S1034: Biological Control of Arthropod Pests and Weeds

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

Project Menu

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[03/02/2008] [06/16/2009] [05/03/2010] [06/17/2011] [05/31/2012]

Date of Annual Report: 03/02/2008

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/02/2008 - 03/05/2008
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2006 - 10/01/2007

Participants

Participants Attachment:

Attachment

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 06/16/2009

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/22/2009 - 03/23/2009
Period the Report Covers: 08/01/2007 - 08/01/2008

Participants

Edelson, Jonathan (jonathan.edelson@okstate.edu) - Oklahoma State University; Giles, Kris (kris.giles@okstate.edu) - Oklahoma State University; Harwood, James (james.harwood@uky.edu) - University of Kentucky; Kairo, Moses (moses.kairo@famu.edu) - Florida A&M University; Kring, Tim (tkring@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas; Legaspi, Susie (jesusa.legaspi@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS; Leppla, Norm (ncleppla@ifas.ufl.edu) - University of Florida; Johnson, Seth (sjohnson@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University; Nowierski, Robert (rnowierski@csrees.usda.gov) - USDA-CSREES; Robert Wiedenmann (rwieden@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas; White, Jen (jawh222@uky.edu); Wood, Tara (tnwood@uark.edu).

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

S1034 report, including Accomplishments, appended to minutes.

Publications

Abney, M. R., J. R. Ruberson, G. A. Herzog, T. J. Kring, D. C. Steinkraus and P. M. Roberts. 2008. Rise and fall of cotton aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations in southeastern cotton production systems. J. Econ. Entomol. 101(1): 23-35.Abney, MR, JR Ruberson, GA Herzog, TJ Kring, DC Steinkraus & PM Roberts. 2008. Rise and fall of cotton aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations in Southeastern cotton production systems. Journal of Economic Entomology 101:23-35.Cave, R.D. 2008. Biological control of the Mexican bromeliad weevil. Biocontrol News & Information 29: 1N-2N.Cave, R.D. 2008. Lixadmontia franki Wood and Cave released to control the Mexican bromeliad weevil. Tachinid Times 21: 12-14.Chapman EG, Harwood JD (2008). Using snail-killing fly larvae as biological control agents of invasive slugs. IOBC-NRS Newsletter 30(3), 5.Chen, Y & JR Ruberson. 2008. Impact of variable nitrogen availability on arthropods in cotton. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 126: 281-288.Chen, Y, E Schmelz, F Wäckers, JR Ruberson. 2008. Cotton plant, Gossypium hirsutum L., defense in response to nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Chemical Ecology 34: 1553-1564.Chen, Y, JR Ruberson & DM Olson. 2008. Nitrogen fertilization rate affects larval performance and feeding, and oviposition preference of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, on cotton. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 126: 244-255.Copeland, C., Matthews, R., Gonzalez, J., Aluja, M., Sivinski, J. 2008. Wolbachia in two populations of Melittobia digitata Dahms (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Neotropical Entomol. 37: 633-640. Cuda, J.P. 2008. Biological control of weeds, pp. 501-506. In Capinera, J.L. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology, Second Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, Netherlands.Cuda, J.P., Charudattan, R., Grodowitz, M.J., Newman, R.M., Shearer, J.F., Tamayo, M.L., Villegas, B. 2008. Recent advances in biological control of submersed aquatic weeds. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 46: 15-32.Cuda, J.P., Gillmore, J.L. Medal, J.C., Pedrosa-Macedo, J.H. 2008. Mass rearing of Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), an approved biological control agent for Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae). Fla. Entomol. 91: 338-340.Diaz, R., Overholt, W., Samayoa, A., Sosa, F., Cordeau, D., Medal, J. 2008. Temperature-dependent development, cold tolerance, and potential distribution of Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum (Solanaceae). Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 18: 193-207.Diaz, R., Overholt, W., Cuda, J., Pratt, P., Fox, A. 2008. Temperature-dependent development, survival, and potential distribution of Ischnodemus variegatus (Hemiptera : Blissidae), a herbivore of west Indian marsh grass. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.101: 604-612.Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A., and K. Langeland, K. 2008. Jamaican Nightshade (Solanum jamaicense): A threat to Floridas hammocks. Invasive Plant Science and Management 1: 422-425.Diaz, R., Samayoa, A.C., Overholt, W.A., Pitty, A. 2008. Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae), primer reporte para Honduras. Ceiba 49: 133-134.Dilling, C. I., P. L. Lambdin, J. F. Grant, and J. R. Rhea. 2008. Assessment of imidacloprid and horticultural oil on non-target phytophagous and transient canopy insects associated with eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians, pg. 224. IN Proc. of the Fourth Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States, Onken, B. and R. Reardon (Eds.). February 12-14, Hartford, CT. Dilling, C., P. Lambdin, J. Grant, and R. Rhea. 2009. Community response of insects associated with eastern hemlock to imidacloprid and horticultural oil treatments. Environ. Entomol. 38:53-66.Dilling, C., P. Lambdin, J. Grant, J. Rhea. 2008. Community response of phytophagous and transient non-target canopy insects associated with eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, to imidacloprid and horticultural oil applications. Proceedings of the XXIII International Congress of Entomology, pg. 135. July 6-12, 2008, Durban, South Africa.Duguma, D. 2008. Seasonal dynamics and impact of Urophora quadrifasciata (Meigen) (Tephritidae: Diptera) on spotted knapweed in the Arkansas Ozarks. MS Thesis. University of Arkansas. 104 pp.Duguma, D. D., T. J. Kring, R. N. Wiedenmann and A. Mauromoustakos. 2009. Seasonal dynamics of Urophora quadrifasciata on spotted knapweed in the Arkansas Ozarks. Canadian Entomologist. 141: 70-79.Emmert, C.J., Mizell III, R.F., Andersen, P.C., Frank, J.H., Stimac, J.L. 2008. Effects of contrasting diets and temperatures on reproduction and prey consumption by Proprioseiopsis asetus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 44: 11-26.Frank, J.H. 2008. Steinernema scapterisci as a biological control agent of Scapteriscus mole crickets. Chap. 7, p. 115-131 in: Hayek, A., Glare, T., OCallaghan, M. (eds). Use of microbes for control and eradication of invasive arthropods. [Progress in Biological Control vol. 6] Dordrecht; Springer.Frank, J.H. 2008. Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and its Biological Control [in:] Capinera, J. L. (ed) Encyclopedia of Entomology. Dordrecht; Springer; 2nd edn., 4 vols., 4: 4276-4279. Frank, J.H., Fish, D. 2008. Potential biodiversity loss in Florida bromeliad phytotelmata due to Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), an invasive species. Fla Entomol. 91: 1-8.Frank, J.H., Giardina, D., Andrus, T., Monzón, J. 2007. Searching in Guatemala for more parasitoids to use against Metamasius callizona in Florida. J. Bromeliad Soc. 57: 253-258.Frank, J.H., Leppla, N.C. 2008. Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) and their Biological Control [in:] Capinera, J.L. (ed) Encyclopedia of Entomology. Dordrecht; Springer; 2nd edn., 4 vols., 3: 2442-2449. Frank, J.H., Mizell III, R.F. 2008. Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). [in:] Capinera, J.L. (ed) Encyclopedia of Entomology. Dordrecht; Springer; 2nd edn., 4 vols., 3: 2120-2130.Gates, M., Mena Correa, J., Sivinski, J., Ramírez-Romero, R., Córdova-García, G., Aluja, M. 2008. Description of the immature stages of Eurytoma sivinskii Gates and Grissell (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), an ectoparasitoid of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae in Mexico. Entomol. News 119: 354-360.Gibbs, M. M., P. L. Lambdin, J. F. Grant and A. M. Saxton. 2008. Diversity of ground-dwelling insects in a mixed hardwood southern Appalachian forest in eastern Tennessee. TN Acad Sci. 82:49-56. Giles, K. L., G. Hein, and F. Peairs. 2008. Areawide Pest Management of Cereal Aphids in Dryland Wheat Systems of the Great Plains. In (Koul et al. Eds.) Areawide pest management: Theory and Implementation. CABI, UK. Pgs. 441-466.Grant, J. F., P. L. Lambdin, and R. Rhea. 2008. Establishing Sasajiscymnus tsugae in the South, pp. 39-44. IN Proc. of the Fourth Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States, Onken, B. and R. Reardon (Eds.). February 12-14, Hartford, CT.Grant, J., A. Hakeem, P. Lambdin, F. Hale, J. Rhea. 2008. Impact of selected pesticides on canopy-dwelling predatory guilds on eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. Proceedings of the XXIII International Congress of Entomology, pg. 1491. July 6-12, 2008, Durban, South Africa.Grant, J., P. Lambdin, G. Wiggins, and J. Rhea. 2008. Impact of invasive insect pests on eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians, USA: Novel approaches to evaluating biological control agents for forest health management. Proceedings of the XXIII International Congress of Entomology, pg. 1260. July 6-12, 2008, Durban, South Africa. Hakeem, A. 2008 (May). Non-target effect of imidacloprid on the predatory arthropod guild on eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere, in the Southern Appalachians. M.S. Thesis, The University of Tennessee, 78 pp.Hall, D. G., Hentz, M.G., Adair, R.C. 2008. Population ecology and phenology of Diaphorina citri in two Florida citrus groves. Environ. Entomol. 37: 914-924.Harwood JD (2008). Are sweep net sampling and pitfall trapping compatible with molecular analysis of predation? Environmental Entomology, 37, 990-995.Harwood JD (2008). Slugs: the overlooked invasive pests of North America? IOBC-NRS Newsletter 30(1), 1-2.Harwood JD, Greenstone MH (2008). Molecular diagnosis of natural enemy-host interactions. In: Recent Advances in Insect Physiology, Toxicology and Molecular Biology (Ed. Liu N). Research Signpost, Trivandrum, India, pp. 41-57.Henne, D.C. and Johnson, S.J. 2008. Sampling and dynamics of a fire ant parasitoid. Environmental Entomology (In press) Henne, D.C., Hilbun, W.S., and Johnson, S.J. 2008. Spatio-temporal population sampling of a fire ant parasitoid. Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata 129: 132-141. Herrick, N.J., Reitz, S.R., Carpenter, J.E., O'Brien, C.W. 2008. Predation by Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae parasitized by Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its impact on cabbage. Biological Control 45: 386395.Hix, R. L., M. T. Kairo and S. Reitz. 2008. Does secondary plant metabolism provide a mechanism for plant defenses in the tropical soda apple Solanum viarum (Solanales: Solanaceae) against Spodoptera exigua and S. eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)? Florida Entomologist 91(4):566-569.Iponga, D.M., Cuda, J.P., Milton, S.J., Richardson, D.M. 2008 Megastigmus wasp damage to Schinus molle (Peruvian pepper tree) seeds across a rainfall gradient in South Africa: Implications for invasiveness. African Entomol. 16: 127-131.Jones, D. B., K. L. Giles and N. C. Elliott. 2008. Supercooling points of Lysiphlebus testaceipes and its host Schizaphis graminum. Environ. Entomol. 37: 1063-1068.Lambdin, P. J. Grant, and R. Reardon. 2008. Density and distribution of the elongate hemlock scale on eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians, pp. 36-38. IN Proc. International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies. Lambdin, P. L., J. F. Grant, and S. Schlarbaum. 2008. Rare outbreak of the oak eriococcin, Acanthococcus quercus,on northern red oak, Quercus rubra, in eastern Tennessee, pp. 71-74. IN Proc. International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies. Legaspi, J. C., Baez, I. 2008. Intercropping sunflower varieties with bell pepper: effect on populations of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and thrips. Subtrop. Pl. Sci. 60: 13-20.Legaspi, J. C., Gardner, C., Queeley, G., Leppla, N.C., Cuda, J., Legaspi, B.C. Jr. 2007. Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth and yield of hot pepper, and insect pests and their natural enemies. Subtrop, Pl. Sci. 59: 75-84.Legaspi, J. C., Legaspi, B.C. Jr. 2008. Ovigeny in selected generalist predators. Fla. Entomol. 91: 133-135.Legaspi, J.C., Legaspi, B.C. Jr., Simmons, A.M., Soumare, M. 2008. Life table analysis for immatures and female adults of the predatory beetle, Delphastus catalinae, feeding on whiteflies under three constant temperatures. J. Insect Sci. 8, art. 7, 9 pp.Manrique, V., Cuda, J.P., Overholt, W.A., Diaz, R. 2008. Temperature-dependent development and potential distribution of Episimus utilis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a candidate biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) in Florida. Environ. Entomol. 37: 862-870.Manrique, V., Cuda, J.P., Overholt, W.A., Williams, D.A., Wheeler, G. 2008. Effect of host-plant genotypes on the performance of three candidate biological control agents of Brazilian peppertree in Florida. Biological Control 47: 167-171.Mena-Correa, J., Sivinski, J., Gates, M., Ramirez-Romero, R, Aluja, M. 2008. Biology of Eurytoma sivinskii, an unusual eurytomid (Hymenoptera) parasitoid of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae. Fla. Entomol. 91: 598-603. Mizell, R.F. 2007. Impact of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on native arthropod predators in pecan and crape myrtle. Fla. Entomol. 90:524-536.Moser SE, Harwood JD, Obrycki JJ (2008). Larval feeding on Bt-hybrid and non-Bt corn seedlings by predacious coccinellids. Environmental Entomology 37, 525-533.Mukherjee, A., Cuda, J.P., Overholt, W.A., Ellison, C. 2008. Biological control of Hygrophila polysperma: Searching for natural enemies in India- first trip report. Aquatics 30: 20-22.Ni, X, G Gunawan, SL Brown, PE Sumner, JR Ruberson, GD Buntin, CC Holbrook, GD Lee, DA Streett, JE Throne, and JF Campbell. 2008. Insect-attracting and antimicrobial properties of antifreeze for monitoring insect pests and natural enemies in stored corn. Journal of Economic Entomology 101: 631-636.Overholt, W., Diaz, R., Markle, L., Medal, J. 2008. Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) does not feed on Jamaican nightshade Solanum jamaicense (Solanaceae). Fla. Entomol. 91: 121-123.Overholt, W.A, Markle, L., Rosskopf, E., Manrique, V., Albano, J., Cave, E., Adkins, S. 2009. The interactions of tropical soda apple mosaic tobamomvius and Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an introduced biological control agent of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum). Biological Control 48: 294-300.Peterson JA, Harwood JD (2008). Fate and exposure pathways of Bt-endotoxins in terrestrial food webs. Chemical & Engineering News 86(26), June 30, 2008.Phoofolo, M. W., K. L. Giles and N. C. Elliott. 2008. Life History Responses to Food Deprivation in Three Species of Predatory Lady Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environ. Entomol. 37: 315-322.Phoofolo, M. W., N. C. Elliott and K. L. Giles. 2009. Analysis of growth and development in the final larval instar of three species of predatory Coccinellidae under varying prey availability. Entomol. Exper. Appl. In Press.Pluke, R.W., Qureshi, J.A., Stansly, P.A. 2008. Citrus flushing patterns, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) populations and parasitism by Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Puerto Rico. Fla. Entomol. 91: 36-42.Qureshi, J.A., Rogers, M.E., Hall, D.G., Stansly, P.A. 2009. Incidence of invasive Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and its introduced parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Florida citrus. J. Econ. Entomol. 102: 247-256.Rohrig, E., Sivinski, J., Wharton, R. 2008. Comparison of parasitic Hymenoptera captured in malaise traps baited with two flowering plants, Lobularia maritima (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) and Spermacoce verticillata (Gentianales: Rubiaceae). Fla. Entomol. 91: 621-627. Rohrig, E.A., Sivinski, J.M., Teal, P.E., Stuhl, C.J., Aluja, M. 2008. A floral-derived compound attractive to the tephritid fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 34: 549-557.Royer, T. A., K. L. Giles and M. M. Lebusa. 2008. Preference and suitability of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) parasitized by Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a food source for Coccinella septimpunctata and Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biological Control. 47: 82-88. Ruberson, JR, and KW Wickings. 2008. Importance of natural enemies for stink bug control in Georgia. In: Cotton Research-Extension Report 2007 (Grey, T., M. Toews, and C. Perry, Eds.) UGA/CPES Research Extension Publication No. 6, pp. 111-121. Found online at http://ugacotton.comSellers, B.A., Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A.Langeland, K.A., Gray, C.J. 2008. Control of West Indian marsh grass with glyphosate and imazapyr. J. Aquat. Pl. Manage. 46: 189-192.Simmons, A.M., Legaspi J.C., Legaspi. B.C. 2008. Responses of Delphastus catalinae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predator of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), to relative humidity: oviposition, hatch, and immature survival. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 101: 378-383.Suazo, A., Cave, R.D., Frank, J.H. 2008. Reproductive biology and development of Lixadmontia franki (Diptera: Tachinidae), a parasitoid of bromeliad-eating weevils. Fla. Entomol. 91: 453-459.Torres, JB & JR Ruberson. 2008. Interactions of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin in genetically engineered cotton with predatory heteropterans. Transgenic Research 17: 345-354.Wiggins, G., J. Grant, and P. Lambdin. 2008. Identifying areas of potential non-target feeding by biological control agents of invasive weeds using GIS. Proceedings of the Tennessee Entomological Society (The Firefly) 23:[in press]. Wiggins, G., J. Grant, and P. Lambdin. 2008. Use of GIS to characterize areas of non-target feeding by biological control agents of invasive weeds: A case study in Tennessee, USA. Proceedings of the XXIII International Congress of Entomology, pg. 1665. July 6-12, 2008, Durban, South Africa. Williams, D., Muchugu, E., Overholt, W., Cuda, J. 2007. Colonization patterns of the invasive Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius, in Florida. Heredity 98: 284-293.Xie, Y., P. Lambdin, J. Grant, and C. Lynch. 2008. Behavior and consumption of Scymnillus horni (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on the elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), pp. 39-42. IN Proc. International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies. Yokoyama, V.Y., Rendon, P.A, Sivinski, J. 2008. Psyttalia cf. concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for biological control of olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in California. Environ. Entomol. 37: 764-773.

