Annual/Termination Reports:

[02/11/2008] [01/28/2009] [12/21/2009] [12/23/2010] [11/23/2011]

Report Information

Participants

Terence Robinson, Cornell University  Chair, Chair of apple subcommittee
Brent Black, Utah State University  Secretary
Greg Lange, Michigan State University, Chair of cherry subcommittee
Darius Kviklys, Lithuania  chair of European rootstock research group
Thor Lindstrom, Utah State University
Ramesh Pokharel, Colorado State University
Mike Newell, University of Maryland
Rachel Elkins, University of California
Todd Einhorn, Oregon State University
Rafael Parra, INIFAP, Chihuahua, Mexico  Co-host
Genarro Fazio, USDA-ARS, Geneva NY
Matt Stasiak, University of Wisconsin
Win Cowgill, Rutgers
Elina Coniva, Auburn University, Alabama
Charlie Embree, Nova Scotia, Canada
Rafeal Hernandez, INIFAP, Queretaro, Mexico
Pablo Cruz, Chapingo, Mexico
Valdemar Gonzalez, Coahuila, Mexico
Paul Demoto, Iowa State University
Steve Hoying, Cornell University
Doug Archbold, University of Kentucky
Greg Reighard, Clemson University  chair of Peach subcommittee
Wes Autio, University of Massachusetts  apple trial coordinator
Adriana Telias, University of Minnesota  standing in for Emily Hoover, vice-chair
Rafael Parras associate from Chihuahua INIFAP.
Mike Parker, North Carolina State University
Mosbah Kushad, University of Illinois
Jon Clements, University of Massachusetts
Rootstock breeder from China
Valerie Vanreen, guest of Rachel Elkins
Leo Dominguez, Cornell University
Peter Hirst, Purdue University
Carlos Chavez, University of Chihuahua  co-host

Brief Summary of Minutes

the 2007 meeting. Motion passed unanimously.
Approval of agenda: The agenda was then put forward for approval and was approved with some modifications, which included the following new discussion items: (1) Tree spacing computer model, (2)Greg Reighards state report was moved to Monday to accommodate his travel arrangements, (3) Win Cowgill asked for time to discuss his paper on the history of NC-140. The amended agenda was then approved.

New Memberships: Elina Coneva of Alabama was approved as a new member to the
group. Her membership was approved unanimously. Terence discussed the process for accepting new members. Membership is limited to North America.
Changes in member state official representatives included: Todd Einhorn now
representing Oregon, Doug Archbold as representative of Kentucky, and Matt Stassiak as the Wisconsin representative. The new representatives were encouraged to check the NIMS system to ensure that they were listed as the official representative. Other changes included Tom Beckman of USDA would take over as the Georgia representative.

Washington State University still does not have official representation. Greg Lang will contact Matt Whiting to clarify his status in NIMS. Genarro will follow up with Kate Evans, the new apple breeder at WSU to invite her to
join.

Reporting: We are now completing the first year on the new project plan. This includes a new title and new objectives. These new objectives should be considered in 08 and future reporting. Win and Jon will add these objectives and titles to the website.

Future meeting sites and leadership:
2009, Minnesota, hosted by Emily Hoover
2010, Utah, hosted by Brent Black
2011, Michigan, hosted by Greg Lang. This would be in conjunction with the Great
Lakes Fruit workers meeting. A motion for Michigan to host the 2011 meeting was
made, seconded and approved unanimously.

Official Advis or: Bill Randle, Ohio State University, was not present and did not send any report.

Genarro pointed out that CSREES is transitioning to NIFA (National Institute of Food and Agriculture) over the next year.

Peter Hirst suggested a discussion of SCRI (Specialty Crop Research Initiative) funding and how NC-140 might cooperate to pursue this funding. 300 grant proposals submitted in the first round, 170 reviewed, 10-12 funded (all large grants). After some discussion on SCRI and how NC-140 projects might fit in, it was decided that Mosbah would hold some discussions and report back on Tuesday.
Ongoing cooperative plantings:
" Wes Autio  99 Apple planting. Wes put out a request for additional data to besubmitted for final reporting. Deadline for 2008 data is January 15, 2009. Wes
also suggested that a second paper may need to be written to discuss tree mortality and the various causes at the different sites. Terence suggested that blackheart evaluations be carried out at colder sites, including MA, NY, MN, ON, VT, MI, KY?. Wes spelled out a protocol for evaluating blackheart. This protocol has been used previously in the 1994 trial, and will be redistributed.

" Greg Reighard  01 Peach planting. Greg is busy rewriting the final report
which he hopes to send out by the end of the month. In it he will prepare a data
table summarizing each site. Although this will lengthen the manuscript, it makes it more readily accessible by fruit growers. He submitted an ISHS paper on the project. Bailey was the most yield efficient across sites. Controller 5 was the best of the California stocks, and is in the new

" Scott Johnson  02 Peach planting. Scott is not present. Greg reported that the paper is essentially written. The physiology trial was written for the ISHS. The group discussed writing up the full paper for APS. Terence suggested that it should be written up for APS.

" Wes Autio  02 apple. Call for data for 2008. Root suckers, yield, fruit weight and trunk circumference. Next season will be the standard data set. Trials with excessive tree loss should continue to collect data for the overall experiment. Findings: B9 treco and B9 Europe are clearly different. Supporter 4 similar to M26.

" Jon Clements  regional Cameo trial 2002. B9 smallest tree with greatest yield
efficiency. Fruit size differences between sites. What are the causes? Degree
days in first 40 days determine fruit size.

" Peach physiology study with low crop load to determine fruit size potential. Peter said that in apple cell division is set. Length of time determines fruit size. Quick cell division period leaves more time for cell enlargement. Scott Johnson reported the opposite for peaches. Terence suggested an NC-140 project to explore temperature effects on fruit size. Tree nutrition could be an ignored factor.

" Pears 2002  Leadership vacuum. Steve Castagnoli took leadership in organizing
plantings, but no data analysis and summary. Rachel and Todd are working together to gather past data. Rachel is taking the lead on organizing the data.
Todd will work on analyzing the data. Todd will then be taking the lead for pears. 2002 planting is past due for a preliminary report and coming up on the 10 year final. 2004-05 plantings are coming up on the first progress report due.

" Apples 2003  Rich Marini (not present). Rootstock and physiology paper drafts
were circulated previous to the meeting. Suggestions for future physiology
requested. More fruit size potential studies. Some sites may need multiple
resting years for high crop load trees to completely recover. Finish 09 2nd crop year. Then consider the next objective. Wes suggested analyzing the low crop load treatments along with on-site weather data for determining fruit size
potential.

" 2006 Apple Replant  Terence Robinson. Not all sites showing strong replant
effect. No effect at Terences site based on fumigated vs. unfumigated. Terence
proposed using 50% growth difference between fumigated and unfumigated.
Bioassay didnt show consistent results to the field. Mike Parker seeing big
effect. Ramesh suggested that moisture level and land preparation during
fumigation likely had a major effect. 08 data need to be submitted by March 09. Shoot growth data to be based on 20 shoots per tree, including the leader. Dan Ward is analyzing data to determine subsampling efficiency. Use chemical thinning in the coming year, followed by hand thinning. Mike and Genarro thought that 50% differences were too severe, and that perhaps 20% cutoff might be more reasonable.

" 2006 Cherry Physiology  Greg Lang. Will be working with Terence and Matt
Whiting. Need to determine 08 growth and determine 09 crop loads. Four
locations: MI, WA, NY, CA.

" 2009 Peach Trial  Greg Reighard. Fourteen cooperators currently, three more
interested, but trees may not be available for all interested parties. Not all new rootstocks that Greg had hoped to get ended up in this trial. Some programs are reluctant to release new rootstocks for NC-140 testing. Tree spacing may need to be different at northern vs. southern locations. Conclusion: northern locations (MA, CO, NY, UT, MO?) = 4m × 5m; Southern locations = 5m × 6m.

" 2009 Physiology Trial  Greg Reighard reported for Scott. Some are taking the
physiology trial but not the rootstock trial. Need 8 trees per cultivar per site.

Scheduling for next year: Conflicts include ISHS cherry symposium 12-26 of
November, Great Lakes Fruit workers, and NE1020. Emily proposed Nov. 2-3 or the
following week. Southern climates would like to stay out of October as apple harvest is continuing. Nov. 2-3 would work better.

Scheduling for 2010: Conflicts: Nov. 16-19 is ISHS Pear symposium. Meet at
Kaysville or in Santaquin. Terence proposed meeting in Santaquin with a day trip to Kaysville.

Committee planning of new plantings

" Cherry sub-committee  Greg Lang:

o New high density trial for sweets: G3, G5, G6, three training systems KGB, tall spindle, UFO. Scion cultivar differ by state: WA, MI (Benton); OR (Bing); NY (Regina); NS (Skeena), extra set of Skeena. Sleeping eye vs. nursery finished trees. Colorado might be interested in extra trees.

o New tart cherry high density plantings in UT and MI. Not coordinated at
this point. Over the row harvesting or side-row harvesting of high density
plantings. Montmorency on Mahaleb, G3, and G5 at multiple row
spacings in Utah. MI will have Mahaleb, G3, G5 and G6, and own-rooted
Montmorency on tall spindle and parallel V. Training systems are tall
spindle, KGB and parallel V. John Cline is also interested in tarts and will
take extra trees.

o Greg is coordinating a proposal to IFTA to cover tree costs.

o New possible cherry rootstock trial? Nobody has stepped forward to take
the lead on this. There are some new rootstocks available, and some of
Amy Iezzonis may be available for trial. Amys program is shooting for
higher precocity, but lower productivity than Giselas. Timeline for a new
planting would be 2011 to 2012.

" Pears sub-committee  Rachel Elkins. New rootstocks from the Horner series are
being propagated for grower trials. New rootstocks may also be available from
France and England. There are new Quince rootstocks from Poland. Todd is
starting to evaluate quince material for relative cold hardiness. Terence said that a pear person needs to take the lead in importing material. Genarro suggested that Joseph Postman take the lead in importing new rootstocks for Pear. Action items include: (1) getting data from existing trials for 5-year reports with a report on the 2002 trial completed by the next NC-140; (2) Get new material imported and propagated for trial. Mike Newell also proposed a multi-state asian pear cultivar trial. He is looking at a list of 10 cultivars.

