /> <br /> R. J. Ortiz-Marty, W. Wark, and I. K. Mullarky. November 2008. Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus suppresses gene expression of cytokines and coagulation proteins. Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students. <br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> Boonyayatra,Sukalrot, L.K. Fox, John M. Gay, Thomas E. Besser, and Ashish Sawant. 2009. Effects of Storage Methods on The Recovery of Mycoplasma Species from Milk Samples. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Charlotte, North Carolina.<br /> <br /> Punyapornwithaya, L.K. Fox, J.M Gay, D.D.Hancock and J.R. Alldredge. 2009. The effects of centrifugation and resuspension method on the recovery of Mycoplasma spp. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Charlotte, North Carolina.<br /> <br /> <br /> DISSERTATIONS<br /> <br /> <br /> BOOK CHAPTERS<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> SA Wagner and RJ Erskine. Decision making in mastitis therapy, in Current Veterinary Therapy-Food Animal Practice, fifth edition, D. Anderson and M. Rings, ed. pp. 502-509 Saunders, St Louis, Missouri, 2008.<br />

Impact Statements

1. In the reporting period, 13 collaborating centers reported the completion of projects related to the characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. These projects ranged from examination of the distal teat environment to immune responses at the cellular and humoral level. Additionally, vaccine development and enhancement, exploration of role of bacterial toxins in mastitis development, and examination of disease interrelationships on mastitis risk were evaluated. Through an understanding of cow disease responses, these projects have near-term potential to decrease the affects of mastitis in the National dairy herd. Twelve collaborating centers report work in progress related to this subject area.
2. Projects were completed at 7 collaborating centers related to the characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses. Projects examined the role of minor pathogens (coagulase negative staphylococci) in mastitis epidemiology. Additionally, because of mounted concern regarding antimicrobial resistance, several studies examined the antibiogram profiles of mastitis pathogens. Characterization of virulence, particularly of emerging environmental source pathogens, is important to design control schemes for these organisms. Projects were completed related to bacterial adhesion and biofilm development, as well as an examination of pathogen genetics related to severity of disease outcomes. Seven collaborating centers report work in progress related to this subject area.
3. In the reporting period, 13 centers reported completing projects related to the assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. Because of concerns regarding antibiotic use and the chemical quality of milk, as well as the emergence of marketing opportunities with respect to organic production, research was focused on targeted treatment programs and non-antibiotic therapy and prevention products. Additionally, projects to improve detection of both mastitis and food safety pathogens could have positive impacts on monitoring systems. Progression in on-farm monitoring methodology, as well as computer modeling will advance dairy food quality and integrity. Eleven collaborating centers report work in progress related to this subject area.

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Report Information

Participants

a. Sheila Andrew  University of Connecticut Sheila.andrew@uconn.edu;
b. Ruth Zadoks  University of Edinburgh ruth.zadoks@moredun.ac.uk;
c. John Middleton- University of Missouri middletonjr@missouri.edu;
d. Cameron Faustman- University of Connecticut cameron.faustman@uconn.edu;
e. Ynte Schukken -Cornell University yschukken@cornell.edu;
f. Bill Owens- Louisiana State University wowens@agctr.lsu.edu;
g. Isis Mullarky- Virginia Tech Mullarky@vt.edu;
h. David Wilson, Utah State david.wilson@usu.edu;
i. Sandra Godden- University of Minnesota godde002@umn.edu;
j. John Barlow- University of Vermont john.barlow@uvm.edu;
k. Raul Almeida- the University of Tennessee ralmeida@utk.edu;
l. Pedram Rezamand- University of Idaho rezamand@uidaho.edu;
m. David Kerr- University of Vermont david.kerr@uvm.edu;
n. Herman Barkema - University of Calgary barkema@ucalgary.ca;
o. Larry Fox- Washington State University fox@wsu.edu;
p. Daniel Scholl- University of Montreal Daniel.scholl@umontreal.ca;
q. Greg Keefe- University of PEI gkeefe@upei.ca;
r. Christina Petersson-Wolfe- Virginia Polytechnic and State University cspw@vt.edu;
s. Anne Lichtenwalner- University of Maine alicht@umext.maine.edu;

Brief Summary of Minutes

1. The 2010 business meeting of the NE 1028 Mastitis Research Workers group was called to order by chairman Greg Keefe.
2. The printed agenda for the meeting was distributed to the attending members; a motion for approval was seconded and the agenda was approved by unanimous vote.
3. The printed minutes from 2009 were also distributed to the attending members; a motion for approval was seconded and the 2009 minutes were approved by unanimous vote.
4. Introduction of new members:
Chair Greg Keefe welcomed Cameron Faustman, our new administrative advisor from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). The attendance list was circulated, and Past-Chairman Isis Mullarky read the list of current members.
5. Members present: members signing the circulated list:
a. Sheila Andrew  University of Connecticut Sheila.andrew@uconn.edu
b. Ruth Zadoks  University of Edinburgh ruth.zadoks@moredun.ac.uk
c. John Middleton- University of Missouri middletonjr@missouri.edu
d. Cameron Faustman- University of Connecticut cameron.faustman@uconn.edu
e. Ynte Schukken -Cornell University yschukken@cornell.edu
f. Bill Owens- Louisiana State University wowens@agctr.lsu.edu
g. Isis Mullarky- Virginia Tech Mullarky@vt.edu
h. David Wilson, Utah State david.wilson@usu.edu
i. Sandra Godden- University of Minnesota godde002@umn.edu
j. John Barlow- University of Vermont john.barlow@uvm.edu
k. Raul Almeida- the University of Tennessee ralmeida@utk.edu
l. Pedram Rezamand- University of Idaho rezamand@uidaho.edu
m. David Kerr- University of Vermont david.kerr@uvm.edu
n. Herman Barkema - University of Calgary barkema@ucalgary.ca
o. Larry Fox- Washington State University fox@wsu.edu
p. Daniel Scholl- University of Montreal Daniel.scholl@umontreal.ca
q. Greg Keefe- University of PEI gkeefe@upei.ca
r. Christina Petersson-Wolfe- Virginia Polytechnic and State University cspw@vt.edu
s. Anne Lichtenwalner- University of Maine alicht@umext.maine.edu
6. Comments by Cameron Faustman, NIFA advisor:
Dr. Faustman has been asked to continue Ian Harts activities since Ian retired. Dr. Faustman acknowledged the productivity of the group. Our group is due for a midterm review, which he will complete, prior to deciding on a recommendation for renewal. He will need an official commitment regarding our intent to continue as a collaborative group for funded research. In order to do so, we will need to complete a Request to Write a Proposal; he circulated a printed copy of the review and the request forms. The national gathering of Experiment Station directors (NERA) is in March 2011; he would like to have his recommendation in prior to that meeting. He suggests an aggressive timeline; optimally, our new proposal should be ready for evaluation in order to have funding in place by October 2012.

He would like assistance in preparing our progress report; he has a copy of our agenda, etc, and can verbally attest to our productivity, but needs a written summary. Greg Keefe offered our executive board to assist, and John Middleton mentioned that our Appendix I is on the website; if needed, he offered to email it to Dr. Faustman. Christina Petersson-Wolfe noted that our annual report can be used to provide information, and reminded members to complete their forms. She will resend the forms. Sheila Andrews noted that the MASCAP grant will assist as well.

Dr. Faustman mentioned that the national meeting of experiment station directors reports that AFRI resources will be cut for FY 2012, and there should be an RFP release in November. There will continue to be an emphasis on integrated projects that involve training students in multiple skills, such as both research and teaching.
7. CSREES advisor comments: Dr. Sherman may still be advisor of record; Dr. Cameron will find out.
8. Report on MRW meeting last year in Chicago; 37 attendees reported; 16 institutions represented at the business meeting. This year there are 42 attendees (agenda appended).
9. Multistate projects:
Project reports need to be in by next week; our report needs to be finalized by 30 days following the meeting. Individual reports need to be sent to Christina for compilation. A concise report is required from each participants. Greg requested any additional info on reports; none was offered.
10. Collaborative research projects: Greg thanked Ynte for the effort in leading our recent MASCAP grant application. Ynte acknowledged the many emails, phone calls, and even an in person meeting that went into the effort. He thanked all for the support and collaboration, and the enormous team effort. Overall, he thought the least strength was in Extension/education; our plans to work with E-extension had to be changed at the last minute. We expect formal feedback in early December; Ynte will disseminate feedback and will set up a conference call with the reviewers. Ynte suggested that persistence is required for success, and we will learn from the critique. The group formally thanked Ynte for his efforts, and hopes that some of the proposal can be recycled.
11. Election of new members to the NE 1028 group: new members from Vermont and Tennessee are welcomed; their institutions are already members, so a vote does not have to occur. Acceptance of Pedram Rezamand *(Univ of Idaho) as a new member was proposed, seconded, and unanimously approved.
12. Election of new officials: John Barlow was nominated for Secretary by Christina and seconded by Larry, but declined. David Kerr was then nominated as incoming secretary; the nomination was seconded and accepted by David, all were in favor. The new officials will be involved in the rewrite of our NE 1028 proposal.
13. The timing of the next meeting was discussed. Siting the meeting in Chicago was voted upon during the general session today; the dates being considered are the first and second weeks of November 2011. Bill Owens will check on availability of the hotel used during 2009, following a similar format to the 2010 meeting.
14. The meeting was adjourned after a motion and second. The ersatz gavel was handed over to Christina.