Impact Statements

S1034 report, including Impacts, appended to minutes.

Date of Annual Report: 05/03/2010

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/07/2010 - 03/07/2010
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2009 - 09/01/2010

Participants

Jonathan Edelson Oklahoma State University jonathan.edelson@okstate.edu; Kris Giles* Oklahoma State University kris.giles@okstate.edu; Carmen Greenwood Oklahoma State University carmen.greenwood@okstate.edu;
James Harwood* University of Kentucky james.harwood@uky.edu;
Tim Kring* University of Arkansas tkring@uark.edu;
Robert Wiedenmann University of Arkansas rwieden@uark.edu;
Susie Legaspi USDA-ARS jesusa.legaspi@ars.usda.gov;
Norm Leppla University of Florida ncleppla@ifas.ufl.edu;
James Cuda University of Florida jcuda@ufl.edu;
David Buntin University of Georgia gbuntin@uga.edu;
Jerome Grant University of Tennessee jgrant@utk.edu;
Mark Culik INCAPER markculik3@yahoo.com;

* Official State Representative
Representative to the Southern Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Directors

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting commenced with introductions of participants. James Harwood provided a brief update on developments and outlined the agenda for the meeting.

James thanked participants for the success associated with the previous meeting and the combined symposium and joint meeting with W2185 (Biological Control in Pest Management Systems of Plants) at the Sixth International IPM Symposium in Portland, OR. Additionally, James described the symposium associated with the current SEB-ESA meeting (Integration of Predators into Biological Control Programs) and encouraged attendance.

2. Confirmation of minutes
The minutes from the 2009 meeting meeting were reviewed by those in attendance. A motion was made by Norm Leppla to receive the minutes. Seconded by Jim Cuda. Minutes were approved unanimously.

3. Election of officers
A motion was made by James Harwood to nominate Carmen Greenwood as secretary-elect. Seconded by Jonathan Edelson. The motion was passed unanimously.

4. State reports
State representatives/participants gave a brief verbal report highlighting the most important activities, and state reports were distributed, and discussed. An additional verbal report on mealybug predators in Brazil was provided by Mark Culik.

5. Information management
All current reports have been amended, where necessary, to follow standardized format requirements. The issue of a website was again briefly discussed. Most agreed that a separate website would be difficult to maintain. The NIMSS website was identified as a central information source and it does provide information management and support pertaining to key aspects of information exchange. The system is password protected, but, e-documents (reports, minutes, publication lists) can be made available. Additionally, as mentioned by J. Edelson, the SR-IPM center could host reports. Jim Cuda suggested linking reports to the SEB website, updating participant lists, and mentioned that is important to include impacts/utility of findings for clientele. These options will be explored over the next year.

6. Encouraging wider participation
As in previous meetings, discussion continued about the need for broader participation among states. Jonathan Edelson emphasized that S-1034 cannot be viewed as a group distributing information and exchanging ideas; there is a clear need to have active multi-state collaborations that address key needs within the region relevant to the scope of the project; there must be a pay-off associated with this group. Jonathan stated that participants need to regularly examine the need of the group. Norm Leppla, Jim Cuda, and Jerome Grant reiterated the need for increased collaboration. James Harwood mentioned that participants from all over the region were invited to this meeting, and some not normally present would present in the symposium, and that an annual symposium, associated with a larger meeting, appears to improve participation, and may indeed foster collaborative research.

7. New priorities
Jonathan Edelson provided a detailed explanation of the new AFRI RFAs that were forthcoming, and the goals behind national priorities. He suggested that, if appropriate, that S1034 could position itself as a collaborative research group that pursues large, long-term funding to address priorities associated with biological control in the southern region. As in previous reports, priority areas for collaboration were identified by participants (in 2008; see below) and many in the region have worked cooperatively on some of these priorities, in particular those that are relevant to groups of states. It may not be appropriate for all state to be involved in all projects. At the current meeting, BC of Hemlock woolly adelgid (Jerome grant) was identified as a potential priority. Jim Cuda discussed cooperative work associated with Hygrophila, and that he and a team of regional collaborators were pursuing funding. By consensus, the group agreed that action must wait until new AFRI RFAs are released.

8. Venue, date and plans for next meeting
It was agreed that the joint meeting with the Entomological Society of America Southeastern Branch meeting in Atlanta, GA was a success. However, the problem of holding the meeting in conjunction with the SEB was discussed because certain participants in S-1034 are outside this ESA region. All participants in attendance, however, agreed that for 2011, the meeting will be held again in conjunction with the SEB (March 19-22, 2011) at the Caribe Hilton Hotel, San Juan, Puerto Rico. A symposium on Biological Control of Weeds was discussed for this upcoming meeting, along with a field trip.