" Apple sub-committee. New planting for 2010. Not enough trees to go around. 8
trees per rootstock per site. 31 rootstocks including new Russian and Geneva
stocks and controls. Some of the trees are semi-dwarfing. PiAu clones should be
dropped as they are too large. Two varieties, Honeycrisp and Fuji. 4 reps with
two trees per rep, or 8 single-tree reps? Wes preference was for 8 replications. Where trees are short do we short trees per site, or short sites? The conclusion was to try and give all rootstocks to all sites, and short trees per site. Spacing was a question.

o Spacing. Terence proposed 1.5 x 4 m with tall spindle. Southern sites felt
that this didnt work well for them. Conclusion was to differ spacing for
northern and southern locations. Northern sites use Honeycrisp on 1.2 x
4.0m tall spindle. Southern locations use Fuji on 2.0 x 4.5 M vertical axe.
Support leader to 10.

o What do we do with semi-dwarf less precocious rootstocks? Brent Black
proposed semi-dwarf freestanding, firebight resistant rootstocks for a
separate trial for homeowners. Terence suggested that a similar trial
would be useful for the processing industry. NY, NC, NS, AL, PA?

" Plums  Terence is gathering data and will have a draft of the last planting.

" SCRI committee  proposed a lunchtime discussion and report back. After some
discussion groups during lunch, a committee was appointed to pursue possible
NC-140 coordinated proposals to SCRI. The committee included Mosbah Kushad, Peter Hirst, Wes Autio, Genarro Fazio and possibly Greg Lang.

" Technology committee.

o State reports are to be uploaded in the members-only section. Need to put
updated proposal on home page, with current project plan.

o Tree spacing calculator was also discussed. Need varieties alphabetized,
warm vs. cold climate adjustments perhaps under a pull down menu listing
states.

State reports: State reports were provided by each participant.
Adjournment: At the completion of state reports the meeting temporarily recessed to allow for souvenir shopping in downtown Cuauhtémoc. After souvenir shopping was completed an informal quorum of participants gathered at the Rancho Viejo restaurant and voted over dinner to adjourn, after the requisite motion for the chair-elect to write letters of thanks to the supervisors of the three meeting organizers/hosts (Terence Robinson, Carlos Chavez and Rafael Parra).

Accomplishments

Objective 1. To evaluate the influence of rootstocks on temperate-zone fruit trees characteristics grown under different management systems and environmental conditions.<br /> <br /> Several multi-state coordinated trials were concluded in late 2007 or in 2008, and data from these plantings have either been published or are being prepared for publication. These include: <br /> <br /> " 1999 Dwarf and Semi-dwarf Fuji/McIntosh apple rootstock trial which compares 21 apple rootstocks at 17 locations in North America. The final report is in preparation and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. in 2009.<br /> <br /> " 2001 Peach trial of 14 Prunus rootstocks. A paper was submitted to ISHS in 2008. The final report is near completion, and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom.Soc. in 2009. The report will include a data table summarizing each site, making it more readily accessible to fruit growers. Bailey was the most yield-efficient rootstock across the sites, and Controller 5 was the best of the California rootstocks.<br /> <br /> " 2002 Peach trial of three peach varieties on eight roostocks. The final report is near completion and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. in early 2009.<br /> <br /> " 2002 Cresthaven peach physiology trial, comparing the effect of location in North America on harvest date, fruit weight, and soluble solids content. A paper was submitted to ISHS in 2008. The final report is in preparation and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. in 2009.<br /> <br /> Numerous projects are still ongoing. These include:<br /> <br /> " 2002 Gala apple rootstock trial compares 20 apple rootstocks at 10 locations in North America. A 5-year report was published in the Journal of the American Pomological Society.<br /> <br /> " 2002 Cameo apple rootstock trial compares 3 rootstocks at 2 locations in the eastern USA. A five year report abstract was published in 2008.<br /> <br /> " 2002 Pear rootstock trial compares 7 rootstocks at 4 locations in the North America. A gap in leadership for this trial has postponed publication of a 5-year progress report. A report is being prepared and will be submitted for publication in 2009.<br /> <br /> " 2003 Golden Delicious apple rootstock and physiology trials compares 23 rootstocks at 14 locations. A progress report is in preparation and will be submitted for publication in 2009.<br /> <br /> " 2004 Pear rootstock trial compares 3 rootstocks at 3 locations in North America. A 5-year report will be submitted for publication in 2009.<br /> <br /> " 2005 Pear rootstock trial compares 7 rootstocks with Bartlett and 3 rootstocks with Bosc.<br /> <br /> " 2006 Gala apple replant trial compares 12 rootstocks at 10 locations in fumigated and unfumigated soil at each site.<br /> <br /> " 2006 Cherry physiology trial compares the yield and fruit size of a dwarfing cherry rootstock at 4 locations in North America.<br /> <br /> Objective 2. To develop and improve rootstocks for temperate-zone fruit trees with breeding and genetic engineering, to improve propagation techniques for rootstocks, and to acquire new rootstocks from worldwide sources.<br /> <br /> " Development of new rootstocks: New York State, in cooperation with the USDA<br /> continues to develop and test new rootstocks. Two tests with Honeycrisp and Fuji are helping to identify new elite clones. It is expected that four new semi-dwarfing rootstocks will be released in 2009.<br /> <br /> " Propagation of apple rootstocks: New York State, in cooperation with the USDA<br /> continues to work on techniques to improve propagation of apple rootstocks primarily difficult-to-root Geneva rootstocks such as G41. These include planting density, plant orientation, tissue culture, early-season shading, and growth regulators. Results of these experiments will be summarized in 2009.<br /> <br /> Objective 3. To study the genetics and developmental physiology of rootstock/scion interactions in temperate-zone fruit trees.<br /> <br /> " In NY, a joint trial is being done on the mapping of root architecture traits on the genome. A population of unscreened seedling is being evaluated for root morphological characters which will allow mapping of root architecture characteristics.<br /> <br /> " An ongoing breeding program in Arkansas is testing twelve new apple and 44 new peach rootstock selections. A breeding program in Michigan has developed a new series of tart cherry rootstocks which will be evaluated in the next NC-140 cherry rootstock trial. Breeding programs in California and Georgia are developing new peach rootstocks. <br /> <br /> Objective 4. To better understand the response to and impacts of biotic and abiotic stresses on scion/rootstock combinations in temperate-zone fruit trees.<br /> <br /> " Apple rootstock tolerance to soil pH is being evaluated in NY. A field trial in pots of Golden Delicious on 30 Geneva rootstocks is being conducted for tolerance to low and high soil pH. This trial began in spring, 2008. Tree growth and root growth will be evaluated in 2010.<br /> <br /> " Apple rootstock tolerance to replant disease is being evaluated in NY. A field trial in pots of Golden Delicious on 30 Geneva rootstocks is being conducted for tolerance to replant disease in both sandy and clay soils. This trial began in spring, 2008. Tree growth and root growth will be evaluated in 2009.<br /> <br /> " Cold Hardiness Testing of New Apple Rootstocks continues in ME. G.5935 had greater root tissue cold hardiness than M.26 EMLA, based on shoot growth following exposure to freezing temperatures to a low of -16 °C. Changes in rootstock selection can increase yield and tree survival leading to greater profitability. Knowledge of correct tree spacing can prevent economic losses. Impacts will be measured as changes in the industry and will be documented through grower surveys. <br /> <br /> Work Planned for Next Year<br /> <br /> Existing plantings will be maintained and data collection will continue according to protocols developed by the respective technical committees. Planting coordinators will analyze and summarize data from the various sites for each coordinated planting, and will lead in writing 5-year progress reports and 10-year final reports for publication. Technical sub-committees for 4<br /> fruit commodities (apple, cherry, peach, and pear) have developed plans for future multi-state coordinated plantings which will support project objectives.<br /> Apple Sub-Committee (T. Robinson, Chair) Plans were finalized to proceed with a multi-state apple rootstock trial to be planted in 2010. The trial will consist of 31 rootstocks, including new Russian and Geneva rootstocks, with Honeycrisp and Fuji as the scions. The trial will be planted at 21 locations in North America. T. Robinson (NY) will organize the trial and W. Autio (MA) will coordinate the data.<br /> <br /> Cherry Sub-Committee (G. Lang, Chair) Plans were developed for a high-density sweet cherry trial to be planted in 2010. This trial will evaluate three dwarfing rootstocks and three training systems. The trial will be planted in WA, MI, OR, NY, and NS, with cultivars differing by state. Plans were also developed for two independent 2010 plantings of high-density tart cherries in UT<br /> and MI for mechanical harvest. The UT trial will evaluate three rootstocks at multiple row spacings with Montmorency as the scion. The MI trial will evaluate four rootstocks and own-rooted Montmorency with three training systems. G. Lang (MI) will organize the trials and coordinate the data. Plans were initiated for a new rootstock trial to be planted in 2011 or 2012.A coordinator for this trial has not yet been identified. <br /> <br /> Peach Sub-Committee (G. Reighard, Chair) Plans were finalized for the 2009 trial of 15 rootstocks with Redhaven as the scion. Currently there will be 14 planting locations throughout North America, and 3 more are interested in participating. A limited number of trees may limit the number of planting locations. Plans were also finalized for the 2009 physiology trial. G. Reighard (SC) will organize the trial and coordinate the data. <br /> <br /> Pear Sub-Committee (R. Elkins, Chair) New quince materials from Poland are being evaluated for relative cold-hardiness to be used in 2011 high-density planting. Plans were developed for a 2012 planting using new rootstocks from the Horner series. New rootstocks from France and England may also be included. R. Elkins (CA) and S. Castagnoli (OR) will organize the trials and coordinate the data. Plans were initiated for a multi-state asian pear cultivar trial. A<br /> coordinator for this trial has not yet been identified.<br /> <br /> Plum Sub-Committee (T. Robinson, Chair) Data is being gathered, and a draft of the last planting is being prepared.<br /> <br /> SCRI Committee A committee was appointed to pursue possible NC-140 coordinated proposals to SCRI. The committee included M. Kushad (IL), P. Hirst (IN), W. Autio (MA), G. Fazio (NY)and possibly G. Lang (MI).<br /> <br /> Technology Committee State reports are to be uploaded in the members-only section of the NC-140 website. Updated project proposal has been posted on NC-140 home page. Tree spacing calculator needs fine-tuning http://www.umass.edu/fruitadvisor/m/). Alphabetization of varieties would improve ease of use. A drop-down menu of site-specific climate would further aid in calculation of proper spacing.<br /> <br /> Outreach/Extension Activities<br /> <br /> Website The project website at http://www.nc140.org/ serves as an important information portal for information developed by this project. The website is hosted and maintained by W. Cowgill (NJ) and J. Clements (MA). Articles, photographs and research reports, along with annual meeting minutes and annual project reports are archived throughout the year. <br /> <br /> Grower Meetings and Field Days Each year several members of the NC-140 project make presentations to fruit grower audiences on the results of this project. Similarly, in each cooperating state the coordinated field trials are used as venues to present information from this project to fruit growers at field days. A sample of the presentations given and field days held in 2008 are:<br /> <br /> " The 2007 Wisconsin Summer Apple Field day was held at the Peninsular Ag. Research Station where these plantings are located and were among the reasons for hosting the field day at that location. 100 growers attended and had the opportunity to look at the plantings and ask questions.<br /> <br /> " Representatives from the Massachusetts program presented fruit tree rootstock<br /> information at over 20 grower meetings and field days throughout 2007. The attendance at these events ranged from 10 to 350.<br /> <br /> " Two presentations on the NC-140 rootstock research were made during field days at the Kaysville Research farm in Utah during 2008. The first included Agriculture Experiment Station employees from neighboring states. The second was attended by commercial growers from both Utah and Idaho.<br /> <br /> " A field day was held in July, 2008 at Highmoor Farm in Monmouth, ME to highlight NC-140 research.<br /> <br /> " The Iowa Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association Field Day was held on June 30, 2008 at the ISU Horticulture Research Station in Ames, IA. The NC-140 2003 apple rootstock trial was featured. 50 people attended.<br /> <br /> " A presentation entitled Apple rootstocks and training systems was given at the<br /> Iowa Master Gardener Summer Session on July 12, 2008 at the ISU Horticulture<br /> Research Station in Ames, IA. Attendance was 60. <br /> <br /> " North Jersey Fruit Meeting, March 2008; Broadway, NJ, 74 growers in attendance. <br /> <br /> " North Jersey Twilight Fruit Meeting, April, 2008; Rutgers Snyder Farm, Pittstown, NJ, 44 growers in attendance.<br /> <br /> " South Jersey Field Day and Tour, August 2008; RAREC, Upper-Deerfield, NJ. 85<br /> attendees including growers, industry and extension personnel.<br /> <br /> " North Jersey Twilight Horticultural Research Meeting, Rutgers Snyder Farm,<br /> September, 2008; sponsored by RCE and NJ NOFA. 66 growers participated.