Accomplishments

COMPLETED RESEARCH <br /> <br /> Objective 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance.<br /> <br /> CORNELL<br /> We performed a number of E. coli intramammary challenge studies in late gestation dairy cows. Bacterial growth and the host immune response were evaluated. The cows immune response in late gestation appears to be Th2 biased.<br /> <br /> IDAHO<br /> Environment, Nutrition, and Management Related Host Factors Associated with IMI. We are investigating the effect of retinol-binding protein (RBP) status (as regulated by dietary retinol and/or protein) on IMI in periparturient Holstein cows. We have demonstrated a strong positive correlation between mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and that of RBP in the liver and adipose tissues.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Immune response of dairy heifers and dairy goats to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus is being evaluated at 1 state university cow herd and 1 commercial goat herd in Georgia. Results to date indicate that vaccination reduces new staphylococcal infections, somatic cell counts, and culling rates. The daily feeding of a general immunostimulant to dairy heifers resulted in increased serum L-selectin and interleukin-8 levels, which may enhance immunity in heifers vaccinated against S. aureus mastitis.<br /> <br /> ILLINOIS<br /> We are determining the expression patterns of micro RNA (miRNA) in mammary tissue from cows receiving an intramammary challenge with S. uberis. Gene targets of differentially-expressed miRNA will be examined through bioinformatics approaches. These data will be integrated with mammary transcript profiles from the same tissue samples. We will use a biologically-oriented data mining approach developed in-house in an effort to better capture the functional adaptations of mammary tissue to S. uberis infection.<br /> <br /> KANSAS<br /> Recent results demonstrate that cholera toxin, and by logical extension, E. coli heat labile toxin, up-regulates sodium absorption by mammary epithelial cells. Previous work showed that reduced milk sodium levels are associated with enhanced epithelial barrier function.<br /> <br /> MAINE<br /> A primary goal of this study is to establish a distal teat environment that will function to exclude pathogenic bacterial colonization using probiotics delivered locally, as a teat dip. A secondary goal of this study is to study the response of selected factors in the innate immune system to this microbial flora augmentation. Modulation of innate immune system component expression in the presence of "normal" flora may provide a non-pharmacologic means of preventing mastitis in cattle.<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> We have continued investigations of core-antigen Gram-negative bacterins (J5 Escherichia coli) including the impact of immune suppression on animal response to immunization.<br /> <br /> The role of oxidative stress on mammary gland inflammatory responses to mastitis-causing pathogens was investigated. These studies identified for the first time key enzymatic pathways that could be targeted for therapeutic intervention.<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> This is a prospective observational study designed to describe the prevalence, genotypic diversity, antimicrobial resistance patterns of MRSA on MN dairy farms, and, if possible, to identify factors associated with the presence of MRSA on MN dairies. Field work is completed but laboratory work will be ongoing into 2011. Preliminary findings suggest that MRSA is present on a small proportion (est. 16%) of MN dairy farms.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> We completed a study evaluating the impact of subclinical hypocalcemia at calving on post-partum health parameters including clinical and subclinical mastitis. Work on staphylococcal and streptococcal intramammary infection in dairy heifers continues and is nearing completion.<br /> <br /> MOREDUN (Edinburgh)<br /> New York/Edinburgh: Study completed on impact of dry cow secretum (DCS) and non-immune bovine serum (NIBS) on survival of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates originating from milk, feces and the farm environment. Significant impact of DCS and NIBS on survival demonstrated. Manuscript in preparation.<br /> <br /> Virginia Tech/Edinburgh: Study completed on phagocytosis and killing of epidemiologically well-defined Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates associated with single or multiple cases of bovine mastitis. Manuscript in preparation.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Dairy cows with CXCR1 +777 heterozygous background are more resistant to S. uberis experimental challenge. This may be partly explained by differential activation of actin polymerization and directionality in migrating neutrophils. <br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> Completed and began presenting results of study of risk of mycoplasma transmission from contaminated bedding sand to naive calves. Included assessment of immune response of calves vs. M. bovis.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> We have completed our studies of the interactions between bovine mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and neutrophils (PMN) during infection with Staphylococcus aureus. Our data indicate a significant role for activated protein C (APC) in the response of PMN to intracellularly infected MEC. Production of thrombomodulin during infection results in increased amounts of APC and decrease in PMN chemotaxis to sites of infection. These findings were presented at the 2010 MRW conference and are currently being summarized for publication.<br /> <br /> We have begun to elucidate the role of bovine monocytes in regulation of early immune responses to S. aureus mastitis. Our findings suggest that bovine monocytes differentiate into dendritic cells following stimulation by S. aureus. These dendritic cells secrete a milieu of cytokines that regulate the cellular immune response in the mammary gland and may be pivotal in establishment or clearance of infection. Furthermore, the presentation of S. aureus antigens by dendritic cells is crucial to development of immune memory and protection from future infections.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> Classical and newly described staphylococcal superantigen (SAg) genes in CNS isolates from bovine intramammary infections (IMI) was investigated. CNS (n=263) representing 11 different species were examined, 31.2% (n = 82) of CNS isolates had one or more SAg genes with 21 different SAg gene combinations. The most prevalent combination of SAg genes (seb, seln, and selq; n = 45) was found in S. chromogenes, S. xylosus, S. haemolyticus, S. sciuri subsp. carnaticus, S. simulans and S. succinus. Genes for SAgs are widely distributed amongst CNS isolated from IMI.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses. <br /> <br /> CORNELL<br /> Virulence factors of Klebsiella isolates were compared between mastitis isolates and environmental isolates. Important differences were observed between these two groups of isolated, particularly with regard to iron acquisition mechanisms and growth in dry cow secretum.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Assessment of >100 non-hemolytic staphylococcal isolates from heifers and cows in 3 herds, presumptively identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) on blood agar demonstrated that ~25% were actually S. aureus based on coagulase production and fermentation of mannitol on mannitol salt agar. Thus, a significant proportion of S. aureus infections may be misdiagnosed as CNS, and additional testing should be performed to correctly identify such staphylococcal isolates. Characteristics common to such isolates included a somatic cell count >1 x 106/ml; off-white to gray colonies; an indistinct, narrow zone of clear hemolysis; raised center in colony; and greening/browning of the agar.<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> Milk samples that resulted in "No Growth" utilizing traditional culture techniques are being tested utilizing PCR amplification 16 S rRNA genes and sequencing the hypervariable V2-V3 region to identify and quantify all bacterial species in the samples. Phase 2 of this work will concentrate on non-bacterial agents that may be present in mastitis samples. Metagenomics outcomes from clinical mastitis samples that result in "No Growth" will be compared to results from normal milk. <br /> <br /> LOUISIANA<br /> A study comparing antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens to those from humans and from the environment has been completed. Results indicate that bacterial isolates from bovine mastitis and the environment are similar in resistance incidence and are both less resistant to commonly used antibiotics than human isolates.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> We completed 2 studies (1 in collaboration with the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network) evaluating the association between coagulase negative staphylococcal (CNS) species, milk somatic cell count (SCC), and duration of intramammary infection (IMI) and demonstrated statistically significant differences in SCC and duration of infection for some CNS species. <br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection with no clinical signs, versus moderate to severe clinical mastitis was shown to be potentially associated with decreased in vitro expression of the hld gene and increased production of biofilm. <br /> <br /> MOREDUN (Edinburgh)<br /> New York/Edinburgh: Analysis of siderophore profiles of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates originating from milk, feces and the farm environment completed and significant differences between origins demonstrated. Manuscript in preparation. <br /> <br /> Virginia Tech/Edinburgh: Study completed on biofilm formation and adherence and invasion of MAC-T cells by epidemiologically well-defined Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates associated with single or multiple cases of bovine mastitis. Manuscript in preparation.<br /> <br /> OHIO<br /> Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli was compared between isolates from quarter milk samples submitted to a diagnostic lab in 1985-87 and those submitted in 2009. The frequency of isolates susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and kanamycin was lower in isolates from 1985-87 than in isolates from 2009. Susceptibility did not differ between isolates from 1985-87 and isolates from 2009 for the twelve other antimicrobials tested.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Deletion of the sua gene in S. uberis interfered with adhesion and internalization into mammary epithelial cells. The recombinant protein of this gene, rSUAM, was capable of increasing antibody titers in cows with the ability to prevent S. uberis adhesion and internalization into mammary epithelial cells. The stress hormone norepinephrine increased growth of mastitis-causing E. coli during the first 4-6 hrs of growth.<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> Temporal association between exposure to intramammary antimicrobial therapy and antimicrobial resistance of Gram-positive mastitis pathogens. In this work we are continuing to identify relationships between exposure to antimicrobials and the development of both phenotypic and genotypic resistance. To date, our research indicates that very few mastitis compounds seem to induce or select for resistant bacteria, however we have identified several patterns of multidrug resistance. <br /> <br /> Objective 3. Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. <br /> <br /> CONNECTICUT<br /> The sensitivity of the antibiotic residue screening test (Delvotest® )for detection of natural antimicrobials was investigated in milk across a wide range of milk fat and protein percentages and somatic cell counts. The antibiotic screening test detected the natural antimicrobial compounds below the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for all 7 compounds tested. The results suggest that indicate that, if these compounds are developed and approved for use in intramammary therapy, a current antibiotic residue screening test will be useful in determining residues from these treatments.<br /> <br /> CORNELL<br /> We evaluated the presence of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms in milking equipment of dairy farms. Listeria monocytogenes biofilms were observed using electron microscopy. Adhesion ability of Listeria monocytogenes isolates was evaluated. Isolates with a high in-vitro adhesion ability were more likely observed in in-vivo biofilms.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Evaluation of 2 novel antimicrobial intramammary infusion products against subclinical mastitis caused by staphylococci and streptococci is being conducted at the UGA dairy. The active proprietary ingredients of both products are generally regarded as safe for human consumption (GRAS), and may be marketed with no withdrawal period as long as milk from treated quarters is visibly normal. In vitro testing demonstrated that the products have minimal effect in inhibiting growth of common mastitis pathogens, and in vivo testing has shown that quarters treated with either product do not respond to intramammary infusion.<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> 22 lactating cows teat dip trials ( most 8 weeks each; 48 cows each) were conducted utilizing a half udder design ( left- control commercial product; right teats experimental compounds and products) with teat end and skin condition and health scored biweekly. Dips evaluated were new winter dips (7), new barrier dips(9), new hydrogen peroxide dips (4) and lactic acid dips(2). 13 new products showed similar excellent teat health compared to controls while 9 showed statistically poorer condition (skin and end flaking, chapping). Histological evaluation of certain dips exhibiting skin exfoliation showed normal skin being exfoliated prematurely rather that exfoliation of dead skin tissue. Additionally, a trial was initiated using 8 cows to evaluate withdrawl times and residue data when cows are milked and treated 3X (vs label protocol).<br /> <br /> KANSAS<br /> Development of an in vitro cell culture model of the blood-milk barrier to study the role of the mammary epithelium in the active excretion of xenobiotics (drugs and toxins) into milk continues. Recent results have demonstrated that BME-UV cell monolayers express members of the ABC binding cassette (P-glycoprotein and BCRP) and solute carrying (OAT 3 and OCT1) transporter superfamilies. These are transporters known to contribute to the kinetics of xenobiotics in the mammary gland and milk in vivo.<br /> <br /> LOUISIANA<br /> The evaluation of the nisin therapeutic has been completed and the company is moving forward with product development. (Many members of NE 1028 involved in this project)<br /> <br /> MAINE<br /> A nested PCR was developed to screen bulk tank filters for Prototheca, a colorless algae capable of causing bovine mastitis. This test will be validated in our lab, and used to screen Maine dairies for this pathogen.<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> Lipid mobilization during the transition period was identified as an important underlying cause of increased inflammatory responses to mastitis-causing pathogens. Preliminary studies showed that changing the composition of plasma fatty acids and leukocyte phospholipid content and alter the severity and duration of inflammation associated with coliform mastitis.<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> Use of an On-Farm Culture System for the Strategic Treatment of Clinical and Subclinical Intramammary Infections: The project goal was to validate the efficacy, and to quantify the cost-benefit, of incorporating on-farm culture systems into both clinical and subclinical mastitis monitoring and treatment programs. Preliminary results indicate that when using on-farm culture to guide treatment decisions for mild and moderate clinical mastitis, as compared to blanket antibiotic treatment, there was a significant reduction in antibiotic use, a reduction in the use of extended or secondary treatments, and a tendency for a reduction in days out of tank. There was no difference in days to clinical cure, risk for bacteriological cure or recurrence of clinical mastitis, future somatic cell count, milk production, or culling or death. Note: this was a multisite study that included collaborators from 3 stations including the U of MN (Godden, Bey), U of Wisconsin-Madison (Ruegg) and U of Guelph (Leslie). <br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> We are continuing to evaluate internal teat sealants during the dry period. To date we have developed radiographic methods for documenting the presence of sealants within the teat cistern during the early dry period. Field evaluations of Orbeseal in Missouri grazing cattle have been completed.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> An invited systematic review of the literature on reducing herd-level somatic cell count, showed that overall evidence supporting nutritional interventions is lacking overall. Many practices expected to reduce the risk of intramammary infection lack evidence of association with reduced herd level SCC. The exceptions are PMTD, annual equipment performance evaluation, free-stall housing with sand bedding, complete dry cow intramammary antibiotic administration. <br /> <br /> Extended therapy ceftiofur increases bacterial cure of clinical S. aureus IMI. <br /> Reduction of the herd prevalence of S. aureus IMI by five percentage points reduces the risk of new quarter IMI by about 30%. <br /> <br /> MOREDUN (Edinburgh)<br /> New York/Edinburgh: On-farm Klebsiella transmission cycles studied and alleyways identified as important but neglected critical control point for mastitis prevention. Rumen sampling demonstrated common occurrence of Klebsiella spp. in bovine gastrointestinal tract. In press.<br /> <br /> OHIO<br /> Mastitis populations in recycled manure solids used as bedding in freestalls for lactating cow were compared between high and low density stocking rate based on alley surface area per cow. Coliform counts in bedding increased in high density stocking compared with low density stocking. Klebsiella species and streptococcal counts in bedding did not differ between stocking rates.<br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> Completed and published results of study of mycoplasma survival over time, in different environmental conditions, and with disinfectants applied, in bedding sand that was associated with mycoplasma outbreaks.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> We collected data to evaluate the use of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) during E. coli mastitis. Preliminary data suggest feed intake for animals that received an NSAID was similar to the negative control cows, and significantly greater than for those animals that did not receive an NSAID for the first 24 hr post-challenge. Further analysis will be conducted on data related to animal activity. <br /> <br /> Furthermore, data has been collected to evaluate the use of milk lactose concentration as an indicator of mastitis during both experimental challenge and also naturally occurring cases. These data have been collected and analysis is currently underway.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> All of the M. bovis isolates tested (n=231) had zones of growth inhibition of > 5 mm around the digitonin disc and all Acholeplasma sp. tested were resistant to the digitonin, indicating that the digitonin disc assay was effective in distinguishing between Acholeplasma sp. and M. bovis. The nisin disc diffusion assay was equally as effective in distinguishing between these two genera as all Mycoplasma sp. grew up to the nisin disc while growth of Acholeplasma sp. were inhibited. Thus placement of these discs can be used to directly discriminate between milk samples with Acholeplasma sp. vs Mycoplasma sp.<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> Impact of Organic Management on Dairy Animal Health & Well-being. We are completing field work collecting animal health data on 200 organic and 100 conventional dairy farms. We expect to identify methods to enhance mastitis control on farms of both management systems.<br /> <br /> WORK IN PROGRESS <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance.<br /> <br /> CORNELL<br /> We will continue to perform E. coli intramammary challenge studies in late gestation dairy cows. The immune response of the challenged cows will be evaluated. We will compare the immune response in late gestation dairy cows to cows in early lactation.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Study of the immune response of dairy cows and goats to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus will continue. Heifers vaccinated against S. aureus and receiving an oral immunostimulant daily will be challenged with S. aureus to determine if they are more resistant to challenge compared with unvaccinated control heifers receiving the oral immunostimulant.<br /> <br /> IDAHO<br /> With regards to Objective #1, I plan to conduct the following study entitled  Interaction among energy status, retinol-binding protein status and intra-mammary infection in periparturient dairy cows. We anticipate that this will take ~ 3 yr to complete. We are testing the effect of pro-inflammatory mediators on hepatic tissues mRNA expression of retinol-binding protein.<br /> <br /> KANSAS<br /> Work is ongoing to determine the subcellular signaling mechanism(s) that account for the cholera toxin-induced changes in milk production or composition.<br /> <br /> LOUISIANA<br /> The Mycoplasma mastitis surveillance program in Louisiana will continue, with quarterly testing of bulk milk samples from dairies around the state.<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> Complete data analysis and manuscript preparation/submission for the study: Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk of Minnesota dairy herds. <br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> In the coming year we will be evaluating a novel therapeutic regime for chronic Staphylococcus aureus IMI (Objective 1 & 3). Our heifer mastitis project evaluating risk of IMI post-calving will be completed (Objectives 1 & 2).<br /> <br /> MOREDUN (Edinburgh)<br /> Publication of results on impact of DCS and NIMBS on growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Publication of results for phagocytosis and killing assays for Klebsiella pneumoniae.<br /> <br /> OHIO<br /> Determine effects of acidosis on LPS intramammary challenge in lactating cows. Determine fecal Escherichia coli shedding rates in acidotic cows. <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Characterize humoral and cellular immune responses induced by vaccination of dairy cows with rSUAM. 2) Determine role of rSUAM antibody isotypes on adherence and internalization of S. uberis into mammary epithelial cell and phagocytosis by mammary macrophages 3) Identify mechanisms that lead to greater resistance by cows with specific CXCR1 genetic backgrounds<br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> Continue testing of tissues from wild elk for Mycoplasma spp. and other potential pathogens of dairy cattle using molecular diagnostic methods. Elk populations from dairy cow-dense areas and dairy cow-sparse areas will be compared.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> It is hypothesized that immunosuppression is more likely to lead to nasal colonization and shedding of Mycoplasma bovis in neonatal calves. Immunosuppression will be induced in calves by administering of a single pharmacological dose of dexamethasone. Ten calves will be split into 2 equal groups. Five (TX), 1-week-old, bull calves will be injected intramuscularly with (0.4mg/kg) dexamethasone and 5 (CX) will receive a sham injection. All ten calves will be orally inoculated by feeding milk with 108 CFU of a mixture of two wild strains of M. bovis previously isolated from pneumonic animals by University of Idaho investigators. All calves will be examined daily for signs of clinical disease and nasal swabbing solutions will be collected three times a week for detection and enumeration of the shedding wild strains M.bovis. After 4 weeks all calves will be necropsied and samples from the lung will taken for histopathological testing and detection of the wild strain of M.bovis.. We expect to see an increase in colonization and shedding of M. bovis in Dexamethasone injected calves in addition to an increase in morbidity. <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense.<br /> <br /> CORNELL<br /> Klebsiella isolates from multiple sources will be sequenced. Sequences will be compared and differences in pathogenecity between mastitis isolates and isolates from environmental sources will be evaluated using these genomic data.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Assessment of S. aureus isolates misdiagnosed as coagulase-negative staphylococci will continue with emphasis on identifying specific characteristics that allow correct presumptive identification of such isolates based on specificity and sensitivity values.<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> Complete metagenomics work and classifications on no growth clinical mastitis samples. <br /> <br /> LOUISIANA<br /> Determination of resistance of mastitis pathogens and comparison of these to results from human, environmental and poultry isolates will continue.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> We will be doing further evaluation of the potential differences in virulence between species of coagulase negative staphylococci use whole genome sequencing of selected strains (Objective 2). Our heifer mastitis project evaluating risk of IMI post-calving will be completed (Objectives 1 & 2). <br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> Association of expression of the hld gene, production of biofilm, presence/absence of a panel of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes with S. aureus persistence in the mammary gland will be confirmed by longitudinal study and experimental infection. Furthermore, the role of biofilm production in the intramammary infection dynamics coagulase negative staphylococci will be described. <br /> <br /> MOREDUN (Edinburgh)<br /> Publication of siderophore profiles of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Publication of results for biofilm formation and MAC-T cell invasion of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Further characterization of virulence gene profiles of animal and human Klebsiella pneumoniae from body fluids and the GI tract.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Evaluate efficacy of vaccinating dairy cows with rSUAM in protection of the udder from S. uberis experimental infection at calving<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> Minimum Inhibitory concentrations of cephalosporin compounds. In this study we are examining the MIC values of various cephalosporin compounds for several mastitis pathogens with the hope of improving treatment options. <br /> <br /> We are also completing laboratory work that will characterize genotypic and phenotypic patterns of resistance for a large number of mastitis pathogens collected from a cross section of large Wisconsin dairy farms. We hope to identify methods to improve mastitis treatments.<br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 3: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety.<br /> <br /> CORNELL<br /> Risk assessment of consumption of raw milk potentially contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes will be performed. We will create a risk assessment model and compare the risk of disease in consumer drinking raw milk compared to those drinking pasteurized milk.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Evaluation of novel, GRAS antimicrobial intramammary infusion products against mastitis will continue, with emphasis on identifying a formulation with no withdrawal period. A Direct Cell Counter (DCC) will be evaluated to determine its ability to correctly to enumerate somatic cells in goat milk in fresh versus frozen samples.<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> 1) Continue to evaluate teat condition and health associated with new prototype lactating dips and compounds through our intense observational half udder design model, including histological evaluation of all tissue abnormalities.<br /> 2) Complete project regarding withdrawl times and residue data associated with treatments on 3X milking.<br /> 3) Continue to evaluate new compounds and dips for dry period mastitis prevention in dry cows and springing heifers.<br /> 4) Initiate and complete commercial farm comparative dry cow therapy study (joint with MN, CA, and WI)<br /> <br /> <br /> KANSAS<br /> 1. Compare xenobiotic transporter expression in BME-UV cultured with and without hormones.<br /> 2. Compare xenobiotic transporter expression in BME-UV and native tissues.<br /> 3. Determine the role of ABC efflux pumps (P-glycoprotein and BCRP) in the active excretion of compounds of public health concern in milk.<br /> <br /> MAINE<br /> 1. We will apply the prototheca nested PCR technique to a survey sample of Maine dairies, and develop a strategy for testing environmental and milk samples for this pathogen.<br /> 2. We will followup on an outbreak investigation of P. zopfii on Maine dairies, evaluating method of spread.<br /> 3. We will evaluate pasteurization resistance studies using our Maine prototheca isolates.<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> Complete manuscript submission for the study: Use of an On-Farm Culture System for the Strategic Treatment of Clinical and Subclinical Intramammary Infections<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> In the coming year we will be evaluating a novel therapeutic regime for chronic Staphylococcus aureus IMI (Objective 1 & 3). We will be conducting a milker hand hygiene study (Objective 3).<br /> <br /> MOREDUN (Edinburgh)<br /> Whole genome sequence analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae from animals and dairy farms in collaboration with Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, UK<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> A study is proposed to develop 3 novel real-time PCR assays detecting the 3 most common mycoplasma mastitis agents: M. bovis, M. californicum and M. bovigenitalium. To validate these newly developed real-time PCR assays, the conventional PCR described by Tang et al. (2000) will be performed with the same samples and results compared using 16S rRNA gene partial sequencing as a gold standard to speciate the Mycoplasma.<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> An integrated approach to improving dairy cow fertility. In this project we are identifying relationships between reproductive performance and the occurrence of mastitis caused by specific pathogens. We hope to identify mechanisms to improve both reproductive performance and milk quality.<br /> <br /> Impact Of Organic Management On Dairy Animal Health & Well-Being. In this project we will be identify best management practices that can be used to improve milk quality on organic and small conventional dairy farms.<br />

