S1006: Insect and Manure Management in Poultry Systems: Elements Relative to Food Safety and Nuisance Issues (S274)

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

Project Menu

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[02/04/2004] [04/11/2007] [03/29/2005] [02/28/2006]

Date of Annual Report: 02/04/2004

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/05/2004 - 01/07/2004
Period the Report Covers: 02/01/2003 - 01/01/2004

Participants

Chris Geden (cgeden@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) -- USDA-ARS, Gainesville, Florida; Alec Gerry (Alec.Gerry@ucr.edu) -- Univ. of California, Riverside; Nancy Hinkle (NHinkle@uga.edu) -- Univ. of Georgia, Athens; Phil Kaufman (pek4@cornell.edu) -- Cornell Univ., New York; Don Rutz (dar11@cornell.edu) -- Cornell Univ., New York; Roger Moon (rdmoon@umn.edu) -- Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul; Wes Watson (Wes_Watson@ncsu.edu) -- North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh; Ralph Williams (rew@purdue.edu) -- Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana; Rick Meyer (HMEYER@CSREES.USDA.GOV) -- CSREES representative, Washington, D.C.; and Richard Roeder (rroeder@uark.edu) -- Administrative Advisor, University of Arkansas.

Brief Summary of Minutes

At 8:15 Ralph Williams, S-1006 Chair, called the meeting to order.

OBJECTIVE 1: Evaluate conventional and experimental poultry manure management systems as they influence production of filth flies, litter beetles, and associated foodborne pathogens.

I. Manure Management Systems: Treatments

A. Conventional Manure/Litter Systems

B. Black Soldier Fly Digestion

C. Composting

Williams (Purdue): Evaluation has been made of an in-house manure turning machine in a commercial high-rise caged pullet operation. This machine has been set to turn manure 2-3 times per week, and manure in seven pullet houses is being turned. Observations have been made of adult house fly abundance in the pits, house fly larval activity, and litter beetle and beneficial insect activity. Comparisons are being made with 10 houses with in-house undisturbed manure accumulations. In houses where the manure turning machine has been used, significant reductions have been observed in house fly breeding and adult house fly numbers, as well as litter beetle and beneficial insect populations.

Moon (Minnesota): Laboratory studies of house fly larval nutrition were begun by manipulating a standardized laboratory medium in different ways. Media were autoclaved or not, and allowed to ferment for 4, 11 and 21 days. Sand-dilution assays were then performed to assess nutritional value, and aliquots of the same media were analyzed for microbial content by collaborators at Kansas State University. Results indicated time of fermentation but not autoclaving had modest effects on nutritional quality; the older the medium, the less nutritious it was for developing larvae. Differences in quality were only weakly related to measures of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial densities.

II. Outdoor Management of Nuisance Insects

IIA. Determine standard monitoring methods for flies, beetles and other related pests of confined livestock and poultry. (MN, NC, IN, AR, GA)

IIA1.Suitability of commercial and experimental fly traps for monitoring abundance of house flies and blow flies.

Geden (USDA-ARS Florida) reported on field tests of materials having different reflectances using the standard Olsen trap. Combinations of colors, as well as single colors, were compared. Solid colors were most attractive to house flies in the order clear > blue > white > black. The blue/clear combination trap performed better than other combinations.

IIA2. Darkling beetle migration.

IIB. Evaluate survival of insects following incorporation according to region (NC, IN, NY, MI).

Darkling beetle (Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer) survival was evaluated in a controlled experiment (NCSU), monitoring beetle survival at various depths within a compost bin. Within 2 cm of surface, beetles had high (60-78%) survival, while below 25 cm no beetle survival was detected.

In unturned compost piles, darkling beetles survived well after two undisturbed weeks at 2 cm, but were unable to persist below 25 cm until the temperature began dropping at week 4. Turning the compost eliminated beetles entirely.

In similar conditions, house fly pupae persisted at 2 cm depth, averaging 10-15% survival in the compost bin. In unturned compost piles, >90% and >50% fly pupae survived at weeks 3 and 4 near the surface (2 cm depth), while minimal survival (<10%> was observed below 25 cm both weeks 3 and 4. Again, turning the compost essentially eliminated fly pupal survival at all depths for 4 weeks.

III. Food Safety and Health Issues of Manure and Insects Relative to Manure Treatments

OBJECTIVE 2: Evaluate novel cultural, biological, and chemical strategies for pest management to minimize nuisance and health risks in the rural-urban interface.

I. Adulticides

Williams (Purdue): A new granular fly bait containing imidacloprid has been tested and shows promise as an alternative to methomyl baits in confined livestock and caged egg layer operations. Another active ingredient, spinosad, has been evaluated as a residual spray and shows promise as a residual spray treatment for house flies and stable flies. A bait formulation of spinosad is anticipated to be evaluated.

Watson (NCSU): Comparing efficacy of disinfectants and insecticides used in combination showed that addition of insecticides did not reduce efficacy of the disinfectant DCR, while all insecticides inhibited Synergize. Disinfectants did not affect efficacy of Rabon or Ravap, but all disinfectants appeared to reduce Extinosad‘‘‘‘s effectiveness. Three of the disinfectants adversely impacted Permethrin, and Tryad lowered house fly mortality produced by cyfluthrin.

Nithiazine traps were used to sample fly populations inside and outside poultry houses. Pools of flies were plated microbiologically and Campylobacter was isolated from 4 of 24 fly pools.

II. Biological Control

Geden (USDA-Gainesville) is investigating a Sarcophagid larval parasitoid, house fly parasitoids, and Beauveria.

Moon (Minnesota) conducted laboratory experiments examining host ranges of four different pteromalid wasps from FL, Russia and Kazakhstan. There were no substantial differences in acceptance and suitability of 6 species of filth flies for North American and Eurasian lines of Muscidifurax raptor, Spalangia cameroni, S. endius, or S. nigroaenea. Studies of house fly dispersal from a animal confinement unit in western Minnesota indicated a recently colonized strain and a second, lab adapted strain with a mutant phenotype were equally dispersive. Dispersal rates in a landscape devoid of other fly breeding habitats averaged 1.8 km per day. In addition, rates of contamination of the flies with an arterivirus diminished with distance from the source facility.

III. Insecticide Resistance

Plans for 2004.

OBJECTIVE 1: Evaluate conventional and experimental poultry manure management systems as they influence production of filth flies, litter beetles, and associated foodborne pathogens.

Manure Management Systems: Treatments

Conventional Manure/Litter Systems

Black Soldier Fly Digestion

Composting

Outdoor Management of Nuisance Insects

Determine Standard Monitoring Methods for Flies, Beetles, and Other Related Pests of Confined Livestock and Poultry

IIA. Standardize monitoring methods for flies, beetles and other pests of confined livestock and poultry. (MN, NC, IN, AR, GA)

IIA1.Suitability of commercial and experimental fly traps for monitoring abundance of house flies and blow flies.

Evaluate Survival of Insects Following Incorporation According to Region

IIA2. Darkling beetle migration.

Collect data on migration of darkling beetles from poultry facilities and various types of manure storage systems.

III. Food Safety and Health Issues of Manure and Insects Relative to Manure Treatments

OBJECTIVE 2: Evaluate novel cultural, biological, and chemical strategies for pest management to minimize nuisance and health risks in the rural-urban interface.

Biological Control

Continue studies of fly parasitoids (USDA-ARS-FL , USDA-ARS-NE, MN), black soldier flies for manure processing and fly suppression (UGA).

Insecticide Resistance

Standard assessment techniques will be developed; baselines determined for cyfluthrin, permethrin, and rabon; and standardized resistance kits mailed to project participants for resistance measurement (submitted by D.C. Sheppard, UGA, following meeting).

Accomplishments

House flies were shown to disperse approximately 1.8 km per day. Covering manure piles with clear plastic tarps effectively "solarized" the material, significantly inhibiting darkling beetle survival. In-house manure turning (2 to 3 times per week) significantly reduces larval house fly, litter beetle, and beneficial insect numbers. Other composting procedures, while reducing darkling beetle numbers, do not successfully suppress house flies. Mixing disinfectants and insecticides was shown to be an undesirable practice, frequently resulting in lowered efficacy of both compounds. The potential human pathogen, Campylobacter, was isolated from 17% of house fly pools sampled from around poultry houses. Nithiazine traps were more attractive to house flies than to black dump flies or bottle flies, both inside and outside chicken houses. Using an imidacloprid house fly bait applied to 12" cardboard squares in layer house pits and on ceilings is a suitable alternative application method. Field testing showed that flies were differentially attracted to colored traps, with a blue/clear combination most successfully trapping house flies. Researchers demonstrated that native parasitoids were comparable to introduced ones in killing pest flies. Participants published scientific papers on a new parasitic wasp found in North America, mass-rearing beneficial insects for fly biocontrol, fungal control for litter beetles, microsporidian infections in a house fly parasitoid, and using external waxes in parasitoid identification.

Publications

Boohene, C. K., C. J. Geden, and J. J. Becnel. 2003. Evaluation of remediation methods for Nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1146-1153. Carlson, D. A., U. R. Bernier, and C. J. Geden. 2004. Distinctive hydrocarbons of four parasitoids, Spalangia spp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Submitted to Archives of Insect Biochemistry. Geden, C. J. 2003. Mass-rearing beneficial insects for biological control of flies. Proceedings, IOBC Workshop on Arthropod Mass Rearing and Quality Control, Montpellier, France. September 2003. Geden, C. J., M. A. Ferreira de Almeida and A. Pires do Prado. 2003. Effects of Nosema disease on fitness of the parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1139-1145. Geden, C. J. and D. C. Steinkraus. 2003. Evaluation of three formulations of Beauveria bassiana for control of lesser mealworm and hide beetle in Georgia poultry houses. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1602-1608. Hoebeke, E.R., Kaufman, P.E., Glenister, C.S. and Stringham, S.M. 2003. New Nearctic record for Epitranus clavatus F. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 105: 1062-1063.

Impact Statements

Darkling beetles constitute a major pest of poultry production in most areas of the United States. Successful "pile and tarp" technology will allow producers whose operations are in warmer areas as well as those utilizing summer clean-out practices in Northern areas to effectively nullify beetles prior to land application of manure. Studies will provide data on a promising management option available to producers that will reduce an important antagonism at the agriculture-urban interface.
Darkling beetles are pestiferous in the larval and adult stages to both the poultry producer and to neighbors living near manure-applied fields. Results of producer surveys will be critical in demonstrating to poultry producers the effective mechanisms available to reduce darkling beetle impacts on their operations.
New technologies of manure handling will alter the environment where house flies, darkling beetles, and other pests breed. This should reduce the impact these pests have in poultry production operating costs while reducing environmental nuisance concerns of arthropod activity. Also, new insecticides and formulations in poultry pest control are promising additions to integrated control programs since there have been limited products available.
Continuing work to identify parasites and disease agents to suppress pest insects around confined animal agriculture facilities will yield alternative strategies to employ in integrated pest management programs.

Date of Annual Report: 04/11/2007

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/11/2007 - 01/12/2007
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2001 - 09/01/2006

Participants

Chris Geden (CGeden@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - ARS Gainesville, FL; Alberto Broce (abroce@ksu.edu) - Kansas State University; Justin Talley; Dave Taylor (dtaylor1@unl.edu); Dennis Berkbyle (dberkebile1@unl.edu); Nancy Hinkle (NHinkle@uga.edu)- University of Georgia; Phil Kaufman (pkaufman@ufl.edu) - University of Florida; Roger Moon (rdmoon@umn.edu)- University of Minnesota; Don Rutz (dar11@cornell.edu) - Cornell University;
Rick Meyer (Hmeyer@CSREES.USDA.gov); Richard Roeder (RRoeder@uark.edu)- University of Arkansas; Jack Campbell (jcampbell1@unl.edu); Wes Watson (Wes_Watson@ncsu.edu)- North Carolina+ State University; Jerry Hogsette (jhogsette@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu); Dan Strickman; Alec Gerry (alec.gerry@ucr.edu) - University of California, Riverside; Jim Cilek (james.cilek@famu.edu); Ludek Zurek (lzurek@ksu.edu)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Call to Order

At 9:00 AM, Don Rutz, S-1006 Chair called the meeting to order.