Publications

Refereed journal articles<br /> <br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, W. Cowgill, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, G. Lang, J. Masabni, D. Miller, R. Parra Quezada, and C. Rom. 2009. Performance of Gala apple trees on supporter 4 and different strains of B.9, M.9, and M.26 rootstocks as part of the 2002 NC-140 apple rootstock trial. Acta Hort. 11 pp. (in press).<br /> <br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, J. Cline, R. Crassweller, C. Embree, E. Hoover, G. Lang, J. Masabni, M. Parker, G. Reighard and M. Warmund. 2009. Performance of several semidwarfing rootstocks with Fuji and McIntosh as scion cultivars in the 1999 NC-140 semidwarf apple rootstock trials. Acta Hort. 11 pp. (in press).<br /> <br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, J. Cline, R. Crassweller, C. Embree, E. Hoover, G. Lang, J. Masabni, M. Parker, G. Reighard, and M. Warmund. 2009. Performance of several dwarfing 6 rootstocks with Fuji and McIntosh as scion cultivars in the 1999 NC-140 dwarf apple rootstock trials. Acta Hort. 11 pp. (in press).<br /> <br /> Autio, W., T.L. Robinson, B. Black, T. Bradshaw, J.A. Cline, R.M. Crassweller, C.G. Embree, E.E. Hoover, K. Kosola, J. Masabni, M.L. Parker, R.L. Perry, G.L. Reighard, J.R. Schupp, and M. Warmund. 2008. 1999 NC-140 Fuji and McIntosh dwarf apple rootstock trials: An update after eight growing seasons. Compact Fruit Tree 41(1): 23-25.<br /> <br /> Autio, W., T.L. Robinson, B. Black, T. Bradshaw, J.A. Cline, R.M. Crassweller, C.G. Embree, E.E. Hoover, K. Kosola, J. Masabni, M.L. Parker, R.L. Perry, G.L. Reighard, J.R. Schupp, and M. Warmund. 2008. 1999 NC-140 Fuji and McIntosh semidwarf apple rootstock trials: An update after eight growing seasons. Compact Fruit Tree 41(1): 26-28.<br /> <br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, W. Cowgill, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, J. Masabni, R. Parra<br /> Quezada, R. Perry and C. Rom. 2008. Performance of Gala apple trees on Supporter 4, P.14, and different strains of B.9, M.9 and M.26 rootstocks: a five-year report on the 2002 NC-140 apple rootstock trial. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 62(3):119-128.<br /> <br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, W. Cowgill, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, J. Masabni, D. Miller, R. Quezada, R. Perry, and C. Rom. 2007. Performance of Gala apple trees on strains of B.9, M.9, and M.26 and new Cornell-Geneva, Morioka, and Pillnitz rootstocks: Early results from the 2002 NC-140 Apple Rootstock Trial. Compact Fruit Tree 40. (In press).<br /> <br /> Hampson, C. R. and P. L. Sholberg. 2008. Estimating combining ability for fire blight resistance in apple progenies. Acta Hort. 793:337-343.<br /> <br /> Kushad, M. 2008. Performance of Buckeye Gala on nine rootstocks in the 2002 NC.140 trial. Trans. IL Hort. Soc. 69-71.<br /> <br /> Kushad, M. 2008. Performance of Michel Gala on twelve rootstocks in a replant site. Trans. IL Hort. Soc. 72-73.<br /> <br /> Marini, R.P., R. Moran, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, R.L. Perry and T.L. Robinson. 2008. Effect of dwarf apple rootstocks on average Gala fruit weight at six locations over three seasons. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 62(3):129-136.<br /> <br /> Masabni, J., R. Andersen, A. Azarenko, G. Brown, J. Freer, R. Hayden, P. Hirst, B. McCluskey, R. Perry, R. Robinson and D. Wolfe. 2007. Performance of plum rootstocks with 'Stanley', 'Valor' and 'Veeblue' as the scion in the 1990 NC-140 multi-site plum trial. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 61(4):196-207.<br /> <br /> Masabni, J., R. Andersen, A. Azarenko, G. Brown, J. Freer, G. Reighard, P. Hirst, D. Hayden, W. Lay, B. McCluskey, T. Robinson, G. Tehrani, D. Wolfe. 2007. Performance of plum rootstocks with Stanley, Valor, Veeblue, and Santa Rosa scions in the 1991 NC-140 multi-state plum trial. J.Amer. Pom. Soc. (Needs revision).<br /> <br /> Reighard, G.L., D. R. Ouellette, and K. H. Brock. 2008. Performance of new Prunus rootstocks for peach in South Carolina. Acta Hort. 772:237-240.<br /> <br /> Non-Refereed Journal Articles<br /> <br /> Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2007. Crop load and rootstock interact to affect Golden Delicious tree growth, fruit size, and ripening: 2003 NC-140 apple rootstock physiological trial. Fruit Notes 72(1):14-17.<br /> <br /> Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2007. Performance of McIntosh apple trees on one Pillnitz and three Geneva semidwarfing rootstocks: Nine-year summary of the 1999 NC-140 semidwarf apple rootstock trial. Fruit Notes 72(2):14-15.<br /> <br /> Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2007. Performance of McIntosh apple trees on several Geneva and Pillnitz dwarfing rootstocks: Nine-year summary of the 1999 NC-140 dwarf apple rootstock trial. Fruit Notes 72(2):10-13.<br /> <br /> Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2007. Comparison of strains of B.9, M.9, and M.26 to new Polish and Pillnitz dwarfing apple rootstocks: Six-year summary of the Massachusetts planting of the 2002 NC-140 apple rootstock trial. Fruit Notes 72(2):16-17.<br /> <br /> Autio, W., T.L. Robinson, B. Black, T. Bradshaw, J.A. Cline, R.M. Crassweller, C.G. Embree, E.E. Hoover, K. Kosola, J. Masabni, M.L. Parker, R.L. Perry, G.L. Reighard, J.R. Schupp, and M. Warmund. 2008. 1999 NC-140 Fuji and McIntosh dwarf apple rootstock trials: An update after eight growing seasons. Compact Fruit Tree 41(1): 23-25.<br /> <br /> Autio, W., T.L. Robinson, B. Black, T. Bradshaw, J.A. Cline, R.M. Crassweller, C.G. Embree, E.E. Hoover, K. Kosola, J. Masabni, M.L. Parker, R.L. Perry, G.L. Reighard, J.R. Schupp, and Warmund, M. 2008. 1999 NC-140 Fuji and McIntosh semidwarf apple rootstock trials: An update after eight growing seasons. Compact Fruit Tree 41(1): 26-28.<br /> <br /> Reighard, G.L. 2008. New and emerging rootstocks. Ernie Christ Memorial Lecture. Penn. Fruit News. Vol. 87(5):19-23.<br /> <br /> Published Abstracts<br /> <br /> Black, B.L., D. Drost, T. Lindstrom and G.L. Reighard. Sampling to compare relative root distribution in fruit trees. 9th Intl. Symp. on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Env. Physiol. in Orchard Syst. August 4-8, 2008. Geneva, NY, USA. (Abstr.)<br /> <br /> Clements, J.M., W.P. Cowgill, W. R. Autio, and D. Ward. 2008. Five-year performance of three dwarf apple rootstocks with CameoTM apple. HortScience. 43(4): 1194. (Abstr.)<br /> <br /> Cowgill, W.P., Jr., N. Polanin, P. Nitzsche, R. Magron, J. Gyurian, E. Dager. 2008. Rutgers NJAES Snyder Research and Extension Farm  master gardener involvement in research, extension and community outreach. HortScience. 43(4): 1174. (Abstr.)<br /> <br /> Books or Book Chapters<br /> <br /> Reighard, G.L. and F. Loreti. 2008. Rootstock development. In: Layne, D.R. and D. Bassi (Eds.) The Peach: Botany, Production and Uses. CAB Intl, Wallingford, U.K., pp. 193-220.<br /> <br /> Other Publications and Presentations<br /> <br /> Cowgill, W.P., W. R. Autio, J.M. Clements. 2008. Using naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) to reduce shoot growth when a heading cut is used to lower tree height in super-spindle apple trees. Rutgers Annu. Conf.<br /> <br /> Domoto, P. 2008. 2003 NC-140 dwarf apple rootstock trial performance in 2007. Ann. Prog. Rept.  2007 Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF07-36:28-29.<br /> <br /> Hu, Q., Z. Li, G. Reighard, and H. Luo. 2008. Genetic engineering of drought and salt tolerance in peach tree. 4th International Rosaceae Genomics Conference. Pucon, Chile. March 16-19, 2008.<br /> <br /> Lang, G., J. Freer, H. Larsen, R. Pokharel, T. Robinson, and T. Valentino. 2008. Differences in mineral nutrient contents of dormant cherry spurs as affected by rootstock, scion, and orchard site. Poster presented at the 9th Intl Symp. on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Env. Physiol. in Orchard Syst. August 4-8, 2008 in Geneva, NY.<br /> <br /> Liu, X., G.L. Reighard, G. A. Swire-Clark, W. C. Bridges, and W. V. Baird. 2008. Mapping the nuclear genome region associated with the Peach Tree Short Life Syndrome using microsatellite/SSR markers. 4th International Rosaceae Genomics Conference. Pucon, Chile. March 16-19, 2008.<br /> <br /> Masabni, J.G., and D.E. Wolfe. 2007. Rootstock and interstem effects on pome fruit trees. 2007 Fruit and Veg. Crops Res. Rpt. Univ. of Kentucky College of Agr., Agr. Exp. St. Publ. PR-555:50-52.<br /> <br /> Masabni, J.G., and D.E. Wolfe. 2008. Rootstock and interstem effects on pome fruit trees. 2008 Fruit and Veg. Crops Res. Rpt. Univ. of Kentucky College of Agr., Agr. Exp. St. Publ. (In press).<br /> <br /> Moran, R.E., D.Z. Zhang, and Y. Sun. 2008. Cold temperature tolerance of apple roots. The 9th International Symposium on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems, Geneva, NY.<br /> <br /> Reighard, G.L., T. Beckman, R. Belding, B. Black, J. Cline, W. Cowgill, R. Godin, R. S. Johnson, M. Kaps, H. Larsen, T. Lindstrom, D. Ouellette, R. Pokharel, L. Stein, K. Taylor, C. Walsh, and M. Whiting. Performance of Prunus rootstocks in the 2001 NC-140 peach trial. ISHS Symposium, Geneva, NY. August 4-8, 2008.<br /> <br /> Reighard, G.L., D. R. Ouellette, and K. H. Brock. 2008. Performance of new peach<br /> rootstocks in South Carolina. SR-ASHS. Dallas, TX. February 4, 2008.<br /> <br /> Reighard, G.L. 2008. New and emerging rootstocks. Ernie Christ Memorial Lecture. Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention. Hershey, PA. January 29-31, 2008.<br /> <br /> Ward, D., G. Loki, W.P. Cowgill Jr., J.L. Frecon, G.C. Hamilton, J.R. Heckman, L.S. Katz, N. Lalancette, B.A. Majek, D. Polk, P.W. Shearer, W.H. Tietjen. 2008. "New Jersey commercial tree fruit production guide." Rutgers Coop. Ext. Bul.E002. 232pp.