Publications

PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE<br /> <br /> CONNECTICUT<br /> Baskaran, S. A., G. W. Kazmer, L. Hinckley, S. M. Andrew, and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2009. Antibacterial effect of plant-derived antimicrobials on major bacterial mastitis pathogens in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 92: 1423-1429.<br /> <br /> CORNELL<br /> Schukken YH, Bar D, Hertl J, Gröhn YT. 2010. Correlated time to event data: Modeling repeated clinical mastitis data from dairy cattle in New York State. Prev Vet Med. Oct 27.<br /> <br /> Latorre AA, Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Zurakowski MJ, Pradhan AK, Boor KJ, Jayarao BM, Houser BA, Daugherty CS, Schukken YH. 2010. Biofilm in milking equipment on a dairy farm as a potential source of bulk tank milk contamination with Listeria monocytogenes. J Dairy Sci. Jun:93(6):2792-802.<br /> <br /> Hertl JA, Gröhn YT, Leach JD, Bar D, Bennett GJ, González RN, Rauch BJ, Welcome FL, Tauer LW, Schukken YH. 2010. Effects of clinical mastitis caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and other organisms on the probability of conception in New York State Holstein dairy cows.J. Dairy Sci. Apr:93(4):1551-60.<br /> <br /> R. N. Zadoks, H. M. Griffiths, M. A. Munoz, C. Ahlstrom, G. J. Bennett, T. Everett, Y. H. Schukken. 2010. Sources of Klebsiella and Raoultella species on dairy farms: be careful where you walk. Journal of Dairy Science MS-10-3603. In Press.<br /> <br /> White LJ, Schukken YH, Dogan B, Green L, Döpfer D, Chappell MJ, Medley GF. 2010. Modelling the dynamics of intramammary E. coli infections in dairy cows: understanding mechanisms that distinguish transient from persistent infections.<br /> Vet Res. Mar-Apr:41(2):13. <br /> <br /> KANSAS<br /> Al-Bataineh MM, van der Merwe D, Schultz BD, and Gehring R. Tumor necrosis factor alpha increases P-glycoprotein expression in a BME-UV in vitro model of mammary epithelial cells. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 31: 506-515, 2010.<br /> <br /> MOREDUN (Edinburgh)<br /> van den Borne BH, Nielen M, van Schaik G, Melchior MB, Lam TJ, Zadoks RN. 2010. Host adaptation of bovine Staphylococcus aureus seems associated with bacteriological cure after lactational antimicrobial treatment. J Dairy Sci. Jun:93(6):2550-8.<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> Erskine RJ, Brockett AR, Beeching ND, Hull RW, Bartlett PC. Effect of changes in number of doses and anatomic location for administration of an Escherichia coli bacterin on serum IgG1 and IgG2 concentrations in dairy cows. Am J Vet Res. 71:120-124,2010.<br /> <br /> Contreras, G.A., N.J. OBoyle, T.H. Herdt, and L.M. Sordillo. 2010. Lipid mobilization in periparturient dairy cows influences the composition of plasma nonesterified fatty acids and leukocyte phospholipid fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 93:2508-2516<br /> <br /> Corl, C.M., G.A. Contreras, and L.M. Sordillo. 2010. Lipoxygenase metabolites modulate vascular-derived platelet activating factor production following endotoxin challenge. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 136:98-107.<br /> <br /> Corl, C.M., H.R. Robinson, G.A. Contreras, S.J. Holcombe, V.L. Cook, and L.M. Sordillo. 2010. Ethyl puruvate diminishes the endotoxin-induced inflammatory response of bovine mammary endothelial cells. J. Dairy Sci. 93:5188-5199.<br /> <br /> Sordillo, L.M. and I.K. Mullarky. 2010. Cutting edge technologies in animalomics. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. In press. DOI 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.10.010<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> Lago, A., S.M. Godden, R. Bey, P.L. Ruegg, K. Leslie. The selective treatment of clinical mastitis based on on-farm culture results I: Effects on antibiotic use, milk withholding time and short-term clinical and bacteriological outcomes. Submitted to J. Dairy Sci. Nov., 2010.<br /> <br /> Lago, A., S.M. Godden, R. Bey, P.L. Ruegg, K. Leslie. The selective treatment of clinical mastitis based on on-farm culture results II: Effects on lactation performance including, clinical mastitis recurrence, somatic cell count, milk production and cow survival. Submitted to J. Dairy Sci. Nov., 2010.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> Cohn LA, Middleton JR. 2010. A veterinary perspective on methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 20(1):31-45. <br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> Dufour, S., Fréchette, A., Barkema, H.W., Mussell, A., and Scholl, D.T. Impact of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count. J Dairy Sci. Accepted<br /> <br /> Olde Riekerink, R.G.M., Barkema, H.W., Scholl, D.T., Poole, D.E. and Kelton, D. F. Management practices associated with the bulk milk prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens in Canadian dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 2010; 97: 20-28. <br /> <br /> Paradis, M.-È., Bouchard, É., Scholl, D.T., Miglior, F., Roy, J.-P. Impact of Non-clinical Staphylococcus aureus or Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Intramammary Infection during the First Month of Lactation on SCC, Milk Yield and Culling Risk in Heifers in a Mastitis Monitoring Program. J Dairy Sci. 2010; 93:2989-2997.<br /> <br /> Dufour, S. Barkema, H.W., DesCôteaux, L. DeVries, T.J., Dohoo, I.R., Reyher, K., Roy, J.-P., and Scholl, D.T. Development and validation of a bilingual questionnaire for measuring udder health related management practices on dairy farms. Prev Vet Med.2010; 95:74-85<br /> <br /> DeVries, T. J., Dufour, S. S, and Scholl, D. T. Relationship between feeding strategy, lying behavior patterns, and incidence of intramammary infection in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1987-97.<br /> <br /> OHIO<br /> Fodor, A., A.M. Fodor, S. Frost, J.S. Hogan, M.G. Klein, K. Lengyel, G. Saringer, E. Stackebrandt, R.A.J. Taylor, and E. Lehoczky. 2010. Comparative analysis of antibacterial activities of Xenorhabdus species on related and non-related bacteria in vivo. J. Microbiol, Antimicrobiol. 2: 36 - 46. <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Almeida, R. A., J. R. Dunlap, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Binding of host factors influences intracellular trafficking of Streptococcus uberis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Veterinary Medicine International Vol. 2010, Article ID 319192, 8 pages, 2010. doi:10.4061/2010/319192.<br /> <br /> Roberson, Jerry, Josh Mixon, Stephen Oliver, Barton Rohrbach, and Robert Holland. 2010. Etiologic mastitis agents of high somatic cell count herds in Tennessee. The Bovine Practitioner, 44 (2): 138-145.<br /> <br /> Chen, Xueyan, Oudessa Kerro Dego, Troy E. Fuller, Raul A. Almeida, Douglas A. Luther, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2010. Deletion of sua gene reduces the ability of Streptococcus uberis to adhere to and internalize into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet. Microbiol.http://www.sciencedirect.com/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.07.006.<br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Predicted antigenic regions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) are involved in adherence to and internalization into mammary epithelial cells. Vet. Microbiol. (Accepted). Vet Microbiol. 2010 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print].<br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., B. Dogin, S. Klaessing, Y. H. Schukken, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Intracellular fate of strains of Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows with acute or chronic mastitis Vet. Res. Comm. (Accepted).<br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., S. E. Murinda, and B. M. Jayarao. 2010. Impact of antibiotic use in adult dairy cows on antimicrobial resistance of veterinary and human pathogens: A comprehensive review. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease (Accepted).<br /> <br /> Prado, M. E., R. A. Almeida, C. Ozen, D. A. Luther, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Vaccination of dairy cows with recombinant Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule induces antibodies that block adherence to and internalization of S. uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (Submitted, In Revision).<br /> <br /> Yuan, Ying, Douglas A. Luther, Xueyan Chen, Oudessa Kerro Dego, Abadin Eurife, Shangfeng Chang, Lauren Jory, Steven Kovacevic, Andy Allen, Raul A. Almeida, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2010. Detection of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) and sua in strains of S. uberis isolated from geographically diverse areas. Vet. Microbiol. (Submitted).<br /> <br /> Kerro Dego, Oudessa, R. A. Almeida, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2010. Presence of ISS1-like insertion sequence in wild type Streptococcus uberis strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. Vet. Microbiol. (Submitted).<br /> Kerro Dego, O., M. E. Prado, X. Chen, D. A. Luther, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. pGh9:ISS1 transpositional mutations in Streptococcus uberis UT888 causes reduced bacterial adherence to and internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet. Microbiol. (Submitted).<br /> <br /> Pighetti GM, CJ Kojima, M Rambeaud, and L Wojakiewicz. Bovine CXCR1 is highly polymorphic. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (submitted)<br /> <br /> Pighetti GM, AM Saxton, and CJ Kojima. Identification of tag SNP in CXCR1 associated with mastitis and reproduction in Holstein dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci (Submitted)<br /> <br /> Elliott AA, J Dunlap, S Minkin, J Biggerstaff, GM Pighetti. Cows genetically more susceptible to mastitis have altered actin expression by neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol (submitted)<br /> <br /> Elliott AA, SP Oliver, and GM Pighetti. Responses of cows with different CXCR1 genotypes to experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. Immunogenetics (submitted)<br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> Wilson DJ, Goodell G, Justice-Allen A, Smith ST: Herd-level prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. mastitis and characteristics of infected dairy herds in Utah as determined by a statewide survey. JAVMA 235:6:749-754, 2009. (Published since last NE-1028 report.)<br /> <br /> Justice-Allen A, Trujillo J, Corbett R, Harding R, Goodell G, Wilson D: Survival and replication of Mycoplasma species in recycled bedding sand and association with mastitis on dairy farms in Utah. J Dy Sci 93:1:192-202, 2010.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Sordillo LM, Mullarky IK. Cutting edge technologies in animalomics. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2010 Dec 15;138(4):239-40. Epub 2010 Oct 14. <br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> Wenz, J.R., L.K. Fox, F.J. Muller, FM. Rinaldi, R. Zeng, and D.D. Bannerman. 2010 Factors associated with concentrations of select cytokine and acute pahse proteins in dairy cows with naturally occurring clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Science 93:1458-2470.<br /> <br /> Boonyayatra, S., LK. Fox, T.E. Besser, A. Sawant, and J.M. Gay. 2010. Effects of storage methods on the recovery of Mycoplasma species from milk samples. Vet. Micro. 144:210-213.<br /> <br /> Punyapornwithaya, V., L.K. Fox, J.M. Gay, D.D. Hancock, and J.R. Alldredge. 2010. Association between an outbreak strain causing mycoplasma bovis mastitis and its asymptomatic carriage in the herd: A case study from Idaho, USA. Prev. Vet. Med. 93:66-70.<br /> <br /> Punyapornwithaya, V., L.K. Fox, J.M. Gay, D.D. Hancock, and J.R. Alldredge. 2009. The effect of centrifugation and resuspension on the recovery of Myscoplasma species from milk. J. Dairy. Sci. 92:4444-4447.<br /> Adhikari B., Besser T.E., Gay J.M., Fox L.K., Davis M.A., Cobbold R.N., Berge A.C., Hancock D.D.2009. Introduction of new multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica strains into commercial dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci.92:4229-4238.<br /> <br /> Adhikari B, Besser T.E., Gay J.M., Fox L.K., Davis M.A., Cobbold R.N., Berge A.C.,McClanahan R, Hancock D.D.2009.The role of animal movement, including off-farm rearing of heifers, in the interherd transmission of multidrug-resistant Salmonell. J. Dairy. Sci. 92:4218-4228.<br /> <br /> Fox, L.K. 2009. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of heifer mastitis. Vet. Micro. 134:82-88.<br /> <br /> Andrew, S.M., K.M. Moyes, A.A. Borm, L.K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J.S. Hogan, S.P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens, and C. Norman. 2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Micro. 134:150-6.<br /> <br /> Seo, K.S., J.Y. Park, W.C. Davis, L.K. Fox, M.A. McGuire, Y.H. Park, G.A. Bohach. 2009. Superantigen-mediated differentiation of bovine monocytes into dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Bio. 85:606-16<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> Oliveria, L., A. C. O. Rodrigues, C. Hulland and P.L. Ruegg. 2010. Toxin production, toxin genes and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from cases of bovine subclinical mastitis. Accepted Am J. Vet Res. 22 June, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ABSTRACTS<br /> <br /> IDAHO<br /> Rezamand. P., K. M. Hunt, R. D. Schramm, and M. A. McGuire. 2010. Bovine hepatic and adipose retinol binding protein gene expression. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93 (E-Suppl. 1):313 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> Peters, J. and L. Timms. 2010. Evaluation of dripping and drying characteristics, teat coverage persistency, and teat health for two prototype and one commercial dry period persistent barrier teat dips. J. Dairy Sci. 92. E-Suppl.<br /> <br /> Juarez, J. and L. Timms. 2010. Evaluation of prototype and commercial sodium chlorite (base/activator) pre-post milking teat dips on teat end and teat skin condition and health. J. Dairy Sci. 92. E-Suppl<br /> <br /> KANSAS<br /> Al-Bataineh MM, Schultz BD, van der Merwe D, Malreddy P, and Gehring R. Regulation of P-gp Under Inflammatory Conditions in the BME-UV In Vitro Model. FASEB J 24: 1002.1022 (Abstract), 2010.<br /> <br /> Wang Q, Wang L-H, and Schultz BD. Cholera Toxin Enhances ENaC-Mediated Sodium Absorption Across Cultured Human Mammary Epithelial Cells. FASEB J 24: 999.992 (Abstract), 2010.<br /> <br /> LOUISIANA<br /> Owens, W. E. and C. H. Ray. Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Bovine, Environmental, and Human Sources. Antimicrobial Resistance in Zoonotic Bacteria and Foodborne Pathogens in Animals, Humans and the Environment. American Society for Microbiology Conference, Toronto, Canada June, 2010, B-10.<br /> <br /> MAINE<br /> Lichtenwalner AB and Barker S. The Presence of Pathogenic Prototheca sp. on Dairy Farms in Maine, USA. Mastitis Research Workers conference; Nov. 4-5-2010, Atlanta GA.<br /> <br /> Barker, S and Lichtenwalner AB. A Nested  PCR RFLP Diagnostic Test for the Presence of Pathogenic Prototheca spp. in Dairy Herds. Mastitis Research Workers conference; Nov. 4-5-2010, Atlanta GA.<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> Gandy, J.C., S.L. Aitken, and L.M. Sordillo. 2010. Angiogenic gene responses to oxidative stress in bovine mammary vascular tissue. in Proceedings of the 14th International Meeting of Production Diseases in Farm Animals. Gent, Belgium June, 2010.<br /> Jackson, K.M., J.C. Gandy, L.M. Sordillo, and E.L. Karcher. 2010. Effect of coliform mastitis on osteopontin expression in mammary tissues of Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93: E-Suppl. 1, pp 247. <br /> <br /> Contreras, A. and L.M. Sordillo. 2010. Lipomobilization in Periparturient Dairy Cows Alters Endothelial Inflammatory Response. in Proceedings of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners. Albuquerque, New Mexico, August, 2010.<br /> <br /> Contreras, G.A., N.J. OBoyle, T. Herdt, and L.M. Sordillo. 2010. Plasma fatty acid profiles influence phospholipid fatty acid composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cell in periparturient dairy cows. in Proceedings of the World Buiatrics Congress, Santiago, Chili. November, 2010 <br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> P. Haran, Godden, S., S. Sreevatsan, J. Bender. Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk of Minnesota dairy herds. Annu mtg of the Mastitis Research Workers Group. Atlanta, GA. Nov. 3-5, 2010.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> Chamberlin W, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Johnson GC, Ellersieck MR. 2010. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on plasma biochemical parameters and liver histologic change in dairy cows. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 19, 2010, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Bloch J, Middleton JR, Britt L. 2010. Imaging and efficacy of internal teat sealant compounds. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 19, 2010, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Ringen DR, Middleton JR, Marshall TS. 2010. Utility of Pre-partum Parameters for Predicting Intramammary Infection at Calving in Heifers on a Grazing Dairy. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 19, 2010, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Perry J, Middleton JR. 2010. Biofilm production in coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 19, 2010, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Chamberlin W, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Johnson GC, Ellersieck MR. 2010. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on plasma biochemical parameters, lipid mobilization, and liver lipid infiltration in dairy cows. MU Life Sciences Week, April 12-17. M-26.<br /> <br /> Perry J, Middleton JR, Dufour S, Scholl D, Calloway C, Anderson S, Dohoo I. 2010. Association of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcal Species and Milk Somatic Cell Count of Cows from the Canadian National Cohort of Dairy Farms. MU Life Sciences Week, April 12-17. M-5.<br /> <br /> Ringen DR, Middleton JR, Marshall TS. 2010. Utility of Pre-partum Parameters for Predicting Intramammary Infection at Calving in Heifers on a Grazing Dairy. MU Life Sciences Week, April 12-17. W-106.<br /> <br /> Perry J, Middleton JR, Dufour S, Scholl D, Calloway C, Anderson S, Dohoo I. 2010. Association of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcal Species and Milk Somatic Cell Count of Cows from the Canadian National Cohort of Dairy Farms. 5th IDF Mastitis Meeting, Christchurch, NZ. March 21-14, 2010. Page 699.<br /> <br /> Ringen DR, Middleton JR, Marshall TS. 2010. Utility of Pre-partum Parameters for Predicting Intramammary Infection at Calving in Heifers on a Grazing Dairy. ACVIM Forum, Anaheim, CA. June 9.<br /> <br /> Chamberlin WG, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Johnson GC, Ellersieck MR. 2010. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on plasma biochemical parameters and liver histologic changes in dairy cows. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado. Jul 11-15, 2010.<br /> <br /> Suntrup D, Ringen DR, Perry J, Middleton JR. 2010. Genotypic evaluation of staphylococcal isolates from pre-partum lacteal secretions and post-calving milk of primiparous dairy heifers. Merial Veterinary Research Scholars National Symposium, Atlanta, Georgia. Aug 5-8, 2010.<br /> <br /> Perry J, Middleton JR, Dufour S, Scholl D, Calloway C, Anderson S, Dohoo I. 2010. Association of coagulase negative staphylococcal species and milk somatic cell count of cows from the Canadian National cohort of dairy farms. 43rd Annual Conference of the AABP. Albuquerque, NM. Aug 19-21, 2010. <br /> <br /> Middleton JR, Perry J, Scholl D. 2010. Relationship between CNS species and mammary quarter milk somatic cell count on North American dairy farms. Seminar on Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Ghent, Belgium Sept 15-16, 2010.<br /> <br /> Paradis ME, Scholl D, Middleton JR. 2010. Identification of CNS by gas chromatography. Seminar on Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Ghent, Belgium Sept 15-16, 2010.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> Paradis, M._E., Middleton, J., Perry, J., Ramiriez, A.I, and Scholl, D.T. Identification of CNS species by gas chromatography. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Seminar. University of Ghent. September 15-16, 2010. Ghent. <br /> <br /> Paradis, M-.E., Bouchard, E., Scholl, D., Miglior, F., and Roy, J.-P. Impact of a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci or Staphylococcus aureus Intramammary Infection in Heifers. Annual Scientific Meeting, Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. October 26-28, 2009. Montreal, QC. Canada.<br /> <br /> Scholl, D., Messier, S., Tomita, G., Dohoo, I., Des Côteaux. L., Roy, J.-P., DeVries, T., Barkema, H., Keefe, G., Ngeleka, M., Reyher, K., DuTremblay, D., Dufour, S., Paradis, M.-E. Core Research Platform of the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. Annual Scientific Meeting, Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. October 26-28, 2009. Montreal, QC. Canada.<br /> <br /> Scholl, D., Messier, S., Oliver, S.P., and Paradis, M.-E. Validate Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for Common Intramammary Pathogens. Annual Scientific Meeting, Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. October 26-28, 2009. Montreal, QC. Canada.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Almeida, R. A., M. E. Prado, D. A. Luther, S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, H. Moorehead, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Characterization of the immune response following vaccination of dairy cows with recombinant Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM). p. 48 In: Proc. 3rd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Gillespie, B. E., M. L. Maxwell, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Simultaneous detection of mastitis pathogens directly from milk by real-time PCR. p. 47 In: Proc. 3rd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Kerro Dego, O., M. E. Prado, R. A. Almeida, X. Chen, D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. pGhost9:ISS1 transpositional mutations in Streptococcus uberis UT888 causes reduced bacterial adherence to and internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells. p. 48 In: Proc. 3rd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> Kerro Dego, O., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Gene expression profile of bovine primary mammary epithelial cells infected with Escherichia coli associated with acute or chronic bovine mastitis. p. 20 In: Proc. 3rd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. <br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Bharathan, M., N. Sriranganathan, W. Mwangi, and I. K. Mullarky. 2010 Monocytes: The Precursors of Inflammatory Dendritic Cells in Staphylococcus aureus infection. Proceedings of the 91st Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Chicago, IL. <br /> <br /> Manickam M, and I.K. Mullarky. 2010. Detecting differential protein expression between pathogenic and commensal Staphylococcus aureus using SILAC. Proceedings of the 91st Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Chicago, IL. <br /> <br /> Ortiz-Marty, and I.K. Mullarky. 2010. Staphylococcus aureus enhanced intracellular survival through coagulation manipulation. Proceedings of the 91st Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Chicago, IL. <br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> Wenz, J.R. , T. E. Besser, L.K. Fox, and Y. Zhang. Comparison of 16sRNA gene sequence analysis with aerobic milk culture for the identification of potential bacterial etiologies of bovine clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Science 92 (Suppl. 1): 98.<br /> <br /> Punyapornwithaya, V, L.K. Fox, D.D. Hancock, J.M. Gay, and J.R. Alldredge. 2010. Management factors and time to clearance of mycoplasma mastitis. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Pg. 272-273. <br /> <br /> Boonyayatra, S., J.M. Gay, T.E. Besser, A. Sawant, Z Ravivi, L.K. Fox. 2010. Detection of Mycoplasma bovis from milk samples by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Pg. 250-251. <br /> <br /> Quirk, T. E., L.K. Fox, J.L. Capper, D. D. Hancock, and J.R. Wenz. 2010. Coagulase-negative staphylococci mastitis management. J. Dairy Sci. 93 (Suppl. 1):27.<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> Rodrigues, A. C. O., J. C. F. Pantoja, C. M. Hulland, P. L. Ruegg. Bulk tank bacteria and selected foodborne pathogens in raw milk of Wisconsin farmstead dairy producers. 2010. Conference Research Workers Animal Disease. Chicago, IL Dec 4-6. <br /> <br /> Oliveira, L., A. C. O. Rodrigues, C.M. Hulland and P.L. Ruegg. 2010. Use of Incubation and Petrifilm to Enhance Recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from Cases of Subclinical Mastitis. Proc. Natl. Mast. Coun. Albuquerque, NM. Feb 1-3, 2010. <br /> <br /> J.C. F. Pantoja, M. A. Silva, D. J. Reinemann and P. L. Ruegg. Factors Associated with Coliform Counts in Raw Bulk Milk. Proc. Natl. Mast. Coun. Albuquerque, NM. Feb 1-3, 2010. <br /> <br /> <br /> CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS <br /> <br /> CONNECTICUT<br /> Rezamand, P., M. A. McGuire, and S. M. Andrew. 2009. Interaction among energy status, retinol-binding protein and intra-mammary infections in periparturient dairy cows. In: Proceedings of the 44th Annual Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference. pp. 71-83.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Nickerson, S. C. Invited Speaker: Maximizing producer profits through managing mastitis in dairy heifers. in Proceedings of the 2010 Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium Pre-Conference Symposium. 11 pp. Gainesville, FL. February 2, 2010. <br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. Importance of dry cow management in the control of mastitis. Animal and Dairy Science Departmental Report. 2010. http://www.ads.uga.edu/ADS2008DepartmentalReports.html<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. Managing mastitis in dairy heifers maximizes producer profits. Animal and Dairy Science Departmental Report. 2010. http://www.ads.uga.edu/ADS2008DepartmentalReports.html<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. Development of mastitis. in Current Concepts of Bovine Mastitis. National Mastitis Council, Inc. Madison, WI. 2010. In Press.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. Mastitis therapy and control: Management control options. in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Roginski, H., J. W. Fuquay, and P. F. Fox (eds). Academic Press, London. 2010. In Press.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. Mammary resistance mechanisms: Anatomical. in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Roginski, H., J.W. Fuquay, and P. F. Fox (eds). Academic Press, London. 2010. In Press.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. Mastitis pathogens: Contagious pathogens. in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Roginski, H., J.W. Fuquay, and P. F. Fox (eds). Academic Press, London. 2010. In Press.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C., and R. M. Akers. Mammary gland anatomy: Anatomy. in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Roginski, H., J.W. Fuquay, and P. F. in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Roginski, H., J.W. Fuquay, and P. F. Fox (eds). Academic Press, London. 2010. In Press.<br /> <br /> Owens, W. E., and S. C. Nickerson. Mastitis Therapy and Control: (a) Medical Therapy Options. in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Roginski, H., J. W. Fuquay, and P. F. Fox (eds). Academic Press, London. 2010. In Press.<br /> <br /> Raymond, R., C. W. Bales, D.E. Bauman, D. Clemmons, R. Kleinman, D. Lann, S. C. Nickerson, and K. Sejrsen. Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbst): a safety assessment. Animal and Dairy Science Departmental Report.2010. http://www.ads.uga.edu/ADS2008DepartmentalReports.html<br /> <br /> McClary, D. M. and S. C. Nickerson. Relationship between the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (Posilac®) in dairy cows and the incidence of clinical mastitis. <br /> in Dairy Cattle Mastitis and Milking Management. DAIReXNET. June 14, 2010. <br /> http://www.extension.org/pages/Dairy_Cattle_Mastitis_and_Milking_Management<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C., L. O. Ely, E. P. Hovingh, and P. W. Widel. Immunizing dairy heifers can reduce prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and reduce herd somatic cell counts. in Dairy Cattle Mastitis and Milking Management. DAIReXNET. June 14, 2010. http://www.extension.org/pages/Dairy_Cattle_Mastitis_and_Milking_Management <br /> <br /> IDAHO<br /> Rezamand, P., M. A. McGuire, and S. M. Andrew. 2009. Interaction among energy status, retinol-binding protein and intra-mammary infections in periparturient dairy cows. In: Proceedings of the 44th Annual Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference. pp. 71-83.<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> RJ Erskine Vaccinating for coliform mastitis: Choosing the right insurance policy. Regional Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Grand Rrapids, MI, September, 2010.<br /> <br /> Contreras, A., N. OBoyle, and L. Sordillo. 2010. Association Between Fat Mobilization and Disease Susceptibility in Transition Cows. Hoards Dairyman. Vol.155 pp 511.<br /> <br /> Sordillo, L.M. 2010. Impact of Nutrition on Mammary Immunity and Susceptibility to Mastitis in Transition Cows. in Proceedings of the ARPAS, May 2010.<br /> <br /> Sordillo, L.M., J.C. Gandy, and C.M. Corl. 2010. Thioredoxin reductase attenuates vascular inflammatory responses during oxidative stress. Proc. Nutrition. Soc. 69:E317.<br /> <br /> MOREDUN (Edinburgh)<br /> MA Munoz, RN Zadoks, RR Quesnell, YH Schukken. 2010. Virulence factors in Klebsiella pneumoniae of Environmental and Mastitis Origin. 5th International Dairy Federation (IDF) Mastitis Conference, March 21-24, Christchurch, New Zealand.<br /> <br /> AJ Nedrow, RN Zadoks, W Wark, IK Mullarky. 2010. Ability of Klebsiella mastitis isolates to evade host immune defenses.. 5th International Dairy Federation (IDF) Mastitis Conference, March 21-24, Christchurch, New Zealand.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> Perry J, Middleton JR, Dufour S, Scholl D, Calloway C, Anderson S, Dohoo I. 2010. Association of Coagulase negative staphylococcal species and milk somatic cell count of cows from the Canadian National Cohort of dairy farms. Proc. 49th Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. Albuquerque, NM. 204-205. <br /> <br /> Ringen DR, Middleton JR, Marshall TS. 2010. Utility of pre-partum parameters for predicting intramammary infection at calving in first calf heifers on a grazing dairy. Proc. 49th Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. Albuquerque, NM. 212-213<br /> <br /> Middleton JR. 2010. Milk Microbiology for the Practitioner. American Board of Veterinary Practitioners Symposium. Denver, Colorado April 15-18, 2010.<br /> <br /> Middleton JR. 2010. Extra-label drug use (ELDU) in dairy cattle. American Board of Veterinary Practitioners Symposium. Denver, Colorado April 15-18, 2010.<br /> <br /> Middleton JR. 2010. Mastitis pathogens in the dairy heifer. Denver, Colorado April 15-18, 2010<br /> <br /> Perry J, Middleton JR, Zadoks RN. 2010. Relationship between coagulase negative staphylococcal species, milk somatic cell count, and duration of intramammary infection on a United States dairy. Proc Intl Dairy Fed. 392-396.<br /> <br /> MONTREAL<br /> Allard, M., Ster, C., Jacob, C.L., Diarra, M.S., Scholl, D., Lacasse, P., and Malouin, F. Identification of genes expressed by Staphylococcus aureus during bovine mastitis for vaccine and drug development. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. <br /> <br /> Scholl, D.T., Barkema H.W., Lacasse, P., and Tomita, G.M. Successes and Pitfalls of the Canadian Industry-Partnership Approach to Mastitis Research. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. <br /> <br /> Paradis, M.-E., Roy, J.-P., Scholl, D. And Bouchard, E. Impact of a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci or Staphylococcus aureus Intramammary Infection During the First Month of Lactation on SCC, Milk Yield and Culling in Primiparous Cows. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. <br /> <br /> Perry, J., Middleton, J.R., Dufour, S., Scholl, D., Calloway, C., Anderson, S. and Dohoo, I. Association of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcal Species on Milk Somatic Cell Count of Cows from the Canadian National Cohort of Dairy Farms. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. <br /> <br /> Dufour, S., Frechette, A, and Scholl, D. The Influence of Management Practices on Herds Somatic Cell Count: a Systematic Review. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. <br /> <br /> Dufour, S, Scholl, D. A Validated Questionnaire for Measuring Udder Health Related Management Practices on Dairy Farms. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. <br /> <br /> Reyher, K. K., Dufour, S., Barkema, H. W., Des Côteaux, L., DeVries, T. J., Dohoo, I. R., Keefe, G. P., Roy, J.-P., and Scholl, D. T. The core research platform for the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network - a national and international resource. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. <br /> <br /> Perry, J., Middleton, J.R., Dufour, S., Scholl, D., Calloway, C., Anderson, S. Dohoo, I. Association of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcal Species and Milk Somatic Cell Count of Cows from the Canadian National Cohort of Dairy Farms. NMC 49th Annual Meeting. January 31  February 3, 2010. Albuqurque, New Mexico. <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Pathogenesis of chronic Escherichia coli mastitis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 687. <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Protein profiles of Escherichia coli associated with chronic and acute mastitis in dairy cows. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 688. <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Predicted surface regions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) mediate internalization into mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 705.<br /> Almeida, R. A., M. E. Prado, D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Antibodies in serum from cows vaccinated with Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) inhibit adherence to and internalization of S. uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 679. <br /> Almeida,R. A., X. Chen, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Lack of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule markedly influences adherence to and internalization of a sua gene deletion mutant into bovine mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 680. <br /> <br /> Chen, X., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, T. E. Fuller, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Creation of a Streptococcus uberis sua gene deletion mutant using a thermosensitive replicative plasmid. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 704. <br /> <br /> Elliott AA, J Dunlap, S Minkin, J Biggerstaff, and GM Pighetti. 2010. Cows genetically more susceptible to mastitis have altered neutrophil migration patterns. In: Proc NMC. p198. <br /> <br /> Elliott AA, J Dunlap, S Minkin, J Biggerstaff, GM Pighetti. 2010. Cows genetically more susceptible to mastitis have altered actin expression by neutrophils. In: Proc Intl Dairy Fed Mastitis Conf. p.136.<br /> <br /> Elliott AA, SP Oliver, and GM Pighetti. 2010. Responses of cows with different CXCR1 genotypes to experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 700.<br /> <br /> Lopez Benavides, Mario G., Susan I. Headrick, Mark J. Lewis, Barbara E. Gillespie, Lisa M. Bauer, David Johnson, Ken Lamar, Camelia Traistaru, Fahim Ahmed, Thomas Hemling, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2010. Efficacy of two chorine dioxide-based barrier teat disinfectants. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc. pp. 252-253. <br /> <br /> Lopez Benavides, Mario G., Susan I. Headrick, Mark J. Lewis, Barbara E. Gillespie, Hugh Moorehead, J. David Plunk, Camelia Traistaru, Fahim Ahmed, Thomas Hemling, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2010. Efficacy of two chorine dioxide-based postmilking teat disinfectants. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc. pp. 274-275. <br /> <br /> Luther, D. A., R. A. Almeida, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Surface region and epitope predictions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM). In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 706. <br /> <br /> Luther, D. A., X. Chen, R. A. Almeida, Ying Yuan, Shangfeng Chang, Abadin Eurife, Lauren Jory, Steven Kovacevic, Andy Allen, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Detection of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) and sua in geographically diverse strains of S. uberis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 705. <br /> <br /> Morris PH, ML Riggle-Moxley, GM Pighetti. 2010. Does norepinephrine promote the growth of mastitis causing Escherichia coli? In: Proc NMC. p.276<br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., D. A. Luther, M. E. Prado, and R. A. Almeida. 2010. Characterization of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM). In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference pp. 283-290. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, L. M. Bauer, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, and R. A. Almeida. 2010. Development of an Escherichia coli experimental intramammary infection model with a strain isolated from a cow with chronic E. coli mastitis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference pp. 413-419. <br /> <br /> Pighetti GM, P Morris, ML Riggle-Moxley, and ME Prado. 2010. Escherichia coli isolates from clinical mastitis grow more rapidly in the presence of norepinephrine. In: Proc Intl Dairy Fed Mastitis Conf. p.383<br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> Wilson D, Trujillo J, Justice-Allen A, Goodell G: Mycoplasma found in bedding of dairy herds with associated mycoplasma mastitis in dairy cattle. Proc 52nd Ann Conf AAVLD: 94, 2009. (Published since last NE-1028 report.)<br /> <br /> Wilson D, Justice-Allen A, Maddox J: Reduction in mycoplasma mastitis in Utah dairy herds participating in a follow-up project. Proc 52nd Ann Conf AAVLD: 98, 2009. (Published since last NE-1028 report.)<br /> <br /> Trujillo J, Justice-Allen A, Morley T, Wilson D: SYBR green real-time PCR detection and differentiation assay for Mycoplasma species in biological samples. Proc 52nd Ann Conf AAVLD: 97, 2009. (Published since last NE-1028 report.)<br /> <br /> Wilson DJ: Mycoplasma mastitis  management strategies and likelihood of eliminating it from dairy herds in Utah. Proc Utah Vet Med Assoc:1-21, 2010.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Nedrow, A.J., R.N. Zadoks, W. Wark, I.K. Mullarky. 2010. Ability of Klebsiella mastitis isolated to evade host immune defenses. Pg 265 In Mastitis Research into Practice, Proc. 5th IDF Mastitis Conference, March 21-24, 2010, Christchurch, NZ. Edited by J.E. Hillerton.<br /> <br /> Bharathan, M., W. Mwangi, I.K. Mullarky. 2010. Immune responses of bovine<br /> dendritic cells and lymphocytes to Staphylococcus aureus. Pg 295 In Mastitis Research into Practice, Proc. 5th IDF Mastitis Conference, March 21-24, 2010, Christchurch, NZ. Edited by J.E. Hillerton.<br /> <br /> Stewart, B., S. N. Masiello, J. S. Hogan and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2010. Genotypic profiling of enterococci from bovine origin. Pp 369-372 In Mastitis Research into Practice, Proc. 5th IDF Mastitis Conference, March 21-24, 2010, Christchurch, NZ. Edited by J.E. Hillerton.<br /> <br /> Petersson-Wolfe, C. S. and H. Karp. 2010. Use of milk lactose as an indicator of mastitis following validation of a novel in-line milk analysis system designed to measure milk components. Pp 511-514 In Mastitis Research into Practice, Proc. 5th IDF Mastitis Conference, March 21-24, 2010, Christchurch, NZ. Edited by J.E. Hillerton.<br /> <br /> Petersson-Wolfe, C. S., S. N. Masiello and J. S. Hogan. 2010. The ability of enterococci to survive the ensiling process and the gastrointestinal tract may lead to increased environmental contamination. Pg. 701 In Mastitis Research into Practice, Proc. 5th IDF Mastitis Conference, March 21-24, 2010, Christchurch, NZ. Edited by J.E. Hillerton.<br /> <br /> WISCONSIN<br /> Ruegg, P.L., C. Hulland and H. Khatib. 2010. Relationship between intramammary treatment using pirlimycin hydrochloride and lincosamide resistance. Pp 633-638 In Mastitis Research into Practice, Proc. 5th IDF Mastitis Conference, March 21-24, 2010, Christchurch, NZ. Edited by J.E. Hillerton. <br /> <br /> <br /> WEB PRESENTATIONS<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> POSTER PRESENTATIONS<br /> <br /> IDAHO<br /> Rezamand. P., K. M. Hunt, R. D. Schramm, and M. A. McGuire. 2010. Bovine hepatic and adipose retinol binding protein gene expression. ADSA- ASAS joint annual meeting, Denver CO<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> Peters, J. and L. Timms. 2010. Evaluation of dripping and drying characteristics, teat coverage persistency, and teat health for two prototype and one commercial dry period persistent barrier teat dips. Midwest ADSA Mtg., Des Moines, March 2010.<br /> <br /> Juarez, J. and L. Timms. 2010. Evaluation of prototype and commercial sodium chlorite (base/activator) pre-post milking teat dips on teat end and teat skin condition and health. Midwest ADSA Mtg., Des Moines, March 2010.<br /> <br /> KANSAS<br /> Regulation of P-gp Under Inflammatory Conditions in the BME-UV In Vitro Model. Al-Bataineh MM. Experimental Biology 2010, Anaheim, CA, April 27, 2010.<br /> <br /> Cholera Toxin Enhances ENaC-Mediated Sodium Absorption Across Cultured Human Mammary Epithelial Cells. Wang, Q. Experimental Biology 2010, Anaheim, CA, April 25, 2010.<br /> <br /> The Effect of Progesterone and ²-Estradiol on P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Expression in Cultured BME-UV Mammary Epithelial Cells. Lorch, A. Merck-Merial Veterinary Summer Scholars Symposium, University of Georgia, August 5-8, 2010<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> Perry J, Middleton JR, Zadoks RN. 2010. Relationship between coagulase negative staphylococcal species, milk somatic cell count, and duration of intramammary infection on a United States dairy. Intl Dairy Fed Mastitis Meeting, Christchurch, NZ. March 21-24, 2010.<br /> <br /> Chamberlin W, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Johnson GC, Ellersieck MR. 2010. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on plasma biochemical parameters and liver histologic change in dairy cows. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 19, 2010, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Bloch J, Middleton JR, Britt L. 2010. Imaging and efficacy of internal teat sealant compounds. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 19, 2010, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Ringen DR, Middleton JR, Marshall TS. 2010. Utility of Pre-partum Parameters for Predicting Intramammary Infection at Calving in Heifers on a Grazing Dairy. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 19, 2010, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Perry J, Middleton JR. 2010. Biofilm production in coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 19, 2010, Columbia, MO.<br /> <br /> Chamberlin W, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Johnson GC, Ellersieck MR. 2010. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on plasma biochemical parameters, lipid mobilization, and liver lipid infiltration in dairy cows. MU Life Sciences Week, April 12-17. M-26.<br /> <br /> Perry J, Middleton JR, Dufour S, Scholl D, Calloway C, Anderson S, Dohoo I. 2010. Association of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcal Species and Milk Somatic Cell Count of Cows from the Canadian National Cohort of Dairy Farms. MU Life Sciences Week, April 12-17. <br /> <br /> Ringen DR, Middleton JR, Marshall TS. 2010. Utility of Pre-partum Parameters for Predicting Intramammary Infection at Calving in Heifers on a Grazing Dairy. MU Life Sciences Week, April 12-17. <br /> Perry J, Middleton JR, Dufour S, Scholl D, Calloway C, Anderson S, Dohoo I. 2010. Association of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcal Species and Milk Somatic Cell Count of Cows from the Canadian National Cohort of Dairy Farms. 5th IDF Mastitis Meeting, Christchurch, NZ. March 21-14, 2010. <br /> <br /> Chamberlin WG, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Johnson GC, Ellersieck MR. 2010. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on plasma biochemical parameters and liver histologic changes in dairy cows. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado. Jul 11-15, 2010.<br /> <br /> Suntrup D, Ringen DR, Perry J, Middleton JR. 2010. Genotypic evaluation of staphylococcal isolates from pre-partum lacteal secretions and post-calving milk of primiparous dairy heifers. Merial Veterinary Research Scholars National Symposium, Atlanta, Georgia. Aug 5-8, 2010.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Pathogenesis of chronic Escherichia coli mastitis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 687. <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Protein profiles of Escherichia coli associated with chronic and acute mastitis in dairy cows. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 688. <br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Predicted surface regions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) mediate internalization into mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 705.<br /> <br /> Almeida, R. A., M. E. Prado, D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Antibodies in serum from cows vaccinated with Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) inhibit adherence to and internalization of S. uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 679. <br /> Almeida,R. A., X. Chen, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Lack of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule markedly influences adherence to and internalization of a sua gene deletion mutant into bovine mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 680. <br /> <br /> Chen, X., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, T. E. Fuller, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Creation of a Streptococcus uberis sua gene deletion mutant using a thermosensitive replicative plasmid. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 704. <br /> <br /> Elliott, A. A., S. P. Oliver, and G. M. Pighetti. 2010. Responses of cows with different CXCR1 genotypes to experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 700.<br /> Lopez Benavides, Mario G., Susan I. Headrick, Mark J. Lewis, Barbara E. Gillespie, Lisa M. Bauer, David Johnson, Ken Lamar, Camelia Traistaru, Fahim Ahmed, Thomas Hemling, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2010. Efficacy of two chorine dioxide-based barrier teat disinfectants. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc. pp. 252-253. <br /> <br /> Lopez Benavides, Mario G., Susan I. Headrick, Mark J. Lewis, Barbara E. Gillespie, Hugh Moorehead, J. David Plunk, Camelia Traistaru, Fahim Ahmed, Thomas Hemling, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2010. Efficacy of two chorine dioxide-based postmilking teat disinfectants. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc. pp. 274-275. <br /> <br /> Luther, D. A., R. A. Almeida, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Surface region and epitope predictions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM). In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 706. <br /> <br /> Luther, D. A., X. Chen, R. A. Almeida, Ying Yuan, Shangfeng Chang, Abadin Eurife, Lauren Jory, Steven Kovacevic, Andy Allen, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Detection of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) and sua in geographically diverse strains of S. uberis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference p. 705. <br /> <br /> Morris PH, ML Riggle-Moxley, GM Pighetti. 2010. Does norepinephrine promote the growth of mastitis causing Escherichia coli? In: Proc NMC. p.276<br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., D. A. Luther, M. E. Prado, and R. A. Almeida. 2010. Characterization of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM). In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference pp. 283-290. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, L. M. Bauer, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, and R. A. Almeida. 2010. Development of an Escherichia coli experimental intramammary infection model with a strain isolated from a cow with chronic E. coli mastitis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference pp. 413-419. <br /> <br /> DISSERTATIONS<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Bharathan, M. Ph.D. Dissertation: Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells: Sentinels and Translators of Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Dec. 2010<br /> <br /> Smith, E. A. Masters Thesis: A porcine model for polymicrobial respiratory infections with swine influenza virus and Staphylococcus aureus. Dec. 2010<br /> <br /> Masiello, S. N. Masters Thesis: Implications of the ability of Enterococcus spp. to survive the ensiling process and bovine gastrointestinal tract on the risk of bovine mastitis. January 2010. <br /> <br /> Nedrow, A. Masters Thesis: Ability of Klebsiella spp. mastitis isolates to produce virulence factors for enhanced evasion of bovine innate immune defenses. Fall 2009.<br /> <br /> Maxymiv, N. Masters Thesis: Characterization of dendritic cells in the bovine mammary gland. Fall 2009.<br /> <br /> BOOK CHAPTERS<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> Erskine RJ Mastitis in Large Animals; in The Merck Veterinary Manual, tenth edition, pg 1248-1257. Merck and Company, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, 2010.<br /> <br /> Sordillo, L.M. and S. L. Aitken. 2010 Mammary Resistance Mechanisms - Endogenous. in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. 3rd Edition. Roginski, H., J.W. Fuquay, and P. F. Fox (eds). Academic Press, London. In press.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> Middleton JR. Veterinary Vaccines with a Focus on Bovine Mastitis Vaccines. In: Vaccine Design: Innovative Approaches and Novel Strategies. Horizon Publishing. In Press.<br /> <br />