Research Project Summaries:

Nancy Hinkle summarized data generated by Brad Mullens (University of California-Riverside) investigating the role of Z-9 tricosene in house flies from California, Georgia and Minnesota.

Business Meeting

Don Rutz asked Rick Roeder the procedure for writing the final report and the due date.

Rick Roeder will determine if a 2006 annual report will be needed in addition to the final project report.

The final report should consist of impact-type statements to summarize the outcomes from the studies conducted under this project. There are no page limits, but we should keep the report brief.

Rick Meyer suggested that we provide a detailed listing of the M.S. and Ph.D. students that were supported under this project. Don Rutz added that the undergraduates should also be included. A listing of all research and extension publications and presentations should be included.

Rick Roeder advised that publications and presentations be listed as an addendum. He stated that his secretary would ensure that the document fits into the format.

Phil Kaufman suggested that we include the research and extension dollars that were acquired through this project.

Roger Moon requested that all CRIS S-1005 and S-1006 reports be provided to Don Rutz and himself by the end of January 2007. He further requested that everyone provide summarized impact statements from their own reports to ensure that the researchers most important impacts be included.

Rick Meyer suggested that everyone review his handout on writing an impact statement to ensure that their previous statements are impact statements and not research results.

Don Rutz extended the group's thanks to Drs. Hogsette, Geden and Kaufman for hosting the conference.

Meeting was adjourned at 10:00 AM.

Accomplishments

ELEMENTS RELATED TO FOOD SAFELY: Campylobacteriosis is a leading food-borne diarrhoeal disease in developed countries, including the United States. Birds, primarily chickens and turkeys, are considered the primary reservoir of C. jejuni. Despite numerous studies on campylobacters, the ecology and transmission of C. jejuni and C. coli among poultry flocks and among farms are poorly understood. Our study showed that house flies likely play an important role in the ecology and dissemination of C. jejuni and C. coli. This work adds to the body of evidence supporting the role of insects (especially flies and beetles) as carriers and transmitters of disease agents among animals and between animals and humans. Fly control should continue to be an integral part of the biosecurity plan for every animal operation and is especially important during disease eradication efforts. Knowledge of how far PRRS virus-contaminated house flies can spread into the surrounding landscape allows pork producers to plan isolation distances to achieve desired levels of biosecurity, and will serve as a model for analysis of fly borne spread of enteric bacteria and other pathogens that threaten animal and public health. HOUSE FLY MANAGEMENT: Composting of poultry manure was shown to be effective in reducing the numbers of adult flies at poultry facilities when composted manure is turned weekly and moisture is added to the material immediately before turning, thereby keeping surface moisture too low for fly egg deposition and development. This research led to the development of a visual target for house flies that has potential for use as perimeter protection to intercept immigrating and emigrating flies. This approach has potential to protect residential communities from invasion by disease-carrying flies from farms and other breeding sources. The most effective products for outdoor fly populations were determined to be the Terminator jar trap and the QuickStrike bait strip. A novel deployment method for the QuickStrike product was developed that keeps flies in good condition for assessment of their carriage of disease organisms. Beauveria bassiana was proven to be an effective management tool against the house fly in poultry facilities. Now an integrated fly management program can include the full compliment of tools targeting all life stages of the house fly while preserving and protecting fly natural enemies resulting in maintenance of fly populations below maximally accepted levels in poultry facilities. Poultry producers can better anticipate the effects of different cleanout methods on insect populations associated with their caged-layer barns. County public health authorities now have a tool for setting and enforcing house fly nuisance thresholds for rural communities. The routine use of boric acid and Quickstrike baits during the flock cycle maintained reduced fly populations when insecticides were applied prior to repopulating the poultry house. Methods were developed that improved fly management and found certain practices compromised the biosecurity effort to reduce pathogens on the farm. Management is essential to reduce fly dispersal and the potential spread of pathogens. New technologies of manure handling were found to alter the environment where house flies breed which should reduce the impact these flies have in poultry production operating costs and reduce environmental fly nuisance concerns. Two new insecticides (imidacloprid and spinosad) tested for house fly control in caged-layer poultry operations were determined to be a promising addition to the integrated control of this pest since there recently have been limited products available. Results from these studies will be used to help poultry producers determine how these products and tools will fit in with their fly pest management program. DARKLING BEETLE/LESSER MEALWORM MANAGEMENT: In-house composting offers many potential advantages to handling broiler house litter. Among the advantages would be reduction from tonnage applied to pasture area, thus, preventing run-off of phosphorus and other chemicals in the litter. Even though it appears in the preliminary data that no beetle control occurred, using the equipment to thoroughly mix insecticides and perhaps some biological agents like fungus pathogens into the litter as the wind-rows are being turned could be advantageous. Entomopathogenic nematodes offer a method of lesser mealworm management in poultry facilities. The insecticidal and non-insecticidal lesser mealworm management options developed in this study are extremely cost-effective and can be easily incorporated into existing poultry production systems. OUTPUTS: Refereed Publications: 83 Book Chapters: 5 Published Abstracts and Proceedings: 15 Extension Publications: 37 Students Trained: 34 ACTIVITIES: Media interviews and Trade Journal Articles: 12 Presentations: 124 Leveraged Grants: 6 In the past five years, the Georgia Extension Veterinary Entomologist has trained over 1,500 pest control operators in pest fly identification, biology, and control, including members of the U.S. military, regional Canadian associations, and PCOs from 9 states. Each year the extension veterinary entomologist educates over 100 poultry producers, 80 beef producers, and 25 dairymen on fly control and new products available. In the past five years, articles carried in national magazines have reached over 3 million readers while articles carried in newspapers such as the Atlanta Journal-Constitution (print and on-line readership over 3.5 million) have reached even wider audiences. MILESTONES: Not applicable to this termination report.