9. AOB
No other business was discussed and the meeting was adjourned at 4:30 pm.

Accomplishments

ARKANSAS Objective 2. Exploration, characterization and assessment of natural enemies for invasive species. Two biological control agents, the flower head weevil Larinus minutus and the root weevil Cyphocleonus achates, were determined to hold the greatest promise to provide spotted knapweed suppression in the southern Region, particularly Arkansas. Future redistribution of this species will be done by collection of adults. Objective 3. Implementation, evaluation, and enhancement of biological control. Establishment and spread of the flower head weevil Larinus minutus from release locations is being tracked. Further, the impact on local and regional spotted knapweed populations is under evaluated using traditional plant stand counts, photographic evidence and GIS tools at the landscape level. FLORIDA Objective 1. Characterize and evaluate the effect of established introduced natural enemies. SCAPTERISCUS MOLE CRICKETS. The introduced biological control agent Larra bicolor (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) has now been detected in 46 of Floridas 67 counties and continues to spread. It has been found capable of out-reproducing its pest mole cricket hosts. TROPICAL SODA APPLE BEETLE. The effect of herbivory by Gratiana boliviana Spaeth (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on the invasive weed, tropical soda apple (TSA, Solanum viarum Dunal, Solanaceae) was investigated using exclusion methods and by monitoring the density of G. boliviana and the weed at four locations over a period of 40 months. TSA plants protected by insecticide were taller, wider, and had greater canopy cover that unprotected plants, and plants in closed cages were taller and wider than those in open cages. Survival of plants was higher in plots protected with insecticide than in unprotected plots in both years of a two year study. Objective 2. Exploration, characterization and assessment of natural enemies for invasive species. SCAPTERISCUS MOLE CRICKETS. Basic laboratory research on a fourth biological control agent, Pheropsophus aequinoctialis (Coleoptera: Carabidae), of pest mole crickets is complete and published. RED PALM MITE. Phytoseiids from Mauritius and from Florida found associated with the red palm mite on coconut palms were colonized in quarantine in the University of Florida Department of Entomology and Nematology building. In addition, we developed a protocol that would allow us to extract DNA from single mites without destroying the specimens (which can be saved for vouchers). BROWN CITRUS APHID: Molecular methods were used to identify parasitoids from the brown citrus aphid from Dominica. The methods documented that the parasitoids Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Lipolexis oregmae were present throughout the citrus-growing areas of Dominica. MEXICAN BROMELIAD WEEVIL: Between September 2008 and August 2009, 337 female Lixadmontia franki flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) and a similar number of males were released at localities in central and southern Florida in trials against Mexican bromeliad weevil, Metamasius callizona. Routine monitoring at the sites failed to reveal progeny of the released flies. HYGROPHILA: We continued field surveys for natural enemies of hygrophila on the Indian subcontinent. Natural enemies found to infest hygrophila were collected using appropriate sampling methods. Hygrophila was found to be fairly common in Bangladesh. In several of the sites, the plant was infected with the very damaging aecial rust fungus Puccinia sp. The larva of Precis alamana L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and an unidentified larva (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) also were found feeding on hygrophila. In addition, 6 species of nematodes were extracted from the roots/rhizosphere of hygrophila. Unfortunately, despite extensive searching, no hygrophila populations were located in Punjab. BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE: (A) Pseudophilothrips ichini Hood (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). In May 2007, P. ichini was recommended for release in Florida by the federal interagency Technical Advisory Group for Biological Control Agents of Weeds (TAG). Since that time, we discovered there are pending taxonomic issues associated with P. ichini sensu lato, which appears to be a complex of genetically different taxa. Thrips collected ~500 miles north of the original Curitiba, Brazil source population performed better on Florida Brazilian peppertree plants, which are hybrids of two different Brazilian peppertree genotypes. After close examination of our collection records, we discovered that our host range testing actually was conducted with insects from a laboratory colony that contained individuals from several genetically different source populations, i.e. P. ichini s.l. Because P. ichini s.l. was found to be highly specific to Brazilian peppertree and its congener Schinus molle L., a new petition for field release was prepared and resubmitted to the TAG in July 2009. (B) Episimus unguiculus Clarke (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Fundamental host range testing in the UF/IFAS Entomology Department Containment laboratory (EDCL) and field host-use studies in Hawaii were completed with the leaflet rolling moth E. unguiculus, previously known as Episimus utilis Zimmerman. A petition to release this precedented biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree, which established in the USA (Hawaii), was prepared and submitted to the TAG in September 2009. HYDRILLA: Surveys were conducted at 144 locations in ten lakes in Kenya, Uganda and Burundi to locate populations of Hydrilla verticillata. The plant was found at several locations in the littoral zone of Lake Tanganyika in Burundi, and in 4 lakes in Uganda (Bunyonyi, Mutanda, Bisina and Kyoga). A high diversity of chironomid midges was found associated with hydrilla at all locations sampled. Microscopic inspection of hydrilla stems revealed that chironomid larvae were commonly found on stems, but there were no signs of boring in stems or growing tips, or other evidence of herbivory. Since we had not found insects associated with these damage symptoms, we tested the hypothesis that fish were feeding on hydrilla. Dissection and inspection of gut contents revealed the presence of hydrilla leaves in 4 species of cichlids. Objective 3. Implementation, evaluation, and enhancement of biological control. CACTUS MOTH: The entomopathogens, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, tested against the cactus moth eggs did not infect the eggs. The chorion may serve as protective covering for the eggs that prevents infection. However, young larvae of C. cactorum were found to be a suitable host for both M. anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. The fungus M. anisopliae was highly pathogenic to 1st instar larvae. In collaboration with T. Miller (Florida State Univ.), we studied the mutualism between two species of cactus and the naturally-occurring ant populations in two locations in Florida, and the effects of this mutualism on the cactus moth. TOBACCO THRIPS: Laboratory experiments demonstrated that parasitized thrips feed significantly less than unparasitized ones. This reduction in feeding led to a reduction in transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus by parasitized thrips compared with unparasitized ones. These results indicate how T. fuscum aids in regulating viruliferous thrips populations and demonstrate its potential as a biological control agent for tobacco thrips. GEORGIA Gardner: Release and establishment of phorid flies against red imported fire ants Releases of phorid parasitoids against imported fire ants in Georgia and neighboring states have resulted in establishment and spread of 2 species of the parasitoids in Georgia. Surveys in 2009 showed that Pseudacteon curvatis is established in 19 Georgia counties. At least one species of Pseudacteon is confirmed as established in 36 Georgia counties, and both species are confirmed in 12 counties. Braman: Testing insects from China as potential biological controls for chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense Studies were conducted on the biology and rearing of Argopistes tsekooni (Coleoptera) and Leptoypha hospita (Hemiptera). Host specificity tests for A. tsekooni and L. hospita were conducted in quarantine. Braman: Influence of Plant Parameters on Occurrence and Abundance of Arthropods in Residential Turfgrass The effects of warm-season turfgrass taxa, density, height and weed density on abundance of natural enemies, especially predatory Heteroptera, and their potential prey were evaluated in residential turf. Total predatory Heteroptera were most abundant in St. Augustinegrass and zoysiagrass and primarily included Anthocoridae, Lasiochilidae, Geocoridae, and Miridae. Anthocoridae and Lasiochilidae, often represented as generalist predators in other agro-ecosystems, were most common in St. Augustinegrass and their abundance correlated positively with species of Blissidae and Delphacidae, which are documented phytophagous pests in turfgrass. Chinch bugs were present in all turf taxa, but were 23 to 47 times more abundant in St. Augustinegrass. These differences in abundance could be in response to primary or alternate prey, or reflect the influence of turf micro-environmental characteristics. Braman: Predatory Potential of Geocoris spp. and Orius insidiosus (Say) on Fall Armyworm in Resistant and Susceptible Turf Predatory potential and performance of the heteropterans, Geocoris punctipes, G. uliginosus (Geocoridae), and Orius insidiosus (Anthocoridae), were evaluated using fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, as prey on different turfgrass taxa (resistant zoysiagrasses, Cavalier and Palisades, moderately resistant bermudagrass, TifSport, and susceptible seashore paspalum, Sea Isle 1) in laboratory and field studies. When background mortality was taken into account, in small arena trials in the laboratory, the greatest mortality by predators occurred on TifSport. Predator induced mortality among all trials was most consistent on a grass of intermediate resistance, TifSport bermudagrass. Braman: St. Augustinegrass Cultivar Influences on Southern Chinch Bug and Predator Populations Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in Georgia and South Carolina to determine the tolerance and antibiosis effects of 15 St. Augustinegrass genotypes against the southern chinch bug. Floratam and Floralawn cultivars were highly resistant to southern chinch bug populations in South Carolina and Georgia. The data suggested that the St. Augustinegrass cultivars exhibited different levels of tolerance to infestation by southern chinch bug. The results called into question the established treatment threshold of 20-25 chinch bugs 0.1 m-2, which does not consider the tolerance levels among St. Augustinegrass cultivars. Numbers of the predator Lasiochilus palidulus also varied by genotype and were least abundant in the resistant cultivars and most abundant in Winchester. Braman: Effects of fertilizer and low rates of insecticide on hemlock woolly adelgid to enhance predator retention Healthy hemlock trees, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, and adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Adelgidae) populations should allow retention and population growth of adelgid predators like Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Derodontidae) and Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Sasaji & McClure) (Coccinellidae). Fertilized trees had greater adelgid fecundity which was positively correlated with total foliar N in both winter generations. Trees treated with low rates of imidacloprid were healthier than untreated trees, but only trees treated with 10% of the recommended rate of imidacloprid had sufficient adelgids to possibly sustain predators over extended periods of time. Braman: Impact of Megacephala carolina on common turf grass pests influenced by turfgrass species Tiger beetles were evaluated in laboratory and field tests to define impact on fall armyworm and Japanese beetle. Adult predators significantly reduced numbers of fall armyworms in laboratory and field experiments. Ruberson: Parasitoids of stink bug nymphs and adults in Georgia We completed the third year of surveying for stink bug parasitoids in Georgia. Ruberson: Predation on stink bugs in the presence and absence of fire ants in cotton Fire ants appear to be one of the more significant predators of stink bug eggs, so we evaluated the impact of fire ant presence on stink bug egg loss. The Amdro treatments were moderately effective in suppressing fire ant populations, but overall ant activity was relatively low and localized compared to prior years. Low ant numbers and low activity values were reflected in overall predation of eggs supporting the notion that fire ants are important predators. Ant presence had no apparent effect on sucking predation. Egg loss was quite variable, but it is obvious that fire ants are the most important predators of stink bug eggs in cotton. Ruberson (with Dawn M. Olson, USDA-ARS): Predation on stink bug eggs in row crop systems Egg predation was high in peanuts (86%) and lower in soybeans (39%), Bt (34%) and RR cotton (7%). Most egg predation in Bt-cotton and peanuts was attributable to fire ants. Most predation in the soybeans and RR-cotton was attributable to tettigoniid grasshoppers. Parasitism was low overall but higher in soybeans (19%) than cotton (5%) and peanuts (2%). Most predation (P < 0.001) occurred at plot edges than plot centers in RR cotton (81%). No edge effects were found in soybean, Bt-cotton and peanuts. Most of the parasitism (P < 0.001) also occurred at plot centers than in plot edges in RR cotton (82%), Bt-cotton (68%) and soybean (68%). For RR-cotton, Bt-cotton, and peanuts there was always an inverse relationship between predation and parasitism within a replication (P < 0.001). No consistent pattern between predation and parasitism was found in soybean plots. Ruberson: Propagation and release of Aridelus rufotestaceus Aridelus rufotestaceus was propagated in the laboratory to produce wasps to supplement field populations. We released 150 on 22 August and 130 more on 12 September. In addition, 60 wasps were distributed to producers at the Cotton and Peanut Research Field Day (in Tifton) on 9 September. Ruberson: Life history of the stink bug parasitoid Aridelus rufotestaceus The prolonged development of A. rufotestaceus does, however, synchronize the wasp with the developmental pattern of its hosts so that the parasitoid females are emerging about the time that their hosts are in a stage susceptible for parasitism. Host range testing, revealed that the parasitoid is capable of successfully developing in the Southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula), brown stink bugs (Euschistus servus and E. quadrator), Green stink bug (Acrosternum hilare), and red-banded stink bug (Piezodorus guildinii. KENTUCKY Objective 3. Implementation, evaluation, and enhancement of biological control. YEARGAN We determined the coccinellid predators and hymenopteran parasitoids that attack the milkweed aphid, Aphis nerii, in Kentucky. Seven species of Coccinellidae were observed feeding on A. nerii in the field, including Harmonia axyridis and Cycloneda munda. Laboratory tests of development and survival of those two coccinellid species showed that each had poor larval survival regardless of milkweed host species on which the aphids had been reared. Several parasitoid species were reared from A. nerii, with Lysiphlebus testaceipes being predominant. We sampled populations of coccinellid predators in sweet corn before and after anthesis to determine if the relative abundance of H. axyridis had changed appreciably since the mid to late 1990s. In earlier studies in