Impact Statements

1. In the reporting period, 14 collaborating centers reported the completion of projects related to the characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. These projects ranged from examination of the distal teat environment to understanding immune responses at the cellular and humoral level during mastitis. Additionally, vaccine development and enhancement, exploration of role of bacterial toxins in mastitis development, and examination of disease interrelationships on mastitis risk were evaluated. Through an understanding of cow disease responses, these projects have near-term potential to decrease the affects of mastitis in the National dairy herd. Twelve collaborating centers report work in progress related to this subject area.
2. Projects were completed at 10 collaborating centers related to the characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses. Projects examined the role of minor pathogens (coagulase negative staphylococci) in mastitis epidemiology. Additionally, because of mounted concern regarding antimicrobial resistance, several studies examined the antibiogram profiles of mastitis pathogens. Several projects examined various aspects related to the characterization of virulence, particularly of emerging environmental source pathogens. Projects were completed related to bacterial adhesion and biofilm development, as well as an examination of pathogen genetics related to severity of disease outcomes. Nine collaborating centers report work in progress related to this subject area.
3. In the reporting period, 17 centers reported completing projects related to the assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. Because of concerns regarding antibiotic use and the chemical quality of milk, as well as the emergence of marketing opportunities with respect to organic production, research was focused on targeted treatment programs and non-antibiotic therapy and prevention products. Studies to examine animal well-being were reported and novel therapeutic approaches may help to improve well-being. Additionally, projects to improve detection of both mastitis and food safety pathogens could have positive impacts on monitoring systems. Progression in on-farm monitoring methodology, as well as computer modeling will advance dairy food quality and integrity. Ten collaborating centers report work in progress related to this subject area.