Publications

Ambourn, A., J. Juzwik and R. D. Moon. 2005. Seasonal dispersal of the oak wilt fungus by Colopterus truncatus and Carpophilus sayi in Minnesota. Plant Disease 89: 1067-1076. Beckendorf, Richard, Stephen A. Klotz, Nancy Hinkle, and William Bartholomew. 2002. "Nasal myiasis in an intensive care unit linked to hospital-wide mouse infestation." Archives of Internal Medicine 162: 638-640. Bonneau, K. R. J. B. Topol, A. C. Gerry, B. A. Mullens, R. K. Velten, and N. J. MacLachlan. 2002. "Variation in the NS3/NS3A Gene of Bluetongue Viruses Contained in Culicoides sonorensis Collected from a Single Site in Southern California." Virus Research 84: 59-65. Boohene, C. K., C. J. Geden and J. J. Becnel. 2002. Effect of Nosema muscidifuracis (Nosematidae: Microsporidia) on development of Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at different temperatures. Biol. Control 26: 1-7. Boohene, C. K., C. J. Geden, and J. J. Becnel. 2003. Evaluation of remediation methods for Nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1146-1153. Calibeo-Hayes, D., S. S. Denning, S. M. Stringham, J. S. Guy, L. G. Smith, and D. W. Watson. 2003. Mechanical transmission of turkey coronavirus by domestic house flies (Musca domestica L.) Avian Dis. 47: 149-153. Calibeo-Hayes, D., S. S. Denning, S. M. Stringham, and D. W. Watson. 2005. Lesser mealworm (Panzer) Coleoptera: Tenebronidae) emergence after mechanical incorporation of poultry litter into field soils. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 229-235 Carillo, M. A., G. E. Heimpel, R. D. Moon, C. A. Cannon and W. D. Hutchison. 2005. Cold hardiness of Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of pyralid moths. J. Ins. Physiol. 51: 759-768. Carlson, D. A., F. Mramba, B. D. Sutton, U. R. Bernier, C. J. Geden, and K. Mori. 2005. Sex pheromone of the tsetse species, Glossina austeni: isolation and identification of natural hydrocarbons, and bioassay of synthesized compounds. Med. Vet. Entomol. 19: 470-479. Carlson, D. A., J. A. Hogsette, D. L. Kline, C. J. Geden, and R. K. VanderMeer. 2006. Prevention of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from entering simulated aircraft with commercial air curtain units. J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 182-193. Carlson, D. A., U. R. Bernier, and C. J. Geden. 2006. Distinctive hydrocarbons of four parasitoids, Spalangia spp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Arch. Insect Biochem. (in press). Deacutis, J.M., C.A. Leichter, A.C. Gerry, D.A. Rutz,. W.D. Watson, C.J. Geden, and J.G. Scott. 2007. Susceptibility of field-collected houseflies to spinosad before and after a season of use. Pest. Management Sci. (submitted). Dee SA, Schurrer JA, Moon RD, Fano E, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2004. Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus under field conditions during a putative increase in the fly population. J. Swine Health and Prod.12: 242-245. Erickson, M.C., M. Islam, C. Sheppard, J. Liao, and M.P. Doyle. 2004. "Reduction of Escherichia coli 0157:47 and Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidus in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly." J. Food Protection 67: 685-690. Ferreira de Almeida, C. J. Geden and A. Pires do Prado. 2002. Influence of feeding treatment, host density, temperature and cool storage on attack rates of Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Environ. Entomol. 31: 732-738. Ferriera de Almeida, C. J. Geden, C. K. Boohene, J. J. Becnel, and A. Pires do Prado. 2002. Microsporidiosis of Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 97: 527-530. Ferreira de Almeida, M., A. Pires do Prado and C. J. Geden. 2002. The influence of temperature on development time and longevity of Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and effects of nutrition and emergence order on longevity. Environ. Entomol. 31: 375-380. Geden, C. J. 2002. Effect of habitat depth on host location by five species of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcididae) of house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), in three types of substrates. Environ. Entomol. 31: 411-417. Geden, C. J., M. A. Ferreira de Almeida and A. Pires do Prado. 2003. Effects of Nosema disease on fitness of the parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1139-1145. Geden, C. J. and D. C. Steinkraus. 2003. Evaluation of three formulations of Beauveria bassiana for control of lesser mealworm and hide beetle in Georgia poultry houses. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1602-1608. Geden, C. J. 2005. Methods for monitoring outdoor populations of house flies, Musca domestica. J. Vector Ecol. 30: 244-250. Geden, C. J. 2006. Biological Control of Pests in Livestock Production. (Book chapter). In: Hansen. L. and T. Steenberg, editors. Implementation of biocontrol in practice in temperate regions - present and near future. Geden, C. J. 2006. Visual targets for capture and management of house flies, Musca domestica. J. Vector Ecol. 31: 152-157. Geden, C. J. and J. A. Hogsette. 2006. Suppression of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Florida poultry houses by sustained releases of Muscidifurax raptorellus and Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environ. Entomol. 35: 75-82. Geden, C. J., R. D. Moon, and J. F. Butler. 2006. Host ranges of six solitary filth fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcididae) from Florida, Eurasia, Morocco and Brazil. Environ. Entomol. 35: 405-412. Geden, C. J., R. D. Moon, and J. F. Butler. 2006. Host attacks and progeny production by six species of solitary fly parasitoids on pupae of house fly, horn fly, stable fly, black dump fly and a flesh fly. Environ. Entomol. (in press). Geden, C. J. and P. E. Kaufman. 2007. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor on live house fly pupae and pupae killed by heat shock, irradiation, and cold. Environ. Entomol. 36: 34-39. Geden C. J., V. Lietze, and D.G. Boucias. 2007. Seasonal prevalence and transmission of salivary gland hyperplasia virus of house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera:Muscidae). Environ. Entomol. (submitted). Gerry, A. C., T. M. Nawaey, P. B. Sanghrajka, J. Wisniewska, and P. Hullinger. Comparison of a Horse and a Carbon Dioxide-Baited Suction Trap for Collecting Hematophagous Diptera in Southern California with a Discussion of Relevance to West Nile Virus Epidemiology. J. Med. Entomol.. Submitted. Hamm, R. L., P. E. Kaufman, C. Reasor, J. G. Scott and D. A. Rutz. 2006. Resistance to cyfluthrin and tetrachlorvinphos in the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus, collected from the eastern United States. Pest. Manag. Sci. 62:673-677. Hinton, J. L and R. D. Moon. 2003. Arthropod populations in high-rise, caged-layer houses following three manure cleanout treatments. J. Econ. Entomol, 96: 1352-1361. Hoebeke, E.R., P.E. Kaufman, C.S. Glenister and S.M. Stringham. 2003. New Neartic Record for Epitranus clavatus F. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 105: 1062-1063. Kaufman, P. E., S. J. Long and D. A. Rutz. 2001. Impact of exposure length and pupal source on Muscidifurax raptorellus and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitism in a New York Poultry Facility. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 998-1003. Kaufman, P.E., D. A. Rutz and S. Frisch. 2001. Sticky Traps for Large Scale House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Trapping in New York Poultry Facilities. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 18: 43-49. Kaufman, P. E., S. J. Long, D. A. Rutz, and J. K. Waldron. 2001. Parasitism Rates of Muscidifurax raptorellus and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) after Individual and Paired Releases in New York Poultry Facilities. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 593-598. Kaufman, P. E., S. J. Long, D. A. Rutz, and C. S. Glenister. 2001. Larval Production from Field-Collected Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Following Three Starvation Periods. J. Med. Entomol.38: 278-281. Kaufman, P.E., M. Burgess, D.A. Rutz, and C.S. Glenister. 2002. Population Dynamics of Manure Inhabiting Arthropods Under an IPM Program in New York Poultry Facilities 3 case studies. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 10: 90-103. Kaufman, P. E., D. A. Rutz and J. K. Waldron. 2002. Seasonal variations in Carcinops pumilio dispersal and potential for suppression of dispersal behavior. J. Med. Entomol. 39: 106-111. Kaufman, P. E. and D. A. Rutz. 2002 Susceptibility of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to five commercial insecticides on painted plywood. Pest Manag. Sci. 58: 174-178. Kaufman, P.E., C. Reasor, J.K. Waldron and D.A. Rutz. 2005. Suppression of the Lesser Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Soil Incorporation of Poultry Manure. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1739-1743. Kaufman, P.E., C. Reasor, J.K. Waldron, and D. A. Rutz. 2005. Evaluation of a Barrier to Inhibit Lesser Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Dermestidae Movement up Support Posts in High-Rise, Caged-Layer Poultry Facilities. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1744-1749. Kaufman, P.E., C. Reasor, D.A, Rutz, J. K. Ketzis and J.J. Arends. 2005. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana Applications Against Adult House Flies, Musca domestica, in Commercial Caged-Layer Poultry Facilities in New York State. Biol. Control. 33: 360-367. Lietze, V., C. J. Geden, P. Blackburn, and D G. Boucias 2007. Effects of MdSGHV infection on the reproductive behavior of the house fly, Musca domestic. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.(submitted) Marquez, J. G., R. D. Moon and E. S. Krafsur. 2001. "Genetic differentiation among populations of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) breeding in a multiple-barn, egg-layer facility in central Minnesota." J. Med. Entomol. 38: 218-222. McElroy, S., A.L. Szalanski, T. McKay, A.J. Bermudez, C.B. Owens, and C.D. Steelman. 2005. "Molecular assay for the detection of Cochlosoma anatis in house flies and turkey specimens by polymerase chain reaction." Veterinary Parasitology 127: 165-168. Moon, R. D., J. L. Hinton, S. D. O'Rourke and D. R. Schmidt. 2001. "Nutritional value of fresh and composted poultry manure for house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae." J. Econ. Entomol. 94:1308-1317. Moon, R. D. 2002. Chapt. 14. Muscid flies (Muscidae). Pp. 279-302 in: Mullen, G. and L. Durden (eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology., Academic Press,NY. 720 pp. Mullens, B. A., N. C. Hinkle, C. A. Szijj and D. R. Kuney. 2001. "Managing manure and conserving predators helps control flies in caged-layer poultry systems." California Agriculture 55(5): 26-30. Mullens, B.A., C.E. Szijj and N.C. Hinkle. 2002. "Oviposition and development of Fannia spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) on poultry manure of low moisture levels." Environ. Entomol. 31(4): 588-593. Mullens, B.A., R.K. Velten, N.C. Hinkle, D.R. Kuney, and C.E. Szijj. 2004. "Acaricide Resistance in Northern Fowl Mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) Populations on Caged Layer Operations in Southern California." Poultry Science 83: 365-374. Mullens, B.A., D.R. Kuney, N.C. Hinkle, and C.E. Szijj. 2004. "Producer Attitudes and Control Practices for Northern Fowl Mites in Southern California." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13(3): 488-492. Mullens, B. A. and A. C. Gerry. 2006. Life history and seasonal abundance of canyon flies (Fannia Benjamini Complex) (Diptera: Muscidae) in Southern California. J. Med. Entomol. 43(2): 192-199. Otake, S., S. A. Dee, K. D. Rossow, R. D. Moon & C. Pijoan. 2002. "Mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by mosquitoes, Aedes vexans (Meigen)." Can. J. Vet. Res. 66: 191-195. Otake S, Dee SA, Moon RD, Rossow KD, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2003. Evaluation of mosquitoes, Aedes vexans, as biological vectors of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Can J Vet Res. 67: 265-270. Otake S, Dee SA, Moon RD, Rossow KD, Trincado C, Farnham M, and Pijoan C. 2003. Survival of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in houseflies. Can J Vet Res: 67: 198-203. Otake S, Dee SA, Rossow KD, Moon RD, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2003. Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by houseflies (Musca domestica). Vet. Rec. 152: 73-76. Otake S., S. A. Dee, R. D. Moon, K. D. Rossow, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2004. Studies on the carriage and transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by individual houseflies (Musca domestica). Vet. Record 154: 80-85. Owens, C.B., A.L. Szalanski, T. McKay, and C.D. Steelman. Molecular surveillance of Campylobacter sp. and E. coli O157:H7 carried by filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae) associated with turkey production facilities. J. Med. Entomol. (submitted). Perotti, M. A. and T. J. Lysyk. 2003. Novel growth media for rearing larval horn flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Med. Entomol. 40: 22-29. Quinn, B. U. R. Bernier, C. J. Geden, J. A. Hogsette, and D. A. Carlson. 2007. Analysis of extracted components in blackstrap molasses. J. Chromat., Series A. (in press). Rinkevich, F.D., R.L. Hamm, C.J. Geden and J.G. Scott. 2007. Dynamics of insecticide resistance alleles in two different climates over an entire field season. Proceedings, National Academy of Science (submitted) Rochon, K., T. J. Lysyk, and L. B. Selinger. 2004. Persistence of Escherichia coli in immature house and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in relation to larval growth and survival. J. Med. Entomol. 41: 1082-1089. Rochon, K., T. J. Lysyk, and L. B. Selinger. 2005. Retention of Escherichia coli by house fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae)during pupal metamorphosis and eclosion. J. Med. Entomol. In Press. Schurrer, J. A., S. A. Dee, R. D. Moon, M. P. Murtaugh, C. P Finnegan, J. Deen, S. B. Kleiboeker and C. B. J. Pijoan. 2005. Retention of ingested porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in house flies. Am. J. Vet. Res. 66: 1517-1525. Schurrer, J. A., S. A. Dee, R. D. Moon, K. D. Rossow, C. Mahlum, E. Mondaca, S. Otake, E. Fano, J. E. Collins and C. Pijoan. 2004. Spatial dispersal of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-contaminated flies after contact with experimentally infected pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 65: 1284-1292. Schurrer, J. A., S. A. Dee, R. D. Moon, J. Deen and C. B. J. Pijoan. 2006. Evaluation of three intervention strategies for insect control on a commercial swine farm. J. Swine Health Prod. 14: 76-81. Strother, K. O. and C. D. Steelman. 2001. Spatial analysis of Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Broiler Production Facilities. Environ. Entomol. 30: 556-561. Strother, K. O., C. D. Steelman and E. E. Gbur. 2005. Reservoir Competence of the Lesser Mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), for Campylobacter. J. Med. Entomol. 42: 42-47. Szalanski, A.L., C.B. Owens, T. McKay, and C.D. Steelman. 2004. Detection of Campylobacter sp., and E. coli O157:H7 in filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae) by polymerase chain reaction. Med Vet. Entomol. 18:241-246. Szalanski, A.L., T.W. Palmer, T. McKay, and C.D. Steelman. 2004. Infectivity of Steinernema spp. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) to adult litter beetles, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the laboratory. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 14: 81-84. Tang, Juliet D., M.A. Caprio, D.C. Sheppard and D.M. Gaydon. 2002. Genetics and fitness costs of cyromazine resistance in house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 95(6): 1251-1260. Taylor, D. B., R. D. Moon, G. Gibson and A. Szalanski. 2006. Genetic and morphological comparisons of New and Old World populations of Spalangia species (Hymenoptera: Ptermalidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 99: 799-808. Tomberlin, J.K., W.K. Reeves and D.C. Sheppard. 2001. First record of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Georgia, USA. FL Entomol. 84: 300-301. Tomberlin, J.K. and D.C. Sheppard. 2001. Lekking behavior of the black soldier fly, (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). FL. Entomol. 84: 729-730. Tomberlin, J.K., D.C. Sheppard and J.A. Joyce. 2002. Selected life history traits of black soldier flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) reared on three artificial diets. Ann. Entomol. Sco. Am. 95: 379-386. Tomberlin, J.K. and D.C. Sheppard. 2002. Factors influencing mating and oviposition of black soldier flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in a colony. J. Entomol. Sci. 37: 345-352. Tomberlin, J.K., D.C. Sheppard and J.A. Joyce. 2002. Susceptibility of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and adults to four insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 598-602. Tomberlin, J.K., D.C. Sheppard and J.A. Joyce. 2002. Selected life history traits of black soldier flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in a colony. J. Entomol. Sci. 37: 345-352. Watson, D. W., P. Kaufman, D. A. Rutz, and C. S. Glenister. 2001. Impact of the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer on the establishment of the predaceous beetle, Carcinops pumilio Erichson for the control of house fly, Musca domestica in caged layer poultry houses. Biol. Cont. 20: 8-15. Watson, D. W., S. S. Denning. L. Zurek, S. M. Stringham and J. Elliott. 2003. Effects of lime hydrate on the growth and development of darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus. Intl. J. Poult. Sci. 2: 91-96. Webster, A.B., S.A. Thompson, N.C. Hinkle, and W.C. Merka. 2006. In-house composting of layer manure in a high-rise tunnel ventilated commercial layer house over an entire production cycle. J.App. Poult. Res. 15: 447-456. Zurek, L., S. S. Denning, C. Schal, and D. W. Watson. 2001. Vector potential of the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. J. Med. Entomol. 38: 333-335. Zurek, L., D. W. Watson, S. B. Krasnoff and C. Schal. 2002. Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus, Entomophthora muscae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae), on sex pheromone and other cuticular hydrocarbons of the house fly, Musca domestica. J. Invertbr. Pathol. 80: 171-176. More publications in attachment.

