Annual/Termination Reports:

[03/28/2006] [08/02/2007] [06/17/2008] [06/16/2009] [04/19/2010] [05/05/2011]

Report Information

Participants

Adang, Mike (adang@uga.edu) - University of Georgia;
Becnel, Jim (jbecnel@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - USDA-ARS-Gainesville-FL;
Behle, Robert (behlerw@ncaur.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Peoria-IL;
Boetel, Mark (mark.boetel@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University;
Boethel, David (dboethel@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station;
Boucias, Drion (dgb@mail.ifas.ufl.edu) - University of Florida;
Brown, Ian (ibrown@gsw.edu) - Georgia SW State University;
Carner, Gerry (gcarner@clemson.edu) - Clemson University;
Cottrell, Ted (tcottrell@saa.ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Byron-GA;
Duncan, Larry (lwduncan@ufl.edu) - University of Florida;
Dunlap, Chris (dunlape@ncaur.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Peoria-IL;
Grewal, Parwinder (grewal.4@osu.edu) - Ohio State University;
Jackson, Mark (jacksoma@necaur.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Peoria-IL;
Jagdale, Ganpati (jagdale.2@osu.edu) - Ohio State University;
Jaronski, Stefan (sjaronski@sidney.ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Sidney-MT;
Kunkel, Brian (bkunkel@saa.ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Byron-GA;
Kurtti, Timothy (kurtt001@umn.edu) - University of Minnesota;
Legrand, Ana (ana.legrand@uconn.edu) - University of Connecticut;
Leland, Jarrod (jleland@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Stoneville-MS;
Nowierski, Robert (rnowierski@csrees.usda.gov) - USDA-CSREES;
Oi, David (doi@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - USDA-ARS-Gainesville-FL;
Pereira, Roberto (rpereira@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - USDA-ARS-Gainesville-FL;
Saeb, Amr (saeb.2@osu.edu) - Ohio State University;
Shapiro, Martin (mshapir@clemson.edu) - Clemson University;
Shapiro-Ilan, David (dshapiro@saa.ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Byron-GA;
Sheperd, Merle (mshprd@clemson.edu) - Clemson University;
Solter, Leellen (lsolter@uiuc.edu) - Illinois History Survey;
Steinkraus, Donald (steinkr@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas;
Stock, Patricia (spstock@ag.arizona.edu) - University of Arizona;
Sturniolo, Don (dws@nematodary.com) - BioControl Systems Inc.;
Verdun, Cyrille (cyrille.verdun@beckerunderwood.com) - Becker-Underwood;
Welttman, Scott (Scott.W.Weihman@aphis.usda.gov) - USDA-PPQ-CPHST

Brief Summary of Minutes

Dr. Roberto Pereira called the meeting to order at 8:30 AM on February 12, 2006. He announced that the rewrite of the Regional Project went well and we have a new number S-1024. He also announced that the annual report is also complete. He also advised that the annual reports from all cooperators should be very brief in the future. He also pointed out that we need to select a Member-at-Large and the site for next years meeting.

Dr. David Shapiro-Ilan, the local organizer gave details of the registration, facilities, services and meals to be served. Registration was set at $100.

Dr. Roberto Pereira briefly discussed the Minutes of the 2005 meeting.

SARES Administrative Advisor Dr. David Boethel gave report and praised participants for effectiveness in producing reports and proposal renewal. He also emphasized this group is very responsive to all his questions and does a lot of cooperative work. Dr. Boethel also talked about the Presidents budget and its implications.

CSREES Administrative Advisor Dr. Robert Nowierski provided his report.
He said that this group should put the meeting details on the NIMS system as soon as possible. He also suggested that this group should think about having the meeting in conjunction with another meeting. He then detailed new programs and funding sources including a new invasive species program. He then outlined several regulatory changes and discussed about the IPM training.

After the brief introductions of the attendees the seminars began. The theme for this years meeting was the Use of Microbial Control in Major Acreage Crops. We had two seminar speakers. The first seminar was given by Dr. Don Steinkraus who presented Entomopathogens in Row Crops: A Candid Appraisal. The second seminar was given by Dr. Mike Adang, who spoke on Factors in the Insect Gut that Determine Susceptibility and Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis.

We then had discussion on the topic of the use of microbial control in large acreage crops. Research and extension needs were discussed. Enhanced involvement of government in facilitating registrations and simplifying regulations were suggested. Also expanded role of the government in mass-producing, and area-wide applications of microbial controls was discussed.