sweet corn at the same location, we had sampled coccinellid populations before the arrival (in 1993) of H. axyridis in central Kentucky and for four years afterwards. Our 2009 samples indicated that H. axyridis populations in sweet corn do not appear to have increased in sweet corn relative to those of C. maculata since the late 1990s. Coleomegilla maculata remains the dominant coccinellid species in Kentucky sweet corn, accounting for a majority of the adult, and virtually all of the larval, Coccinellidae in this crop. HARWOOD Development and optimization of molecular detection protocols for evaluation of biological control. Ongoing research seeks to develop molecular protocols to delineate trophic connectivity across systems. Recently designed molecular markers for >10 key pest and non-pest species with others in development. Non-target effect of transgenic plants. Despite the reported specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis proteins against target pests, a number of studies have indicated that the uptake of Bt-endotoxins from bioengineered crops could have negative effects on natural enemies. It is therefore essential to quantify exposure pathways in non-target arthropod food webs across multiple transgenic events. Adult ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were collected from transgenic corn fields expressing lepidopteran-specific Cry1Ab, coleopteran-specific Cry3Bb1, and both Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 (stacked event), as well as a non-transgenic isoline. Carabid gut-contents were screened for Cry1Ab Bt-endotoxin and significant numbers of carabids tested positive for Cry1Ab from the lepidopteran-specific field. The highest proportion of Bt-endotoxin uptake was 4-6 weeks post-anthesis. Only one species, H. pensylvanicus, screened positive for Cry1Ab from the stacked line, despite similar expression of this endotoxin in plant tissue harvested from both lines. This difference in Cry1Ab uptake could be due to changes in the non-target food web or differential rates of Bt-endotoxin decay between genetic events. This study has quantified the differential uptake of Cry1Ab Bt-endotoxin by the carabid community across multiple transgenic events, thus forming the framework for future risk-assessment of transgenic crops. LOUISIANA Objective 1. Characterize and evaluate the effect of established introduced natural enemies. A statewide survey of the distribution of the red imported fire ant, RIFA, phorid parasitoids Pseudacteon tricuspis and P. curvatus was conducted in all 64 parishes from March to November. A total of 136 sites was sampled across the state for phorid flies. P. tricuspis was collected in 46 out of 64 parishes, approximately 86,900 sq k. It was absent in the northern tier of parishes and 5 parishes in south central part of state. Natchitoches Parish had the highest density of flies, 262/10 mounds. P. curvatus was found in 57 of 64 parishes, approximately 105,200 sq k. P. curvatus was also absent from 5 parishes in south central area of the state and also St. James and Assumption Parishes. Union Parish on the Louisiana and Arkansas border had the highest density of P. curvatus, 444/10 mounds. There were only 3 parishes, Vermilion, Acadia and Evangeline, where no flies were found. P. obtusus was released in Natchitoches Parish in April. The site was sampled on September 29, 2009 but no P. obtusus were collected. A three year study was initiated to evaluate the impact that the phorids are having on RIFA populations in Louisiana. Six improved pastures in Vermilion/ Acadia Parishes where there are no phorids and six pastures were selected in East Feliciana parish where both species occur. RIFA population size and phorid fly abundance will be measured in spring and fall in 2009-2011. No flies were collected in the phorid free area of the impact study in both spring and fall of 2009. In the phorid area in East Feliciana parish the average number of P. tricuspis collected in the spring and fall at 10 mounds per site was 3.6 and 26.5, respectively. For P. curvatus, 24.3 and 60.0 were captured in the spring and fall, respectively. In both phorid present and absent areas, the Harlans population index increased from spring to fall but the increase was greater in the phorid area. Objective 3. Implementation, evaluation, and enhancement of biological control. A third species of phorid, P. obtusus, was released in April in an improved pasture in Natchitoches Parish where P. tricuspis and P. curvatus are already established The site was sampled on September 29, 2009 but no P. obtusus were collected. The site of a second year of an exclusion experiment to assess the impact of the RIFA on the Florida salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae, introduced to control common salvinia, Salvinia minima, was moved from Vacherie to a pond heavily infested with common salvinia near Tunica. The impact of RIFA on Florida salvinia weevil populations was studied in a replicated field exclusion experiment with a moat of open water maintained by an outer 1.5 sq m PVC quadrat surrounding an inner 1 sq m PVC quadrat. 150 weevils were introduced into the center of each inner quadrat and allowed to establish for 2 months. In September the difference in populations between treatments was significant (p=0.016) with an average of 3.25 weevils per 0.1 sq m of salvinia in plots with RIFA and 9.0 weevils per 0.1 sq m in RIFA exclusion plots. In November the mean number of weevils in plots with RIFA was 5.25 and in plots without RIFA 7.5 per 0.1 sq m of salvinia but the difference was not significant (p=0.396). A year-long study was initiated in Gramercy to determine the biodiversity of arthropods associated with common salvinia and their possible effects on biological control efforts. Population dynamics of the Brazilian strain of Cyrtobagous salviniae was monitored at a field weevil nursery in a 2.5 ha pond in Gheens on a weekly basis from Oct. 25 to Aug. 17. The Brazilian salvinia weevils female reproductive system was characterized by dissection of over 500 individuals. The Brazilian salvinia weevil population per kg of giant salvinia at Gheens was low in winter averaging 2.53 in January, 3.83 in Feb., 6.24 in March and 1.25 in April. The population grew rapidly to 14.52 in May and then climbed to 40.43 in June. Damage was apparent at this point and by the end of August it was difficult to find any salvinia. Detailed description of the 2 nonparous and 3 parous stages of female Brazilian salvinia weevil reproductive system was made. Measurements of over 400 Brazilian weevils found length of female was 2.76 mm and male was 2.6 mm but it is not a reliable method of differentiating sexes because of overlap in size distributions. Dissection is only reliable method of sex determination. OKLAHOMA Objective 3. Implementation, evaluation, and enhancement of biological control. Giles: Continued evaluation of cereal aphid + parasitoid Glance n Go sampling and management Plan. Completed multiyear study evaluating conservation of aphid natural enemies in relay-intercropping systems in the Southern Plains. Greenwood: Completed 2-year study describing the impact of no-till in continuous wheat and wheat rotational systems on Entomopathogenic nematode abundance and activity. Objective 4. Evaluate the benefits and risks of introduced and indigenous natural enemies. Giles: Field and laboratory studies are continuing to examine intraguild dynamics among aphid parasitoids and Coccinellidae predators (native versus exotic) in winter wheat agroecosystems. Tennessee Objective 1. Characterize and evaluate the effect of established introduced natural enemies. The establishment of two introduced predators (Sasajiscymnus tsugae [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae; from Japan] and Laricobius nigrinus [Coleoptera: Derodontidae; from the Pacific Northwest]) released against hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), on eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was assessed. Sasajiscymnus tsugae (about 390,000 adults) and L. nigrinus, (ca. 6,600 adults) were released at 166 and 26 sites, respectively, in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park from 2002-2008. Beat-sheet sampling for four man-hours was conducted on accessible hemlock trees at each of 33 S. tsugae and 10 L. nigrinus release sties. S. tsugae adults (n=78) and S. tsugae larvae (n=145) were recovered from seven (22%) of the 33 S. tsugae sites surveyed. Of the 10 L. nigrinus release sites surveyed, adult L. nigrinus (n=18) were recovered from three sites (30%). This study provides documentation of establishment of S. tsugae and L. nigrinus in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (part of the Appalachian Mountains) in the eastern United States. Most S. tsugae were recovered from older release sites (2002; seven years after release), suggesting that S. tsugae may require a longer time period to establish and to reach measurable levels. Predatory beetles were recovered throughout the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, indicating habitats for establishment are present across a wide range of sites. A study was continued to determine the natural enemies of elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa, on eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians. Limited releases of the parasitoid Pseudacteon curvatus (a phorid fly know as the decapitating fly) were made in several counties in Tennessee in 2002 and 2003, but this parasitoid still continues to be found in 40+ counties, mainly along the southern border of Tennessee. Objective 2. Exploration, characterization and assessment of natural enemies for invasive species. A project was conducted to assess the use of large, whole-tree canopy enclosures (e.g., cages) to enhance understanding of the survival and establishment of introduced biological control agents against the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, on eastern hemlock, and to assess the impact of these agents on population densities of this serious invasive pest. This project focuses on the use of large (ca. 9 m [30 ft]) screened cages to assess the successful field application (survival, establishment, and reproduction; impact on tree health) of three introduced biological control agents (Sasajiscymnus tsugae, Laricobius nigrinus, and Scymnus sinuanodulus; one species/cage) of hemlock woolly adelgid. This study was conducted at Blackberry Farm near the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in eastern Tennessee. Tree growth parameters, aldegid population characteristics, and predator incidence, density, etc. were assessed inside each cage every one to three months. Uncaged and caged (no beetles) trees (control) also were monitored and compared to beetle release trees. Two of the three predator species (S. tsugae and L. nigrinus) established in the field cages and were documented at the F2 generation similar densities of each predator were found: 87 S. tsugae and 96 L. nigrinus. Sasajiscymnus tsugae were collected in February, March, June, and July, while L. nigrinus were collected in February and March. Trees caged with either of these predator species had lower numbers of adelgids after the first year of the study than caged and uncaged control trees. Additionally, in post study assessments, L. nigrinus was collected in emergence cages (showing continued survival from previous year) and has been collected on HWA-infested trees in and near the study site. S. sinuanodulus failed to establish on caged trees, as none was collected in beat-sheet sampling past the first generation. Objective 3. Implementation, evaluation, and enhancement of biological control. In 2009, the Lindsay Young Beneficial Insects Laboratory at the University of Tennessee reared four species of predatory beetles (Sasajiscymnus tsugae, Laricobius nigrinus, Scymnus sinuanodulus, and Scymnus coniferarum). Three (Sasajiscymnus tsugae, Laricobius nigrinus, and Scymnus sinuanodulus) of these species were reared for field release and one (Scymnus coniferarum) was reared for laboratory evaluation. During 2009, 400,984 eggs of S. tsugae were harvested, resulting in the production of 166,252 adults. Of these, 117,046 were released in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cherokee National Forest, Tennessee State Parks, or on Tennessee Wildlife Management Areas. Adult mortality was greater this year than in past years, with as many as 25% of beetles within a rearing box dying during the 2-week holding period between emergence and release. During 2009, 21,858 mature larvae were reared from 575 wild-caught adult Laricobius nigrinus from the Seattle area. Low survival was a problem in 2009 with only 16.4% of mature larvae surviving to adult emergence. About 1,000 additional adults were received from Seattle. Of these lab-reared and field-collected L. nigrinus, 3,050 adults were released in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cherokee National Forest, Tennessee State Parks, and in Tennessee Wildlife Management Areas. Scymnus sinuanodulus was difficult to rear in the laboratory, and only 53 adults were released in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. A colony of Scymnus coniferarum was established using 20 adults collected near Seattle. Efforts are underway to develop rearing methodologies to enable the production of large numbers of adults for field release. The current colony of S. tsugae has been reared in laboratories for many generations; thus, new genetic stock was introduced from Japan in 2009. Comparisons of biology and rearing success between the lab-reared and wild colony of Sasajiscymnus tsugae are underway. Objective 4. Evaluate the benefits and risks of introduced and indigenous natural enemies. A study to assess the benefits and risks of a biological control program using two introduced weevil species against musk thistle, Carduus nutans, was completed. This study assessed non-target impacts (20 years after the initial release) and evaluated the use of GPS as a tool to predict non-target feeding activity and impacts. Several decades ago, two weevil species, Rhinocyllus conicus and Trichosirocalus horridus, were introduced from Europe into North America as biological control agents of the exotic weed species Carduus nutans L. Research estimated phenological synchrony of the eight thistle species in Tennessee with R. conicus and and T. horridus, investigated naturally-occurring populations of the five native Cirsium thistle species for non-target activity by R. conicus and T. horridus, quantified the impacts to plants of each thistle species to feeding of R. conicus and T. horridus, and identified potential areas of non-target feeding by the weevils using spatial analysis. Phenologies of two native species, C. carolinianum and C. horridulum, were synchronous with R. conicus reproduction, and all eight thistle species were phenologically synchronous with the reproduction of T. horridus. No non-target activity by R. conicus was observed in naturally-occurring populations of Cirsium thistles. In caged plant studies, however, larvae of R. conicus completed development in heads of C. carolinianum and C. horridulum and reduced seed numbers of both native species. Adult T. horridus were documented for the first time on the native species C. carolinianum, C. horridulum, and C. muticum. Basal meristems of all eight thistle species exposed to T. horridus were damaged at varying levels in caged plant studies, but no other impacts to plants were observed. Spatial analyses showed associations between Mahalanobis distance values and plant counts of Carduus nutans and Cirsium carolinianum in predicted habitats, and the occurrence of Carduus nutans was associated with the occurrence of both weevil species in these habitats. About 12% of the total study area consisted of habitats where C. nutans and Cirsium carolinianum overlap. The potential exists for these weevils to utilize native Cirsium species found in Tennessee as plant hosts.