Publications Attachment:

Attachment

Impact Statements

Campylobacteriosis is a leading food-borne diarrhoeal disease in developed countries, including the United States. Birds, primarily chickens and turkeys, are considered the primary reservoir of C. jejuni. Despite numerous studies on campylobacters, the ecology and transmission of C. jejuni and C. coli among poultry flocks and among farms are poorly understood. Our study showed that house flies likely play an important role in the ecology and dissemination of C. jejuni and C. coli.
In the past five years, the Georgia Extension Veterinary Entomologist has trained over 1,500 pest control operators in pest fly identification, biology, and control, including members of the U.S. military, regional Canadian associations, and PCOs from 9 states. Each year we educate over 100 poultry producers, 80 beef producers, and 25 dairymen on fly control and new products available. In the past five years, articles carried in national magazines have reached over 3 million readers while articles carried in newspapers such as the Atlanta Journal-Constitution (print and on-line readership over 3.5 million) have reached even wider audiences.
In-house composting offers many potential advantages to handling broiler house litter. Among the advantages would be reduction from tonnage applied to pasture area, thus, preventing run-off of phosphorus and other chemicals in the litter. Even though it appears in the preliminary data that no beetle control occurred, using the equipment to thoroughly mix insecticides and perhaps some biological agents like fungus pathogens into the litter as the wind-rows are being turned could be advantageous. Entomopathogenic nematodes offer a method of lesser mealworm management in poultry facilities.
Composting of poultry manure is effective in reducing the numbers of adult flies at poultry facilities when composted manure is turned weekly and moisture is added to the material immediately before turning, thereby keeping surface moisture too low for fly egg deposition and development. This work adds to the body of evidence supporting the role of insects (especially flies and beetles) as carriers and transmitters of disease agents among animals and between animals and humans. Fly control should continue to be an integral part of the biosecurity plan for every animal operation and is especially important during disease eradication efforts.
Research during this project led to the development of a visual target for house flies that has potential for use as perimeter protection to intercept immigrating and emigrating flies. This approach has potential to protect residential communities from invasion by disease-carrying flies from farms and other breeding sources. The most effective products for outdoor fly populations were the Terminator jar trap and the QuickStrike bait strip. A novel deployment method for the QuickStrike product was developed that keeps flies in good condition for assessment of their carriage of disease organisms.
Beauveria bassiana was proven to be an effective management tool against the house fly in poultry facilities. Now an integrated fly management program can include the full compliment of tools targeting all life stages of the house fly while preserving and protecting fly natural enemies resulting in maintenance of fly populations below maximally accepted levels in poultry facilities. The darkling beetle is also an important pest of poultry production worldwide. The insecticidal and non-insecticidal management options developed in this study are extremely cost-effective and can be easily incorporated into existing poultry production systems.
Poultry producers can better anticipate the effects of different cleanout methods on insect populations associated with their caged-layer barns. County public health authorities now have a tool for setting and enforcing house fly nuisance thresholds for rural communities. Knowledge of how far PRRS virus-contaminated house flies can spread into the surrounding landscape will allow pork producers to plan isolation distances to achieve desired levels of biosecurity, and will serve as a model for analysis of fly borne spread of enteric bacteria and other pathogens that threaten animal and public health.
Flies were examined for the presence of two common pathogens associated with foodborne illness, Salmonella and Campylobacter. A total of 8.8% of pooled flies were positive for Salmonella and Campylobacter was isolated from 17% of the fly pools. The routine use of boric acid and Quickstrike baits during the flock cycle maintained reduced fly populations when insecticides were applied prior to repopulating the poultry house. We developed methods that improved fly management and found certain practices compromised the biosecurity effort to reduce pathogens on the farm. Management is essential to reduce fly dispersal and the potential spread of pathogens.
New technologies of manure handling will alter the environment where house flies breed which should reduce the impact these flies have in poultry production operating costs and reduce environmental fly nuisance concerns. Two new insecticides (imidacloprid and spinosad) tested for house fly control in caged-layer poultry operations are a promising addition to the integrated control of this pest since there have been limited products available. Results from these studies will be used to help poultry producers determine how these products and tools will fit in with their fly pest management program.

Date of Annual Report: 03/29/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/06/2005 - 01/07/2005
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2004 - 12/01/2004

Participants

Geden, Chris (CGeden@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu); Gerry, Alec (alecg@ucr.edu); Hinkle, Nancy (NHinkle@uga.edu), Kaufman, Phil (PEK4@cornell.edu), Moon, Roger (rdmoon@umn.edu); Rutz, Don (dar11@cornell.edu); Watson, Wes (Wes_Watson@ncsu.edu); Williams, Ralph (REW@purdue.edu); Meyer, Rick (Hmeyer@CSREES.USDA.gov); Roeder, Richard (rroeder@uark.edu)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Following introduction of all attendees, Dr. David Morrison, Associate Director of the LSU Agricultural Center, welcomed attendees to the LSU Ag. Center. Local arrangements outlined by Lane Foil.

CSREES representative Rick Meyer reported on budget, reminding that funding increases require support from constituents.

Rick Roeder, the Administrative Advisor, serves as the conduit between Experiment Station Directors and committee. S-1006 expires in 2006, so the group will put together a committee to develop a successor.

Objective 1. Evaluate conventional and experimental poultry manure management systems as they influence production of filth flies, litter beetles, and associated foodborne pathogens.

I. Manure management systems: Treatments

Ralph Williams reported that Frontier had developed $25-30K units for cleanouts; when cleanouts fail, new flies come back in, maggots build up in absence of beneficials, and problem worsens. Machines must be maintained and regularly used to prevent problems.

Moon reports dealing with political quagmire of four farms having difficulties with house flies coming out of layer houses; weekly scrape and remove. Sunflower seed hulls added as manure is windrowed and piles are turned two times per week. Each cleanout is a batch or one windrow and active thermophilic composting year-round makes the material permanently unsuitable for fly production.

Williams notes that pest suppression must be incorporated into manure management plans (in accord with manure management laws and state regulations).

Gerry reported on project looking at poultry manure composting and manure from enclosed houses as compared with open houses. Agricultural zoning prohibits importation of greenwaste. Poultry manure piled and tarped (historic process) compared upon county request. Two-to-one greenwaste to manure proportion, sandwiched. Compost turner ($40K) rotates windrows, water is added to top after turning (should be prior to turning)now adding mortality. Feathers from molt served as excellent carbon source. Piles are turned twice per week first 2 weeks, then weekly subsequently. Sampled top 3 in. of each pile. Piled and tarped sampled above base but never at top. At 3 in. temperature is well within house fly larval developmental tolerance. Threshold is 40% (putative) RH for larval development. Eggs laid but didn't successfully complete development. Every time watered, young larvae increased subsequently. Turning brings hottest material to outside, which causes rapid evaporative drying.

Moon presentation "Onsite storage before incorporation: Composting Kills Maggots and Prevents Later Fly Production." C:N = 30:1, ca. 50% moisture, aerate to keep temperature above 140F. Carbon from sunflower seed hulls. Two weeks of composting is sufficient; converted to point where house flies cannot develop in material. No additional moisture added, but started at 50%. Bioassayed in lab with 100 eggs per sample.

Watson "Covered Storage of Poultry Litter." Wood shavings and litter mixed together coming out of house. Must be applied to growing crop or fields that will be planted in 30 days. Put out living fly pupae and adult Alphitobius beetles in sentinel bags. Temperatures varied more at 50 cm Kaufman said because oxygen depleted, so composting ceased. Larvae and beetles persisted in unturned piles, and at the surface of the bin material.

Phil Kaufman reported on Farmer Automatic for in-house composting. Mixed 50:50 with wood chips. Out-of-house composting: Mixed 50:50 with wood chips. Turned twice daily, 15 days to exit, so finished material moved to end of house. Wood chips sieved and reused. Manure added to row via conveyor belt, no additions, manure turned 3 times per week.

Hoophouse (greenhouse) composting. Three or 4 times/wk cleaned out high-rise house, added to pile, and added greenchop. Passive air movement out roof peak. Brey out-of-house composter lifts manure and dumps it. Wegmans indoor composting with fly outbreak early in season; darkling beetles persisted at low level throughout. Farmer Automatic system resulted in maggots evacuating pile and pupating. Out-of-house composting systems: Bioassayed samples as collected from the field (consistency, moisture, etc.) to determine ovipositional acceptability. Dried manure was still adequately moist for oviposition; dried down after 6 turnings to point where oviposition waned, and ceased at 8 turnings. Reconstitution by moisture addition made media suitable for oviposition and development. Wegmans (wood chips and manure) was highly attractive for oviposition upon wetting (to 60% moisture). Turning without addition of moisture did not produce composting. Adding manure and greenchop was not counted until end; driest manure (27%) most attractive, while 35% and 43% less attractive. Release of ammonia as oviposition cue.

Moon questioned remark that adult fly attraction from surrounding neighborhood served as sink for ambient fly population. No maggot development in media, but hordes of adult flies, including blowflies.

Gerry questioned ammonia production problems, techniques for capturing or binding. Kaufman says one producer uses surfactant to mist and precipitate ammonia.

Watson says NCSU engineers looking at kitty litter binders to capture ammonia.

Kaufman continued with "Manure Incorporation." Litter beetles traveled well. Alsynite with sticky sleeve to capture flying forms. Stove pipes pressed into ground (thru soil profile). Pitfalls of 12 oz. cups. Linoleum tiles on ground surface. No till, disk, harrow, chisel plow, or moldboard showed no significant differences in beetle recovery. Almost all beetles recovered within one week. Beetles emerge and fly based on various cues, so flight dispersal 17 days after incorporation. Kaufman claims adult beetles routinely fly during middle of day. Solarization using clear plastic was far superior to other colors (including black) in killing beetles. Incorporation seems inadequate to suppress beetles. Composting best way to deal with beetles and flies. Cover for at least a week prior to incorporation, if nothing else.

Geden - "Outdoor Management of Nuisance Insects." War fighter protection funding to protect deployed troops. Mosquitoes and biting flies, but filth flies, as well. Gainesville got funding for toxicology and mosquito maintenance facility. Will consider diversity of proposals.

II. Outdoor management of nuisance insects

Geden - "Outdoor House Fly Trapping Tests in 2004." Objective: compare attractancy of Alsynite, blue, white, black and clear surfaces. Also looked at increasing bait emanation by adding aquarium aerator. (1) Too much frothing, (2) Trap vibration irritated flies and prevented settling/entering trap.

Roger Moon - "Intervention Strategies" Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome. Installed screens to prevent mosquito access (2 of 4 rooms). Adequate sanitation prevents their serving as larval habitats, but aromas make them fly magnets.

III. Food safety and health issues of manure and insects relative to manure treatments.

Watson - "Biosecurity and Diversity of Foodborne Pathogen Populations on Poultry Farms." This is last year of project. Looking at prevalence, diversity, sources of transmission, etc. Turkeys more prone to have Salmonella than were broilers. Isolation of Campylobacter and Salmonella from house fly tissues. Salmonella persisted in fly tissue for at least 72 hours, while Campylobacter disappeared from all tissues after 24 hrs.

"Tracking fly dissemination of pathogens." Using nithiazine traps to monitor flies. Under trashcans in pie plates outside (with openings cut in all 4 sides). Inside suspended over bucket. 20 flies per pool, surface sterilized, cadavers macerated, then used selective media to isolate Salmonella. Outside 11 pools were positive, while inside 15 were positive; 8.8% of all pools were positive, showing internal transmission.