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Report Information

Participants

Gressley, Tanya (gressley@udel.edu) - University of Delaware;
Rezamand, Pedram (rezamand@uidaho.edu) - University of Idaho;
Timms, Leo (ltimms@iastate.edu) - Iowa State University;
Owens, Bill (wowens@agctr.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University;
Lichtenwalner, Anne (anne.lichtenwalner@maine.edu) - University of Maine;
Erskine, Ron (erskine@msu.edu) - Michigan State University;
Godden, Sandra (godde002@umn.edu) - University of Minnesota;
Middleton, John (middletonjr@missouri.edu) - University of Missouri;
Wilson, David (David.Wilson@usu.edu) - Utah State University;
Barlow, John (john.barlow@uvm.edu) - University of Vermont;
Fox, Larry (fox@wsu.edu) - Washington State University;
Ruegg, Pamela (plruegg@wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin;

Brief Summary of Minutes

NE-1028 Multi State Research Project Annual Meeting
Mastitis Resistance to Enhance Dairy Food Safety
Annual Business Meeting
Chicago, Illinois USA
November 2, 2011

1. The 2011 business meeting of the NE 1028 Multistate research project was called to order by vice-chair Anne Lichtenwalner, presiding in the absence of the current chair Christina Petersson-Wolfe.

2. Christina Petersson-Wolfe distributed the meeting agenda by email prior to the meeting and during the meeting there was unanimous agreement to proceed with the proposed agenda.

3. An overview of the2010 business meeting minutes was presented (the complete minutes of the 2010 business meeting were sent by email and available on the project web site). A motion for approval was seconded and the 2010 business meeting minutes were approved by unanimous vote.

4. Introduction of members and new members:
Attending members introduced themselves.
Members present: 12 stations represented
Tanya Gressley  University of Delaware
Pedram Rezamand  University of Idaho
Leo Timms  Iowa State University
Bill Owens  Louisiana State University
Anne Lichtenwalner  University of Maine
Ron Erskine  Michigan State University
Sandra Godden  University of Minnesota
John Middleton  University of Missouri
Dave Wilson  Utah State University
John Barlow - University of Vermont
Larry Fox  Washington State University
Pamela Ruegg  University of Wisconsin

5. Administrative Advisor: Dr. Cameron Faustman was unable to attend due to scheduling conflicts.

6. USDA-CSREES advisor comments: Dr. Gary Sherman, the current advisor of record, was unable to attend due to scheduling conflicts.

7. Report on Mastitis Research Workers (MRW) meeting 2010 in Atlanta: 36 research talks were given with 42 attendees. Members representing 17 stations were present at the business meeting Nov. 4, 2010. This year there were 12 stations represented at the business meeting on Nov. 2, 2011. There were 27 research presentations and 30 attending MRW from Nov. 1 to 3, 2011.

8. Multistate projects:
Station reports are due on November 11. A concise report is due from each participant. All participants are encouraged to report if they are not receiving emails as there may be some recent issues with server filtering emails.

9. NE 1028 Proposal re-write:
The proposal rewrite is due March 2012 for the next 5 year period.
The steering committee is Christina Petersson-Wolfe, Anne Lichtenwalner, and David Kerr.

Individual stations will need to provide a report summarizing 5-year summary of reportable scholarly outputs and how work aligns with current objectives. Participants should also outline a 5 year plan of work and how this proposed work aligns for current objectives, and participants should give thought to revision of current proposal objectives for the rewrite. Examples of potential areas to include when revising objectives were issues of animal well-being and strategies which focus on mastitis prevention in order to reduced antimicrobial use. It was suggested that the MASCAP proposal would be an excellent source of material for the project rewrite. Draft of the rewrite will be sent to all members.

10. NE 1028 Termination report:
A project termination report will also be due. Again all stations will need to provide a 5 year summary of work (publications and presentations) aligned to the relevant objectives. Annual summary reports can be used to construct the termination report.

11. Collaborative research projects:
Project members participated in conference calls regarding the development of collaborative research proposals for the USDA-AFRI RFP Extension driven disease prevention and control in animals. Dr. Peter Johnson participated in one conference call providing members with information on the RFP.

12. Election of new members:
Tanya Gressley was recognized as a new member and as already being listed in Appendix E. It was noted that Dr. Gressley needs to be added to the project email list.

13. Election of New Officers:
Pradam Rezamond was nominated for Secretary, the nomination was seconded and all attending voted in favor.

14. Next meeting:
The timing and location of the next meeting was discussed. Chicago and Minneapolis were proposed as possible meeting locations for next year. There was discussion regarding the location and ease of travel for participants and the increasing cost of meeting facilities at the current location. It was agreed that a vote on the location would be conducted by email. Bill Owens and Sandra Godden will research lodging and facilities fees for the current Chicago and possible Minneapolis locations and this information will be sent with the request for voting by email. The email vote was distributed on Nov. 9, and Chicago was selected by a majority for the 2012 meeting. MRW will be from Nov. 6 to 8 (same format as this year), with the 2012 NE 1028 business meeting on Nov. 7.

15. 2013 meeting  Ghent, Belgium was proposed as the location for the 2013 MRW meeting location. An email vote was conducted and a strong margin voted in favor of Ghent as the location for the 2013 MRW meeting.