Publications

Duguma, D. D., T. J. Kring and R. N. Wiedenmann. 2009. Seasonal dynamics of Urophora quadrifasciata on spotted knapweed in the Arkansas Ozarks. Canadian Entomologist. 141: 70-79. Obrycki, J. J., J. D. Harwood, T. J. Kring and R. J. ONeil. 2009. Aphidophagy by Coccinellidae: Application of biological control in agroecosystems. Biological Control. 51: 244-254. Conway, H. E. and T. J. Kring. 2009. Cocinellids Associated with the cotton aphid (HOMOPTERA: A Cocco A, Hoy MA. 2009. Feeding, reproduction and development of the red palm mite (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on selected palms and banana cultivars in quarantine. Florida Entomol. 92: 276-291. Cocco A, Jeyaprakash A, Hoy. MA. 2009. Parasitism of the brown citrus aphid In Dominica by Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Lipolexis oregmae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Florida Entomol. 92(3):497-499. Cuda JP, Gordon DR, DiTomaso, JM. 2009. Cultivating non-native plants in Florida for biomass production: Hope or harm? Wildland Weeds 12: 21. Cuda JP. 2009. Chapter 5: Aquatic plants, mosquitoes and public health, pp. 31-34. In Haller WT, Gettys LA, Bellaud M (eds.), Best Management Practices Manual for Aquatic Plants. Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation, Marietta, GA. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/misc/pdfs/AERF_handbook.pdf. Cuda JP. 2009. Chapter 8: Introduction to biological control of aquatic weeds, pp. 47-54. In Haller WT, Gettys LA, Bellaud M (eds.), Best Management Practices Manual for Aquatic Plants. Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation, Marietta, GA. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/misc/pdfs/AERF_handbook.pdf. Cuda JP. 2009. Chapter 9: Insects for biocontrol of aquatic weeds, pp. 55-60. In Haller WT, Gettys LA, Bellaud M (eds.), Best Management Practices Manual for Aquatic Plants. Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation, Marietta, GA. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/misc/pdfs/AERF_handbook.pdf. Diaz R, Overholt WA, Cuda JP, Pratt PA, Fox A. 2009. Host specificity of Ischnodemus variegatus, an herbivore of West Indian marsh grass (Hymenachne amplexicaulis). BioControl 54: 307-321. Emmert CJ, Mizell III, RF, Andersen C., Frank JH, Stimac JL. 2008. Diet effects on intrinsic rate of increase and rearing of Proprioseiopsis asetus Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 104: 1033-1040. Frank JH, Erwin TL, Hemenway RC. 2009. Economically beneficial ground beetles. The specialized predators Pheropsophus aequinoctialis (L.) and Stenaptinus jessoensis (Morawitz): Their laboratory behavior and descriptions of immature stages (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Brachininae). ZooKeys 14: 1-36. Frank JH, Leppla NC, Sprenkel RK, Blount AC, Mizell III, RF. 2009. Larra bicolor Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae): its distribution throughout Florida. Insecta Mundi (2009) 0063: 1-5. Frank, JH, Lounibos LP. 2009 Insects and allies associated with bromeliads: a review. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 1: 125-153. Goolsby JA, Legaspi Jr BC, Legaspi JC. 2008. Quarantine evaluation of parasitoids imported into the USA for biocontrol of Bemisia tabaci, Biotype B. In Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the United States: a Review of Interagency Research and Implementation. Juli Gould, Kim Hoelmer and John Goolsby (eds.), Springer, New York, USA. Legaspi JC, Baez I, Legaspi Jr. BC. 2008. Phenology of the blue cactus moth, Melitara prodenialis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Subtropical Plant Science. 60: 66-68. Legaspi JC, Baez I, Legaspi Jr. BC. 2009. Phenology of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera): comparison of field census data and life stage development in field cage conditions. Journal of Entomological Science. 44(4): 341-352. Legaspi JC, Baez I, Legaspi Jr. BC. 2009. Reproduction, longevity and survival of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 102(3):445-449. Legaspi JC, Legaspi Jr. BC. 2008. Cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Pp. 696-703.Vol. 1, A-C, J. L. Capinera, ed., Springer. Lopez VF, Kairo MTK, Pollard GV, Pierre C, Commodore N, Dominique D. 2009. Post-release survey to assess impact and potential host range expansion by Amitus hesperidum and Encarsia perplexa two parasitoids introduced for the biological control of the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi in Dominica. BioControl 54: 497-503. Manrique V, Cuda JP, Overholt WA, Ewe SML. 2009. Influence of host plant quality on the performance of Episimus unguiculus, a candidate biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree in Florida. BioControl 54: 475-484. Manrique V, Cuda JP, Overholt WA, Ewe SML. 2009. Synergistic effect of insect herbivory and plant parasitism on the performance of the invasive tree Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 132: 118-125. Manrique V, Cuda JP, Overholt WA. 2009. Effect of herbivory on growth and biomass allocation of Brazilian peppertree (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) seedlings in the laboratory. Biocontrol Sci. & Tech. 19: 657-667. McKay F, Oleiro M, Walsh GC, Gandolfo D, Cuda JP, Wheeler GS. 2009. Natural enemies of Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius: Anacardiaceae) from Argentina: their possible use for biological control in the USA. Florida Entomol. 92: 292-303. Medal J, Bustamante N, Barrera J, Avila O, Monzon J, Cuda J. 2009. Host specificity of Anthonomus elutus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a potential biological control agent of wetland nightshade (Solanaceae) in Florida. Florida Entomol. 92: 458-469. Moeri OE, Cuda JP, Overholt WA, Bloem S, Carpenter JE. 2009. F1 Sterile Insect Technique: a Novel Approach for Risk Assessment of Episimus unguiculus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a Candidate Biological Control Agent of Schinus terebinthifolius in the Continental USA. Biocontrol Sci. & Tech. 19, Supplement 1: 303-315. Overholt W, Markle L, Rosskopf E, Manrique V, Albano J, Cave E, Adkins S. 2009. The interactions of tropical soda apple mosaic tobamovirus and Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an introduced biological control agent of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum). Biol. Control 48: 294-300. Overholt, W, Diaz R, Hibbard K, Roda A, Amalin D, Fox A, Hight S, Medal J, Stansly P, Carlisle B, Walter J, Hogue P, Gary L, Wiggins L, Kirby C, Crawford S. 2009. Releases, distribution and abundance of Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum, Solanaceae) in Florida. Florida Entomol. 92: 450-457. Portman SL, Frank JH, McSorley R, Leppla NC. 2009. Fecundity of Larra bicolor (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) and its implications in parasitoid: host interaction with mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus). Florida Entomol. 92: 58-63. Roda A, Dowling A, Welbourn C, Pena J, Rodrigues JCV, Hoy MA, Ochoa R, Duncan RA and De Chi W. 2008. Red palm mite situation in the Caribbean and Florida. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. 44(1): 80-87. Sims, KR,. Funderburk JE, Reitz SR, Boucias DG. 2009. The impact of a parasitic nematode, Thripinema fuscum, on the feeding behavior and vector competence of Frankliniella fusca. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 132: 200-208. Chong, J.-H., Braman, S. K., Waltz, F. C. (2009). St. Augustinegrass Cultivar Influences on Southern Chinch Bug and Predator Populations. Applied Turfgrass Science, http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/sub/ats/research/2009/chinch/chinch.pdf. Online. Applied Turfgrass Science doi:10.1094/ATS-2009-1123-01-RS. Joseph, S. V., Braman, S. K. (2009). Predatory Potential of Geocoris spp. and Orius insidiosus (Say) on Fall Armyworm in Resistant and Susceptible Turf. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(3), 1151-1156. Joseph, S. V., Braman, S. K. (2009). Influence of plant parameters on occurrence and abundance of arthropods in residential turfgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(3), 1116-1122. Lundgren, JG, J Bernal, JJ Duan, A Gassman, JR Ruberson. 2009. Ecological compatibility of GM crops and biological control. Crop Protection 28: 1017-1030. Torres, JB, JR Ruberson, M Whitehouse. 2009. Transgenic cotton for sustainable pest management. In: E. Lichtfouse (ed.), Sustainable Agricultural Reviews 1:15-53. Springer Verlag. Popular and Industry: Braman, S. K. (2009). Natural enemies of golf course pests. Golf Course Magazine, 102-105 Hanna, W. W., Braman, S. K. (2009). Breeding Turf for Insect Resistance. USGA Green Section Record. Journal Articles: Harwood, J.D., Phillips, S.W., Lello, J., Sunderland, K.D., Glen, D.M., Bruford, M.W., Harper, G.L., Symondson, W.O.C. (2009). Reduced invertebrate biodiversity affects predator fitness and hence ability to control crop pests. Biological Control, 51, 499-506. Harwood, J.D., Yoo, H.J.S., Greenstone, M.H., Rowley, D.L. & ONeil, R.J. (2009). Differential impact of adults and nymphs of a generalist predator on an exotic invasive pest demonstrated by molecular gut-content analysis. Biological Invasions, 11:895-903. Peterson, J.A., Obrycki, J.J., Harwood, J.D. (2009). Quantification of exposure pathways in carabid food webs across multiple transgenic events. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 19:613-625. Obrycki, J.J., Harwood, J.D., Kring, T.J., ONeil, R.J. (2009). Aphidophagy by Coccinellidae: application of biological control in agroecosystems. Biological Control, 51, 244-254. Seagraves, M.P., and K.V. Yeargan. 2009. Importance of predation by Coleomegilla maculata larvae in the natural control of the corn earworm in sweet corn. Biocontrol Science and Technology 19:1067-1079. Thomas, R.S., Harwood, J.D., Glen, D.M., Symondson, W.O.C. (2009). Tracking subterranean density-dependent predation by carabid larvae on slugs using monoclonal antibodies. Ecological Entomology, 34, 569-579. Non-refereed Publications: Chapman, E.G., Jaramillo, J., Vega, F.E., Harwood, J.D. (2009). Biological control of coffee berry borer: the role of DNA-based gut-content analysis in assessment of predation. In: 3rd International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods (Eds. Mason, P.G., Gillespie, D.R. & Vincent, C.). USDA-FHTET, Morgantown, WV, pp. 475-484. Addendum: Theses, Articles in Press, Abstracts, Unpublished Reports, etc.: Adams, M.K., Chapman, E.G., Harwood, J.D. Molecular identification of interaction pathways between carabid beetles and slugs in alfalfa. Proceedings of the IOBC/WPRS workgroup on Slugs and Snails: Slugs and Snail Control in the 21st Century, in press. Chapman, E.G., Romero, S., Harwood, J.D. Maximizing collection and minimizing risk: does vacuum sampling increase the likelihood for misinterpretation of food web connections? Molecular Ecology Resources, in press. Harwood, J.D., Parajulee, M.N. Global impact of biological invasions: transformation in pest management approaches. Biological Invasions, in press. Jaramillo, J., Chapman, E.G., Vega, F.E., Harwood, J.D. Molecular diagnosis of a previously unreported predator-prey association in coffee: Karnyothrips flavipes Jones (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) predation on the coffee berry borer. Naturwissenschaften, in press. Kerzicnik, L.M., Peairs, F.B., Harwood, J.D. Implications of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), falling rates for biological control in resistant and susceptible winter wheat lines. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, in press. Romero, S., Harwood, J.D. Prey utilization by a community of linyphiid spiders: variation across diel and seasonal gradients. Biological Control, in press. Thomas, A.K., Mc Donnell, R.J., Harwood, J.D. Slugs from the Nearctic: what we need to learn from the Western Palearctic. Proceedings of the IOBC/WPRS workgroup on Slugs and Snails: Slugs and Snail Control in the 21st Century, in press. Henne, D.C. and Seth J. Johnson. 2009. Sampling and Dynamics of Pseudacteon tricuspis (Diptera: Phoridae) in Louisiana. Environ. Entomol. 38: 539-550. Phoofolo, M. W., N. C. Elliott and K. L. Giles. 2009. Analysis of growth and development in the final larval instar of three species of predatory Coccinellidae under varying prey availability. Entomol. Exper. Appl. 131: 264-277. Addendum: Theses, Articles in Press, Abstracts, Unpublished Reports, etc.: Phoofolo, M. W., K. L. Giles and N. C. Elliott. 2010. Effects of relay-intercropping sorghum with winter wheat, alfalfa, and cotton on lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) abundance and species composition. Environmental Entomology. In press. Greenwood, C. and Rebek, E. 2009. Detection and augmentation of indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes. Oklahoma State University cooperative extension fact sheet: EPP 7670 Dilling, C., P. Lambdin, J. Grant, and R. Rhea. 2009. Community response of insects associated with eastern hemlock to imidacloprid and horticultural oil treatments. Environmental Entomology 38:53-66. Wiggins, G. J., J. F. Grant, P. L. Lambdin, J. W. Ranney, and J. B. Wilkerson. 2009. First documentation of adult Trichosirocalus horridus on several non-target native Cirsium species in Tennessee. Biocontrol Science and Technology 19:993-998. Addendum: Theses, Articles in Press, Abstracts, Unpublished Reports, etc.: Wiggins, G. 2009. Non-target host utilization of thistle species by introduced biological control agents and spatial prediction of non-target feeding habitats. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Tennessee, 156 pp. (J. Grant, Major Advisor) Dilling, C., P. Lambdin, J. Grant, and R. Rhea. 2010. Spatial and temporal distribution of imidacloprid in eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere, in the southern Appalachians. Econ. Entomol. Hakeem, A., J. F. Grant, P.L. Lambdin, D. Buckley, F. A. Hale, J. R. Rhea, G. J. Wiggins, and G. Taylor. 2010. Recovery of Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), released against hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, in the southern Appalachians. BioControl Sci. and Tech. Dilling, C. I., P. L. Lambdin, J. F. Grant, and R. Rhea. 2009. Distribution of imidacloprid in eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere, in the southern Appalachians. IN Proc. of the 52nd Southern Forest Insect Work Conference, July 28-31, Gulfport, MS Grant, J. F., P. L. Lambdin, G. Wiggins, A. Hakeem, and R. Rhea. 2009. Why cage a tree? Use of whole-tree enclosures to assess introduced predators of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae. IN McManus, K. A. and K. W. Gottschalk, eds.), Proc. of the 20th USDA Interagency Forum on Invasive Species. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-36, January 13-16, 2009, Annapolis, MD Hakeem, A., J. F. Grant, P. L. Lambdin, D. Buckley, F. A. Hale, R. J. Rhea, G. J. Wiggins, and G. Taylor. 2009. Hide and seek: Release and recovery of Sasajiscymnus tsugae, an introduced biological control agent of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. IN Proc. of the 52nd Southern Forest Insect Work Conference, July 28-31, Gulfport, MS

Impact Statements

Spread of spotted knapweed in Arkansas has continued unimpeded for the past decade. Redistribution of biological control agents is advised because the only known natural enemy established in the state (the UV fly Urophora quadrifasciata) has not provided a level of suppression necessary to reduce knapweed population in infested areas, or to stop its spread in the southern US. The redistribution of the flower head weevil, along with the root weevil Cyphocleonus achates provides the best potential to provide a suitable level of biological control. We expect that resulting levels of natural control will reduce herbicide use for this rapidly expanding noxious weed while minimizing unnecessary movement of other species. Tools that are developed to track the impact of these agents on knapweed populations at the local and regional levels will also be useful in other terrestrial weed biological control programs in Arkansas.
Molecular methods documented that the parasitoids Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Lipolexis oregmae were present throughout the citrus-growing areas of Dominica, and saved the cost of their deliberate introduction against brown citrus aphid.
Evidence of the impact of Gratiana boliviana on tropical soda apple will increase awareness of the benefits of the use of classical biological control as a environmentally and ecologically sustainable management approach for invasive weeds.
Understanding the importance of Thripinema fuscum can reduce thrips infestations and the incidence of tomato spotted wilt. Consequently, conservation and augmentation of Thripinema could be a viable biological control tactic for disease-vectoring thrips. All the other findings promote knowledge of biological control agents introduced into (or being considered for introduction into) Florida to combat pest insects, mites, and weeds.
Improved understanding of tritrophic interactions will better inform pest management in outdoor urban, suburban and forested environments.
Establishment and spread of the parasitoids of fire ants should contribute to some reduction in overall populations of this invasive ant.
Stink bugs remain a challenging problem for pest managers in Georgia, and effective insecticides are almost entirely broad-spectrum products that are highly disruptive. Clarifying effective natural enemies will allow us to devise programs for their conservation and encouragement to reduce the need for broad-spectrum insecticides.
Classical biological control efforts against RIFA, if successful, will result in lower populations of this pest and reduced pesticide use for its control. Classical biological control efforts against common salvinia will reduce the amount of water surface area infested with this invasive aquatic fern and reopen many areas in south Louisiana where duck hunting has been eliminated.
The cereal aphid + parasitoid Glance n Go sampling and management plan continues to be a reliable and efficient approach to integrating the impact of natural enemies into an insect pest management plan.
Relay intercropping systems designed at a scale to address the planting and harvesting needs of producers in the Southern Plains had little effect on natural enemy conservation, compared with monocultures.
Studies on Intraguild dynamics among aphid parasitoids and Coccinellidae predators (native versus exotic) in winter wheat agroecosystems are designed to reveal the competitive advantage displayed by Lysiphlebus testaceipes in the Southern Plains.