U.S. Poultry & Egg Association has a biosecurity training CD. "Infectious Disease Risk Management: Practical Biosecurity Resources for Commercial Poultry Producers" is available at no charge to growers and others in poultry industry (order from website http://www.poultryegg.org/).

Szalanski report (given by D. Taylor) developed technique for preserving DNA extracted from flies so bacteria or pathogens can be detected in vivo (primers specific for various pathogens), by drying on filter paper. Enables archiving much larger samples of DNA for longer times.

Proper DNA storage is critical for studies, involving genetic analysis of insects, and molecular diagnostics of pathogens carried by them. Molecular surveillance of pathogens carried by insects can involve screening thousands of insect DNA samples. A simple filter-paper-based method for storage and preservation of insect DNA was evaluated using PCR. From 50 house flies known to carry Campylobacter, a portion of the DNA sample was stored frozen and another portion was pipetted onto filter paper. At monthly intervals for seven months samples were evaluated using PCR; amplification was successful for all samples regardless of storage method. The filter paper method is a simple and economical way to store, preserve, and distribute DNA samples for PCR analysis.

Szalanski started research on biological control of filth flies using pteromalid wasps as part of SARE Grant "Using Parasitoids in an IPM Approach to Control Flies on Dairy Farms." Objective is to develop a biological-based management system using parasitoids to control house and stable flies on small-to-medium sized dairy farms. This year's research will involve identifying naturally occurring Muscidifurax and Spalangia from Arkansas, Mississippi and North Carolina to species using molecular genetic techniques.

Roger Moon - "Dynamics of PRRS Virus Retention in House Flies." Direct transmission from pig to pig. House flies held, virus isolated up to 24 hrs later. 10K to 100K viral RNA copies per fly, from excretions (oral, nasal) and blood when viremia in host (pig) peaks.

Objective 2. Evaluate novel cultural, biological, and chemical strategies for pest management to minimize nuisance and health risk in the rural-urban interface.

Williams - new Bayer gel bait worked better than QuickBayt (substantially better than Golden Malrin). Sugar-based liquid bait did not work well (test conditions not optimal). Monitored layer house using sticky tape walking and speck card. Gel applied as 4-inch bead using caulking gun, 25 tubes/house, dispersed evenly. Monitored for 28 days. Bait dried and accumulated debris.

Geden - "Suppression of House Flies in Poultry Houses by Sustained Releases of M. raptorellus and S. cameroni." Pullet houses (16-19 week grow-out cycles). M. raptorellus (62,500 per week), S. cameroni (85,000 pupae/wk). Parasitoids monitored by sentinel pupae, and flies monitored by spot cards. Test conducted two times in summer and fall. Release containers with metal screen for parasitoid emergence. Only 8.4% pupal parasitism, with only 1.2% of stung pupae producing parasitoids. While fly numbers were halved on treated farms, adult fly numbers were still unacceptable.

Sentinel bags were not placed near release sites, so parasitoids had to disperse. Did not disperse as well as in feedlots. Product quality was high, with confirmation that species were as purported. Based on fly specks, numbers were unacceptable. Contributes to fly reductions, but must be integrated with other components.

Watson - Ludek at Lincoln worked with BA sugar solutions in J tubes (PVC with cotton stopper). Watson tested in turkey houses last summer. Used speck cards to monitor. Compared to nithiazine strips and untreated houses. Very attractive to flies, suppressed flies somewhat but never reduced to 100 specks/card. Nithiazine killed lots of flies (2 liters/trap/week), but total population level never below 100 specks/card. Moon correlated complaints and fly numbers in Terminator traps; 3-5 flies per trap/day at neighbor residences was acceptable, did not trigger complaints.

Kaufman - Alphitobius resistance. With loss of carbaryl, have eliminated it from the screen. Tifton lab strain resistant to tetrachlorvinphos, so acquired Denmark strain. Test larvae that pass through #14 sieve, but not through #16. Strains varied in susceptibility to two chemicals. Field strains with known chemical exposure backgrounds. Cygon used while birds present. Serial dilutions in glass scintillation vials run for 48 hrs. Mortality is inability to crawl. Danish strain is susceptible. Beetles being affected by fly treatment residue as well as beetle suppression applications (12-18 mo. intervals). Will also test formulated materials (tetrachlorvinphos and cyfluthrin) soon.

Williams - Anyone testing Ahrens Beauveria strain for Alphitobius? Watson says it is registered and approved; being tested in Ohio. Claims to have good success if conditions correct (manure moisture).

Business Meeting

The group will meet January 5-6, 2006 in Amarillo, TX, for the next S-1005/S-1006 meeting. Don Rutz chairs S-1006 next year. Phil Kaufman will be secretary 2006-2007. Committee convened at 5:30 to propose topics for new multi-state project(s).

Accomplishments

Manure management systems: Treatments CA (Gerry): Poultry manure composting studies in CA showed effective prevention of house fly development. MN (Moon): Onsite composting studies in MN using sunflower seed hulls as a carbon source provided prevention of house fly development after 2 weeks of composting. NC (Watson): Evaluated covered storage of poultry litter using wood shavings mixed with litter. NY (Kaufman): Reported on both in-house and out-of-house composting using 50:50 litter:wood chip ratios. Wetting of compost was attractive for fly oviposition. Darkling beetles persist at low levels. Outdoor management of nuisance insects FL (Geden): Compared trap attractancy of alsynite, blue, white, black and clear surfaces. Food safety and health issues of manure and insects relative to manure treatments NC (Watson): Biosecurity and diverstiy of foodborne pathogen populations on poultry farms in last year of project. Turkeys found to be more prone to have Salmonella than broilers. Salmonella persisted in fly tissue for at least 72 hours, while Campylobacter disappeared from all tissues after 24 hr. Studies were conducted using nithiazine traps to monitor flies in tracking fly dissemination of pathogens. 8.8% of all fly pools were positive. The U.S. Poultry & Egg Association funded a biosecurity CD on infectious disease risk management for poultry producers. Included in the CD is an overview, biosecurity programs, diseases, producer resources, educational resources, and self-assessment tools. NE (Szalanski): Developed technique for preserving DNA extracted from flies so bacteria or pathogens can be detected in vivo using a filter paper method. This enables achieving much larger samples of DNA for longer times. MN (Moon): Studies continued on dynamics of PRRS virus retention in house flies. Findings show virus up to 24 hr in house flies. Evaluate novel cultural, biological, and chemical strategies for pest management to minimize nuisance and health risk in the rural-urban interface IN (Williams): Evaluations of imidacloprid bait gel provided promising control of house flies in caged egg layer houses. FL (Geden): In evaluation of sustained release of M. raptorellus and S. cameroni in poultry houses, only 8.4% pupal parasitism was recorded while fly numbers were reduced by 50% on treated farms. NC (Watson): Tested BA in sugar solutions compared to nithiazine strips in turkey houses. NY (Kaufman): Continued studies with Alphitobius resistance. Manuscript in preparation.