16. Seeing no other business the meeting was adjourned after a motion and second.

Respectfully submitted by John Barlow, acting as secretary for David Kerr.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance.<br /> <br /> DELAWARE<br /> The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of thymol on function of bovine neutrophils. Thymol is a natural plant-derived compound with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities that may provide an alternative to traditional antibiotics for treatment of mastitis. The antimicrobial activities of thymol may assist neutrophils in destroying pathogens and the antioxidant activities may reduce mammary tissue damage from reactive oxygen species released by neutrophils. <br /> <br /> IDAHO<br /> We are investigating the effect of retinol-binding protein (RBP) status (as regulated by dietary retinol and/or protein) on IMI in periparturient Holstein cows. We have demonstrated a strong positive correlation between mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and that of RBP in the liver and adipose tissues. However, a follow up study showed the relationship between RBP and TNF-alpha is not a cause-effect relationship under our experimental condition.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Immune response of dairy heifers and dairy goats to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated at a university dairy herd and a commercial goat herd. Results demonstrated that vaccination reduced new staphylococcal infections, herd somatic cell counts, and culling rates in dairy goats. Daily feeding of a general immunostimulant to dairy heifers resulted in increased serum L-selectin and interleukin-8 levels, increased phagocytic ability of neutrophils and monocytes against S. aureus, which may enhance immunity in heifers vaccinated against mastitis caused by this mammary pathogen.<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> Continued research has investigated the impact of excessive lipid mobilization and altered adipose tissue function during the periparturient period of dairy cows on susceptibility to mastitis and other inflammatory based diseases. Particular interest has focused on the role of oxidative stress in the initiation and expression of inflammatory pathways.<br /> <br /> Michigan will continue to investigate lipid mobilization and adipose tissue function on mastitis and other inflammatory diseases. <br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> The Cornell team worked on characterization of immune response after intramammary E. coli challenge in late gestation. Immune response profiles showed a predominance of Th2 biased immune response.<br /> <br /> OHIO<br /> The development of endotoxin tolerance in mid-lactation Holstein cows that experience chronic subacute ruminal acidosis or acute and subsequent endotoxin mastitis was investigated in the current trial. Cows that experienced subacute ruminal acidosis and subsequent experimental endotoxin mastitis experience endotoxin tolerance at the level of the mammary gland, but not a systemic reduction in inflammatory mediators. <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> The CXCR1 gene is highly polymorphic with more than 30 variations, 5 of which cause amino acid changes, 4 which have the potential to influence receptor function. A common naming system utilizing HGVS guidelines was suggested for this gene. Closer examination of the CXCR1c.+735 SNP revealed that neutrophils from cows with a CC genotype have lower F-actin expression and do not travel directly towards IL8. Each of these effects has the potential to influence neutrophil migration and subsequent mastitis resistance. We also have identified that CXCR1 is expressed by mammary epithelial cells under normal and infected conditions.<br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> Contributing author to invited Consensus Statement for the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine on Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle.<br /> <br /> VERMONT<br /> Experiments are being conducted using an ex-vivo fibroblast model to evaluate the hypothesis that polymorphisms in genes associated with pathogen detection and intracellular signaling pathways contribute to differences between cows in their innate resistance to mastitis. In vitro responses of the fibroblasts to LPS reveal substantial between-animal variation in IL-8 production allowing classification of cows as high and low responders. This variation appeared to correlate with longer duration of somatic cell count elevation in the high vs. low responding animals following in vivo E. coli challenge.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Our characterization of dendritic cells in the bovine mammary gland were recently published and are the stepping stone to our current work. Currently we are evaluating the immune response of bovine T cells following activation by S. aureus infected dendritic cells. Understanding of the immune activation and suppression during this infection is the only means of identifying novel therapeutics. These studies also allow us to evaluate the S. aureus antigens presented by dendritic cells using proteomic technologies. <br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses. <br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Assessment of 46 non-hemolytic staphylococcal isolates from heifers and cows in 2 herds, presumptively identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) on blood agar demonstrated that 40% were actually S. aureus based on coagulase production and fermentation of mannitol on mannitol salt agar, 17% were other coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS), and 43% were CNS. Thus, a significant proportion of S. aureus and CPS infections may be misdiagnosed as CNS, and additional testing should be performed to correctly identify such staphylococcal isolates. Characteristics common to such isolates included a somatic cell count >1 x 106/ml; off-white to gray colonies; an indistinct, narrow zone of clear hemolysis; raised center in colony; and greening/browning of the agar.<br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> Clinical mastitis samples that resulted in "No Growth" utilizing traditional culture techniques and comparative normal quarter milk samples from the same cow were tested utilizing PCR amplification 16 S rRNA genes and sequencing the hypervariable V2-V3 region to identify and quantify all bacterial species in the samples. Our metagenomics analysis shows a distinctly different and very diverse bacterial flora from normal quarters compared to culture negative clinical mastitis samples on the same cow.<br /> <br /> KENTUCKY<br /> A MS student in Microbiology at Eastern Kentucky University (Erica Lynch) is conducting a project to assess antimicrobial resistance in pathogens responsible for causing bovine mastitis in Kentucky. This project is a field survey of multiple herds in Kentucky.<br /> <br /> LOUISIANA<br /> Hill Farm is conducting antimicrobial susceptibility testing on mastitis pathogens to monitor resistance levels. Comparisons will be made between mastitis pathogens, poultry pathogens and human pathogens. A program for monitoring all herds in the state for mycoplasma mastitis continues.<br /> <br /> MAINE<br /> Pasteurization trials of Maine prototheca isolates were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of these P. zopfii genotype II strains to standard pasteurization methods, and to explore the mechanisms for this resistance. <br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> Michigan has evaluatee the application of RT-qPCR for Mycoplasma bovis detection in milk to herd mastitis programs, to be used as a method of surveillance of herd prevalence. <br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> Farm prevalence of S. aureus, including MRSA, was estimated from bulk tank milk sampled in duplicate over 3 seasons from 50 MN dairy herds. The bulk tank level prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA was 62% and 1.3%, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that 17.2 % (16 of 93) of S. aureus isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR), and confirmed the presence of 2 MRSA isolates. Seven isolates, including the two MRSA isolates, produced staphylococcal enterotoxins B, C, D and E on overnight culture in nutrient media. These results suggest that MRSA genotypes associated with hospitals and community are present in MN bulk tank milk, albeit at a very low prevalence. <br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> We are continuing to work on the relationship between coagulase negative staphylococcal (CNS) intramammary infection (IMI), milk somatic cell count, and duration of infection. Recently we have begun mapping the genome of 4 CNS species isolated from milk. We are completing studies on risk of IMI in heifers at calving based on pre-partum IMI.<br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> The Cornell Team worked on characterization of the pathogenicity of gram-negative coliforms, particularly E. coli and Klebsiella species. Bacterial survival in dry cow secretum was an important predictor of pathogenicity in early lactation.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Tennessee is conducting further validation of the potential for Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) as a realistic vaccine candidate. This includes: predicted antigenic regions of SUAM are involved in adherence to mammary epithelial cells, mutation of the SUA gene reduces adherence to mammary epithelial cells, and antibodies generated against SUAM protect against adhesion in vitro. Also, a mutant library was generated from a Streptococcus uberis strain UT888, which has been partially screened for genes tied to mammary adhesion and evasion of neutrophil killing. Several candidates have been identified. <br /> <br /> The intracellular fate of chronic vs acute strains of E. coli was evaluated in vitro. (TN, NY)<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> We are currently using proteomic technology, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), to compare the expression profiles of commensal and pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Our goal is to identify differentially expressed virulence factors that can be targeted to prevent bacterial growth during infection.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 3. Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. <br /> <br /> CONNECTICUT<br /> A study was conducted to determine the sensitivity and detection limits of the Delvotest® SP-NT and the IDEXX ² Lactam SNAP test for detection of natural antimicrobial compounds in milk and determine if pasteurization of milk containing the compounds affected the sensitivity rates. The IDEXX ² Lactam SNAP test did not detect any of the compounds evaluated. The Delvotest® SP-NT detected caprylic acid, the plant-derived antimicrobials, and nisin at their MIC values with sensitivities of 1.0. The sensitivity rates of the Delvotest® SP-NT for the detection limit (DL) ranged from 0.93 to 1.0 for the compounds evaluated. Although the MIC could not be established for phyto-mast® in this study, the Delvotest® SP-NT detected phyto-mast® at a concentration of 12.5% in milk. Nisin was the most sensitive compound with a DL 99.8% less than its MIC. Trans -cinnamaldehyde was the most sensitive of the plant-derived essential oils. The pasteurization of milk did not have an effect on the outcome of the Delvotest® SP-NT. The Delvotest® SP-NT detected the combination of eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol and thymol at their respective concentrations below the DL.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Evaluation of a non-lactating cow antimicrobial intramammary infusion product (Spectramast DC) against clinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis was conducted at 2 UGA dairies. Treatment of 92 clinically infected quarters of 46 heifers (2 quarters/heifer) approximately 45 days prior to expected parturition resulted in a 100% cure rate. Additionally, all animals calved free of antimicrobial residues with low SCC and normal milk production. <br /> <br /> IOWA<br /> 1) A trial was completed evaluating maintaining effective cephapirin antibiotic levels as well as adherence to label withdrawal times and residue levels when cows were milked 3X and treated once daily in all 4 quarters for 8 days (extended therapy). Effective cephapirin levels were maintained and antibiotic withdrawal times met label specifications. <br /> 2) 23 studies evaluating teat health and condition using 15 different lactating cow teat dips and compounds were completed. 3 new teat dips were made commercial with our data on skin conditioning being the final piece with 3 new, novel dips and compounds pending. These projects included 5 different industry partners.<br /> 3) A non-inferiority study examining the effects of 3 different dry cow antibiotics and their effects on prevention and cure of IMI across the dry period, calving, and early lactation, and clinical mastitis and production through 100 days in milk was initiated (in conjunction with MN and CA). <br /> 4) 24 new dry cow teat dip sealant prototypes were evaluated for teat protection persistency compared to available commercial industry dry cow teat dip sealants in a randomized within udder model (4 dips simultaneously randomized within cows across quarters). All dips showed lower average persistency times and higher % of teats unprotected at 72 hours.<br /> <br /> KENTUCKY<br /> A survey of Kentucky herds with annual SCC <250,000 was conducted in 2011 to identify management practices associated with low somatic cell count. An economic dashboard decision support tool was developed to help dairy producers understand the economic impact of lowering SCC (www2.ca.uky.edu/afsdairy/MilkQualityCalculator). A field survey of compost bedded pack barns was conducted including bacterial analysis of bedding materials.<br /> <br /> MAINE<br /> We continue to apply the nested PCR developed to detect prototheca in bulk tank filters as a screening tool. We continue to provide mastitis detection and treatment information to Maine farms, and to interact with Extension colleagues to solve mastitis-related farm problems.<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> 1. An observational study, conducted to assess the effect of sampling interval and variation of the BMSCC data on the accuracy to predict BMSCC, concluded that the length of the sampling interval greatly influences the usefulness of BMSCC data to monitor trends in udder health at the herd level.<br /> <br /> 2. An observational study, designed to investigate the relationship between herd SCC level and performance rank for mastitis and milk quality benchmarking on dairy farms, found that herd SCC was associated with the percent infected, percent of current cows with new infections, percent of fresh cows with chronic infections and percent infected less than 30 days in milk.<br /> <br /> 3. An observational study, designed to investigate the chemical and bacteriological characteristics of digested, composted, and separated raw manure solids in Midwest dairy herds, reported that anaerobic digestion of manure may affect the characteristics of recycled solids prior to use as bedding for freestalls.<br /> <br /> 4. An observational study, designed to evaluate mortality and herd turnover rates in Midwest dairy herds utilizing recycled manure solids in deep bedded or mattress based freestalls, reported that stall surface had a relatively minor association with mortality and turnover rates in dairy herds utilizing recycled manure solids as bedding.<br /> <br /> 5. An observational study, designed to identify and quantify the months where herds have the highest percent of fresh cows with new infections (FNI) and percent of current lactating cows with new infections (CNI), reported that the greatest challenge for FNI comes during the spring when cows may be exposed to the dampest environments. The summer months are the worst for CNI, with the addition of the deep winter months for the poorest milk quality producers.<br /> <br /> 6. A randomized multistate clinical trial reported that use of an on-farm culture system to guide the strategic treatment of clinical mastitis reduced intramammary antibiotic use by half and tended to reduce milk withholding time by one day, without significant differences in days to clinical cure or bacteriological cure risk, and no differences in long-term outcomes such as recurrence of clinical mastitis in the same quarter, somatic cell count, milk production, and cow survival for the rest of the lactation after clinical mastitis. (Project completed between UMN, UWI and U of Guelph)<br /> <br /> 7. We propose the development of two parallel curriculums for web delivery to veterinary audiences: i) Mastitis: biology and economics, control, treatment, pharmacology, regulatory issues, milk quality protection. We will also seek out suitable on-line opportunities for people who wish to learn more about fundamental lactation biology, and ii) Milking system function and analysis. The project will develop a series of short content modules with appropriate text, audio, pictures, and video that would allow an online user to work through the curriculum one small piece at a time. Work will be completed in 2011 and 2012.<br /> <br /> 8. This project is a multi-state, multi-herd randomized clinical trial designed to compare the risk for presence of an IMI after calving, the risk for cure of an IMI during the dry period, the risk for developing a new IMI during the dry period, and lactation udder health and performance in the first 100 days of lactation, for quarters and cows previously treated at dry off with ToMORROW® Dry Cow, QUARTERMASTER®, or SPECTRAMAST® DC at dry off.. Cow enrollment and follow-up will be completed in 2011.<br /> (Completed in cooperation between UMN, ISU and UC-Davis)<br /> <br /> MISSOURI <br /> We are continuing to evaluate internal teat sealants during the dry period. To date we have developed radiographic and ultrasonographic methods for documenting the presence of sealants within the teat cistern during the early dry period. We have evaluated several milker hand hygiene protocols and teat end aseptic preparation techniques.<br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> The Cornell team worked on Listeria monocytogenes contamination of raw milk. A risk assessment was developed as well as risk factors for Listeria persistence in the milking equipment.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> The Tennessee team continued work on evaluation of bulk tank milk quality.<br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> Multiple Mycoplasma spp. were detected in bulk tank milk samples using real-time PCR, including the first report of M. gateae in bovine milk. Results were also compared with conventional mycoplasma milk culture methods.<br /> <br /> VERMONT<br /> A split herd negative controlled field trial was conducted to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of treating chronic subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were used to determine strain specific infection dynamics in treated and control groups. Results of this study provide strain specific estimates of the transmission parameter for S. aureus MLST clonal complexes in 2 commercial dairy herds, and evidence that treatment of subclinical S. aureus mastitis during lactation may impact transmission dynamics. <br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> We collected data to evaluate the use of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) during E. coli mastitis. NSAID administration alleviated the negative impacts on feed intake and also milk production. Animal activity was not affected by NSAID administration but was significantly altered when compared to a negative control. <br /> <br /> Data has been collected to examine the changes in animal activity around dystocia, subclinical ketosis, clinical mastitis, and milk fever in the transition period. Our results show that on the day of calving, rest bouts increased in animals that experienced dystocia over those who did not experience dystocia. Further, cows experiencing subclinical ketosis displayed increased rest bouts on the day prior to disease and decreased daily steps 6 days before the disease was diagnosed. Additionally, cows experiencing clinical mastitis had decreased rest times beginning 3 days prior to the onset of disease as compared to animals without mastitis. Cows with milk fever displayed more rest bouts with decreased daily steps on the day prior to and the day after disease diagnosis and increased overall rest duration and time after the clinical diagnosis of disease compared to cows that were not diseased.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> We hypothesized that teat disinfection would reduce the incidence of IMI by CNS, but the reduction would not be uniformly observed in all species. Findings supported the hypothesis as Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus xylosus were the most prevalent CNS causing IMI without disinfection; but with disinfection prevalence of S. xylosus IMI was reduced while S. chromogenes IMI was unchanged. In aggregate, post-milking teat disinfection reduced teat canal colonization and IMI by CNS.<br /> <br /> The purpose of this study was to develop real-time PCR assays to speciate three common mycoplasma mastitis agents: M. bovis, M. californicum and M. bovigenitalium. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing of isolates was used as the gold standard to determine agreement with the real-time PCR assay. To ascertain the specificity of the real-time PCR assay, reference strains of Mycoplasma species, Acholeplasma axanthum and common gram positive and negative mastitis pathogens were tested. No cross-reactivity of the developed real-time PCR assays with M. bovis, M. californicum and M. bovigenitalium and these reference strains were observed. Mycoplasma isolates from milk samples (n = 228) and other organ sites (n = 40) were tested by the developed real-time PCR assays and the gold standard assay. The novel real-time PCR assays is a promising diagnostic technique that may be used either as a screening or a confirmation test for mycoplasma mastitis. <br /> <br /> <br /> WORK IN PROGRESS <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance.<br /> <br /> CONNECTICUT<br /> A study is planned to investigate the effect of antibiotic use against mastitis on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in dairy farm manure. This study is a collaboration between The University of Connecticut and Yale University, Biological and Medical Sciences.<br /> <br /> DELAWARE<br /> Delaware will complete experimental work by evaluating effect of thymol on bactericidal function of neutrophils.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Study of the immune response of dairy cows to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus will continue. Heifers vaccinated against S. aureus and receiving an oral immunostimulant daily will be challenged with S. aureus to determine if they are more resistant to challenge compared with unvaccinated control heifers receiving the oral immunostimulant.<br /> <br /> IDAHO<br /> Idaho will continue conducting a study entitled  Interaction among energy status, retinol-binding protein status and intra-mammary infection in periparturient dairy cows. Over the past ~ 11 months 56 multiparous periparturient Holstein cows have completed the feeding trial and necessary samples have been obtained (blood, milk, PMN for killing assay, PBMC for gene expression studies, feed, liver, adipose tissue). We anticipate that completion of this project will take ~ 2 yr from now. We finished testing the effect of pro-inflammatory mediators on hepatic tissues mRNA expression of retinol-binding protein and now are in the process of establishing gene expression of RBP during the periparturient period.<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> Michigan will continue to investigate lipid mobilization and adipose tissue function on mastitis and other inflammatory diseases. <br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> In the coming year we will be evaluating a novel therapeutic regime for chronic Staphylococcus aureus IMI. Our heifer mastitis project evaluating risk of IMI post-calving will be completed. <br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> We will continue our work on immune profiling the response to an intramammary challenge in late gestation. Cellular immune mechanisms will be studied in more detail. We will also be evaluating immune response profiles in mid lactation using the same challenge model as the one we use in late gestation.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> We will continue to assess the role of CXCR1 and its sister receptor CXCR2 in relation to immune function and subsequent resistance to mastitis. <br /> <br /> VERMONT<br /> We will evaluate the between-animal variation in the innate immune response of dermal fibroblasts from 50 Holstein cows and then challenge the four lowest and four highest ranked animals with Staphylococcus aureus to determine the relationship between in vitro ranking and in vivo mastitis resistance.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> In the upcoming year we will continue to collect data on the immune activation and suppression during S. aureus infection. Our goal is to define the pathways regulated by this pathogen so that we can therapeutically manipulate them to change the course of infection.<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> The effect of dexamethasone induced alterations of the bovine immune system and associated mycoplasma colonization and infection will be studied. Calves will be split into treatment (dexamethasone treatment) and control. Pre-weaned calves will be challenged with M. bovis, a wild type strain, through their feeding of milk replacer. Neutrophil function will be monitored before and after day 0, the initiation of the trial. Colonization of mucosal surfaces of the nasal, vaginal, eye, ear, and rectum will be assessed throughout the trial. Colonization of the inner ear and upper and lower respiratory system will be assessed from postmortem samples. <br /> <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense.<br /> <br /> GA Assessment of S. aureus isolates misdiagnosed as coagulase-negative staphylococci will continue with emphasis on identifying specific characteristics that allow correct presumptive identification of such isolates based on specificity and sensitivity values. <br /> <br /> IA<br /> Work will center on metagenomic analysis of milk secretions from low SCC quarter and animals; and evaluate shifts in bacterial flora of the milk of normal quarters in response to new intramammary infections and challenge. <br /> <br /> LA<br /> Monitoring of Louisiana dairies for mycoplasma mastitis will continue.<br /> <br /> ME<br /> 1. Continue to test new isolates for heat resistance using standard methods of pasteurization, and investigate the phenotypic properties associated with resistance.<br /> 2. Evaluate prototheca in vitro sensitivity to available disinfectant and antibiotic compounds.<br /> <br /> MO<br /> We will be doing further evaluation of the potential differences in virulence between species of coagulase negative staphylococci use whole genome sequencing of selected strains. We will continue evaluating the risk of IMI post-calving in heifers. <br /> <br /> NY<br /> The Cornell team will continue to look at virulence characteristics of gram-negative organisms, particularly Klebsiella spp associated with clinical mastitis.<br /> <br /> TN<br /> We will continue with our research on pathogenesis of IMI caused by environmental pathogens, particularly S. uberis and E. coli, with ultimate goal to identify virulence factors with key role in the pathogenic process. <br /> <br /> VT<br /> We are investigating potential associations between carriage of antimicrobial resistance genes and response to antimicrobial therapy among different strain types of Staphylococcus aureus.<br /> <br /> VA<br /> Having identified differentially up-regulated proteins in pathogenic strains of S. aureus we will know genetically modify strains to knock out these genes and evaluate their role in pathogenesis.<br /> <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 3: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety.<br /> <br /> GA <br /> A Direct Cell Counter (DCC) will be evaluated to determine its ability to correctly to enumerate somatic cells in goat milk in fresh versus frozen samples. <br /> <br /> IA<br /> 1) Continue to evaluate teat condition and health associated with new prototype lactating dips and compounds through our intense observational half udder design model, including histological evaluation of all tissue abnormalities.<br /> 2) Complete data collection, summarize, and publish results from the non-inferiority study examining the effects of 3 different dry cow antibiotics and their effects on prevention and cure of IMI across the dry period, calving, and early lactation, and clinical mastitis and production through 100 days in milk (in conjunction with MN and CA). <br /> 3) Continue to evaluate new compounds and dips for dry period mastitis prevention in dry cows and springing heifers.<br /> 4) We will begin a trial to prove efficacy of a new mastitis vaccine.<br /> <br /> KY<br /> A two-year study to examine the mastitis detection potential of multiple Precision Dairy Farming Technologies (MilkLine P4C individual quarter conductivity, IceRobotics IceQube lying behavior monitors, DVM Systems temperature boluses, SCR Rumination Tags) has started at the University of Kentucky. <br /> <br /> ME<br /> 1. Expand prototheca bulk tank evaluations to include a wider area: Collaborations with other investigators are being developed to recruit new dairies from outside the northeast region into the bulk tank filter project.<br /> 2. Continue validation of prototheca nested PCR: Split sampling between 2 or 3 laboratories for assay validation has been proposed with other investigators.<br /> <br /> MI<br /> Michigan will evaluate the application of RT-qPCR for Mycoplasma bovis detection in milk to herd mastitis programs, to be used as a method of surveillance of herd prevalence. <br /> <br /> MN<br /> 1. Continue working on the study: Development of an on-line curriculum in milk quality, mastitis control and treatment, and the analysis of milking equipment function on dairy farms.<br /> 2. Continue working on the study: Randomized Non-Inferiority Clinical Trial Evaluating Three Commercial Dry Cow Mastitis Preparations. <br /> <br /> MO<br /> In the coming year we will be evaluating a novel therapeutic regime for chronic Staphylococcus aureus IMI. <br /> <br /> NY<br /> The Cornell team will continue its work on monitoring and reducing food safety pathogens in bulk milk. <br /> <br /> UT<br /> Utah will continue surveillance for prevalence of infectious diseases of dairy cattle in Utah including Mycoplasma spp. Utah will conduct a statewide survey of Utah dairy farms for several bovine diseases using a repeated testing scheme for bulk tank milk samples.<br /> <br /> Utah will continue speciation using PCR of Mycoplasma spp. including M. gateae in milk samples from individual cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis and comparison to clinical severity and economic outcomes.<br /> <br /> VT<br /> We are investigating contagious mastitis transmission dynamics and control in automated milking systems.<br /> <br /> VA<br /> Data is being collected to evaluate the use of milk lactose concentration as an indicator of mastitis during naturally occurring mastitis. This data collection will be complete in 2012, followed by analysis and reporting. <br /> <br /> WA<br /> Develop and deliver an innovative outreach program to reduce the impact of mastitis on Western U.S. dairies.<br />