Date of Annual Report: 06/17/2011

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/18/2011 - 03/20/2011
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2010 - 09/01/2011

Participants

Jonathan Edelson
Oklahoma State University
jonathan.edelson@okstate.edu
Kris Giles*
Oklahoma State University
kris.giles@okstate.edu
Jerome Grant
University of Tennessee
James Harwood
University of Kentucky
james.harwood@uky.edu
Seth Johnson
Louisiana State University
sjohnson@agcenter.lsu.edu
Tim Kring*
University of Arkansas
tkring@uark.edu
Bill Overholt
University of Florida
billover@ufl.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes of the S-1034 Meeting
Biological Control of Arthropod Pests and Weeds
March 19, 2011
Caribe Hilton, PR
James D. Harwood, Acting Secretary
The meeting of S-1034 was called to order at 1:15 pm by chair, Kris Giles.
1. In attendance and introductions:
The meeting commenced with introductions of participants. Kris Giles provided a brief update on developments and outlined the agenda for the meeting.
2. Confirmation of minutes
The minutes from the 2010 meeting meeting were reviewed by those in attendance. James Harwood noted that he was not the official State Representative for Kentucky. A motion was made by Tim Kring to receive the minutes as corrected. Seconded by Jerome Grant. Minutes were approved unanimously.
3. Election of officers
Carmen Greenwood was unable to attend the meeting, but relayed her desire to assume the role as Chair of the S-1034 group. A motion was made by Kris Giles to nominate J.C. Chong as Secretary-Elect. Seconded by James Harwood. The motion was passed unanimously.
4. Update from Jonathan Edelson, Administrative Advisor
5. State reports
State representatives and/or participants gave a brief verbal report highlighting the most important activities within their State. Reports were distributed and discussed.
6. Discussion of collaborations: current and planned
Discussion of multi-state collaborative efforts took place, and Kris Giles emphasized the importance of collaborative research on weed biological control. It was also emphasized that grant applications tend to have a greater requirement for multi-state involvement. Therefore this group has a major role to play among participants in the context of developing research projects. A number of such projects were highlighted. It was stated that the S1034 group need to work actively to recruit other members to participate actively in this multi-state project. Bill Overholt mentioned that we need to encourage USDA-ARS entomologists back into the group.
7. Venue, date and symposium plans for next meeting
All participants in attendance agreed that for 2012, the meeting will be held in conjunction with the Joint Southeastern/Southwestern Branch Meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Little Rock, AR, in 2012. The specific details of the symposium were TBC, however it was suggested that the topic Regional Successes and Opportunities in Biological Control would be an excellent symposium topic, especially given the forthcoming renewal of the project.
8. New Business
In relation to the renewal of the project, Tim Kring mentioned that the current project was not a major objective change from the previous round. Jonathan Edelson emphasized that the general direction of the project can remain in place, but the major goals and objectives should change. However, it was not necessary to completely revise the project.
9. Adjourn The meeting was adjourned at 3:30 pm.

Accomplishments

State representatives presented detailed reports of research accomplishments including ongoing projects and results to date. Outputs are reported as publications in the publications section.

Publications

Conway, H. E. and T. J. Kring. 2010. Cocinellids Associated with the cotton aphid (HOMOPTERA: Aphididae) in northeast Arkansas cotton. J. Entomol. Sci. 45(2): 129-139. Johnson, D.T., B. Lewis, A. Knutson, and F. Pontasch. 2010. Management of green June beetles and Japanese beetles in fruit. Proceedings OK & AR Horticulture Industries Show 29:73-77. Carrillo, D., Peña, J.E., Hoy, M.A., Frank, J.H. 2010. Development and reproduction of Amblyseius largoensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) feeding on pollen, Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), and other microarthropods inhabiting coconuts in Florida, USA. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 52: 119-129. Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A., Heard, T.A., Van Klinken, R., Samayoa, A. 2010. Life history parameters of Ischnodemus variegatus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Blissidae) reared on two closely related grasses. Biological Control 55: 219-224. Frank, J.H., Barrera R. 2010. Natural history of Belonuchus Nordmann spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Heliconia L. (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae) flower bracts. Insecta Mundi (2010) 0110: 1-12. Jeyaprakash, A., Hoy, M.A. 2010. Monitoring establishment of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) using a DNA extraction procedure that allows specimens to be slide mounted. Exp. Applied Acarol. 52: 131-140. Legaspi, J.C., Kanga, L., Legaspi, B.C., Jr. 2010. Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus as entomopathogens of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Subtropical Plant Science 62: 27-33. Legaspi, J.C. 2010. A preliminary investigation of giant red mustard (Brassica juncea) as a deterrent of silverleaf whitefly oviposition. Journal of Entomological Science 45(3): 262-271. Legaspi, B.C. Jr., Legaspi, J.C. 2010. Field-level validation of a CLIMEX model for the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using estimated larval growth rates. Environmental Entomology 39(2): 368-377. McCoy, E.D., Frank, J.H. 2010. How should the risk associated with the introduction of biological control agents be estimated? Agric. Forest Entomol. 12: 1-8. Medal, J.C., Cuda, J.P. 2010. Establishment and initial impact of the leaf-beetle Gratiana boliviana (Chrysomelidae), first biocontrol agent released against tropical soda apple in Florida. Florida Entomologist 93(4): 493-500. Medal, J.C., Bustamante, N., Overholt, W.A., Díaz, R., Stansly, P., Roda, A., Amalin, D., Hibbard, K., Gaskalla, R., Sellers, B., Hight, S., Cuda, J. 2010. Biological control of tropical soda apple (Solanaceae) in Florida: Post-release evaluation. Florida Entomologist 93: 130-132. Medal, J.C., Bustamante, N., Vitorino, M.D., Beal, L., Overholt, W.A., Díaz, R., Cuda, J.P. 2010. Gratiana graminea (Chrysomelidae), a potential biocontrol agent of Solanum viarum (Solanaceae): Quarantine host-specificity testing in Florida. Florida Entomologist 93: 231-242. Miller, T.E.X., Legaspi, J.C., Legaspi, B.C., Jr. 2010. Experimental test of biotic resistance to an invasive herbivore provided by potential plant mutualists. Biological Invasions 12: 3563-3577. Overholt, W.A., R. Díaz, R., Markle, L., Medal, J.C. 2010. The effect of Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) herbivory on growth and population density of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum, Solanaceae) in Florida. Biocontrol Science and Technology 20(8): 791-807. Portman, S.L., Frank, J.H., McSorley, R., Leppla. N.C. 2010. Nectar-seeking and host-seeking by Larra bicolor (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), a parasitoid of Scapteriscus mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Environmental Entomology 39: 939-943. Reddy, R., Manrique, V., Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A. 2010. Diapause termination of Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using a juvenile hormone analog, and implications for biological control of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum, Solanaceae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 20: 997-2000. Barros, EM, JB Torres, JR Ruberson, MD Oliveira. 2010. Development of Spodoptera frugiperda on different hosts and damage to reproductive structures in cotton. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 137: 237-245. Chen, Y., DM Olson, and JR Ruberson. 2010. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on tritrophic interactions. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 4:8194. Joseph, S. V., S. K. Braman, and J. L. Hanula. 2011. Effects of fertilizer on the four hemlock species resistance to hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Adelgidae) and influence on predators. J. Econ. Entomol. 104: 288-298. Chapman, E.G., Romero, S., Harwood, J.D. (2010). Maximizing collection and minimizing risk: does vacuum sampling increase the likelihood for misinterpretation of food web connections? Molecular Ecology Resources, 10, 1023-1033. Harwood, J.D., Parajulee, M.N. (2010). Global impact of biological invasions: transformation in pest management approaches. Biological Invasions, 12, 2855-2856. Jaramillo, J., Chapman, E.G., Vega, F.E., Harwood, J.D. (2010). Molecular diagnosis of a previously unreported predator-prey association in coffee: Karnyothrips flavipes Jones (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) predation on the coffee berry borer. Naturwissenschaften, 97, 291-298. Kerzicnik, L.M., Peairs, F.B., Harwood, J.D. (2010). Implications of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), falling rates for biological control in resistant and susceptible winter wheat lines. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 4, 129-138. Peterson, J.A., Romero, S., Harwood, J.D. (2010). Pollen interception by linyphiid spiders in a corn agroecosystem: implications for dietary diversification and risk assessment. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 4, 207-217. Romero, S., Harwood, J.D. (2010). Prey utilization by a community of linyphiid spiders: variation across diel and seasonal gradients. Biological Control, 52, 84-90. Henne, D. C. and S. J. Johnson. 2010. Laboratory evaluation of aggregation, direct mutual interference, and functional response characteristics of Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae). Biological Control 55: 63-71. Johnson, S., D. Sanders, L. Eisenberg and K. Whitehead. 2010. Fighting the blob: Efforts to control giant salvinia. Louisiana Agriculture 53 (1): 6-9. Johnson, S., D. Henne, A. Mészáros and L. Eisenberg. 2010. Zombie fire ants: Biological control of the red imported fire ant in Louisiana with decapitating phorid flies. Louisiana Agriculture 55 (4): 29-31. Foil, L. D., L. Hooper-Bui, D. Colby, G. Gentry, W. Hillbun, C. Husseneder, L. M. Inmmon and S. Johnson. 2010. Balancing benefits and damage from fire ants in pastures. Louisiana Agriculture 55 (4): 32-33. Sanders, D., S. Johnson and B. Kelso. 2010. Invasive aquatic weeds in Louisiana. Louisiana Agriculture 55(4): 34-37. Mészáros, A. and S. J. Johnson. 2010. Spread of fire ant decapitating flies, Pseudacteon tricuspis and Pseudacteon curvatus in Louisiana. Proceedings of 2010 Imported Fire Ant Conference. Little Rock, Arkansas. pp 25-27. Phoofolo, M. W., K. L. Giles and N. C. Elliott. 2010. Effects of relay-intercropping sorghum with winter wheat, alfalfa, and cotton on lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) abundance and species composition. Environ. Entomol. 39: 763-774. Dilling, C., P. L. Lambdin, J. F. Grant, and Rhea, R. 2010. Spatial and temporal distribution of imidacloprid in eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere, in the southern Appalachians. Journal of Economic Entomology 103:368-373. Hakeem, A., J. F. Grant, P. L. Lambdin, D. S. Buckley, F. A. Hale, J.R. Rhea, G. J. Wiggins, and G. Taylor. 2010. Recovery of Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), released against hemlock wooly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, in the southern Appalachians. Biocontrol Science and Technology 20: 1069-1074. Vlach, J., P. L. Lambdin, Dilling, C., J. F. Grant, D. J. Paulsen, and G. J. Wiggins. 2010. Diversity of the insect fauna within the unique Sinking Pond habitat in Middle Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 85:62-86. Wiggins, G. J., J. F. Grant, P. L. Lambdin, F. T. van Manen, and J. B. Wilkerson. 2010. Spatial prediction of habitat overlap of introduced and native thistles to identify potential areas of nontarget activity of biological control agents. Environmental Entomology 39 (in press; DOI: 10.1603/EN10112). Wiggins, G. J., J. F. Grant, P. L. Lambdin, J. B. Wilkerson, A. Reed, and R. A. Follum. 2010. Host utilization of field-caged native and introduced thistle species by Rhinocyllus conicus. Environmental Entomology 39 (in press; DOI: 10.1603/EN10053).

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 05/31/2012

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/04/2012 - 03/04/2012
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2011 - 09/01/2012

Participants

Attendees and Introduction:
Braman, Kris, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA
Buntin, David, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA
Chong, JC *, Clemson University, Florence, SC (Secretary)
Edelson, Jonathan, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (S-1034 Administrative Advisor; Representative to Southern Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Directors)
Giles, Kris*, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
Greenwood, Carmen, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Chair)
Harwood, James*, University of Kentucky, Lexington, SC
Johnson, Seth *, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Jones, Walker, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS
Kring, Tim*, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
Legaspi, Susie, USDA-ARS, Tallahassee, FL
Leppla, Norm *, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
Michaels, Jerry, Texas AgriLife Research, Armarillo, TX
Nowierski, Bob, USDA-NIFA
Oetting, Ron, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA
Ruberson, John *, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA
Wiggins, Gregg *, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
* denotes state representatives.