Publications

Fairchild, B. and N. Hinkle. 2004. "Broiler Tip& House Fly Control Strategies That Can Prevent Problems Down the Road." Poultry Tips, UGA CAES, July 2004. Gerry, A. C., J. H. Klotz, L. Greenberg, and N. C. Hinkle. 2004. "Flies: Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home." UC DANR Pest Notes Publication 7457, revised April 2004. pp. 1-5. Gerry, A. C. 2003. "New Insecticide Products for Control of House Flies." Statewide UC Cooperative Extension Newsletters. pp. 1-2. Gerry, A. C. 2003. "Animal Agriculture and Nuisance Flies." The Buzz Newsletter. Fall 2003. pp. 1-2. Gerry, A. C. and A. Hom. 2004. "West Nile Virus not a Serious Threat to Poultry Industry." Poultry Times 51(2): 8. Hinkle, N.C. 2002. "Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities." 2002 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 517-518. Hinkle, N.C. 2002. "Poultry - Fly Control." 2002 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 540-541. Hinkle, N.C. 2003. "Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities." 2003 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 557-558. Hinkle, N.C. 2003. "Poultry - Fly Control." 2003 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 580-581. Hinkle, N. C. 2003. "Effects of In-House Composting on Insect Populations in Layer Houses." Proceedings of the 2003 Georgia Poultry Conference, Athens, GA, pp. 72-76. Hinkle, N.C. 2004. "Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities." 2004 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 601-602. Hinkle, N.C. 2004. "Poultry - Fly Control." 2004 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 623-624. Kaufman, P. E. 2004. "sing IPM Methodologies to Control Insect Pests: Cultural, Physical and Biological Control." Proceedings, 12th Ann. New England - New York Poultry Pest Management Workshop, Storrs, CT. Kaufman, P. E., 2002. "Using IPM Methodologies to Control Insects: Biological Control." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 52, No. 3. 14-16. Kaufman, P. E. 2002. "Using IPM Methodologies to Control Insects." Proceedings, 10th Ann. New England - New York Poultry Pest Management Workshop, Sturbridge, MA. Kaufman P. E. 2002. "Poultry Pest Management - Q & A Session." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 52, No. 2. 5-6. Kaufman P. E. 2001. "Structure Protection - The Beetle Barrier." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 51, No. 4. 12-13. Kaufman P. E. 2001. "Sticky Traps for Large Scale House Fly Trapping in New York Poultry Facilities." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 51, No. 3. 22-24. Kaufman , P. E., J.K. Waldron, and D. A. Rutz. 2001. "Pest Flies of Pastured Cattle and Horses." Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. (Fact sheet). Kaufman P. E. and D.A. Rutz. 2001. "A New Approach to Releasing Parasitoids." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 51, No. 2. Kaufman P. E. and D.A. Rutz. 2001. "Darkling Beetle Impact on the Fly Predator Carcinops pumilio in Caged-Layer Houses." Cornell Poultry Pointers. Vol. 51, No. 1. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, and J. K. Waldron. 2004. "Evaluation of two parasitoids in dairy calf greenhouses." 2003 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #324. pp. 43 - 49. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, and J. K. Waldron. 2004. "Development of a beetle parasitoid for management of face flies." 2003 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #324. pp. 38-42. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, L. C. Harrington and J. K. Waldron. 2003. "Statewide survey of mosquito breeding (species identification and prevalence) on NY dairy farms." 2002 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #322. pp. 57-68. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, and J. K. Waldron. 2002. "An Integrated Approach to Managing Fly Pests in Dairy Calf Greenhouses." 2001 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #321. pp. 83 - 94. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, and J. K. Waldron. 2001. "An Integrated Approach to Managing Fly Pests in Dairy Calf Greenhouses." 2000 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #320. pp. 80 - 91. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, S. J. Long and J. K. Waldron. 2001. "Evaluation of seasonal variations in Carcinops pumilio dispersal and potential for suppression of dispersal behavior." 2000 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #320. pp. 69 - 79. Stringham, M and D. W. Watson. 2003. "Fowl Mite Management in Broilers." Proceedings of the 2003 Broiler Breeder and Hatchery Management Conference. October 29-30, Statesville, NC. 8 pp. Toth, S. J. Jr., S. M. Stringham and D. W. Watson. 2002. "Pest management practices used in poultry production in 1998: A Survey of North Carolina Poultry Producers." Cooperative Extension Service, NCSU, Raleigh, NC. Williams, R. E. 2002. "Control of Poultry Pests." Purdue Extension Publication E-3. Williams, R. E. 2003. "Controlling Rodents in Commercial Poultry Facilities." Purdue Extension Publication ADM-3. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Beckendorf, Richard, Stephen A. Klotz, Nancy Hinkle, and William Bartholomew. 2002. "Nasal myiasis in an intensive care unit linked to hospital-wide mouse infestation." Archives of Internal Medicine 162: 638-640. Bonneau, K. R. J. B. Topol, A. C. Gerry, B. A. Mullens, R. K. Velten, and N. J. MacLachlan. 2002. "Variation in the NS3/NS3A Gene of Bluetongue Viruses Contained in Culicoides sonorensis Collected from a Single Site in Southern California." Virus Research 84: 59-65. Boohene, C. K., C. J. Geden, and J. J. Becnel. 2003. "Evaluation of remediation methods for Nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)." Environ. Entomol. 32:1146-1153. Boohene, C. K., C. Geden, J. J. Becnel, M. Stringham and D. W. Watson. 2004. "A red eye mutation in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)." 52nd Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Salt Lake City, UT Nov. 14-17. Calibeo-Hayes, D., S. S. Denning, S. M. Stringham, and D. W. Watson. 2005. "Lesser mealworm (Panzer) Coleoptera: Tenebronidae) emergence after mechanical incorporation of poultry litter into field soils." J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 229-235. Calibeo-Hayes, D., S. S. Denning, S. M. Stringham, J. S. Guy, L. G. Smith, and D. W. Watson. 2003. "Mechanical transmission of turkey coronavirus by domestic house flies (Musca domestica L.)." Avian Dis. 47: 149-153. Dee SA, Schurrer JA, Moon RD, Fano E, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2004. "Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus under field conditions during a putative increase in the fly population." J. Swine Health and Prod.12: 242-245.53. Erickson, M.C., M. Islam, C. Sheppard, J. Liao, and M.P. Doyle. 2004. "Reduction of Escherichia coli 0157:47 and Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidus in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly." J. Food Protection 67: 685-690. Geden, C. J. 2003. "Mass-rearing beneficial insects for biological control of flies." Proceedings, IOBC Workshop on Arthropod Mass Rearing and Quality Control, Montpellier, France. Geden, C. J., M. A. Ferreira de Almeida and A. Pires do Prado. 2003. "Effects of Nosema disease on fitness of the parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)." Environ. Entomol. 32:1139-1145. Geden, C. J. and D. C. Steinkraus. 2003. "Evaluation of three formulations of Beauveria bassiana for control of lesser mealworm and hide beetle in Georgia poultry houses." J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1602-1608. Gerry, A. C. and B. A. Mullens. 2000. "Seasonal Abundance and Survivorship of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) at a Southern California Dairy, with Reference to Potential Bluetongue Virus Transmission and Persistence." Journal of Medical Entomology 37: 675-688. Gerry, A. C., B. A. Mullens, N. J. MacLachlan, and J. O. Mecham. 2001. "Seasonal Transmission of Bluetongue Virus by Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) at a Southern California Dairy and Evaluation of Vectorial Capacity as a Predictor of Bluetongue Virus Transmission." Journal of Medical Entomology 38: 197-209. Gerry, A. C. and B. A. Mullens. 1999. "Evaluation of Four Granular Baits for Control of Adult House Fly." 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 24: 391. Hinton, J. L and R. D. Moon. 2003. "Arthropod populations in high-rise, caged-layer houses following three manure cleanout treatments." J. Econ. Entomol, 96: 1352-1361. Hoebeke, E.R., P.E. Kaufman, C.S. Glenister and S.M. Stringham. 2003. "New Neartic Record for Epitranus clavatus F. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae)." Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 105: 1062-1063. Holt, P. C. J. Geden, R. Moore, and R. Gast. 2005. "Comparison of levels of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis contamination of flies obtained from rooms containing molted or nonmolted infected hens." Proceedings, Western Poultry Disease Conference. Kaufman, P.E., D. A. Rutz and S. Frisch. 2005. "Large Sticky Traps for Capturing House Flies, Musca domestica, and Stable Flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, in dairy calf greenhouse facilities." J. Dairy Sci. 88: 176-181. Kaufman, P.E. 2002. "Dairy Pest Management, Arthropods." In D. Pimentel, ed. Encyclopedia of Pest Management. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 181-183. Kaufman, P. E., M. Burgess, D. A. Rutz, and C. S. Glenister. 2002. "Population Dynamics of Manure Inhabiting Arthropods Under an IPM Program in New York Poultry Facilities - 3 case studies." J. Appl. Poultry Res. 10: 90-103. Kaufman, P. E., D. A. Rutz and J. K. Waldron. 2002. "Seasonal Variations in Carcinops pumilio Dispersal and Potential for Suppression of Dispersal Behavior." J. Med. Entomol. 39: 106-111. Kaufman, P. E. and D. A. Rutz. 2002 "Susceptibility of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to five commercial insecticides on painted plywood." Pest Manag. Sci. 58: 174-178. Kaufman, P. E., S. J. Long and D. A. Rutz. 2001. "Impact of exposure length and pupal source on Muscidifurax raptorellus and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitism in a New York Poultry Facility." J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 998-1003. Kaufman, P.E., D. A. Rutz and S. Frisch. 2001. "Sticky Traps for Large Scale House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Trapping in New York Poultry Facilities." J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 18: 43-49. Kaufman, P.E., J.G. Scott and D.A. Rutz. 2001. "Monitoring Insecticide Resistance in House Flies from New York Dairies." Pest Manag. Sci. 57: 514-521. Kaufman, P.E., D. A. Rutz, M. E. Doscher, and R. Albright. 2001. "Efficacy of Chlorfenapyr (AC 303630) Experimental Pour-On and CyLence Formulations Against Naturally Acquired Lice Infestations on Cattle in New York." Vet. Parasit.97: 123-129. Kaufman, P. E., S. J. Long, D. A. Rutz, and J. K. Waldron. 2001. "Parasitism Rates of Muscidifurax raptorellus and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) after Individual and Paired Releases in New York Poultry Facilities." J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 593-598. Kaufman, P. E., S. J. Long, D. A. Rutz, and C. S. Glenister. 2001. "Larval Production from Field-Collected Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Following Three Starvation Periods." J. Med. Entomol.38: 278-281. Lysyk, T. J and R. D. Moon. 2001. "Diapause recruitment and survival of overwintering Haematobia irritans (L) (Diptera: Muscidae)." Environ. Entomol. 30:1090-1097. Lysyk, T. J., L. D. Kalischuk-Tymensen, and L. B. Selinger. 2002. "Comparison of selected growth media for culturing Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as pathogens of adult Stomoxys calcitrans." J. Med. Entomol. 39: 89-98. Marquez, J. G., R. D. Moon and E. S. Krafsur. 2001. "Genetic differentiation among populations of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) breeding in a multiple-barn, egg-layer facility in central Minnesota." J. Med. Entomol. 38: 218-222. McElroy, S., A.L. Szalanski, T. McKay, A.J. Bermudez, C.B. Owens, and C.D. Steelman. 2005. "Molecular assay for the detection of Cochlosoma anatis in house flies and turkey specimens by polymerase chain reaction." Veterinary Parasitology 127: 165-168. Moon, R. D., J. L. Hinton, S. D. O'Rourke and D. R. Schmidt. 2001. "Nutritional value of fresh and composted poultry manure for house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae." J. Econ. Entomol. 94:1308-1317. Mullens, B. A., R. K. Velten, A. C. Gerry, Y. Braverman, and R. G. Endris. 2000. "Feeding and Survival of Culicoides sonorensis on Cattle Treated with Permethrin or Pirimiphos-Methyl." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 14: 313-320. Mullens, B. A., A. C. Gerry, and R. K. Velten. 2001. "Failure of a Permethrin Treatment Regime to Protect Cattle Against Bluetongue Virus." Journal of Medical Entomology 38: 760-762. Mullens, B. A., N. C. Hinkle, C. A. Szijj and D. R. Kuney. 2001. "Managing manure and conserving predators helps control flies in caged-layer poultry systems." California Agriculture 55(5): 26-30. Mullens, B.A., C.E. Szijj and N.C. Hinkle. 2002. "Oviposition and development of Fannia spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) on poultry manure of low moisture levels." Environ. Entomol. 31(4): 588-593. Mullens, B.A., R.K. Velten, N.C. Hinkle, D.R. Kuney, and C.E. Szijj. 2004. "Acaricide Resistance in Northern Fowl Mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) Populations on Caged Layer Operations in Southern California." Poultry Science 83: 365-374. Mullens, B.A., D.R. Kuney, N.C. Hinkle, and C.E. Szijj. 2004. "Producer Attitudes and Control Practices for Northern Fowl Mites in Southern California." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13(3): 488-492. Otake, S., S. A. Dee, K. D. Rossow, R. D. Moon & C. Pijoan. 2002. "Mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by mosquitoes, Aedes vexans (Meigen)." Can. J. Vet. Res. 66: 191-195. Otake S, Dee SA, Moon RD, Rossow KD, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2003. "Evaluation of mosquitoes, Aedes vexans, as biological vectors of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus." Can J Vet Res. 67: 265-270. Otake S, Dee SA, Moon RD, Rossow KD, Trincado C, Farnham M, and Pijoan C. 2003. "Survival of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in houseflies." Can J Vet Res: 67: 198-203. Otake S, Dee SA, Rossow KD, Moon RD, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2003. "Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by houseflies (Musca domestica)." Vet. Rec. 152: 73-76. Otake S., S. A. Dee, R. D. Moon, K. D. Rossow, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2004. "Studies on the carriage and transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by individual houseflies (Musca domestica)." Vet. Record 154: 80-85. Owens, C.B., A.L. Szalanski, T. McKay, and C.D. Steelman. "Molecular surveillance of Campylobacter sp. and E. coli O157:H7 carried by filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae) associated with turkey production facilities." Journal of Medical Entomology (submitted). Perotti, M. A. and T. J. Lysyk. 2003. "Novel growth media for rearing larval horn flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)." J. Med. Entomol. 40: 22-29. Rochon, K., T. J. Lysyk, and L. B. Selinger. 2004. "Persistence of Escherichia coli in immature house and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in relation to larval growth and survival." J. Med. Entomol. 41: 1082-1089. Rochon, K., T. J. Lysyk, and L. B. Selinger. 2005. "Retention of Escherichia coli by house fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae)during pupal metamorphosis and eclosion." J. Med. Entomol. In Press. Schurrer, J. A., S. A. Dee, R. D. Moon, K. D. Rossow, C. Mahlum, E. Mondaca, S. Otake, E. Fano, J. E. Collins and C. Pijoan. 2004. "Spatial dispersal of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-contaminated flies after contact with experimentally infected pigs." Am. J. Vet. Res. 65: 1284-1292. Strother, Keith O. and C. Dayton Steelman. 2001. "Spatial analysis of Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Broiler Production Facilities." Environ. Entomol. 30: 556-561. Strother, Keith O., C. Dayton Steelman and E. E. Gbur. 2005. "Reservoir Competence of the Lesser Mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), for Campylobacter." J. Med. Entomol. 42: 42-47. Szalanski, A.L., C.B. Owens, T. McKay, and C.D. Steelman. 2004. "Detection of Campylobacter sp., and E. coli O157:H7 in filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae) by polymerase chain reaction." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 18:241-246. Szalanski, A.L., T.W. Palmer, T. McKay, and C.D. Steelman. 2004. "Infectivity of Steinernema spp. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) to adult litter beetles, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the laboratory." Biocontrol Science and Technology 14: 81-84. Tang, Juliet D., M.A. Caprio, D.C. Sheppard and D.M. Gaydon. 2002. "Genetics and fitness costs of cyromazine resistance in house fly (Diptera: Muscidae)." J. Econ. Entomol. 95(6): 1251-1260. Tomberlin, J.K., W.K. Reeves and D.C. Sheppard. 2001. "First record of Chrysomya Megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Georgia, USA." Florida Entomol. 84: 300-301. Tomberlin, J.K. and D.C. Sheppard. 2001. "Lekking behavior of the black soldier fly, (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), Flor." Entomol. 84: 729-730. Tomberlin, J.K., D.C. Sheppard and J.A. Joyce. 2002. "Selected life history traits of black soldier flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) reared on three artificial diets." Ann. Entomol. Sco. Am. 95: 379-386. Tomberlin, J.K. and D.C. Sheppard. 2002. "Factors influencing mating and oviposition of black soldier flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in a colony." J. Entomol. Sci. 37: 345-352. Tomberlin, J.K., D.C. Sheppard and J.A. Joyce. 2002. "Susceptibility of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and adults to four insecticides." J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 598-602. Tomberlin, J.K., D.C. Sheppard and J.A. Joyce. 2002. "Selected life history traits of black soldier flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in a colony." J. Entomol. Sci. 37: 345-352. Watson, D. W., S. S. Denning. L. Zurek, S. M. Stringham and J. Elliott. 2003. "Effects of lime hydrate on the growth and development of darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus." Intl. J. Poult. Sci. 2: 91-96. Watson, D. W., P. Kaufman, D. A. Rutz, and C. S. Glenister. 2001. "Impact of the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer on the establishment of the predaceous beetle, Carcinops pumilio Erichson for the control of house fly, Musca domestica in caged layer poultry houses." Biological Control 20: 8-15. Watson, D. W., J. S. Guy, and S. M. Stringham. 2000. "Limited transmission of turkey coronavirus (TCV) in young turkeys by adult darkling beetles, Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Tenebrionidae)." J. Med. Entomol. 37:480-483. Watson, D. W. 2003. "West Nile Virus: Its Potential Impact on Rural Agricultural Communities. Environment I, Agricultural Emerging Issues. Future of Rural Peoples: Rural Economy, Healthy People, Environment and Rural Communities." Fifth International Symposium. Oct 19-23. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Watson, D. W., J. Guy, and M. Stringham (2001). "Mechanical transmission of turkey coronavirus (TCV) in young turkeys by adult darkling beetles, Alphitobius diaperinus." In: International Poultry Scientific Forum Abstracts, Southern Poultry Science Society/Southern Conference on Avian Disease Concurrent Meetings. January 17-18. Atlanta, GA pg. 36. Watson, D. W., and S. M. Stringham. 2004. "Overview of the Poultry Pest Management Research Program." NCSU, Poultry Science Overview. Dec. 10, 2004. Watson, D. W., and J. S. Guy. 2004. "Incrimination of the house fly in the transmission of poultry disease viruses, coronavirus and New Castle Disease. North Carolina Poultry Health Conference." Raleigh, NC. Nov. 12, 2004 Zurek, L., S. S. Denning, C. Schal, and D. W. Watson. 2001. "Vector potential of the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis." J. Med. Entomol. 38: 333-335. Zurek, L., C. Schal, and D. W. Watson. 2000. "Diversity and significance of the bacterial community in the intestinal tract of house fly larvae, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)." J. Med. Entomol. 37: 924-928. BOOK CHAPTERS Floate, K. D., T. J. Lysyk, G. A. P. Gibson, and T. Galloway. 2002. Musca domestica L., House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Pp. 190-195 In P. Mason and J. Huber, (Eds.). Biological control programmes against insects & mites, weeds, and pathogens in Canada 1981-2000. CABI Publishers, Wallingford, UK. Hinkle, N. C. 2002. Poultry Pest Management (Arthropods). In D. Pimentel (ed.) Encyclopedia of Pest Management, Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 657-660. Lysyk, T. J. 2002. Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), Stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Pp. 250 253 In P. Mason and J. Huber, (Eds.). Biological control programmes against insects & mites, weeds, and pathogens in Canada 1981-2000. CABI Publishers, Wallingford, UK. Lysyk, T. J., and K. D. Floate. 2002. Haematobia irritans (L.), Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Pp. 132-135 In P. Mason and J. Huber, (Eds.). Biological control programmes against insects & mites, weeds, and pathogens in Canada 1981-2000. CABI Publishers, Wallingford, UK. Lysyk, T. J. 2002. Fly Management for Feedlots. pp. 45-52 In: Beneficial Management Practices - Environmental Manual for Feedlot Producers in Alberta. Alberta Cattle Feeders Association and Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development. Moon, R. D. 2002. Chapt. 14. Muscid flies (Muscidae). Pp. 279-302 in: Mullen, G. and L. Durden (eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology., Academic Press,NY. 720 pp. Venette, R. C., R. D. Moon and W. D. Hutchison. 2002. Strategies and statistics of sampling for rare individuals. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47: 143-174.