Impact Statements

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Report Information

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

Accomplishments and Impacts:<br /> Objective 1. To evaluate the influence of rootstocks on temperate-zone fruit tree characteristics grown under different management systems and environmental conditions.<br /> Several multi-state coordinated trials were concluded in late 2007 or in 2008, and data from these plantings have either been published or are being prepared for publication. These include:<br /> <br /> " 1998 Sweet cherry trial that compares Bing on 15 rootstocks at six western sites and Hedelfinger on 10 rootstocks at five eastern sites. The final report for the Bing trial has been drafted and the final report for the Hedellfinger trial is in preparation. Both will be submitted for publication in 2009. <br /> " 1998 Tart cherry trial that compares Montmorency on 11 rootstocks at five sites. The final report is in preparation and will be submitted for publication in 2009. <br /> " 1999 Dwarf and Semi-dwarf Fuji/McIntosh apple rootstock trial which compares 21 apple rootstocks at 17 locations in North America. The final report is in preparation and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. in 2009. <br /> " 2001 Peach trial of 14 Prunus rootstocks. A paper was submitted to ISHS in 2008. The final report is near completion, and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. in 2009. The report will include a data table summarizing each site, making it more readily accessible to fruit growers. Bailey was the most yield-efficient rootstock across the sites, and Controller 5 was the best of the California rootstocks.<br /> " 2002 Peach trial of three peach varieties on eight rootstocks. The final report is near completion and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. in early 2009.<br /> " 2002 Cresthaven peach physiology trial, comparing the effect of location in North America on harvest date, fruit weight, and soluble solids content. A paper was submitted to ISHS in 2008. The final report is in preparation and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. in 2009.<br /> <br /> Numerous projects are still ongoing. These include: <br /> " 2002 Gala apple rootstock trial compares 20 apple rootstocks at 10 locations in North America. A 5-year report was published in the Journal of the American Pomological Society.<br /> " 2002 Cameo apple rootstock trial compares 3 rootstocks at 2 locations in the Eastern US. A five-year report abstract was published in 2008. <br /> " 2002 pear rootstock trial compares 7 rootstocks at 4 locations in the North America. A gap in leadership for this trial has postponed publication of a 5-year progress report. A report is being prepared and will be submitted for publication in 2009. <br /> " 2003 Golden Delicious apple rootstock and physiology trials compares 23 rootstocks at 14 locations in North America. A progress report is in preparation and will be submitted for publication in 2009. <br /> " 2004 pear rootstock trial compares 3 rootstocks at 3 locations in North America. A 5-year report will be submitted for publication in 2009.<br /> " 2005 pear rootstock trial compares 7 rootstocks with Bartlett and 3 rootstocks with Bosc.<br /> " 2006 Gala apple replant trial compares 12 rootstocks at 10 North America locations in fumigated and unfumigated soil at each site.<br /> " 2006 cherry physiology trial compares the yield and fruit size of a dwarfing cherry rootstock at 4 locations in North America.<br /> " <br /> Objective 2. To develop and improve rootstocks for temperate-zone fruit trees with breeding and genetic engineering, to improve propagation techniques for rootstocks, and to acquire new rootstocks from worldwide sources.<br /> " Development of new rootstocks: New York State, in cooperation with the USDA continues to develop and test new rootstocks. Two tests with Honeycrisp and Fuji are helping to identify new elite clones. It is expected that four new semi-dwarfing rootstocks will be released in 2009.<br /> " Propagation of apple rootstocks: New York State, in cooperation with the USDA continues to work on techniques to improve propagation of apple rootstocks  primarily difficult-to-root Geneva rootstocks such as G41. These include planting density, plant orientation, tissue culture, early-season shading, and growth regulators. Results of these experiments will be summarized in 2009.<br /> <br /> Objective 3. To study the genetics and developmental physiology of rootstock/scion interactions in temperate-zone fruit trees.<br /> " In NY, a joint trial is being done on the mapping of root architecture traits on the genome. A population of unscreened seedlings is being evaluated for root morphological characters which will allow mapping of root architecture characteristics.<br /> " An ongoing breeding program in Arkansas is testing 12 new apple and 44 new peach rootstock selections. A breeding program in Michigan has developed a new series of tart cherry rootstocks which will be evaluated in the next NC-140 cherry rootstock trial. Breeding programs in CA and GA are developing new peach rootstocks.<br /> Objective 4. To better understand the response to and impacts of biotic and abiotic stresses on scion/rootstock combinations in temperate-zone fruit trees.<br /> " Apple rootstock tolerance to soil pH is being evaluated in NY. A field trial in pots of Golden Delicious on 30 Geneva rootstocks is being conducted for tolerance to low and high soil pH. This trial began in spring, 2008. Tree growth and root growth will be evaluated in 2010.<br /> " Apple rootstock tolerance to replant disease is being evaluated in NY. A field trial in pots of Golden Delicious on 30 Geneva rootstocks is being conducted for tolerance to replant disease in both sandy and clay soils. This trial began in spring, 2008. Tree growth and root growth will be evaluated in 2009.<br /> " Cold hardiness testing of new apple rootstocks continues in ME. G.5935 had greater root tissue cold hardiness than M.26 EMLA, based on shoot growth following exposure to freezing temperatures to a low of -16°C. Changes in rootstock selection can increase yield and tree survival leading to greater profitability. Knowledge of correct tree spacing can prevent economic losses. Impacts will be measured as changes in the industry and will be documented through grower surveys.<br />