Publications

NE-1028 ANNUAL REPORT  2011<br /> <br /> ACCOMPLISHMENTS<br /> <br /> PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE<br /> <br /> CONNECTICUT<br /> Ananda Baskaran, S., M. A. Roshni Amalaradjou, M. Procopio, Thomas Hoagland, G. Kazmer, S. M. Andrew and K Venkitanarayanan. 2012. Determining the efficacy of octenidine hydrochloride as a teat dip using excised teat model. J. Dairy Sci. (Submitted 12/28/2011)<br /> <br /> DELAWARE<br /> Nebzydoski, S. J., S. Pozzo, L. M. Nemec, M. K. Rankin, and T. F. Gressley. 2010. The effect of dexamethasone on clock gene mRNA levels in bovine neutrophils and lymphocytes. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 138:183-192.<br /> <br /> GEORGIA<br /> Akers, R.M. and S. C. Nickerson. Mastitis and its impact on structure and function in the ruminant mammary gland. 2011. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 16: Online First", 4 October 2011.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S. C. Managing mastitis in heifers: An initial step in improving dairy herd health. 2011. In Milk Production / Book 1 (ISBN 979-953-307-116-8), InTech, Rijeka, Croatia. In press.<br /> <br /> KENTUCKY<br /> Russell, R.A. and J.M. Bewley. 2011. Producer assessment of dairy extension programming in Kentucky. J. Dairy Sci. 94: 2637-2647.<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> Erskine R.J., C. M. Corl, J. C. Gandy, and L. M. Sordillo. 2011. Effect of infection with bovine leukosis virus on lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis in dairy cattle. Am J Vet Res. Aug;72(8):1059-64. <br /> <br /> Erskine RJ, P.C. Bartlett, K.M. Sabo, and L.M. Sordillo. Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in Dairy Cattle: Effect on Serological Response to Immunization against J5 Escherichia coli Bacterin. Vet Med Intl. Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 915747, 5 pages doi:10.4061/2011/915747<br /> Mattmiller, S.A., C.M. Corl, J.C. Gandy, J.J. Loor, and L.M. Sordillo. 2011. Glucose transporter and hypoxia-associated gene expression in the mammary gland of transition dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 94:2912-2922.<br /> Contreras, G.A. and L.M. Sordillo. 2011. Lipid mobilization and inflammatory responses during the transition period. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infectious Dis. 34:281-289.<br /> Aitken, S.L., C.M. Corl, and L.M. Sordillo. 2011. Pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic gene expression of TNF-a stimulated bovine mammary endothelial cells. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 140:282-290.<br /> Hill, T.M., M.J. VandeHaar, L.M. Sordillo, D.R. Catherman, H.G. Bateman, and R.L. Schlotterbeck. 2011. Fatty acid intake alters growth and immunity in milk-fed calves. J. Dairy Sci. 94:3936-3948.<br /> Aitken, S.L., C.M. Corl, and L.M. Sordillo. 2011. Immunopathology of Mastitis: Insights into disease recognition and resolution. J. Mammary Gland Neoplasia. Epub ahead of print: DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9230-4<br /> Sordillo, L.M. 2011. New concepts in the causes and control of mastitis. J. Mammary Gland Neoplasia. Epub ahead of print: DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9239-8<br /> Sordillo, L.M. and S. L. Aitken 2011. Mammary Resistance Mechanisms - Endogenous. In: Fuquay, J.W., Fox, P.F. and McSweeney, P.L.H. (eds), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edition, vol. 3, pp. 386-391. San Diego: Academic Press. <br /> Contreras, G.A. and L.M. Sordillo. 2011. Lipid mobilization and inflammatory responses during the transition period. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infectious Dis. 34:281-289.<br /> Contreras, G.A. and J.M. Rodriguez. 2011. Mastitis: Comparative Etiology and Epidemiology. J. Mammary Gland Neoplasia. DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9234-0<br /> Contreras, G.A. 2011Mycoplasma bovis in dairy cattle. Mycoplasma bovis en el ganado lechero. Albeitar 26:28-30.<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA <br /> Haran, K.P., S.M. Godden, D. Boxrud, J.B. Bender, S. Sreevatsan. Isolation and Characterization of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Bulk Tank Milk in Minnesota Dairy Farms. Submitted to J. Submitted: Clinical Microbiology. <br /> <br /> Lago, A., S.M. Godden, R. Bey, P.L. Ruegg, K. Leslie. The selective treatment of clinical mastitis based on on-farm culture results I: Effects on antibiotic use, milk withholding time and short-term clinical and bacteriological outcomes. Accepted J. Dairy Sci.<br /> <br /> Lago, A., S.M. Godden, R. Bey, P.L. Ruegg, K. Leslie. The selective treatment of clinical mastitis based on on-farm culture results II: Effects on lactation performance including, clinical mastitis recurrence, somatic cell count, milk production and cow survival. Accepted J. Dairy Sci.<br /> <br /> Lievaart, J.J., J.K. Reneau, W.D.J. Kremer and H.W. Barkema. 2011. Short communication: Influence of sampling interval on the accuracy of predicting bulk milk somatic cell count. JDSci. 94:804-807.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. Epub ahead of print Oct 2011. <br /> <br /> NEW YORK<br /> Schukken YH, Bennett GJ, Zurakowski MJ, Sharkey HL, Rauch BJ, Thomas MJ,<br /> Ceglowski B, Saltman RL, Belomestnykh N, Zadoks RN. Randomized clinical trial to <br /> evaluate the efficacy of a 5-day ceftiofur hydrochloride intramammary treatment<br /> on nonsevere gram-negative clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 2011<br /> Dec;94(12):6203-15. PubMed PMID: 22118109.<br /> <br /> Dohoo I, Andersen S, Dingwell R, Hand K, Kelton D, Leslie K, Schukken Y,<br /> Godden S. Diagnosing intramammary infections: Comparison of multiple versus<br /> single quarter milk samples for the identification of intramammary infections in <br /> lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2011 Nov;94(11):5515-22. PubMed PMID:<br /> 22032374.<br /> <br /> Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. Molecular<br /> epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to<br /> humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2011 Dec;16(4):357-72. Epub 2011 Oct 4.<br /> PubMed PMID: 21968538; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3208832.<br /> <br /> Schukken YH, Günther J, Fitzpatrick J, Fontaine MC, Goetze L, Holst O, Leigh<br /> J, Petzl W, Schuberth HJ, Sipka A, Smith DG, Quesnell R, Watts J, Yancey R, Zerbe<br /> H, Gurjar A, Zadoks RN, Seyfert HM; members of the Pfizer mastitis research<br /> consortium. Host-response patterns of intramammary infections in dairy cows. Vet <br /> Immunol Immunopathol. 2011 Dec 15;144(3-4):270-89. Epub 2011 Sep 10. PubMed PMID:<br /> 21955443.<br /> <br /> Hertl JA, Schukken YH, Bar D, Bennett GJ, González RN, Rauch BJ, Welcome FL,<br /> Tauer LW, Gröhn YT. The effect of recurrent episodes of clinical mastitis caused <br /> by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and other organisms on mortality and <br /> culling in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2011 Oct;94(10):4863-77. PubMed<br /> PMID: 21943738.<br /> <br /> Cha E, Bar D, Hertl JA, Tauer LW, Bennett G, González RN, Schukken YH, Welcome<br /> FL, Gröhn YT. The cost and management of different types of clinical mastitis in <br /> dairy cows estimated by dynamic programming. J Dairy Sci. 2011 Sep;94(9):4476-87.<br /> PubMed PMID: 21854920.<br /> <br /> Latorre AA, Pradhan AK, Van Kessel JA, Karns JS, Boor KJ, Rice DH, Mangione<br /> KJ, Gröhn YT, Schukken YH. Quantitative risk assessment of listeriosis due to<br /> consumption of raw milk. J Food Prot. 2011 Aug;74(8):1268-81. PubMed PMID:<br /> 21819653.<br /> <br /> Richards VP, Lang P, Bitar PD, Lefébure T, Schukken YH, Zadoks RN, Stanhope<br /> MJ. Comparative genomics and the role of lateral gene transfer in the evolution<br /> of bovine adapted Streptococcus agalactiae. Infect Genet Evol. 2011<br /> Aug;11(6):1263-75. Epub 2011 Apr 22. PubMed PMID: 21536150; PubMed Central PMCID:<br /> PMC3139733.<br /> <br /> Latorre AA, Van Kessel JA, Karns JS, Zurakowski MJ, Pradhan AK, Boor KJ,<br /> Adolph E, Sukhnanand S, Schukken YH. Increased in vitro adherence and on-farm<br /> persistence of predominant and persistent Listeria monocytogenes strains in the<br /> milking system. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Jun;77(11):3676-84. Epub 2011 Mar<br /> 25. PubMed PMID: 21441322; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3127605.<br /> <br /> Toni F, Vincenti L, Grigoletto L, Ricci A, Schukken YH. Early lactation ratio<br /> of fat and protein percentage in milk is associated with health, milk production,<br /> and survival. J Dairy Sci. 2011 Apr;94(4):1772-83. PubMed PMID: 21426966.<br /> <br /> Sampimon OC, Lam TJ, Mevius DJ, Schukken YH, Zadoks RN. Antimicrobial<br /> susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine milk<br /> samples. Vet Microbiol. 2011 May 12;150(1-2):173-9. Epub 2011 Jan 28. PubMed<br /> PMID: 21333468.<br /> <br /> Zadoks RN, Griffiths HM, Munoz MA, Ahlstrom C, Bennett GJ, Thomas E, Schukken<br /> YH. Sources of Klebsiella and Raoultella species on dairy farms: be careful where<br /> you walk. J Dairy Sci. 2011 Feb;94(2):1045-51. PubMed PMID: 21257074.<br /> <br /> Almeida RA, Dogan B, Klaessing S, Schukken YH, Oliver SP. Intracellular fate <br /> of strains of Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows with acute or chronic<br /> mastitis. Vet Res Commun. 2011 Feb;35(2):89-101. Epub 2011 Jan 5. PubMed PMID:<br /> 21207146.<br /> <br /> Dohoo IR, Smith J, Andersen S, Kelton DF, Godden S; Mastitis Research<br /> Workers' Conference. Diagnosing intramammary infections: evaluation of<br /> definitions based on a single milk sample. J Dairy Sci. 2011 Jan;94(1):250-61.<br /> PubMed PMID: 21183035.<br /> <br /> Schukken YH, Bar D, Hertl J, Gröhn YT. Correlated time to event data:<br /> Modeling repeated clinical mastitis data from dairy cattle in New York State.<br /> Prev Vet Med. 2010 Dec 1;97(3-4):150-6. Epub 2010 Oct 28. PubMed PMID: 21035216.<br /> <br /> Andersen S, Dohoo IR, Olde Riekerink R, Stryhn H; Mastitis Research Workers' <br /> Conference. Diagnosing intramammary infections: evaluating expert opinions on the<br /> definition of intramammary infection using conjoint analysis. J Dairy Sci. 2010<br /> Jul;93(7):2966-75. PubMed PMID: 20630213.<br /> <br /> Latorre AA, Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Zurakowski MJ, Pradhan AK, Boor KJ,<br /> Jayarao BM, Houser BA, Daugherty CS, Schukken YH. Biofilm in milking equipment on<br /> a dairy farm as a potential source of bulk tank milk contamination with Listeria <br /> monocytogenes. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Jun;93(6):2792-802. PubMed PMID: 20494189.<br /> <br /> Zanella R, Settles ML, McKay SD, Schnabel R, Taylor J, Whitlock RH, Schukken <br /> Y, Van Kessel JS, Smith JM, Neibergs HL. Identification of loci associated with<br /> tolerance to Johne's disease in Holstein cattle. Anim Genet. 2011<br /> Feb;42(1):28-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02076.x. PubMed PMID: 20477805.<br /> <br /> Scaccabarozzi L, Locatelli C, Pisoni G, Manarolla G, Casula A, Bronzo V,<br /> Moroni P. Short communication: Epidemiology and genotyping of Candida rugosa<br /> strains responsible for persistent intramammary infections in dairy cows. J Dairy<br /> Sci. 2011 Sep;94(9):4574-7. PubMed PMID: 21854930.<br /> <br /> Zonca A, Gallo M, Locatelli C, Carli S, Moroni P, Villa R, Cagnardi P.<br /> Cefquinome sulfate behavior after intramammary administration in healthy and<br /> infected cows. J Dairy Sci. 2011 Jul;94(7):3455-61. PubMed PMID: 21700031.<br /> <br /> Genini S, Badaoui B, Sclep G, Bishop SC, Waddington D, Pinard van der Laan MH,<br /> Klopp C, Cabau C, Seyfert HM, Petzl W, Jensen K, Glass EJ, de Greeff A, Smith HE,<br /> Smits MA, Olsaker I, Boman GM, Pisoni G, Moroni P, Castiglioni B, Cremonesi P,<br /> Del Corvo M, Foulon E, Foucras G, Rupp R, Giuffra E. Strengthening insights into <br /> host responses to mastitis infection in ruminants by combining heterogeneous<br /> microarray data sources. BMC Genomics. 2011 May 11;12(1):225. PubMed PMID:<br /> 21569310; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3118214.<br /> <br /> Cuccuru C, Meloni M, Sala E, Scaccabarozzi L, Locatelli C, Moroni P, Bronzo V.<br /> Effects of intramammary infections on somatic cell score and milk yield in Sarda <br /> sheep. N Z Vet J. 2011 May;59(3):128-31. PubMed PMID: 21541886.<br /> <br /> Ricchi M, Goretti M, Branda E, Cammi G, Garbarino CA, Turchetti B, Moroni P,<br /> Arrigoni N, Buzzini P. Molecular characterization of Prototheca strains isolated <br /> from Italian dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Oct;93(10):4625-31. PubMed PMID:<br /> 20854996.<br /> <br /> Cagnardi P, Villa R, Gallo M, Locatelli C, Carli S, Moroni P, Zonca A.<br /> Cefoperazone sodium preparation behavior after intramammary administration in<br /> healthy and infected cows. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Sep;93(9):4105-10. PubMed PMID:<br /> 20723685.<br /> <br /> Locatelli C, Scaccabarozzi L, Pisoni G, Moroni P. CTX-M1 ESBL-producing<br /> Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. J<br /> Clin Microbiol. 2010 Oct;48(10):3822-3. Epub 2010 Aug 18. PubMed PMID: 20720020; <br /> PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2953115.<br /> <br /> Pisoni G, Moroni P, Genini S, Stella A, Boettcher PJ, Cremonesi P,<br /> Scaccabarozzi L, Giuffra E, Castiglioni B. Differentially expressed genes<br /> associated with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy goats. Vet Immunol<br /> Immunopathol. 2010 Jun 15;135(3-4):208-17. Epub 2009 Dec 21. PubMed PMID:<br /> 20060596.<br /> <br /> OHIO<br /> Zimov, J.L., N.A. Botheras, W.P. Weiss, and J.S. Hogan. 2011. Associations among behavioral and acute physiological responses to lipopolysaccharide induced clinical mastitis. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 72:620-627.<br /> <br /> Petersson-Wolfe, C.S., S. Masiello, and J.S. Hogan. 2011. The ability of mastitis-causing pathogens to survive as ensiling period. J. Dairy Sci. 94:5027-5032.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2011. Predicted antigenic regions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) are involved in adherence to and internalization into mammary epithelial cells. Vet. Microbiol. 148:323-28.<br /> <br /> Almeida, R.A., B. Dogan, S. Klaessing, Y. H. Schukken and S. P. Oliver. 2011. Intracellular fate of strains of Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows with acute or chronic mastitis. Vet. Res. Comm. 35:89101.<br /> <br /> Chen, Xueyan, Oudessa Kerro Dego, Troy E. Fuller, Raul A. Almeida, Douglas A. Luther, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2011. Deletion of sua gene reduces the ability of Streptococcus uberis to adhere to and internalize into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet. Microbiol. 147:426-434. <br /> <br /> Kerro Dego, O., R. A. Almeida, and S.P. Oliver. 2011. Presence of ISS1-like insertion sequence in wild type Streptococcus uberis strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. Vet. Microbiol. 151: 315320<br /> <br /> Kerro Dego, O., S. P. Oliver, and R. A. Almeida. 2011. Hostpathogen gene expression profiles during infection of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells with Escherichia coli strains associated with acute or persistent bovine mastitis. Vet. Microbiol. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.08.016.<br /> <br /> Kerro-Dego O, M. E. Prado, X. Chen, D. A. Luther D.A., R. A. Almeida RA, and S. P. Oliver. 2011. pGh9:ISS1 transpositional mutations in Streptococcus uberis UT888 causes reduced bacterial adherence to and internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet Microbiol. 151: 379-85. Epub 2011 Apr 12.<br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., S. E. Murinda, and B. M. Jayarao. 2011. Impact of antibiotic use in adult dairy cows on antimicrobial resistance of veterinary and human pathogens: A comprehensive review. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease 8(3): 337-355. <br /> <br /> Oliver, S. P., and S. E. Murinda. 2011. Milk and raw milk consumption as a vector for human disease. p. 99-118 In: Zoonotic Pathogens in the Food Chain, Denis Krause and Steve Hendrick Eds., CAB International, United Kingdom. <br /> <br /> Prado ME, Almeida R.A., Ozen C., Luther D.A., Lewis M.J., Headrick S.J., Oliver S.P. 2011. Vaccination of dairy cows with recombinant Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule induces antibodies that reduce adherence to and internalization of S. uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 141: 201-8.<br /> <br /> Pighetti GM and AA Elliott. 2011. Gene polymorphisms: The keys for marker assisted selection and unraveling core regulatory pathways for mastitis resistance. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 16:421-432. PMID 22056270.<br /> <br /> Pighetti GM, C Kojima, L. Wojakiewicz, and M Rambeaud. 2011. The bovine CXCR1 gene is highly polymorphic. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.09.012 PMID 22056270.<br /> <br /> Schrick, F. N., S. P. Oliver, and J. L. Edwards. 2011. Mastitis during early lactation alters reproductive performance of dairy cows. Alteración del rendimiento reproductive en la lactación temprana. Invited Review. Albéitar 145:14-17. <br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> Wilson DJ, Justice-Allen A, Goodell G, Baldwin TJ, Skirpstunas RT, Cavender KB: Risk of Mycoplasma bovis transmission from contaminated sand bedding to naive dairy calves. J Dy Sci 94:3:1318-1324, 2011.<br /> <br /> Justice-Allen A, Trujillo J, Goodell G, Wilson D: Detection of multiple Mycoplasma species in bulk tank milk samples using real-time PCR and conventional culture and comparison of test sensitivities. J Dy Sci 94:3411-3419, 2011.<br /> <br /> Maunsell FP, Woolums AR, Francoz D, Rosenbusch RF, Step DL, Wilson DJ, Janzen ED: Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle. J Vet Intern Med 25:4:772-783, 2011.<br /> <br /> Wilson DJ, Terra RL, Muller FJ, Sears PM, Anderson KL: Milk quality and udder health on organic dairies. Am Assoc Bov Pract Fact Sheet: 1-3, May, 2011.<br /> <br /> VERMONT<br /> Kandasamy, S., B.B. Green, A.L. Benjamin, and D.E. Kerr. 2011. Between-cow variation in dermal fibroblast response to lipopolysaccharide reflected in resolution of inflammation during Escherichia coli mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science. In press.<br /> <br /> Green, B.B., S. Kandasamy, T.H. Elsasser, and D.E. Kerr. 2011. The use of dermal fibroblasts as a predictive tool of the toll-like receptor 4 response pathway and its development in Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science. 94:5502-5514.<br /> <br /> Becker, S.C., J. Foster-Frey, A. Powell, D.E. Kerr, and D. M. Donovan. 2011. Lysostaphin: molecular changes that preserve staphylolytic activity. In "Science and Technology against Microbial Pathogens. Research, Development and Evaluation" A. Mendez-Vilas ed. World Scientific Publishing Co. pp18-22.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Petersson-Wolfe C. S., S. Masiello and J. S. Hogan. 2011. The ability of common mastitis-causing pathogens to survive an ensiling period. J. Dairy Sci. 94(10):5027-32.<br /> <br /> Petersson K. H., L. A. Connor, C. S. Petersson-Wolfe and K. A. Rego. 2011. Evaluation of confirmatory stains used for direct microscopic somatic cell counting of sheep milk. J. Dairy Sci. 94(4):1908-12.<br /> <br /> Maxymiv N.G., M. Bharathan, I.K. Mullarky. Bovine mammary dendritic cells: A heterogeneous population, distinct from macrophages and similar in phenotype to afferent lymph veiled cells. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011 Oct 20. PMID: 22019401.<br /> <br /> Bharathan, M., I.K. Mullarky. Targeting mucosal immunity in the battle to develop a mastitis vaccine. Journal: Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. Dec;16(4):409-19. Epub 2011 Oct 4. PMID: 21968537.<br /> <br /> Sordillo LM, I.K. Mullarky. Cutting edge technologies in animalomics. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2010 Dec 15;138(4):239-40. Epub 2010 Oct 14. PMID: 21036405 (1.963)<br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> Madhusoodanan J., K.S. Seo, B. Remortel, J.Y. Park, S.Y. Hwang, L.K. Fox LK, Y.H. Park, C.F. Deobald, D. Wang S. Liu , S.C. Daugherty, A.L. Gill, G.A.Bohach,and S.R. Gill, 2011. An enterotoxin-bearing pathogenicity island in Staphlococcus epidermidis. J. bacteriology. 193:1854-62.<br /> <br /> Punyaportwithaya, V., L.K. Fox, D. D. Hancock, J.M. Gay, J.R. Wenz, J. R. Alldredge. 2011. Incidence and transmission of Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in Holstein dairy cows in a hospital pen: A case study. Prev. Vet. Med. 98:74-78.<br /> <br /> Hunt, K.M., Hunt, K.M., J. A. Foster, L.J. Forney, U.M.E. Shute, D.L. Beck, Z. Abdo, L,K. Fox, J.E. Williams, M.K. McGuire, M.A. McGuire. 2011. Characterization of the Diversity and Temporal Stability of Bacterial Communities inHuman Milk. PLoS ONE 6(6): e21313. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021313<br /> <br /> Wenz, J.R., L.K. Fox, F.J. Muller, M. Rinaldi, R. Zeng, and D. D. Bannerman. 2010. Factors associated with concentrations of select cytokine and acute phase proteins in dairy cows with naturally occurring clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 93:2458-2470. <br /> Adhikari, B., T.E. Besser, J.M. Gay, L.K. Fox, D. D. Hancock, and M. A. Davis. 2010. Multilocus variable-number-tandem-repeat analysis and plasmid profiling to study the occurrence of blacmy-2 within a pulsed field gel electrophoresis defined cade of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 76:69-74.<br /> <br /> Park, J.Y., L.K. Fox, K.S. Seo, M. A. McGuire, Y.H. Park, F.R. Rurangirwa, W.M. Sischo, G. A. Bohach. 2010. Detection of classical and newly described staphylococcal superantigen genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Vet. Micro. 147:149-154.<br /> <br /> Park, J.Y., L.K. Fox, K.S. Seo, M. A. McGuire, Y.H. Park, F.R. Rurangirwa, W.M. Sischo, G. A. Bohach. 2010. Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic methods for the species identification of coagulase-negative staphyloccal isolates from bovine intramammary infections. Vet. Micro. 147:142-148.<br /> <br /> Boonyayatra, S., LK. Fox, T.E. Besser, A. Sawant, and J.M. Gay. 2010. Effects of storage methods on the recovery of Mycoplasma species from milk samples. Vet. Micro. 144:210-213.<br /> <br /> Punyapornwithaya, V., L.K. Fox, J.M. Gay, D.D. Hancock, and J.R. Alldredge. 2010. Association between an outbreak strain causing mycoplasma bovis mastitis and its asymptomatic carriage in the herd: A case study from Idaho, USA. Prev. Vet. Med. 93:66-70.<br /> <br /> ABSTRACTS<br /> <br /> DELAWARE<br /> Nemec L.M., C. Wu, S. Cordova, K. Davison, and T. F. Gressley. 2010. The effect of thymol on intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species production by bovine neutrophils. J. Dairy Sci. 93(E-Suppl. 1):313.<br /> GEORGIA<br /> Jackson, K.A.