Impact Statements

Manure handling and composting systems have proven to have impact on house fly development and activity. Proper composting with adequate handling equipment and carbon sources has shown to reduce and prevent house fly development in poultry housing. Proper maintenance of composting activities is needed to achieve acceptable fly control with this technology.
In evaluations of prevalence diversity and sources of transmission of Salmonella, turkeys were shown to be more prone to have Salmonella than broilers.
Salmonella has been shown to persist in house fly tissue for at least 72 hours as compared to less than 24 hours with Campylobacter.
A biosecurity training CD has been developed addressing infectious disease risk management: practical biosecurity resources for commercial poultry producers.
A new filter paper technique for preserving DNA extracted from flies has been developed so pathogens can be detected in vivo.
Studies on dynamics of PRRS virus in swine show that the virus can be retained in house flies up to 24 hours.
A new gel formulation of bait containing imidacloprid has shown to provide effective control of house flies in egg layer facilities.
Studies on sustained release of hymenopteran parasitoids M. raptorellus and S. cameroni in poultry houses showed only an 8.4% pupal parasitism rate but 50% reduction in adult house flies.

Date of Annual Report: 02/28/2006

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/04/2006 - 01/06/2006
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2005 - 01/01/2006

Participants

Broce, Alberto (abroce@oznet.ksu.edu) - Kansas State University; Foil, Lane (lfoil@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University; Geden, Chris (cgeden@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - USDA, ARS, CMAVE; Hinkle, Nancy (nhinkle@arches.uga.edu) - University of Georgia; Kaufman, Phillip (pkaufman@ufl.edu) - University of Florida; Gehrardt (rgerhard@utk.edu) - University of Tennessee; Meyer, Rick (hmeyer@SCREES.USDA.gov) - USDA, CSREES; Moon, Roger (rdmoon@umn.edu) - University of Minnesota; Roeder, Richard (rroeder@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas; Rutz, Don (dar11@cornell.edu) - Cornell University; Schuster, Greta (gschuster@mail.wtamu.edu) - West Texas A&M University; Talley, Justin - Kansas State University; Taylor, David (dtaylor1@unl.edu) - USDA, ARS, MLIRU; Steelman, Dayton (Dsteelm@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas; Szlanski, Allen (aszalan@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas; Berkbyle, Dennis - USDA,ARS,MLIRU; Williams, Ralph (REW@purdue.edu) - Purdue University.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Local Arrangements Committee member, Greta Schuster, welcomed the group. She made general comments about the hotel, the meeting room charges, and the Amarillo area.

CSREES representative, Rick Meyer, updated the group on CSREES information and encouraged the group to check REEUSDA for funding opportunities. RAMP/CAR submission deadlines were fast approaching.

Rick Roeder, Administrative Advisor, University of Arkansas, talked about project reviews and development of replacement project.

S-1006 Project Reports

Objective 1. Evaluate conventional and experimental poultry manure management systems as they influence production of filth flies, litter beetles, and associated foodborne pathogens.

I. Manure management systems: Treatments

Nothing was presented in this topic.

II. Outdoor management of nuisance insects

Chris Geden presented research investigating visual targets for monitoring outdoor house fly and stable fly activity. Geden found Alsynite traps captured the largest numbers of flies followed by blue fabric targets. Colored fabric/alsynite combinations were more attractive than solid blue fabric.

Geden also reported on tests conducted on targets treated with bifenthrin and presented to flies in large screen cages. Fly survival in tents with treated targets was reduced up to 90% over 4 days.

Dayton Steelman discussed the approach of Arkansas broiler producers in windrowing and turning litter following bird removal in an effort to reduce pathogen loads. Steelman described litter beetles quickly evacuating the piles and climbing walls to escape the litter piles. He discussed the potential for treating the litter before windrowing in order to maximize litter beetle mortality.

III. Food safety and health issues of manure and insects relative to manure treatments

Reid Gerhardt reported that they continue to sample for E. coli O157 and that they are awaiting the results of the species separation for both house fly and stable fly. They are currently seeking additional facilities for more detailed fly-cattle studies.

Alberto Broce reported on studies conducted by Ludek Zurek at KSU. Zurek is examining E. coli strains found in fast food restaurant dumpsters in Kansas. They have found E. coli internally in house flies. Additionally, Zurek is using antibiotic resistance to track house flies and is investigating the types of resistant strains the flies are transporting.

Greta Schuster presented data showing the prevalence of salmonella on house flies collected in Texas feed yards. She also reported on positive antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria carried in these house flies and stable flies.

Objective 2. Evaluate novel cultural, biological, and chemical strategies for pest management to minimize nuisance and health risk in the rural-urban interface.

Dayton Steelman reported on numerous fly control studies conducted in Arkansas broiler-breeder facilities. These included pteromalid parasitoids which provided positive results in the absence of insecticides, fly baits and bait stations utilized in rafters and under floor slats, the use of Extinosad and pyrethrin insecticides, the citric acid-based product "Fly Cracker", which provided excellent results, but is quite difficult to use in these situations. Potentially prohibitive costs were also discussed. Steelman reported that the Fly Cracker product killed all house flies, however, the black garbage fly, Hydrotea, became quite problematic. Steelman also suggested lowering the sticky ribbon counting method from 300 to 100 flies per ribbon for use in these facilities.

Kaufman reported on a successful use of Beauveria bassiana against house flies in New York caged-layer poultry facilities. The commercial product outperformed the Cornell University standard practice of pyrethrins. The response of pteromalid parasitoids was similar in both studies and predatory beetles were higher in the Beauveria facilities.

Ralph Williams compared spinosad as a granular bait with the Quickbayt product.

Chris Geden reported on a baculovirus that attacks house fly salivary glands that he and others are investigating. Geden and Dr. Verena Blaeske are currently studying this virus at the University of Florida. The virus appears to alter house fly females' willingness to mate and the timing of virus infection also affects fly fecundity.

Next meeting will be in Orlando, Florida. Tentative dates are January 11-12, 2007.