Publications

Refereed Journal Articles<br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, W. Cowgill, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, G. Lang, J. Masabni, D. Miller, R. Parra Quezada, and C. Rom. 2009. Performance of Gala apple trees on supporter 4 and different strains of B.9, M.9, and M.26 rootstocks as part of the 2002 NC-140 apple rootstock trial. Acta Hort. 11 pp. (in press).<br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, J. Cline, R. Crassweller, C. Embree, E. Hoover, G. Lang, J. Masabni, M. Parker, G. Reighard and M. Warmund. 2009. Performance of several semidwarfing rootstocks with Fuji and McIntosh as scion cultivars in the 1999 NC-140 semidwarf apple rootstock trials. Acta Hort. 11 pp. (in press).<br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, J. Cline, R. Crassweller, C. Embree, E. Hoover, G. Lang, J. Masabni, M. Parker, G. Reighard, and M. Warmund. 2009. Performance of several dwarfing rootstocks with Fuji and McIntosh as scion cultivars in the 1999 NC-140 dwarf apple rootstock trials. Acta Hort. 11 pp. (in press).<br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, W. Cowgill, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, J. Masabni, R. Parra Quezada, R. Perry and C. Rom. 2008. Performance of Gala apple trees on Supporter 4, P.14, and different strains of B.9, M.9 and M.26 rootstocks: a five-year report on the 2002 NC-140 apple rootstock trial. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 62(3):119-128.<br /> Ayala, M. and G.A. Lang. 2008. 13C-Photoassimilate partitioning in sweet cherry on dwarfing rootstocks during fruit development. Acta Hort. 795:625-632.<br /> Hampson, C. R. and P. L. Sholberg. 2008. Estimating combining ability for fire blight resistance in apple progenies. Acta Hort. 793:337-343.<br /> Kappel, F. and G. Lang. 2008. Performance of the NC-140 regional sweet cherry rootstock trial planted in 1998 in North America. Acta Hort. 795:317-320.<br /> Kushad, M. 2008. Performance of Buckeye Gala on nine rootstocks in the 2002 NC.140 trial. Trans. IL Hort. Soc. 69-71. <br /> Kushad, M. 2008. Performance of Michel Gala on twelve rootstocks in a replant site. Trans. IL Hort. Soc. 72-73.<br /> Lang, G.A. 2009. High tunnel tree fruit production  the final frontier? HortTech 19(1):50-55.<br /> Lang, G.A. 2008. Sweet cherry orchard management: from shifting paradigms to computer modeling. Acta Hort 795:597-604.<br /> Marini, R.P., R. Moran, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, R.L. Perry and T.L. Robinson. 2008. Effect of dwarf apple rootstocks on average Gala fruit weight at six locations over three seasons. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 62(3):129-136.<br /> Masabni, J., R. Andersen, A. Azarenko, G. Brown, J. Freer, R. Hayden, P. Hirst, B. McCluskey, R. Perry, R. Robinson and D. Wolfe. 2007. Performance of plum rootstocks with 'Stanley', 'Valor' and 'Veeblue' as the scion in the 1990 NC-140 multi-site plum trial. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 61(4):196-207. <br /> Masabni, J., R. Andersen, A. Azarenko, G. Brown, J. Freer, G. Reighard, P. Hirst, D. Hayden, W. Lay, B. McCluskey, T. Robinson, G. Tehrani, D. Wolfe. 2007. Performance of plum rootstocks with Stanley, Valor, Veeblue, and Santa Rosa scions in the 1991 NC-140 multi-state plum trial. J.Amer. Pom. Soc. (Needs revision). <br /> Reighard, G.L., D. R. Ouellette, and K. H. Brock. 2008. Performance of new Prunus rootstocks for peach in South Carolina. Acta Hort. 772:237-240.<br /> <br /> Non-Refereed Journal Articles<br /> Autio, W., T.L. Robinson, B. Black, T. Bradshaw, J.A. Cline, R.M. Crassweller, C.G. Embree, E.E. Hoover, K. Kosola, J. Masabni, M.L. Parker, R.L. Perry, G.L. Reighard, J.R. Schupp, and M. Warmund. 2008. 1999 NC-140 Fuji and McIntosh dwarf apple rootstock trials: an update after eight growing seasons. Compact Fruit Tree 41(1): 23-25.<br /> Autio, W., T.L. Robinson, B. Black, T. Bradshaw, J.A. Cline, R.M. Crassweller, C.G. Embree, E.E. Hoover, K. Kosola, J. Masabni, M.L. Parker, R.L. Perry, G.L. Reighard, J.R. Schupp, and Warmund, M. 2008. 1999 NC-140 Fuji and McIntosh semidwarf apple rootstock trials: an update after eight growing seasons. Compact Fruit Tree 41(1): 26-28.<br /> Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2007. Comparison of strains of B.9, M.9, and M.26 to new Polish and Pillnitz dwarfing apple rootstocks: six-year summary of the Massachusetts planting of the 2002 NC-140 apple rootstock trial. Fruit Notes 72(2):16-17.<br /> Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2007. Crop load and rootstock interact to affect Golden Delicious tree growth, fruit size, and ripening: 2003 NC-140 apple rootstock physiological trial. Fruit Notes 72(1):14-17. <br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, W. Cowgill, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, J. Masabni, D. Miller, R. Quezada, R. Perry, and C. Rom. 2007. Performance of Gala apple trees on strains of B.9, M.9, and M.26 and new Cornell-Geneva, Morioka, and Pillnitz rootstocks: early results from the 2002 NC-140 apple rootstock trial. Compact Fruit Tree 40. (In press). <br /> Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2007. Performance of McIntosh apple trees on one Pillnitz and three Geneva semidwarfing rootstocks: nine-year summary of the 1999 NC-140 semidwarf apple rootstock trial. Fruit Notes 72(2):14-15.<br /> Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2007. Performance of McIntosh apple trees on several Geneva and Pillnitz dwarfing rootstocks: nine-year summary of the 1999 NC-140 dwarf apple rootstock trial. Fruit Notes 72(2):10-13.<br /> Reighard, G.L. 2008. New and emerging rootstocks. Ernie Christ Memorial Lecture. Penn. Fruit News. Vol. 87(5):19-23.<br /> <br /> Published Abstracts<br /> Black, B.L., D. Drost, T. Lindstrom and G.L. Reighard. 2008. Sampling to compare relative root distribution in fruit trees. 9th Intl. Symp. on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Env. Physiol. in Orchard Syst. August 4-8, 2008. Geneva, NY, USA. (Abstr.)<br /> Clements, J.M., W.P. Cowgill, W. R. Autio, and D. Ward. 2008. Five-year performance of three dwarf apple rootstocks with CameoTM apple. HortScience. 43(4): 1194. (Abstr.)<br /> Cowgill, W.P., Jr., N. Polanin, P. Nitzsche, R. Magron, J. Gyurian, E. Dager. 2008. Rutgers NJAES Snyder Research and Extension Farm  master gardener involvement in research, extension and community outreach. HortScience. 43(4): 1174. (Abstr.)<br /> Hampson, C.R. and P.L. Sholberg. 2008. Tolerance of four Vineland apple rootstocks to Phytophthora inoculation and flooding. HortScience 43(4):1271. (Abstr. of poster pres. at ASHS '08, 21-24 July 2008, Orlando, Florida, USA).<br /> Miller, D.D., J. Racskó. 2008. Rootstock effect on fruit drop patterns and quality of Galaxy and Golden Reinders apples. 9th International Symposium on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems. Geneva, NY, USA. August 4-8 2008. (Abstr. 158.) <br /> Racskó, J., D.D. Miller. 2008. Effect of different growth inducing rootstocks on alternate bearing of Royal Gala and Vista Bella apples. 9th International Symposium on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems. Geneva, NY, USA. August 4-8 2008. (Abstr. 130.) <br /> <br /> Books or Book Chapters<br /> Reighard, G.L. and F. Loreti. 2008. Rootstock Development. In: Layne, D.R. and D. Bassi (Eds.) The Peach: Botany, Production and Uses. CAB Intl, Wallingford, U.K., pp. 193-220.<br /> Song, G.-Q., G.A. Lang, S.V. Dolgov, and K.C. Sink. 2008. Cherries. pp. 161-188 in: Kole, C. and T.C. Hall (eds.), Compendium of Transgenic Crop Plants: Transgenic Temperate Fruits and Nuts. Volume 4. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Other Publications and Presentations<br /> Cowgill, W.P., W. R. Autio, J.M. Clements. 2008. Using naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) to reduce shoot growth when a heading cut is used to lower tree height in super-spindle apple trees. Rutgers Annu. Conf.<br /> Domoto, P. 2008. 2003 NC-140 dwarf apple rootstock trial performance in 2007. Ann. Prog. Rept.  2007 Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF07-36:28-29.<br /> Hu, Q., Z. Li, G. Reighard, and H. Luo. 2008. Genetic engineering of drought and salt tolerance in peach tree. 4th International Rosaceae Genomics Conference. Pucon, Chile. March 16-19, 2008. <br /> Lang, G., J. Freer, H. Larsen, R. Pokharel, T. Robinson, and T. Valentino. 2008. Differences in mineral nutrient contents of dormant cherry spurs as affected by rootstock, scion, and orchard site. Poster presented at the 9th Intl Symp. on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Env. Physiol. in Orchard Syst. August 4-8, 2008 in Geneva, NY. <br /> Liu, X., G.L. Reighard, G. A. Swire-Clark, W. C. Bridges, and W. V. Baird. 2008. Mapping the nuclear genome region associated with the Peach Tree Short Life Syndrome using microsatellite/SSR markers. 4th International Rosaceae Genomics Conference. Pucon, Chile. March 16-19, 2008. <br /> Masabni, J.G., and D.E. Wolfe. 2007. Rootstock and interstem effects on pome fruit trees. 2007 Fruit and Veg. Crops Res. Rpt. Univ. of Kentucky College of Agr., Agr. Exp. St. Publ. PR-555:50-52. <br /> Masabni, J.G., and D.E. Wolfe. 2008. Rootstock and interstem effects on pome fruit trees. 2008 Fruit and Veg. Crops Res. Rpt. Univ. of Kentucky College of Agr., Agr. Exp. St. Publ. (In press).<br /> Moran, R.E., D.Z. Zhang, and Y. Sun. 2008. Cold temperature tolerance of apple roots. The 9th International Symposium on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems, Geneva, NY. <br /> Reighard, G.L., T. Beckman, R. Belding, B. Black, J. Cline, W. Cowgill, R. Godin, R. S. Johnson, M. Kaps, H. Larsen, T. Lindstrom, D. Ouellette, R. Pokharel, L. Stein, K. Taylor, C. Walsh, and M. Whiting. Performance of Prunus rootstocks in the 2001 NC-140 peach trial. ISHS Symposium, Geneva, NY. August 4-8, 2008. <br /> Reighard, G.L., D. R. Ouellette, and K. H. Brock. 2008. Performance of new peach rootstocks in South Carolina. SR-ASHS. Dallas, TX. February 4, 2008. <br /> Reighard, G.L. 2008. New and emerging rootstocks. Ernie Christ Memorial Lecture. Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention. Hershey, PA. January 29-31, 2008.<br /> Ward, D., G. Loki, W.P. Cowgill Jr., J.L. Frecon, G.C. Hamilton, J.R. Heckman, L.S. Katz, N. Lalancette, B.A. Majek, D. Polk, P.W. Shearer, W.H. Tietjen. 2008. "New Jersey commercial tree fruit production guide." Rutgers Coop. Ext. Bul.E002. 232pp.<br />