OTHER PARTICIPANTS: J.P Cuda, W.A. Overholt, N.C. Leppla, M.A. Hoy, R.F. Mizell, J.L. Capinera (all of FLAES), plus J.C. Legaspi (USDA-ARS-CMAVE, Tallahassee, FL)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Items of discussion:

1. Approved last years minute (unanimous)

2. Jonathan Edelson: From the Administrative Director
S-1034 is up for renewal. Multi-state collaboration needs to be stated in the justification for renewal. Directors of Experiment Stations look for a reasonable research proposal and emphasis on collaborations among states as a group, instead of individual projects. The federal government is interested in cooperating with the states and provides funding to support the activities (cost share, travel money, Hatch funds). So, there needs to be formal reporting structure proposal, report, renewal and review. Presidents budget for next year may increase funding or at least hold steady. There will actually be a reduction in formula funding and an increase in competitive funding via AFRI. The Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Directors will work with legislators about changing the budgeting.

The four broad objectives listed in the draft renewal proposal are reasonable.
Bob Nowierski commented that including objectives that are accomplishable in the proposal is good but measurable progress must be shown. It is important to involve multiple states to look at issues differently and look at geographical differences. Potential collaborators outside of universities should also be included in this meeting.

3. Bob Nowierski: Updates from NIFA and the Presidents Budget
NIFA budget is up 3%, or 60 million dollars, with new redirection. Six IPM-related line items will be consolidated into a single item Crop Protection worth $21 million. The budget and structure will be finalized after the listening sessions. Multiple listening sessions are scheduled on several programs that fund basic research and integrated research. Listening sessions: 4/11 via web/conference call, 4/16 at DC, 5/1 via web/conf call, etc. Bob encouraged the membership to address these AFRI programs and make recommendations to structure AFRI and Crop Protection. A letter from Bob, giving a brief summary of the Budget, is attached to the end of these minutes.

4. State Reports
State representatives gave brief verbal reports of the most recent project activities and changes to programs or personnel in their respective states. Written reports from individual states are attached to the end of these minutes. Some items not included in the reports:

FL: Norm Leppla announced that Howard Frank has decided to retire and prepared this report as the last effort for the group. New for Objective 4: mole cricket nematodes went out of commercial production 2 weeks ago, license is now available.

KY: James Harwood reported that Ken Yeargan is half-retired and involvement is limited now. Most accomplishment under Objective 3.

TX: No official written report was received from TX. Jerry Michels gave a brief summary of the saltcedar biocontrol efforts in Texas. In Texas Panhandle, saltcedar biological control has been implemented since 2004. The result is largely hit-and-miss because of the photoperiod requirement of the leaf beetles and not knowing that there are 4 species of beetles. A species of weevil that may become a biological control agent of saltcedar just showed up (perhaps as an accidental introduction) and begin to spread.

5. The Biological Control Success Stories Symposium
Carmen Greenwood reminded everyone about attending a symposium sponsored by S-1034: Biological Control Success Stories. This symposium is slated for Tuesday, 6 March 2012, 2:00-3:30 pm, at the Chicot meeting room at the Peabody Hotel. Four presentations were included in the symposium. Kris Braman (UGA) will present a talk on Conservation biological control of azalea lace bug. Yanzhuo Zhang (UGA) will present Leptoypha hospital: a potential biocontrol agent of Chinese privet. Jerry Michaels (TAMU) will talk about Saltcedar biological control in the Texas Panhandle: working toward success. Dr. L. T. Kok will discuss Biological Control: criteria that constitute success.

6. Project Renewal
Committee: Kris Giles, Carmen Greenwood, Tim Kring and James Harwood are editing the draft proposal.
A working draft was passed around and the attending membership was asked to provide feedbacks on the working draft. John Ruberson suggested dropping Objective 4 from the renewal proposal because assessment is well covered in the previous objectives, making Objective 4 redundant. Risks and benefits aspects should go to Objective 2. Jonathan Edelson commented that there is a requirement for assessment of current and previous works. No details about the projects in the renewal proposal. But it is important to find connectedness among projects for a multi-state projects. So, this proposal should contain collaborative projects; individual research projects should be included in the Hatch Project. Tim Kring suggested that the proposal should only contain collaborative projects. The list of projects is already too long.

The following highlighted/targeted groups of insects/pests/research areas are suggested:
Fire ant, hemlock wooly adelgid, stink bugs (BMSB, stink bugs, kudzu bug), scale insects, and organic production.
There are numerous collaborations among the members in these areas.

Carmen Greenwood suggested the possibility of combining S-1034 with the working group on entomopathogens group. There was a long history between the two groups and collaboration was previously explored. The members supported efforts to explore combination of the two groups.

Timeline for the proposal:
April 15, a draft will be sent to group.
Members will be allowed 2 weeks for comments; discuss details of the draft by email. Proposal submission by the end of May.

8. Officer Nomination and Election:
JC Chong will be the chair for the 2013 meeting.

Election of Secretary (2013):
Gregg Wiggins is nominated by Tim Kring and seconded by John Ruberson
Vote: Unanimous

Meeting adjourned at 4:42 pm

Accomplishments

ACCOMPLISHMENTS Objective 1. Characterize and evaluate the effect of established introduced natural enemies. TROPICAL SODA APPLE (TSA) Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae): has invaded many pastures and natural areas in Florida. The biological control agent Gratiana boliviana Spaeth (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is providing adequate control of TSA stands in south and central Florida. However, poor or no establishment of this agent has occurred in northern Florida. The goal of this study was to examine the mortality factors that influence the population dynamics of G. boliviana in Florida. Horizontal life tables were constructed by following cohorts of individuals in the laboratory and inside closed and open cages at field sites in central and north Florida. Fertility life table parameters were estimated using laboratory and field data. In addition, as part of a vertical life table analysis, TSA plants were sampled every two weeks in pastures in central Florida, and counts of all G. boliviana and other herbivores and predators were recorded. Survival to adulthood was similar between Central and North Florida (open cages: 1219%). Intrinsic mortality (laboratory data) and biotic factors (predation) together accounted for 75% of the mortality of immature stages. Survival of beetles in a natural population determined from vertical life tables was 5%. A complex of three mirid species (Engytatus modesta Distant, Tupiocoris notatus Distant, and Macrolophus sp.) were the most abundant predators found in the field, and are known to feed on G. boliviana eggs and larvae. Positive growth rates (rm = 0.3) during the summer and early fall allow the beetle population to increase and provide suppression of TSA in central Florida. HYDRILLA ( Hydrilla verticillata): Cricotopus lebetis Sublette (Chironomidae). To define the host range of C. lebetis, plant tips were placed individually in 35 ml test tubes filled with well water. Each tip was exposed to two newly hatched C. lebetis larvae and held at 25 C and a 14:10 (L:D) photoperiod. Initial results showed that in addition to hydrilla, C. lebetis completed development on Egeria densa, Elodea canadensis, Najas guadalupensis, Vallisneria americana, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Potamogeton illinoensis. Development time on E. canadensis was significantly lower than on other plants, and there was no difference in developmental time on hydrilla, N. guadalupensis, and V. americana. Development was slowest on C. demersum, and P. illinoensis. Survival was highest on E. canadensis, followed by hydrilla, N. guadalupensis, and E. densa, and was lowest on V. americana, P. illinoensis and C. demersum. To establish the thermal limits and cold tolerance for establishment of C. lebetis, individual neonate larvae were placed in test tubes with hydrilla tips (40 replications). Each rack was maintained at a different constant temperature ranging from 10-35 C ±1 C @ 2.5C intervals, with a 14:10 (L: D) photoperiod. Survival to adulthood was highest at temperatures between 20 and 30 C. No larvae developed at 10 C, and only one larva completed development at 35 C. The estimated lower and upper developmental thresholds were 10.53 and 36 C, respectively. For the cold tolerance experiment, an hydrilla plant tip with four larvae was slowly cooled to the desired temperatures of 5 and 10 C for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days. After larvae were exposed for the prescribed length of time, they were brought to room temperature and checked for survival. At 5 C, 100% mortality was reached after approximately 14 days. At 10 C, some larvae were still alive after 16 days. Objective 2. Exploration, characterization and assessment of natural enemies for invasive species. MEXICAN BROMELIAD WEEVI: A 10-day trip to Belize in October-November 2010 with four collectors yielded 187 specimens, mainly larvae, of Metamasius callizona with principal host Tillandsia utriculata, the very species pair of greatest concern in Florida. Specimens were carried alive to the Hayslip Biological Control Facility at Ft. Pierce, FL. Unfortunately, all specimens were void of insect parasitoids. HYDRILLA: The submersed aquatic plant, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle (hydrilla) is a serious invasive weed in the southern USA, but in Central African lakes, it is not considered a problem. Previous surveys in Lake Tanganyika identified two species of chironomid midges in the genus Polypedilum Kieffer that putatively caused tip-mining damage to hydrilla. We returned to Lake Tanganyika to further investigate the midges and to explore for other natural enemies of hydrilla. High proportions of stems collected at two locations south of Bujumbura were found to have bored apical meristems. No insects were observed in the burrows, but large numbers of nymphs of the African burrowing mayfly, Povilla adusta Navas, were dislodged when hydrilla stems were shaken under water. Because P. adusta is known to burrow in living aquatic plants, wood and several inorganic substrates, we hypothesized that P. adusta nymphs caused the boring damage to hydrilla. To test this hypothesis, undamaged hydrilla was exposed to P. adusta nymphs in a series of laboratory experiments. In all experiments combined, 4% of hydrilla stems exposed to P. adusta were damaged, whereas no stems in containers without P. adusta were damaged. Damage was characterized as lateral or vertical boring in apical meristems and, less frequently, in stems. To quantify the level of damage in the field, stems were collected from two locations on six occasions. The proportions of stems with bored apical meristems ranged from 5-52% and 13-57% of stems were missing apical meristems. Although Povila adusta caused substantial damage to hydrilla in Lake Tanganyika, it should not be considered for biological control because it is not a herbivore, and is known to burrow in a wide variety of substrates. The Polypedilum spp. midges earlier reported to bore into hydrilla apical meristems were not abundant in the field and not found associated with boring damage. The damage earlier attributed to the midges was likely due mostly or entirely to P. adusta. These midges should not be pursued further as candidate biological control agents of hydrilla. BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE (Schinus terebinthifolius): Apocnemidophorus pipitzi (Faust) during this reporting period, produced 3,909 adults in our laboratory colony (1,727 males, 1,856 females, 326 unsexed). The sex ratio was 1.1 females to males. Collected fecundity data to be used in a computational model for predicating the population dynamics of the stem boring weevil A. pipitzi , a candidate for biological control of Brazilian peppertree (BP). For the fecundity test, a single virgin female was isolated with two males in cage. A new BP stem was replaced daily for the life of the female. The stems were dissected at a later date and the number of larval tunnels was counted to determine approximate fecundity (assuming high rates of survival from egg to larval stages). The test was replicated three times. The results of the first trial showed that a single female weevil produced on average 120 eggs during her lifetime. The fecundity data for the other two trials are still to be collected. The population models (one for growth of A. pipitzi and one for S. terebinthifolius, which will act as a variable for food supply of the weevil) are being created using Dymex® modeling software. The basic model for the weevil has been completed using life history parameters generated in the laboratory. Calophya latiforceps Burckhardt. A new species of leaflet galling psyllid was discovered attacking Brazilian peppertree in Bahia, Brazil in March 2010. A formal morphological description of the new psyllid C. latiforceps was published along with molecular evidence confirming new species designation. . HYGROPHILA POLYSPERMA: Surveys previously undertaken in India (Assam and West Bengal) to collect suitable natural enemies for the potential biological control of Hygrophila polysperma in Florida (see previous report) resulted in the discovery of a damaging systemic rust (pycnial and acecial stages only found) infecting H. polysperma in natural habitats. The species identity has not been confirmed, but from the literature and field observations, the rust fungus could be: (a) Puccinia cacao. This is a heteroecious, full cycle rust, with a grass primary host on which the uredinia and telia would be found (Hemarthria compressa is the primary host of the rust pathotype that infects Hygrophila spinosa). If this proves to be the case, then it would be unlikely to have any potential as a classical biological control agent for H. polysperma in the USA. (b) A short-cycled rust with aecioid uredinia. This could be considered for introduction to the USA. (c) The pycnia and aecial rust stages found on H. polysperma could be spore stages of the rust Uredo hygrophilae (recorded from H. phlomoides and H. salicifolia), for which only uredinia are currently known. If so this rust could be considered for introduction to USA.During this reporting period, studies were undertaken in India to investigate these hypotheses. Field observations of the rust over the entire season have commenced in collaboration with Assam Agricultural University (AAU), and some cross inoculation studies have been undertaken. However, no definitive conclusions regarding the identity of the rust have been made. Once the life cycle is elucidated, then host range testing will commence under quarantine at CABI Europe-UK. Objective 3. Implementation, evaluation, and enhancement of biological control. TROPICAL SODA APPLE: The leaf feeding beetle Gratiana boliviana Spaeth has been released since 2003 in the southeastern United States for biological control of tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal. In Florida, G. boliviana can be found on tropical soda apple growing in open pastures as well as in shady wooded areas. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of light intensity on the performance of tropical soda apple and G. boliviana under greenhouse conditions, and to determine the abundance and mortality of G. boliviana in open and shaded habitats. Leaves growing in the shade were less tough, had higher water and nitrogen content, lower soluble sugars, and less dense and smaller glandular trichomes compared with leaves growing in the open. Plants grew slightly taller and wider under shaded conditions but total biomass was signiÞcantly reduced compared with plants grown in the open. In the greenhouse, G. boliviana had higher immature survival, greater folivory, larger adult size, and higher fecundity when reared on shaded plants compared with open plants. Sampling of Þeld populations revealed that the overall abundance of G. boliviana was lower but leaf feeding damage was higher in shaded habitats compared with the open habitats. The percentage of eggs surviving to adult was greater in shaded compared with open habitats. The abundance of predators was higher in the open pasture and was positively correlated with the abundance of G. boliviana. These results indicate that not only plant quality but also habitat structure are important to the performance of weed biological control agents. FICUS WHITEFLY: Ficus Whitefly (Singhiella simplex) was first reported in Miami-Dade County in August 2007. This invasive pest causes infested plants to exhibit leaf yellowing, followed by leaf drop. The pest has been recorded on multiple ficus hosts including Ficus benjamina, F. altissima, F. bengalensis, F. microcarpa, F. aurea, F. lyrata, and F. maclellandii. Little information is known about its potential to be controlled by natural enemies currently present in Florida. In collaboration with C. Mannion and D. Amalin (Univ. of FL), we report on predation rates of the coccinellid predator Delphastus catalinae (adults and larvae) presented three life stages of ficus whitefly: eggs, small nymphs (2nd-3rd instars), and large nymphs (4th instar-pupae). We found that both adult and immature D. catalinae preyed on substantially more eggs than the small or large nymphs of the ficus whitefly in a 24-hr feeding period. Results from these studies will be used to develop future management strategies. BEMISIA TABACI: A major insect pest of vegetables and horticultural crops in the southeast US is the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (also known as silverleaf whitefly). In collaboration with A. Simmons (USDA, ARS, Charleston, SC), we evaluated the effect of giant red mustard plants (Brassica juncea) and commercial products to control these whiteflies. In laboratory tests, whiteflies were released in potted cantaloupe plants sprayed with mustard oil, garlic oil, horticultural petroleum oil, hot pepper wax and a water control. We found that the plants sprayed with the oils had significantly lower numbers of whiteflies compared to those sprayed with hot pepper wax and water alone. It is possible that whiteflies were repelled by volatiles from the oils. In a separate study, we studied the effect of plant volatiles on whitefly behavior using an olfactometer. We found that whiteflies were repelled by giant red mustard plants. Our results indicate that giant red mustard plants and commercial oils such as mustard, garlic and horticultural oils are promising control agents against whiteflies in vegetable plants. PHYTOSEIID MITES:A visiting scientist from Turkey, Dr. Rana Akyazi, conducted research on the effect of food quality on the predatory mite (Metaseiulus or Galendromus or Typhlodromus occidentalis (Nesbitt)). She discovered that adult females reared on a lower-quality diet produced fewer eggs and her progeny had a slower development rate, higher mortality rate during development, and a modified sex ratio (fewer females). In addition, Jeyaprakash and Hoy showed that we could evaluate species of phytoseiids using DNA extracted from whole bodies, which allows the bodies to be retained as voucher specimens and allows immatures and eggs to be identified using DNA from these life stages (which cannot typically be identified using morphological traits). We also showed that titers of endosymbionts vary depending on the temperature at which the phytoseiid mites are held. Heat treatments result in a loss of Cardinium, a microorganism that is transovarially and transstadially transmitted. Objective 4. Evaluate the benefits and risks of introduced and indigenous natural enemies. No report on this topic. UTILITY OF FINDINGS: TROPICAL SODA APPLE: The life table study of Gratiana boliviana in north and central Florida provides insight into why the agent is unable to effectively control tropical soda apple in north Florida. The study on the performance of the same agent in open and shaded habitats resulted in information which will help to better target field releases and also to optimize laboratory rearing methods. The study on insect herbivory of hydrilla in Lake Tanganyika did not find any potential biological control agents, but this information is useful as it helps to geographically narrow down future exploration efforts. MEXICAN BROMELIAD WEEVIL:. Finding of no parasitoids virtually rules out the presence of a suitable insect parasitoid in the native range of M. callizona, so we were surprised to find thriving populations of Tillandsia utriculata, the bromeliad species that is devastated by that weevil in Florida. We noted that the plants differ from the native Florida form, in having purple-colored flower spikes, which are apparently typical of the Central American form. We now wonder whether the color difference is accompanied by other differences, such as chemicals that make the plants distasteful or poorly digestible to the weevils. This concept provided a new avenue for research that we have now begun. If indeed the Central American plants differ chemically, then we might have the basis for selection of genes with that chemical that would provide repellency in Florida. HYDRILLA: New knowledge generated on the host range of the stem mining midge C. lebetis showed that under laboratory conditions, the midge is not a hydrilla specialist. Because the insect performed better on Elodea canadensis than hydrilla, this finding suggests that the native E. canadensis may be the natural host plant for C. lebetis, and hydrilla is a novel host plant. The impact of this finding suggests that further host range testing under field conditions is warranted. If the field hosts range tests confirm the laboratory findings, then the incorporation of C. lebetis into the IPM program will be restricted to Florida and Louisiana, where the insect is naturalized. BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE: Psyllids from the Atlantic coastal region of Santa Catarina appear to be locally adapted to Brazilian peppertree haplotype A plants, which occur in Florida. The discovery of the new psyllid Calophya latiforcelps is significant because it also may be better adapted to the Brazilian peppertree haplotype B plants, also found in Florida. This previously unknown natural enemy may have potential as a biological control agent for Brazilian peppertree. Understanding the fine tuned adaptation of these psyllids to their respective host plants will facilitate establishing a laboratory colony for conducting host range tests. HYGROPHILA: The discovery of candidate biological control agents of hygrophila is important for Floridas waterways because conventional control methods (chemical, mechanical, grass carp) have been relatively ineffective in controlling this aquatic weed. Biological controls, if approved for field release, could provide selective and sustainable control of hygrophila. PHYTOSEIID MITES: These study on diet quality is part of a project to develop a rapid assay for quality of mass-reared phytoseiids used in augmentative biological control. The study on symbionts is important because Cardinium can cause reproductive incompatibility in phytoseiids, which can result in reduced fecundity if populations with and without the symbiont interbreed. The DNA extraction protocol allows biological control scientists to identify all life stages of phytoseiids without destroying them; as a result, voucher specimens can be kept to document establishment and distribution of predatory mites released in classical biological control projects.