Accomplishments

Objective 1. Evaluate conventional and experimental poultry manure management systems as they influence production of filth flies, litter beetles, and associated foodborne pathogens. I. Manure management systems: Treatments Arkansas: Evaluation of the impact of in-house composting on adult and larval lesser mealworms showed that no detrimental effects were observed on adult and larval lesser mealworms by the composting of the litter. We concluded that the larval and adult beetles left the wind-rows immediately after approximately 2,500 gallons of water was added to the litter, composting into windrows was completed and the temperatures started to increase. Within the first 24 hours the adult and larval lesser mealworms had migrated to the walls and moved upward into the facility insulation. In tests, where the insecticide cyfluthrin was added to the water and dispersed immediately prior to composting into the windrows, all adult and larval beetles were killed. No beetles were observed leaving the wind-rows and climbing the walls as was observed in houses where wind-rows received water only. Indiana: Evaluation of an in-house manure turning machine in commerical high-rise caged pullet houses has been discontinued because of mechanical problems with the unit being used. While in use it resulted in significant reductions in house fly breeding and in other insect fauna in the manure, including beneficial insects that serve as house fly predators. Adult house fly numbers have been more variable with some houses showing moderate populations of adult flies. II. Outdoor management of nuisance insects Minnesota: Analysis of survey results indicated that percentage of rural residents in Jackson and Clay Counties, MN, were increasingly likely to be annoyed, i.e., say their yards contained "way too many flies," as trap catch rates increased in matching terminator jug fly traps. The relation between annoyance level and catch rate, termed an annoyance curve, indicated half or more of the rural respondents were annoyed if catch rates in their yards exceeded 650 flies per trap per day. USDA-FLORIDA: Visual targets for house flies were evaluated for relative attractiveness. Insecticide treated versions of the most effective target (blue fabric paired with alsynite) provided 90% control of flies after 4 days in a tent study. III. Food safety and health issues of manure and insects relative to manure treatments North Carolina: Poultry farms were sampled weekly for flies using Nithiazine strip, (Quick Strike). Among the 28 farms selected for the study fly traps were set inside and outside of the structure make up 280 fly collections during the season. A total of 110,688 flies were captured for a mean fly trap capture of 403.97. Fly traps placed outside the poultry barn captured more flies than those inside, 65,192 and 45,496, respectively. Twenty-eight of the 274 fly pools were suspect for Salmonella on XLT medium for a total of 9.48%. Suspect cultures were subsequently not confirmed as Salmonella in AFLP analysis. Objective 2. Evaluate novel cultural, biological, and chemical strategies for pest management to minimize nuisance and health risk in the rural-urban interface. Indiana: Evaluations of bait formulations containing imidacloprid and spinosad in commercial caged-layer operations showed both active ingredients reduced adult house fly activity as compared to untreated houses. However, the imidacloprid bait was quicker in fly knockdown, whereas, spinosad treatments provided slightly longer term control over two 56-day trials. Minnesota: Laboratory experiments examined host preferences for five different dipteran hosts among five different pteromalid wasps from Florida, Morocco, Russia and Kazakhstan. Females of Muscidifurax raptor, Spalangia cameroni and S. endius readily attacked and reproduced equally on pupae of house fly, stable fly, black dump fly, and horn fly, whereas reproduction was lower on a sarcophagid flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata. There were no substantial differences in reproductive capacity among New World and Old World lines of Spalangia cameroni, S. endius, and of S. nigroaenia, but a Florida strain of M. raptor had slightly greater reproductive capacity than Old World counterparts. These results confirm that the pteromalid wasps are cosmopolitan in distribution, and there is little evidence for differential adaptation to any of the fly host species. Studies of PRRS virus-bearing house flies among animal confinement units were extended by developing a mathematical model of virus spread by contaminated flies moving outward from a diseased premise. Combination of empirical descriptions of rates of virus retention and spread indicates log-density of contaminated flies was well approximated as a decreasing, linear function of radial distance. Densities of contaminated flies decreasing by 10-fold (1 log10-unit) every 0.59 km (0.37 mi) from the source. New York: Applications of a commercially produced Beauveria bassiana product, balEnce, were compared with pyrethrin treatments for the control of adult house flies in high rise caged-layer poultry facilities. An integrated fly management program, which included the release of house fly pupal hymenopteran parasitoids was used at all facilities. Adult house fly populations were lower in B. bassiana-treated facilities during the spray and post-spray periods, as recorded on spot cards. Concurrently, the numbers of house fly larvae recovered in B. bassiana-treated facilities were less than one-half that of the pyrethrin-treated facilities. House fly pupal parasitism levels were low, but similar under both treatment regimes. The numbers of adult and larval Carcinops pumilio, a predatory beetle, recovered from B. bassiana-treated facilities were 43 and 66 percent greater than from the pyrethrin-treated facilities, respectively. In lesser mealworm insecticide resistance study we determined high levels of resistance to tetrachlorvinphos in both larvae and adults and resistance to cyfluthrin in larvae. USDA-FLORIDA: Fly pupae that were killed with heat shock were as effective as live or irradiated hosts for production of the parasitoids Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor. Heat-killed hosts retained high host suitability after two months of storage under refrigeration. A salivary gland hyperplasia virus was found infecting up to 35% of house flies on Florida dairies. The virus, which seems to be transmitted by co-feeding of infected and uninfected flies, shuts down ovarian development and renders female flies refractory to copulation.

Publications

Ambourn, A., J. Juzwik and R. D. Moon. 2005. Seasonal dispersal of the oak wilt fungus by Colopterus truncatus and Carpophilus sayi in Minnesota. Plant Disease 89: 1067-1076. Carillo, M. A., G. E. Heimpel, R. D. Moon, C. A. Cannon and W. D. Hutchison. 2005. Cold hardiness of Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of pyralid moths. J. Ins. Physiol. 51: 759-768. Carlson, D. A., U. R. Bernier, and C. J. Geden. 2006. Distinctive hydrocarbons of four parasitoids, Spalangia spp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Arch. Insect Biochem. (in press). Cummings, M. A., R. D. Moon and E. S. Krafsur. 2005. North American face flies Old World origins: mitochondrial evidence. Med Vet. Entomol. 19: 48-52. Geden, C. J. 2005. Methods for monitoring outdoor populations of house flies, Musca domestica. J. Vector Ecol. 30: 244-250. Geden, C. J. and J. A. Hogsette. 2006. Suppression of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Florida poultry houses by sustained releases of Muscidifurax raptorellus and Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environ. Entomol. 35: 75-82. Geden, C. J., R. D. Moon, and J. F. Butler. 2006. Host attacks and progeny production by six species of solitary fly parasitoids on pupae of house fly, horn fly, stable fly, black dump fly and a flesh fly. Environ. Entomol. (in press). Geden, C. J. 2006. Visual targets for capture and management of house flies, Musca domestica. J. Vector Ecol. (in press). Geden, C. J. and P. E. Kaufman. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor on live house fly pupae and pupae killed by heat shock, irradiation, and cold. Submitted to Environ. Entomol. Geden, C. J, R. D. Moon and J. F. Butler. 2006. Host ranges of six solitary filth fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcididae) from Florida, Eurasia, Morocco and Brazil. Environ. Entomol. 35: in press. Hamm, R.L., P.E. Kaufman, C. Reasor, J. G. Scott and D. A. Rutz. 2005. resistance to Cyfluthrin and Tetrachlorvinphos in the Lesser Mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) Collected from caged-Layer Poultry Facilities and a Cricket Colony. J. Econ. Entomol. (Accepted 10/05) Kaufman, P.E., C. Reasor, J.K. Waldron and D.A. Rutz. 2005. Suppression of the Lesser Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Soil Incorporation of Poultry Manure. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1739-1743. Kaufman, P.E., C. Reasor, J.K. Waldron, and D. A. Rutz. 2005. Evaluation of a Barrier to Inhibit Lesser Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Dermestidae Movement up Support Posts in High-Rise, Caged-Layer Poultry Facilities. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1744-1749. Kaufman, P.E., C. Reasor, D.A, Rutz, J. K. Ketzis and J.J. Arends. 2005. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana Applications Against Adult House Flies, Musca domestica, in Commercial Caged-Layer Poultry Facilities in New York State. Biol. Control. 33: 360-367. Moon, R. D. and S. K. O'Rourke. 2005. How many filth flies is too many? Nuisance thresholds for rural Minnesota communities. CURA Reporter 35 (3): 17-19. Moon, R. D. and S. A. Dee. 2005. Flying insects as biosecurity risks and what the swine vet needs to know. Proc. Am. Assoc. Swine Veterinarians, Annual Meeting, 5-8 March, Toronto, Ontario. P. 417-424. Schurrer, J. A., S. A. Dee, R. D. Moon, M. P. Murtaugh, C. P Finnegan, J. Deen, S. B. Kleiboeker and C. B. J. Pijoan. 2005. Retention of ingested porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in house flies. Am. J. Vet. Res. 66: 1517-1525. Schurrer, J. A., S. A. Dee, R. D. Moon, M. P. Murtaugh, C. P Finnegan, J. Deen, S. B. Kleiboeker and C. B. J. Pijoan. 2005. Retention of ingested porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in house flies. Am. J. Vet. Res. 66: 1517-1525. Schurrer, J. A., S. A. Dee, R. D. Moon, K. D. Rossow, C. Mahlum, E. Mondaca, S. Otake, E. Fano, J. E. Collins and C. Pijoan. 2005. Spatial dispersal of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-contaminated flies following contact with experimentally infected pigs. Proc. Am. Assoc. Swine Veterinarians, Annual Meeting, 5-8 March, Toronto, Ontario. (Abstract, p. 37). Extension Publications Hinkle, N.C. 2005. "Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities.; Beef Cattle External Parasite and Grub Control."; "Beef Cattle Insecticide Mixing and Application Instructions and Use Restrictions."; "Dairy Cattle External Parasite and Cattle Grub Control."; "Dairy Cattle (Lactating and Non-Lactating) External Parasite Control Insecticides."; "Cattle Ear Tags." "Swine - External Parasite Control."; "Horses - External Parasite Control."; "Sheep and Goats - External Parasite Control."; "Poultry - Fly Control," and "Poultry External Parasite Control." 2005 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 567-591. Webster, A.B. and N.C. Hinkle. 2005. "Can In-House Composting Reduce Flies in High-Rise Layer Houses?" ThePoultrySite, May 2005. (http://www.thepoultrysite.com/FeaturedArticle/FAType.asp?AREA=layers&Display=379) Fairchild, Brian, Michael Czarick, and Nancy Hinkle. 2005. "Darkling Beetles&Costs and Control." Poultry Housing Tips 17(12) November: 1-6. (http://www.engr.uga.edu/service/extension/ventilation/vol17n12.pdf) Gerry, A. C. 2005. The Spinosyns: A New Class of Insecticide for Control of Flies and Lice. Statewide UC Cooperative Extension Newsletters. pp 1-2. Gerry, A. C. 2005. Fly and Mosquito Control for Horses. Statewide UC Cooperative Extension Newsletters. pp 1-2. Media Interviews "Fluorescent Green Flies." Interview by Randy Robert, Douglas Daily News, June 22, 2005. (http://www.douglasga.com/content/1/2606/Canoochee+test%E2%80%99s+popularity+growing.htm) Radio interview about bed bugs with Tom Hughes, WGST 640 a.m., 6:05 a.m., December 5, 2005.

Impact Statements

Arkansas: Adding insecticide to water applied to broiler house wood-shaving litter immediately prior to wind-rowing the litter offers a highly successful method to manage adult and larval lesser mealworms.
Indiana: New technologies of manure handling will alter the environment where house flies breed. This should reduce the impact these flies have in poultry production operating costs and reduce environmental nuisance concerns of fly activity. Also, new insecticides and formulations for house fly control are a promising addition to the integrated control of this pest, due to limited product diversity.
Minnesota: Knowledge of how far PRRS virus-contaminated house flies can spread into the surrounding landscape will allow pork producers to plan isolation distances to achieve desired levels of biosecurity.
North Carolina: We have effectively demonstrated the use of a fly abatement strip for monitoring fly associated pathogens around poultry houses. Our studies demonstrate the risks associated with flies and the potential to spread foodborne pathogens.
New York: The darkling beetle has emerged in recent decades as the most important arthropod pest of poultry production worldwide. The insecticidal and non-insecticidal management options/solutions developed in this study are extremely cost-effective and can be very easily incorporated into existing caged-layer production systems. Implementation though our Extension outreach activities and web site is currently in progress.
The development of B. bassiana as an effective tool against the house fly is a critical component to a significant challenge that has confounded producers: how to kill large numbers of adult house flies without using residual premise pesticides. Now an integrated fly management program can include the full compliment of tools targeting all life stages of the house fly while preserving and protecting fly natural enemies resulting in maintenance of fly populations below maximally accepted levels in poultry facilities.