Impact Statements

1. It is expected that four new semi-dwarfing rootstocks will be released in 2009.

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Report Information

Participants

Last Name
Archbold Douglas
University of Kentucky
KY darchbol@uky.edu
Autio Wesley
University of Massachusetts
MA autio@pssci.umass.edu
Clements Jon
UMass Amherst Extension
MA clements@umext.umass.edu
Coneva Elina
Auburn University
AL edc0001@auburn.edu
Cowgill Win
Rutgers University/NJAES
NJ cowgill@njaes.rutgers.edu
Domoto Paul
Iowa State University
IA domoto@iastate.edu
Eienhorn Todd
Oregon State University
OR Todd.Einhorn@oregonstate.edu
Elkins Rachel
U of CA Coop. Extension
CA rbelkins@ucdavis.edu
Embree Charlie
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
NS charlie.embree@agr.gc.ca
Fazio Gennaro
USDA ARS / Cornell University
NY gf35@cornell.edu
Hampson Cheryl
Agriculture Canada
BC cheryl.hampson@agr.gc.ca
Hirst Peter
Purdue University
IN hirst@purdue.edu
Hoover Emily
UMN MN hoove001@umn.edu
Hoying Stephen
Cornell University
NY sah19@cornell.edu
Johnson Scott
UC Davis
CA sjohnson@uckac.edu
Kushad Mosbah
University of Illionis
IL kushad@illinois.edu
Lang Greg
Michigan State University
MI langg@msu.edu
Lindstrom Thor
Utah State University
UT thor.lindstrom@usu.edu
Marini Richard
Penn State University
PA rpm12@psu.edu
Moran Renae
University of Maine
ME rmoran@umext.maine.edu
Parker Michael
NCSU NC mike_parker@ncsu.edu
Parra-Quezada Rafael
INIFAP NM
parraquez@prodigy.net.mx
Pokharel Ramesh
Colorado State university
CO rameshp@colostate.edu
Pruski Kris
NSAC NS kpruski@nsac.ca
Racsko Jozsef
The Ohio State University
OH racsko.1@osu.edu
Randle Bill
Ohio State University
OH randle.15@osu.edu
Reighard Greg
Clemson University
SC grghrd@clemson.edu
Robinson Terence
Cornell University
NY tlr1@cornell.edu
Rom Curt
University of Arkansas
AR crom@uark.edu
Stasiak Matt
Univ. WI-Madison
WI mstasiak@wisc.edu
Walsh Christopher
University of Maryland
MD cswalsh@umd.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

Existing plantings will be maintained and data collection will continue according to protocols developed by the respective technical committees. Planting coordinators will analyze and summarize data from the various sites for each coordinated planting, and will lead in writing 5-year progress reports and 10-year final reports for publication. Technical sub-committees for 4 fruit commodities (apple, cherry, peach, and pear) have developed plans for future multi-state coordinated plantings which will support project objectives.

Apple Sub-Committee (T. Robinson, Chair) Plans were finalized to proceed with a multi-state apple rootstock trial to be planted in 2010. The trial will consist of 31 rootstocks, including new Russian and Geneva rootstocks, with Honeycrisp and Fuji as the scions. The trial will be planted at 21 locations in North America. T. Robinson (NY) will organize the trial and W. Autio (MA) will coordinate the data.

Cherry Sub-Committee (G. Lang, Chair) Plans were developed for a high-density sweet cherry trial to be planted in 2010. This trial will evaluate three dwarfing rootstocks and three training systems. The trial will be planted in WA, MI, OR, NY, and NS, with cultivars differing by state. Two independent 2010 plantings of high-density tart cherries will be planted in UT and MI for mechanical harvest. The UT trial will evaluate three rootstocks at multiple row spacings with Montmorency as the scion. The MI trial will evaluate four rootstocks and own rooted Montmorency with three training systems. G. Lang (MI) will organize the trials and coordinate the data.

Peach Sub-Committee (G. Reighard, Chair) Protocols were discussed for managing the 2009 peach rootstock and physiology trials. Reighard (SC) will organize the trial and coordinate the data.

Pear Sub-Committee (T. Einhorn, Chair) Plans were developed for a 2012 pear rootstock x training x spacing planting at four locations: NY, OR, (possibly a WA site) and CA. Scion selection will vary, based upon regional interests, and will be budded on OHxF 87, OHxF 69, and Pyro 2-33. Spacing and training systems will facilitate moderate to high-density designs. T. Einhorn (OR) will organize the trial, and coordinate the data.

Accomplishments

Objective 1. To evaluate the influence of rootstocks on temperate-zone fruit trees characteristics grown under different management systems and environmental conditions.<br /> Status of concluded projects:<br /> " 1999 Dwarf and Semi-dwarf Fuji/McIntosh apple rootstock trial which compares 21 apple rootstocks at 17 locations in North America. Final reports are in preparation and will be submitted to the J. Amer. Pom. Soc.<br /> " 2001 Peach trial of 14 Prunus rootstocks. The final report is near completion, and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. The report will include a data table summarizing each site, making it more readily accessible to fruit growers. <br /> " 2002 Peach trial of three peach varieties on eight roostocks. A report was published in Fruit Notes.<br /> " 2002 Cresthaven peach physiology trial, comparing the effect of location in North America on harvest date, fruit weight, and soluble solids content. The final report is in preparation and will be submitted for publication in the J. Amer. Pom. Soc. in 2009.<br /> <br /> Ongoing projects:<br /> " 2002 Gala apple rootstock trial compares 20 apple rootstocks at 10 locations in North America. A five year summary was prepared and published in the Journal of the American Pomological Society.<br /> " 2002 Cameo apple rootstock trial compares 3 rootstocks at 2 locations in the eastern USA. <br /> " 2002 Pear rootstock trial compares 7 rootstocks at 4 locations in the North America. <br /> " 2003 Golden Delicious apple rootstock and physiology trials compares 23 rootstocks at 14 locations. A five-year summary was published in the Journal of the American Pomological Society during 2009.<br /> " 2004 Pear rootstock trial compares 3 rootstocks at 3 locations in North America. <br /> " 2005 Pear rootstock trial compares 3 to 8 rootstocks with Bartlett and 7 rootstocks with Bosc at 6 locations in North America.<br /> " 2006 Gala apple replant trial compares 12 rootstocks at 10 locations in fumigated and unfumigated soil at each site.<br /> " 2006 Cherry physiology trial compares the yield and fruit size of a dwarfing cherry rootstock at 4 locations in North America.<br /> " 2009 Peach rootstock trial compares 18 rootstocks at 14 locations in 12 states was planted. A companion study on crop load physiology was also planted in 2009.<br /> <br /> Objective 2. To develop and improve rootstocks for temperate-zone fruit trees with breeding and genetic engineering, to improve propagation techniques for rootstocks, and to acquire new rootstocks from worldwide sources.<br /> " Development of new rootstocks: New York State, in cooperation with the USDA continues to develop and test new rootstocks. Two tests with Honeycrisp and Fuji are helping to identify new elite clones. <br /> " Propagation of apple rootstocks: New York State, in cooperation with the USDA continues to work on techniques to improve propagation of apple rootstocks  primarily difficult-to-root Geneva rootstocks such as G41. These include planting density, plant orientation, tissue culture, early-season shading, and growth regulators.<br /> <br /> Objective 3. To study the genetics and developmental physiology of rootstock/scion interactions in temperate-zone fruit trees. <br /> " In NY, a joint trial is being done on the mapping of root architecture traits on the genome. A population of unscreened seedling is being evaluated for root morphological characters which will allow mapping of root architecture characteristics. <br /> " An ongoing breeding program in Arkansas is testing twelve new apple and 44 new peach rootstock selections. <br /> " A breeding program in Michigan has developed a new series of tart cherry rootstocks which will be evaluated in the next NC-140 cherry rootstock trial. <br /> " Breeding programs in California and Georgia are developing new peach rootstocks. <br /> <br /> Objective 4. To better understand the response to and impacts of biotic and abiotic stresses on scion/rootstock combinations in temperate-zone fruit trees. <br /> " Apple rootstock tolerance to soil pH is being evaluated in NY. A field trial in pots of Golden Delicious on 30 Geneva rootstocks is being conducted for tolerance to low and high soil pH. This trial began in spring, 2008. Tree growth and root growth will be evaluated in 2010.<br /> " Apple rootstock tolerance to replant disease is being evaluated in NY. A field trial in pots of Golden Delicious on 30 Geneva rootstocks is being conducted for tolerance to replant disease in both sandy and clay soils. This trial began in spring, 2008. Tree growth and root growth will be evaluated in 2009.<br /> " Cold Hardiness Testing of New Apple Rootstocks continues in ME. G.5935 had greater root tissue cold hardiness than M.26 EMLA, based on shoot growth following exposure to freezing temperatures to a low of -16 °C. <br />