Publications

Burckhardt, D., Cuda, J.P., Manrique, V., Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A., Williams, D.A., Christ, L.R., Vitorino. M.D. 2011. Calophya latiforceps, a new species of jumping plant lice (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) associated with Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) in Brazil. Florida Entomol. 94: 489-499. Copeland, R.S., Nkubaye, E., Nzigidahera, B., Cuda, J.P., Overholt, W.A. 2011. The African burrowing mayfly, Povilla adusta (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae), damages Hydrilla verticillata (Alismatales: Hydrocharitaceae) in Lake Tanganyika. Florida Entomol. 94: 669-676. Copeland, C.S., Hoy, M.A., Jeyaprakash, A., Aluja, M., Ramirez-Romero, R., Sivinski, J.M. 2010. Genetic characteristics of bisexual and female-only populations of Odontosema anastrephae (Hymenoptera: Figitidae). Florida Entomol. 93: 437-443. Croxton, M., Andreu, M. Williams, D., Overholt, W., Smith, J. 2011. Source and diversity of air-potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) in Florida. Invasive Plant Science and Management 4: 22-30. De Groote, H., Overholt, W.A., Ouma, J.O., Wanyama, J. 2011. Assessing the potential economic impact of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize in Kenya. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 4741-4751. Diaz, R., Aguirre, C., Wheeler, G., Lapointe, S., Rosskopf, E., Overholt, W.A. 2011. Differential performance of tropical soda apple and its biological control agent Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in open and shaded habitats. Environmental Entomology 40: 1437-1447. Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A., Hahn, D., Samayoa, A.C. 2011. Diapause induction in Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of tropical soda apple in Florida. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 104:1319-1326. Frank, J.H., Giardina, D.J., Andrus, T.A. 2011. Exploration in Guatemala and Belize for more parasitoids to use against Metamasius callizona in Florida. Journal of the Bromeliad Society 61: 112-115. Frank, J.H., Van Driesche, R.G., Hoddle, M.S., McCoy, E.D. 2011. Biological control, of animals. p. 58-63 In: Simberloff, D., Rejmánek, M. (eds). Encyclopedia of biological invasions. Berkeley; Univ. California Press. Gidudu, B., Copeland, R.S., Wanda, F., Ochaya, H., Overholt, W.A. 2011. Distribution, interspecific associations and abundance of aquatic plants in Lake Bisina, Uganda. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 49 (19-27). Jeyaprakash, A., Hoy, M.A. 2010. Real-time PCR reveals endosymbiont titer fluctuations in Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) colonies held at different temperatures. Florida Entomol. 93: 464-466. Legaspi, J. C., Legaspi, B.C. Jr., Simmons, A.M. 2011. Recent research trends in the use of predators in biological control. In Biological Control of Insect Pests. pp. 95-122, Ninfa M. Rosas-Garcia, ed. Studium Press, LLC., Houston, Texas, USA. Legaspi, J. C., Mannion, C., Amalin, D., Legaspi, B.C. Jr. 2011. Life table analysis and development of Singhiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under different constant temperatures. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 104(3): 451-458. Legaspi, J.C., Miller. N. 2011. Investigating giant red mustard as a deterrent of silverleaf whitefly oviposition in vegetable crops. p. 218. Proceedings of the Global Conference on Entomology, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Mar. 5-9, 2011. Legaspi, J.C., Miller, N., Mannion, C., Amalin, D. 2010. Fecundity of the ficus whitefly, Singhiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its predation by Delphastus catalinae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). p. 39. Abstracts of the Potential Invasive Pests Workshop, Coconut Grove, FL, October 10-14, 2010. Manrique,V., Diaz, R., Cuda, J.P., Overholt, W.A. 2011. Suitability of a new invader as a target for biological control in Florida. Invasive Plant Science and Management 4: 1-10. Manrique, V., Diaz, R., Hight, S. D., Overholt, W.A. 2011. Evaluation of mortality factors using life table analysis of Gratiana boliviana, a biological control agent of tropical soda apple in Florida. Biological Control 59: 354-360. Medal, J., Bustamante, N., Bredow, E., Pedrosa, H., Overholt, W., Diaz, R., Cuda, J. 2011. Host specificity of Anthonomus tenebrosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a potential biological control agent of tropical soda apple (Solanaceae) in Florida. Florida Entomol 94: 214-225. Mukherjee, A., Christman, M.C., Overholt, W.A., Cuda, J.P. 2011. Prioritizing areas in the native range of hygrophila for surveys to collect biological control agents. Biological Control 56: 254-262. Vitorino, M.D., Christ, L.R., Barbieri, G., Cuda, J.P., Medal, J.C. 2011. Calophya terebinthifolii (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), a candidate for biological control of Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae): Preliminary host range, dispersal, and impact studies. Florida Entomol. 94: 694-695. Wu, K., Hoy, M.A. 2011. Extended starvation reduced and eliminated Wolbachia, but not Cardinium, from Metaseiulus occidentalis females (Acari: Phytoseiidae): A need to reassess Wolbachia's status in this predatory mite? J. Invert. Pathol. 109: 20-26.

Impact Statements

TROPICAL SODA APPLE: The life table study of Gratiana boliviana in north and central Florida provides insight into why the agent is unable to effectively control tropical soda apple in north Florida.
-- Parasitoids of the red imported fire ant are established throughout Georgia. The full impact of these parasitoids remains to be assessed.
-- Organic producers in the southeastern United States are very interested in developing farmscape systems for enhancing natural enemy activity and efficacy. At present, there is very little useful information on the subject. The completion of the current farmscaping studies should provide organic vegetable producers with valuable lab-to-land information that can guide decisions.
Research utilizing molecular tools to study foraging behavior of generalist predators has enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms of foraging and the role of alternative prey biodiversity in biological control. Ultimately our ability to discern the strength of all trophic linkages in agricultural food webs, particularly those with alternative prey and intraguild predators that potentially disrupt levels of biological control, will contribute to identifying the role of indigenous natural enemies in management of pest species.