The participants were asked to consider ways that microbials could be implemented in agricultural systems. It was suggested that a small-to-large approach was needed, where small crops are target first with later move to larger acreage crops. This is different from the current model adopted by many companies that seem to target the large acreage crops. It was explained that the reason for greater use of microbials in other countries such as Brazil is the direct involvement of the government and fewer regulations. The participants suggested the possibility of having microbial pesticides produced and distributed by cooperatives at a lower cost than that of commercial products. Government support may be necessary for funding and perhaps registration of such products

The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program was discussed as a possible source of funding to develop and market microbial pesticides. Funds are available for different phases of product development. Other sources of funds for research and for implementation projects on microbial control of insects are commodity groups such as Cotton Incorporated, Soybean Promotion Board, and Sugarbeet Grower groups, which have funded projects of some of the participants.

Groups interested in low chemical input alternatives for agriculture are also possible sources of funding and support for biopesticide projects.

Other research ideas were discussed including questions to the speakers.

Subproject discussions

Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for major acreage crops. (Chair: Bob Behle).

Informal oral reports were presented and the 25 attendees were encouraged to participate in discussions. In general, much of the information present focused on the use of fungal agents for control of pests of cotton, sugarbeets, sunflowers, and potatoes.

Information was presented on control of insect pests on several crops using fungal pathogens. S. Jaronski reported on use of Metarhizium anisopliae for control of sugarbeet root maggot in laboratory and field trials, and added that this biocontrol agent was effective at low and moderate pest densities, but did not provide sufficient efficacy at high densities. Additional research with sugarbeets focused on integration of fungal control agents with cover crops and resistant plant varieties. For other crops, Jaronski reported that Metarhizium may be effective against red sunflower seed weevil adults but not against wireworms in wheat and potatoes.

J. Leland reported on identification and production of new isolates of Beauveria bassiana at the ARS facility in Stoneville MS. Production of fungal conidial is sufficient to provide needs for larger field trials for control of Lygus bugs around field margins of cotton, to provide control before they infest the crop.

M. Shapiro presented new information on additives consisting of natural products to improve the efficacy of baculovirus treatments. Improvements in efficacy by baculovirus could be useful for many crops beyond major acreage crops.

Many side discussions erupted during this session and cooperative networks among scientists working on the various research topics were identified. Contributions by members who submitted written reports but were not in attendance were recognized. A summary of the reports and discussions would suggest that a majority of the efforts were focused on the use of broader host range fungal agents for control of specific pests in crops where conventional insecticide controls are not available or not effective.

Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for medicinal, veterinary, and structural pests. (Co-Chairs: Jimmy Becnel and David Oi).

Lee Solter (IL) discussed the occurrence of a microsporidian pathogen in a colony of lubber grasshoppers.

Drion Boucias (Univ. of FL) reported on a non-occluded virus in housefly, which he is working on with C. Geden (ARS Gainesville). Virus is very contagious, host specific, and sterilizes female flies.

Tim Kurtti (MN) discussed a Beauveria bassiana-like infection in black-legged ticks, Ixodes scapularis.

Jimmy Becnel (ARS Gainesville) reported that transmission of a cypovirus (CPV) from the mosquito Culex restuans was enhanced by the divalent cation, magnesium, while calcium inhibited transmission.

Mark Jackson (ARS Peoria) reported on collaborative research with ARS in New Orleans on termite control in trees.

Roberto Pereira (ARS Gainesville) reported that a Thelohania isolated from a thief ant, Solenopsis carolinensis, was not the same species as T. solenopsae. He also discussed how transferrin may be involved in the immune response to pathogens in red imported fire ants.

David Oi (ARS Gainesville) reported T. solenopsae is well established in four areawide fire ant IPM project sites in FL, OK, SC, and TX and the pathogen is spreading extensively in the TX site. A new nematode was found in fire ants by S. Porter (ARS Gainesville) and he is working with B. Hyman and E. Platzer (CA Riverside) on its identification.

Jimmy Becnel and David Oi (ARS Gainesville) summarized submitted reports related to medical, veterinary, and structural pests from participants who did not attend meeting. Topics included nematode control of termites and bark scorpions (D. Gouge AZ; H. Kaya CA). T. solenopsae infection dynamics in different social forms of fire ants (J. Fuxa LA).

Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for ornamental, vegetables, fruit and nut crops. (Chair: David Shapiro-Ilan).

Larry Duncan is studying natural contribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in food webs. EPN application may increase populations of predatory fungi that can decrease populations of both EPN and plant parasitic nematodes. Metarhyzium may influence EPN predatory fungi thus can indirectly enhance EPN survival.

Marty Shapiro is looking at plant products as potential UV protectants for microbial. They include lignins, medicinal herbs and teas. He advices people not to add calcium as a binder as it inhibits lignin binding.

Patricia Stock has twenty new strains of nematodes from Arizona including 5 new species that are being described.

Drion Boucias is working on Paeciolomyces for sucking insects in plant canopy. The fungus sporulates in the dark without a problem, and is good for white flies and scale insects. Beauveria genome is being sequenced. New Hirsutella sp. is a major pathogen of glassy wing sharpshooter.