Publications

Refereed publications<br /> <br /> Rootstock studies<br /> Autio, W. T. Robinson, W. Cowgill, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, R. P. Quezada, R. Perry, and C.R.Rom. 2008. Performance of Gala Apple trees on Supporter 4, P.14, and Different Strains of B.9, M.9, M.26 Rootstocks: A FiveYear Report on the 2002 NC140 Apple Rootstock Trial. J. Amer. Pom. Soc. 62(3): 119128.<br /> <br /> Costas, P., J.-H. Ko, G.A. Lang, A.F. Iezzoni, and K.-H. Han. 2009. Rootstock-induced dwarfing in cherries is caused by differential cessation of terminal meristem growth and is triggered by rootstock specific gene regulation. Tree Physiology 29:927-936.<br /> <br /> Marini, R.P. B. Black, R.M. Crassweller, P.A. Domoto, C. Hampson, S. Johnson,<br /> K. Kosola, S. McArtney, J. Masabni, R. Moran, R.P. Quezada, T. Robinson, and <br /> C.R. Rom. 2009. Performance of Golden Delicious apple on 23 rootstocks at <br /> 12 locations: A five-year summary of the 2003 NC-140 dwarf rootstock trial. <br /> J. Amer. Pom. Soc. 63:115-127.<br /> <br /> Okie, W.R., G.L. Reighard, and A.P. Nyczepir. 2009. Importance of Scion<br /> Cultivar in Peach Tree Short Life. J. American Pomological Society 63(2):58-63.<br /> <br /> Oliver, J. E., J. Freer, R. L. Andersen, K. Cox, T. L. Robinson, and M. Fuchs. <br /> 2009. Genetic Diversity of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus Isolates Within a Cherry <br /> Orchard in New York. Plant Disease 93:599-606.<br /> <br /> Olmstead, M.A., N.S. Lang, and G.A. Lang. 2009. Carbohydrate profiles in the graft union of young sweet cherry trees grown on dwarfing and vigorous rootstocks. Scientia Hortic.:accepted.<br /> <br /> Reighard, G.L., D. R. Ouellette, and K. H. Brock. 2008. Performance of new <br /> Prunus rootstocks for peach in South Carolina. Acta Hort. 772:237-240.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L. 2008. Performance of pear and quince rootstocks with three cultivars in four high density training systems in the Northeastern United States. Acta Hort. 800:793-801.<br /> <br /> <br /> Related fruit publications<br /> DeEll, J., P. Toivonen, S. Khanizadeh and C. Hampson. 2009. Browning potential of new apple varieties. Acta Hort. 814:529-531. <br /> <br /> Hampson, C. R., R. McNew, J. Cline, C. Embree, J. Zandstra and K. Wilson. 2009. Regional differences in performance of Canadian-bred apple cultivars and implications for breeding. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89:81-91.<br /> <br /> Hampson, C., H.A. Quamme and P.L. Sholberg. 2009. A study of scab resistance in 16 apple progenies using parents with partial scab resistance. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89:693-699.<br /> <br /> Lang, G.A. 2009. High tunnel tree fruit production  the final frontier? HortTech 19(1):50-55.<br /> <br /> Mulabagal, V., G.A. Lang, D.L. DeWitt, S.S. Dalavoy, and M.G. Nair. 2009. Anthocyanin content, lipid peroxidation and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitory activities of sweet and sour cherries. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57(4):1239-1246.<br /> <br /> Robinovich, Adriana. 2009. Studies on Apple Peel Color Regulation. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Minnesota.<br /> <br /> Telias, A., E. Hoover, D. Rother. 2008. Plant and Environmental Factors Influencing the Pattern of Pigment Accumulation in Honeycrisp Apple Peels Using a Novel Color Analyzer Software Too. HortScience 43:1441-1445<br /> <br /> Toivonen, P.M.A. and C. Hampson. 2009. Apple cultivar and temperature at cutting affect quality of fresh slices. HortTechnology 19(1):108-112.<br /> <br /> ________________________________________________________________<br /> Non-refereed publications<br /> <br /> Agnello, A.M., A. Landers, D.A. Rosenberger, T.L. Robinson, J.E. Carroll, L. Cheng, P.D. Curtis, D.I. Breth, and S.A Hoying. 2009. Pest management guidelines for commercial tree-fruit production 2009. Cornell University, Ithaca NY 252 pp.<br /> Autio, W., and J. Krupa. 2007. Final report from the 2002 NC-140 Peach Rootstock Trial. Fruit Notes 72(3):8-10.<br /> Autio, W. and J. Krupa. 2008. Are the effects of crop load altered by rootstock? An update on the 2003 NC-140 Apple Physiology Trial. Fruit Notes 73:7-9.<br /> Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2008. Comparing McIntosh apple trees on several Geneva and Supporter rootstocks: An update on the 1999 NC-140 Dwarf Apple Rootstock Trial. Fruit Notes 73:10-11.<br /> Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2008. Comparing McIntosh apple trees on Geneva and Supporter rootstocks: An update on the 1999 NC-140 Semidwarf Apple Rootstock Trial. Fruit Notes 73:12-13.<br /> Autio, W., J. Krupa, and J. Clements. 2008. Comparing Gala apple trees on different strains of B.9, M.9, M.26, and other rootstocks: An update on the 2002 NC-140 Apple Rootstock Trial. Fruit Notes 73:14-16.<br /> <br /> Cheng, L. and T.L. Robinson. 2009. Honeycrisp leaf chlorosis: Causes and <br /> mitigation. Proc. of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Veg. Expo. p. 37-39.<br /> <br /> Domoto, P. 2009. 2003 NC-140 Dwarf Apple Rootstock Trial Performance in 2008. Ann. Prog. Rept.  2008 Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF08-36:27-29. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/08reports/Horticulture/DwarfAppleRootstock.pdf<br /> <br /> Elkins, R. and C. Ingels. 2009. Evaluation of potential new, size controlling rootstocks for European pears. 2008 Calif. Pear Research Reports. p. 85-90.<br /> <br /> Pokharel, R. and Larsen, H. 2009. Evaluation of apple rootstocks planted in high pH soil. 2008 Annual Report of the Western Colorado Research Center, Colorado State University.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L. 2009. Improved Apple Orchard Management Systems and <br /> Rootstocks for Northern NY. Northern New York Agricultural Development <br /> Program Final Report 2008. pp 156-170. <br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L. 2009. Fertigation of apple trees in humid climates. Proceedings <br /> of In-depth Fruit School on Apple Mineral Nutrition. pp 53-65<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L. and S.A. Hoying. 2009. Fine points to consider when making <br /> planting system decisions. Proc. of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Veg. Expo. <br /> p. 1-4.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L., and S.A. Hoying. 2009. Fine points to consider when making planting <br /> system decisions. Ohio Produce Growers and Marketers Association Today Fall issue <br /> p.xx-xx<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L. and A.N. Lakso. 2009. Predicting and understanding chemical thinner <br /> response in real time. Proc. of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Veg. Expo. p. 43-45.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L. and S. Lopez. 2009. Cropload management for consistent Honeycrisp <br /> apples. Proc. of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Veg. Expo. p. 40-42 <br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L., R.L. Andersen and J. Freer. 2009. Promising new rootstocks for <br /> cherries, peaches and plums. Proc. of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Veg. Expo. p. <br /> 10-13.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L., S.A. Hoying and R.L. Andersen. 2009. Growing High Density Sweet<br /> Cherries in the East. Ohio Produce Growers and Marketers Association Today Fall <br /> issue p.3-5.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L., A.N. Lakso, and S.A. Hoying. 2009. Chemical thinning and return<br /> bloom of apple. Ohio Produce Growers and Marketers Association Today Summer <br /> issue p.4-6.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L., S. Lopez, K. Iungerman, and G. Reginato. 2009. Cropload and <br /> nutrition affect Honeycrisp apple quality. Proceedings of In-depth Fruit School on Apple <br /> Mineral Nutrition. pp 87-95.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T., S. Lopez, K. Iungerman and G. Reginato. 2009. Crop load management <br /> for consistent production of Honeycrisp apples. NY Fruit Quarterly 17(1): 24-28.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T., and S. Lopez. 2009. Crop load and nutrition affect Honeycrisp apple <br /> quality. NY Fruit Quarterly 17(2): 25-28.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T., M. Miranda-Sazo, C. Kahlke. 2009. Suggestions for use of Retain on <br /> apples in WNY. Lake Ontario Fruit Newsletter 2009(17):6-8.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T. and S. Hoying. 2008. High-density planting systems and dwarfing <br /> rootstocks for sweet cherries in the Northeast: Progress Report. Compact Fruit Tree <br /> 41:24-36.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L. and S.A. Hoying. 2008. Successful high density apple orchards. <br /> Journée Pomicole Provinciale 2008:23-31.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L. and A.N. Lakso. 2008. Predicting and understanding chemical thinner <br /> response in real time. Journée Pomicole Provinciale 2008:34-41.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L. and A.N. Lakso. 2008. Predicting and understanding chemical thinner <br /> response in real time. Proceedings Great Lakes Fruit Workers Annual Meeting <br /> 2008:15-18.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T., G. Fazio and S. Hoying. 2008. Intermediate stage evaluation of Cornell-<br /> Geneva and other promising rootstocks: Progress Report. Compact Fruit Tree 41:27-32.<br /> <br /> Walsh, C.S. 2009. Apples: Growing disease resistant cultivars in the Mid-Atlantic. Washington Gardener. September/October issue: 19-21. <br /> <br /> Wolfe, D.E., and J.G. Masabni. 2008. Rootstock and Interstem Effects on Pome Fruit Trees. 2008 Fruit and Vegetable Crops Research Report. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station publication PR-572:31-33. <br /> <br /> <br /> __________________________________________________________________<br /> In Press<br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, W. Cowgill, C. Hampson, M. Kushad, G. Lang, J. Masabni, D. Miller, R. Parra Quezada, and C. Rom. 2010. Performance of Gala apple trees on Supporter 4 and different strains of B.9, M.9, and M.26 rootstocks as part of the 2002 NC-140 Apple Rootstock Trial. Acta Hort.<br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, J. Cline, R. Crassweller, C. Embree, E. Hoover, G. Lang, J. Masabni, M. Parker, G. Reighard, and M. Warmund. 