*, S.C. Nickerson, F.M. Kautz, and D.J. Hurley. 2011. Experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis mastitis in dairy heifers: A challenge model incident to a vaccine trial. Abstract. ADSA Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA. Journal of Dairy Science 94, E-supplement 1: 701.<br /> Eubanks, V.J.*, N.E. Forsberg, Y.Q. Wang, K.P. Zanzalari, J.D. Chapman, D.J. Hurley, F.M. Kautz, L.O. Ely, and S.C. Nickerson. 2011. Effects of OmniGen-AF on enhancing immunity in dairy heifers vaccinated with a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin. Abstract. ADSA Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA. Journal of Dairy Science 94, E-supplement 1: 702-703. <br /> IDAHO<br /> Rezamand. P., K. M. Hunt, R. D. Schramm, and M. A. McGuire. 2010. Bovine hepatic and adipose retinol binding protein gene expression. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93 (E-Suppl. 1):313 (Abstr.).<br /> KENTUCKY<br /> Bewley, J.M. 2011. Extension programming in Kentucky to address somatic cell count challenges and opportunities. Abstract 170. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. New Orleans, Louisiana.<br /> <br /> Sterrett, A.E. and J.M. Bewley. 2011. Characterization of management practices utilized by low somatic cell count Kentucky dairy herds. Abstract M160. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. New Orleans, Louisiana.<br /> <br /> Black, R.A., J.L. Taraba, G.B. Day, F. A. Damasceno, M. C. Newman. K. A. Akers, and J.M. Bewley. 2011. Relationships among temperature, moisture, bacterial counts, and animal hygiene in compost bedded pack barns. Abstract 234. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. New Orleans, Louisiana<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> Husfeldt, A.W., M.I. Endres, K. A. Janni, J.A. Salfer, J.K. Reneau. Chemical and bacteriological characteristics of digested, composted, and separated raw manure solids prior to use as freestall bedding. Annu mtg ADSA. July 10-14, 2011. New Orleans, LA. <br /> <br /> Husfeldt, A.W., M.I. Endres, J.A. Salfer, and J.K. Reneau. Mortality and herd turnover rates in dairy herds utilizing recycled manure solids for bedding freestalls. Annu mtg ADSA. July 10-14, 2011. New Orleans, LA.<br /> <br /> Leuer, R.F. and J. K. Reneau. Effect of season on four categories of fresh and current new mastitis infections in Minnesota. Annu mtg ADSA. July 10-14, 2011. New Orleans, LA.<br /> <br /> Leuer, R.F. and J. K. Reneau. Somatic Cell Count and Management Benchmarks in Minnesota Dairy Herds. Annu mtg ADSA. July 10-14, 2011. New Orleans, LA.<br /> <br /> Haran, K.P., S. M. Godden, J. B. Bender, and S. Sreevatsan. Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Bulk Tank Milk of Minnesota Dairy Farms  Significance and Risk Factor Analysis. Annu mtg MN Dairy Health Conference. May 17-19, 2011. Bloomington, MN<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> Middleton JR, Perry J, Zadoks RN, Dufour S, Paradis ME, Scholl DT. 2011. A new look at the importance of coagulase negative staphylococci in bovine mastitis. ACVIM Forum. Denver, Colorado. June 15-18, 2011.<br /> <br /> Ringen DR, Middleton JR, Suntrup D, Markovich T. 2011. Epidemiology of mastitis pathogens in heifers on a grazing dairy. Abstract FA-2. ACVIM Forum. Denver, Colorado June. 15-18, 2011.<br /> <br /> Dank A, Middleton JR. 2011. Efficacy of two teat skin disinfection techniques. Veterinary Research Scholars Symposium. Orlanda, Florida. August 2011. <br /> <br /> Paradis, M.-È., Haine, D., Messier, S., Middleton, J., Perry, J., Ramirez, A.I. and Scholl, D.T. 2011. Identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species by gas chromatography. International Conference on Udder Health and Communication. Utrecht, Netherlands. Oct 25-57, 2011.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Almeida , R. A., X. Chen, M. E. Prado, and S. P. Oliver. 2011. Role of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule in adherence to and internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. AABP Third International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality. St. Louis, Missouri USA.<br /> <br /> Kerro Dego, O., R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2011. Identification of virulence-associated genes and their expression patterns in strains of Escherichia coli associated with bovine mastitis. AABP Third International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality. St. Louis, Missouri USA<br /> <br /> Kerro Dego, O., R. A. Almeida, and S.P. Oliver. 2011 Gene expression of bovine mammary epithelial cells infected with Escherichia coli associated with acute or persistent bovine mastitis. AABP Third International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality. St. Louis, Missouri USA.<br /> <br /> Kerro Dego, O., S. P. Oliver and R. A. Almeida. 2011. The Expression Patterns of Virulence Associated Genes of E. coli Strains Associated with Acute and Chronic Bovine Intramammary Infections after Co-culture with Mammary Epithelial Cells. <br /> <br /> Paradis, Marie-Ève, Denis Haine, Stephen P. Oliver, Barbara Gillespie, Sylvain Messier, Josaphat Comeau, and Daniel T. Scholl. 2011. Estimation of the diagnostic accuracy of a multiplex real-time pcr assay and bacteriological culture for four bovine intramammary pathogens. Proc. Canadian Assoc. Vet. Epidemiol. Prev. Med. In press.<br /> <br /> Prado, Maria E., Glenis Moore, Oudessa Kerro-Dego, Raul Almeida, and Stephen Oliver. 2011. Streptococcus uberis mastitis isolates vary in their ability to form biofilms. Proc. NMC/AABP Intl. Meeting on Mastitis and Milk Quality. Submitted.<br /> <br /> Siebert LJ, J Lippolis, and GM Pighetti. 2011. Expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in bovine mammary tissue. In Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. <br /> <br /> Warren, J O. Kerro Dego, R.A. Almeida, S.P. Oliver, and G.M. Pighetti. 2011. Identification of Streptococcus uberis mutants susceptible to neutrophil killing. 92th CRWAD Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL<br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> Wilson DJ, Justice-Allen A, Baldwin TJ, Skirpstunas RT, Cavender KB, Goodell G: An experiment in transmission of Mycoplasma bovis in sand bedding to naive dairy calves. J Dy Sci Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1:253, 2010. (Published since last NE-1028 report.)<br /> <br /> Wilson DJ, Justice-Allen A, Trujillo JD, Goodell G: Multiple Mycoplasma spp. detected in bulk tank milk samples using real-time PCR and conventional culture, and agreement between test methods. J Dy Sci Vol. 94, E-Suppl. 1:701, 2011.<br /> <br /> VERMONT<br /> Green B.B., S. Kandasamy, and D.E. Kerr. 2010. Use of dermal fibroblasts to evaluate developmental, and between-animal variation in innate immune response. 91st Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL.<br /> <br /> Kandasamy, S., B. B., Green, and D.E. Kerr. 2010. Response of cultured fibroblasts to LPS reflects in vivo response to E. coli mastitis. 91st Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL.<br /> <br /> Kerr, D.E. and S. Kandasamy. 2010. Genomic analysis of LPS-challenged bovine dermal fibroblasts to evaluate inter-animal variation in innate immunity. 2nd International Symposium on Animal Health Genomics for Animal Health. Paris, France.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Yeiser, E. E., K. E. Leslie and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2011. The effects of flunixin meglumine treatment on activity measures and feed intake during experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. National Mastitis Council 3rd International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality, St. Louis, MO. Pp. 32-36. <br /> <br /> Fitzpatrick, C. E., K. E. Leslie, T. F. Duffield, D. F. Kelton, T. J. DeVries and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2011. Objective assessment of pan in dairy cattle with clinical mastitis. National Mastitis Council 3rd International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality, St. Louis, MO. Pp. 27-31.<br /> <br /> Ortiz Marty, R.J., W. Wark, I. Mullarky. 2011. Staphylococcus aureus virulence cluster agr- regulated hemolysins dictate bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte inflammatory signaling. Proceedings of the 92nd Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. <br /> <br /> Manickam, M., I.K. Mullarky. 2011 Detecting differential proteome expression between pathogenic and commensal Staphylococcus aureus strains using SILAC. Proceedings of the 92nd Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. <br /> <br /> WASHINGTON<br /> Alabdullah, H., S.S. Schneider, and L. Fox. 2011. Effect of dexamethasone administration on shedding of Mycoplasma bovis in calves. Third International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality, St. Louis, MO, Septmeber 22-24. <br /> <br /> Boonyayatra, S., L.K. Fox, T.E. Besser, A. Sawant, J. M. Gay, and Z. Raviv. 2011. Identification of Mycoplasma sp. using novel reatl-time PCR assays. Third International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality, St. Louis, MO, Septmeber 22-24. <br /> <br /> Scheneider, C.S., L,K. Fox, and A. N. Hristov. 2011. The effects of lauric acid on mastitis pathogens. Proceedings of the NMC 50th Annual Meeting, Arlington, VA. pages 199-200.<br /> <br /> <br /> CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS <br /> GEORGIA <br /> Jackson, K.A., S.C. Nickerson, F.M. Kautz, and D.J. Hurley. 2011. Experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis mastitis in dairy heifers. Page 164 in 3rd International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality and American Association of Bovine Practitioners 44th Annual Conference, September 22-24, 2011, St. Louis, MO.<br /> Nickerson, S. C. 2011. Development of mastitis. in Current Concepts of Bovine Mastitis. National Mastitis Council, Inc. Madison, WI. In Press.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S.C. and R.M. Akers. 2011. Mammary Gland | Anatomy. In: Fuquay, J.W., P. F. Fox, and P.L.H. McSweeney (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edition, vol. 3, pp. 328337. San Diego: Academic Press.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S.C. 2011. Mammary Resistance Mechanisms | Anatomical. In: Fuquay, J.W., P. F. Fox, and P.L.H. McSweeney (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edition, vol. 3, pp. 381385. San Diego: Academic Press.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S.C. 2011. Mastitis Pathogens | Contagious Pathogens. In: Fuquay, J.W., P. F. Fox, and P.L.H. McSweeney (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edition, vol. 3, pp. 408414. San Diego: Academic Press.<br /> <br /> Nickerson, S.C. and W.E. Owens. (2011) Mastitis Therapy and Control | Management Control Options. In: Fuquay JW, Fox PF and McSweeney PLH (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edition, vol. 3, pp. 429434. San Diego: Academic Press.<br /> <br /> Owens, W. E. and S. C. Nickerson. 2011. Mastitis Therapy and Control | Medical Therapy Options. In: Fuquay JW, Fox PF and McSweeney PLH (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edition, vol. 3, pp. 435439. San Diego: Academic Press. <br /> <br /> IDAHO <br /> Rezamand, P., M. A. McGuire, and S. M. Andrew. 2009. Interaction among energy status, retinol-binding protein and intra-mammary infections in periparturient dairy cows. In: Proceedings of the 44th Annual Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference. pp. 71-83.<br /> <br /> IOWA <br /> Lopez, M., K. Knutson, L. Timms, M. Henderson, and T. Hemling. 2011. Evaluation of teat conditioning using liquid or powder dips in winter. NMC Annual Proceedings: 181.<br /> <br /> MICHIGAN<br /> RJ Erskine Mastitis Therapy: Quality Milk Short Course for Dairy Practitioners, - St Peters, MN (Univ of Minnesota) July, 2011.<br /> <br /> RJ Erskine - Milk Quality and Mastitis Control: Annual National Conference of the American Dairy Goat Association, Grand Rapids, MI, October, 2011.<br /> <br /> RJ Erskine - Mastitis Therapy and Mastitis Vaccination: Quality Milk Short Course of the Dairy Production Medicine Program for Dairy Practitioners, State College, PA (Pennylvania State University) October, 2011.<br /> <br /> RJ Erskine - Mastitis Pharmacology: NOSAI Japan- Veterinary Shortcourse, East Lansing, MI, Oct, 2011. <br /> <br /> RJ Erskine - Antimicrobial Resistance in the Dairy Industry: Presented to the Antimicrobial Stewardship in Canadian Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Conference, Toronto, ONT, Nov, 2011.<br /> <br /> LM Sordillo - Presented invited seminar entitled Nutrient metabolism and oxidative stress in periparturient dairy cows: impact on disease susceptibility at the Annual Conference of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association, Gifu, Japan. February 2011.<br /> LM Sordillo - Presented invited seminar entitled Oxidative stress and mastitis susceptibility: The immunology Link at the Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition and Management Conference, Portland, Oregon. October 2011. <br /> LM Sordillo - Presented invited seminar entitled Inflammation in the transition cow: Is it harmful or helpful at the Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition and Management Conference, Portland, Oregon. October 2011.<br /> MINNESOTA<br /> Lago A., Godden S.M., Bey R., Ruegg P., Leslie K. (2011). Efficacy of the Selective Treatment of Clinical Mastitis Based on On-Farm Culture Results. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Udder Health and Communication, Utrecht, The Netherlands, pp 277-284.<br /> <br /> Lago A., Godden S.M., Bey R., Leslie K., Ruegg P. (2011). Efficacy of Two Fresh Cow Subclinical Mastitis Treatment Programs. In: In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Udder Health and Communication, Utrecht, The Netherlands, pp 293. <br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> Ringen DR, Suntrup D, Middleton JR. 2011. Molecular characterization of isolates from pre-partum secretions, teat skin swabs and post-partum milk samples from replacement heifers on a grazing dairy. Proc. 50th Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. Arlington, VA. Jan 23-26, 2010. 127-128.<br /> <br /> Ringen DR, Middleton JR, Suntrup D, Markovich T. 2011. Epidemiology of mastitis pathogens in heifers on a grazing dairy. Proc. 3rd Intl. Mastitis and Milk Quality Symposium. St. Louis, MO. Sept 22-24, 2011.<br /> <br /> Chamberlin W, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Johnson GC, Ellersieck MR. 2011. Association Between Subclinical Hypocalcemia, Milk Somatic Cell Count, and Clinical Mastitis. Proc. 3rd Intl. Mastitis and Milk Quality Symposium. St. Louis, MO. Sept 22-24, 2011.<br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Hogeveen, H., S. Pyorala, Karin Persson-Waller, J. S. Hogan. T. J. G. M. Lam, S. P. Oliver, Y. H. Schukken, H. W. Barkema, and J. E. Hillerton. 2011. Current status and future challenges in mastitis research. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Council, pp. 36-48.<br /> <br /> Paradis, M. E., S. P. Oliver, B. Gillepsie, S. Messier, J. Comeau, and D.T. Scholl. 2011. Estimation of the diagnostic accuracy of a multiplex real-time PCR assay and bacteriological culture for four bovine intramammary pathogens. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Council, pp.117-118. <br /> <br /> UTAH<br /> Wilson DJ, Justice-Allen A, Goodell G, Baldwin TJ, Skirpstunas RT, Cavender KB: Is Mycoplasma bovis in bedding sand transmissible to naive dairy calves? Proc 43rd Ann Conv Am Assoc Bov Pract: 201, 2010. (Published since last NE-1028 report.)<br /> <br /> Wilson DJ, Justice-Allen A, Goodell G, Baldwin TJ, Skirpstunas RT, Cavender KB: Experimental exposure of naive dairy calves to Mycoplasma bovis in naturally contaminated bedding sand  risk of transmission. Proc 53rd Ann Conf Am Assoc Vet Lab Diag: 131, 2010. (Published since last NE-1028 report.)<br /> <br /> Wilson DJ, Justice-Allen AE, Trujillo JD, Goodell G: Detection of Mycoplasma spp. in bulk tank milk samples using conventional culture and real-time PCR. Proc Natl Mast Council - Am Assoc Bov Pract 3rd International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality, 125-129, 2011.<br /> <br /> VERMONT<br /> Kerr, D.E., B.B. Green, and S. Kandasamy. 2011. Variation in cow response to mastitis predicted by laboratory testing of skin cells. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council. Arlington, VA. pages 64-69.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA <br /> Yeiser, E. E., K. E. Leslie and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2011. The effects of flunixin meglumine treatment on activity measures and feed intake during experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting 2011, Arlington, VA. Pg 133-134. <br /> <br /> Fitzpatrick, C. E., K. E. Leslie, T. F. Duffield, D. F. Kelton, T. J. DeVries and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2011. Objective assessment of pan in dairy cattle with clinical mastitis. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting 2011, Arlington, VA. Pg 163-164. <br /> <br /> <br /> WEB PRESENTATIONS<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> POSTER PRESENTATIONS<br /> GEORGIA <br /> Eubanks V*., N. Forsberg, Y. Wang, K. Zanzalari, J. Chapman, L. Ely, and S.C. Nickerson. 2011. Immunostimulating effects of OmniGen-AF on vaccinating dairy heifers with a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin: Preliminary report. Exhibit (Poster). Georgia Farm Bureau Commodity Conference Tour, Athens, GA. <br /> M. Upchurch*, M., F. Kautz, and S.C. Nickerson. Local leukocyte response of the heifer mammary gland to mastitis-causing bacterial pathogens. (Poster) CAES Young Scholars Program. July 6, 2011.<br /> <br /> IDAHO <br /> Rezamand. P., K. M. Hunt, R. D. Schramm, and M. A. McGuire. 2010. Bovine hepatic and adipose retinol binding protein gene expression. ADSA- ASAS joint annual meeting, Denver CO<br /> <br /> IOWA <br /> Lopez, M., K. Knutson, L. Timms, M. Henderson, and T. Hemling. 2011. Evaluation of teat conditioning using liquid or powder dips in winter. NMC Annual Meeting. Arlington, VA.<br /> <br /> MAINE<br /> Farrington-Thomason, T and Lichtenwalner, AB. Pasteurization: Effective Control of Prototheca spp. Human Health Risks? University of Maine Graduate Student poster competition, May 2011.<br /> <br /> Prototheca mastitis in Maine: prevalence and pasteurization studies of a food-borne pathogen. Anne Lichtenwalner, Nirajan Adhikari, Tanya Farrington-Thomason. Annual Infectious Diseases Conference: Maine CDC, Nov. 2011.<br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> Haran, K.P., S. M. Godden, D. Boxrud, S. Jawahir, J. B. Bender, and S. Sreevatsan. Characterization of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from bulk tank milk from MN dairy farms. ASM-ESCMID meeting. 2011.<br /> <br /> K. P. Haran 1, S. M. Godden 1, J. B. Bender 1, S. Sreevatsan. Isolation and Characterization of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Bulk Tank Milk in Minnesota Dairy Farms. Third International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality. Sept. 22-24, 2011. St. Louis, MO.<br /> <br /> MISSOURI<br /> Ringen DR, Suntrup D, Middleton JR. 2011. Molecular characterization of isolates from pre-partum secretions, teat skin swabs and post-partum milk samples from replacement heifers on a grazing dairy. Proc. 50th Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. Arlington, VA. Jan 23-26, 2010. 127-128.<br /> <br /> Dank A, Middleton JR. 2011. Efficacy of two teat skin disinfection techniques. Veterinary Research Scholars Symposium. Orlando, Florida. August 2011. <br /> <br /> TENNESSEE<br /> Almeida RA , X Chen, ME Prado, and SP Oliver. 2011. Role of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule in adherence to and internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Third International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality. St. Louis, Missouri USA.<br /> <br /> Kerro Dego O, RA Almeida, and SP Oliver. 2011. Gene expression of bovine mammary epithelial cells infected with Escherichia coli associated with acute or persistent bovine mastitis. Third International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality. St. Louis, Missouri USA.<br /> <br /> Kerro Dego Ol, RA Almeida, and SP Oliver. 2011. Identification of virulence-associated genes and their expression patterns in strains of Escherichia coli associated with bovine mastitis. Third International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality. St. Louis, Missouri USA.<br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> Yeiser, E. E., K. E. Leslie and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2011. The effects of flunixin meglumine treatment on activity measures and feed intake during experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting 2011, Arlington, VA. Pg 133-134. <br /> <br /> Fitzpatrick, C. E., K. E. Leslie, T. F. Duffield, D. F. Kelton, T. J. DeVries and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2011. Objective assessment of pan in dairy cattle with clinical mastitis. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting 2011, Arlington, VA. Pg 163-164. <br /> <br /> Neal S.M., W.A. Wark, S.N. Garst, C.S. Petersson-Wolfe, I. Kanevsky-Mullarky. 2011. Deciphering the impact of maternal cells in neonatal health and immune development. Proceedings of the 92nd Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />

Impact Statements

1. In the reporting period, 10 collaborator centers reported the completion of projects related to the characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance (Objective 1), including effects of nutrition on the host immune response to mastitis, and new treatments. These studies have potential to improve non-antibiotic treatments, help mastitis prevention via vaccine development, and help genetic selection for mastitis resistance: all may ultimately reduce mastitis in the National dairy herd.
2. Studies related to the characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses (Obj. 2) included minor and major pathogens. Characterizing regional antimicrobial resistance, including comparisons to human and non-bovine livestock isolates, will help evaluate the impact of mastitis treatment. Studies of virulence factors will contribute to mastitis vaccine development. Nine collaborating centers report work in progress related to this subject area.
3. Projects related to Objective 3 focused on the increasing emphasis on milk quality, including surveys to detect practices that lower SCCs, the performance of antibiotic detection tests, and the effectiveness of a number of mastitis-prevention tools, such as novel teat dips, dry cow treatments, teat sealants, bedding management and treatments, such as composting. Farmer tools were assessed, such as an online curriculum, on-farm culture, and behavioral risk assessment for mastitis. Diagnostic tests were developed for select organisms, including high-risk human pathogens.

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