2010. Performance of several semidwarfing rootstocks with Fuji and McIntosh as scion cultivars in the 1999 NC-140 Semidwarf Apple Rootstock Trials. Acta Hort.<br /> Autio, W., T. Robinson, J. Cline, R. Crassweller, C. Embree, E. Hoover, G. Lang, J. Masabni, M. Parker, G. Reighard, and M. Warmund. 2010. Performance of several dwarfing rootstocks with Fuji and McIntosh as scion cultivars in the 1999 NC-140 Dwarf Apple Rootstock Trials. Acta Hort.<br /> <br /> Black, B.L., D. Drost, T. Lindstrom, J. Reeve, J. Gunnell and G.L. Reighard. Relative root distributions of five peach rootstocks. Journal of the American Pomological Society 64(1): in press.<br /> <br /> Czynczyk, A., P. Bielicki and T.L. Robinson. 2009. Seven-Year Evaluation Of Cornell-<br /> Geneva and Polish Rootstocks with Reinders Golden Delicious in Poland. Journal of <br /> the American Pomological Society (in press). <br /> <br /> Harshman, J.M, C.S. Walsh, J. Daberkow, K, Sparks, M.J. Newell and G.R. Welsh. 2009. Hybridizing 'McIntosh Wijcik' and heat-tolerant apple cultivars to develop precocious seedling trees with improved tree architecture. Acta Hort. (In press). <br /> <br /> Johnson, D, B. Lewis, C.R. Rom, H. Friedrich, R. Bryant, and Maciej Pzsczolkowski. 2009. Organic Fruit Production Needs and Pest Management Practices in the Southeastern AR NC-140 2009- 3 United States. Acta Hort (accepted, in publication).<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L., D. Wolfe, R. Andersen, A, Azarenko, J. Freer, G. Reighard, P. Hirst, R.<br /> Hayden, B. McCluskey. 2008. Performance of Plum Rootstocks with Stanley, Valor, <br /> Veeblue, and Santa Rosa Scions in the 1991 NC-140 Multi-State Plum Trial. Journal <br /> of the American Pomological Society (in press). <br /> <br /> Rom, C.R. 2009. Crop Load Management in Tree Fruits: A Perspective. In, Miller, S. (Ed.) Regulation of growth and cropping on fruit trees. International Fruit Tree Association in conjunction with the Good Fruit Grower Press (in digital publication).<br /> <br /> Rom, C.R. M.E. Garcia, D.T. Johnson, J. Popp, M. Savin, J. McAfee and H. Friedrich. 2009. The Effects of Groundcover Management and Nutrient Source During Organic Orchard Establishment. Acta Hort. (accepted/pending publication)<br /> <br /> Rom, C. R., D.T. Johnson, J. McAfee, J. McKern, E. Stafne, J. R. Clarke. Differences in Defoliation of Fruit Cultivar and Rootstock Genotypes by Adult Japanese Beetle Feeding. Jrnl. Amer. Pom. Soc. (accepted for publication).<br /> <br /> Walsh, C.S., A. Ottesen, M. Newell and J. Hanson. 2009. The effect of organic and conventional IPM management programs on apple and Asian pear tree growth, productivity, expenses and revenues in a hot, humid climate. Acta Horticulturae (In press). <br /> <br /> Wolfe, D.E., and Doug Archbold. 2009. Rootstock and Interstem Effects on Pome Fruit Trees. 2009 Fruit and Vegetable Crops Research Report. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station publication. (in press). <br /> <br /> _______________________________________________________________<br /> Abstracts<br /> <br /> Choi, H.S. and C.R. Rom. 2009. Estimated Nitrogen Balance of Young Apple Trees In Response to Various Organic Apple Production Systems HortSci 44(4): 1113 [abst].<br /> <br /> Cowgill, W., W. Autio, and J. Clements. 2009. Using naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) to <br /> reduce shoot growth when a heading cut is used to lower tree height in super-spindle <br /> apple trees. Presentation at NE Plant Growth Regulator Conference, Wilkes-Barre, PA<br /> <br /> Fazio, G., D. Kviklys, and T. Robinson. 2009. QTL mapping of root architecture traits in<br /> apple rootstocks. HortScience 44:986-987 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Harshman, J.M., C.S. Walsh. 2009. Evaluating a columnar population of Pink Lady and Fuji seedlings. HortScience 44(4):1139 (Abstract). <br /> <br /> Kimmel, D., D. Kluchinski, W. J. Sciarappa, W. Hlubik, J. Frecon, R. Samulis, M. <br /> Azzara, J. Flagler, R. Mickel, N. Polanin, J. Carleo, W. Cowgill, R. Obal, W. Walker, J. <br /> Ortiz, and G. Pavlis, G. 2009. Educating Farmers to Avoid Conflicts With Neighbors <br /> and Towns, Proceedings of the 94th Annual NACAA Annual Meeting and Professional <br /> Improvement Conference, Portland. OR, p. 86. Invited Poster Presentation and <br /> Published Abstract<br /> <br /> Kviklys, D and T. Robinson. 2009. Effect of temperature before and after application of <br /> chemical thinners on thinning of Empire apple trees. 11th International Symposium on <br /> Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Production Abstracts. p. 144.<br /> <br /> Lopez-Cuevas, S., T. Robinson. 2009. Effects of nitrogen, potassium, irrigation and <br /> crop load on Honeycrisp fruit quality. HortScience 44:1011-1012 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> McAfee, J., C.R. Rom, H.Friedrich, H.Choi, M.E. Garcia, D.T. Johnson, J. Popp, and M. Savin. 2009. Ground cover management and nutrient source affect weed density, vole<br /> damage, and survival during establishment of an organic apple orchard. HortScience<br /> 44(4): 1114 [abst]<br /> <br /> Moran, R. and S. Erich. January 2009. Preplant compost and mycorrhizal inoculation improved growth and yield of Honeycrisp apple trees. American Society for Horticultural Science - Northeast Region Annual Meeting, Newark, DE.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L., G. Reginato, D. Kviklys and S.A. Hoying. 2009. Yield and fruit size <br /> independent of crop load of six peach planting systems. 7th International Peach <br /> Symposium Abstracts. p. 56.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T. 2009. Performance of AVG and NAA in controlling pre-harvest drop of <br /> McIntosh apples. 11th International Symposium on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit <br /> Production Abstracts. p. 41.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T., S. Lopez and K. Iungerman. 2009. Thinning and summer PGRs for <br /> consistent return bloom of Honeycrisp apples. 11th International Symposium on Plant <br /> Bioregulators in Fruit Production Abstracts. p. 168.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L., G. Bujdoso and G. Reginato. 2009. Influence of Pruning Severity on <br /> Fruit Size of Sweetheart and Lapins Sweet Cherry Grown on Gisela Rootstocks. 6th <br /> International Cherry Symposium Abstracts. p. x.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L., and S. Hoying. 2009. Training System and Rootstock Affect Yield, Fruit <br /> Size, Fruit Quality and Crop Value of Sweet Cherry. 6th International Cherry Symposium <br /> Abstracts. p. x.<br /> <br /> Robinson, T.L. 2009. The next frontiers in orchard systems. Proceedings Great Lakes <br /> Fruit Workers Annual Meeting 2009:12 (Abstr.)<br /> <br /> Rom, C.R. 2009. Understanding and Assessing Sustainability in Horticulture; Use of life cycle assessment to study and improve horticulture sustainability. HortSci. 44(4): 970 [abst]<br /> <br /> Rom, C.R., M.E. Garcia, D.T. Johnson, J. Popp, and M. Savin 2009. Early Performance of an Organic Apple Orchard as affected by ground cover management and nutrient sources. HortSci 44(4): 10811082 [abst]<br /> <br /> Ward, Daniel L., Winfred Cowgill, Neil Vincent, Rebecca Magron, 2009. Thomas <br /> Gianfagna, Cytokinin for Chemical Fruit Thinning of Asian Pears. Published Abstract, <br /> HortScience<br /> <br /> _______________________________________________________________ <br /> Extension Factsheets<br /> Autio, W. J. Clements, and J. Krupa. 2009. 2009 NC-140 Peach Rootstock Trial in Massachusetts. University of Massachusetts Extension Factsheet F-135, 2 pp.<br /> Cowgill, W., D. Polk. 2009. Dwarf Apples and Dogwood Borer. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.9.<br /> <br /> Cowgill, W. 2009. Managing Apple Harvest with Retain® in 2009 Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.16.<br /> <br /> Cowgill, W., D. Polk. 2009. Japanese Beetle, Honeycrisp Apple and Sunburn. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.15.<br /> <br /> Cowgill, W., J. Clements. 2009. Prune Cherries Right after Harvest to Control Bacterial Canker. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.13.<br /> <br /> Cowgill, W., J. Clements. 2009. Video on Training Young Apple Leaders. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.11.<br /> <br /> Clements, J., W. Cowgill. 2009. Pinch Apple Shoots to Control Growth. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.11.<br /> <br /> Cowgill, W., J. Clements. 2009. Apple Training-Clothespins for Good Crotch Angles. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.11.<br /> <br /> Cowgill, W.,W. Autio. 2009. Enhancing Return Bloom on Apple with Plant Growth Regulators. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.10.<br /> <br /> Cowgill, W., 2009. Calcium Sprays on Apple Prevent Cork and Bitter Pit. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 14, No.9.<br /> <br /> Ward, D., Loki, G., W.P. Cowgill Jr., J.L. Frecon, G.C. Hamilton, J.R. Heckman, L.S. Katz, N. Lalancette, B.A. Majek, D. Polk, P.W. Shearer, W.H. Tietjen. 2008. "New Jersey Commercial Tree Fruit Production Guide." Rutgers Cooperative Extension Bulletin E002 total pages (232)<br />

Impact Statements

1. Results from NC-140 research continue to direct the commercialization of tree fruit rootstocks.
2. The group website (www.nc140.org) is becoming an important source for information on new rootstocks, with 44,600 site visits during the reporting year.
3. Collaborative research under this group led to 8 refereed research publications, 30 non-refereed publications and numerous Extension presentations that reached fruit growers throughout North America.

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Report Information

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Full report attached as meeting minutes file.


NC140 materials may also be accessed at www.nc140.org.

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

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Report Information

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please see attached minutes file. The annual report file was uploaded as the attachment for the Publications section.


NC140 materials may also be accessed at www.nc140.org.

Accomplishments

Publications

Please see attached file for annual report, including publications.

Impact Statements

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