P. Grewal talked about long-term control of black vine weevil in ornamental nurseries using inoculative approach in grassy strips in between tree rows. He reported that a survey is being conducted in the muck soils area used for vegetable production. No EPNs have been detected in the production farms but EPNs are present in the grassy borders, shrublands, home lawns, and forests in the area. He also reported on the development of a novel delivery system for nematodes through the potting mix. Nematodes applied as infected cadavers of Galleria mellonella had better survival than the aqueous suspension. The desiccated cadavers were even better for nematode survival in the potting mix and garden soil.

G. Jagdale talked about warm adapted nematode strains being tested for the fungus gnat control in greenhouses in Ohio.

D. Shapiro-Ilan reported on further studies on EPN trait deterioration during culture indicating a genetic basis for deterioration and that the bacterial symbionts play a greater role in EPN trait change than expected. High levels of efficacy were reported versus peachtree borer in field studies using EPNs, and of pecan weevil using B. bassiana in trunk sprays (with novel UV protecting formulation from ARS, Peoria), and with M. anisopliae in trunk bands.

Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for urban and natural landscapes. (Chair: P. Grewal).

Bob Behle is developing and testing Oriental beetle lure (pheromone) plus fungus formulations.

Lee Solter received APHIS Permit for the release of microsporidia for performing cage studies to determine the transmission of microsporidia. Predators of Adelgid beetles have two closely related microsporidia that could compete with each other. Bumble bees infected with microsporidia have been released in the United States. The bees could spread this to native bees.

Patricia Stock is working on Steinernema diagnostics. Mitochondrial gene pcox1 and large subunit rDNA are better than ITS region sequences. Dawn Gouge is working on S. riobrave for the control of termites and scorpions.

Don Steinkraus reported that Red Oak Forest is having oak decline disease. Insect larvae in the bark get into the hard wood.

Jarred Leland produces Beauveria for tests against the Asian long horn beetle.

Anna Legrand is working on the control of Black vine weevil and Japanese beetle with fungus.

Stefan Jaronski is working on control of grasshoppers in rangeland management.

P. Grewal reported on the funding of the Heterorhabditis bacteriophora genome sequencing project. He also discussed the progress on the metapopulation dynamics and gene flow in H. bacteriophora using pcox1 and ND4 genes and proposed a collaborative national study on this. Progress on white grubs control with nematodes was reported. Results of a survey for entomopathogenic nematodes on golf courses in Ohio were briefly presented.

Final Business Meeting

Roberto Pereira started the meeting by thanking the project participants for their contributions to the final report and the subproject chairs for preparing the different parts of the final report. The participants were asked to submit any last-minute changes to the draft reported which was circulated before the meeting.

The chair also thanked David Shapiro-Ilan and Ian Brown for the successful organization of the meeting.

In response to the chairs requests for comments on the meeting format several items were discussed including ways to enhance attendance at these meetings. It was suggested that we should budget some time for discussion in pathogen group as was done in the past, in order to attract those potential participants that may have been lost when recent changes in the project were implemented.

The possibility of opening a bank account for the project was discussed. This would facilitate the deposit of carryover funds especially when they are needed to book the meeting site. Also, such account, in the name of a non-profit entity would facilitate the payment of registration fees by USDA and other federal employees, who face difficulties with the current system of making payments to a person.

R. Pereira called for nominations or volunteers for Member-At Large. David Shapiro-Ilan and Patricia Stock agreed to serve if elected. The candidates were asked to leave the room while the other participants voted. David Shapiro-Ilan was elected member at large. Patricia Stock will take his place as co-chair for subproject 2.

The members accepted the offer from Parwinder Grewal to hold next years meeting in Ohio. The theme for next meeting theme will be Implementing Microbials in Urban Landscapes and Forests. It will be held in Columbus, Ohio in conjunction with the National Turfgrass Entomologists Workshop in late February.

With no other new business, the meeting was adjourned.

Accomplishments

A catalogue of classical biological control introductions of entomopathogens against a great diversity of insects and mites has been prepared and submitted for publication. This was published in September 2005 as a Forest Service publication. During 2006 it should be put on the web. A paper summarizing the catalogue is being prepared. <br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 1. Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for major acreage crops. <br /> <br /> Coordinator: Bob Behle, USDA-ARS-Peoria.<br /> <br /> Cooperating Agencies: AL, AZ, CA, MT, ND, NY, VT, USDA-ARS-Fargo, USDA-ARS-Peoria, USDA-ARS-Shafter, USDA-ARS-Sidney, and USDA-ARS-Stoneville.<br /> <br /> Reports by: Robert Behle, Sue Blodgett, Mark Boetel, Michael Brownbridge, Larry Campbell, J. E. Dara, Ann Hajek, Stefan Jaronski, Jarrod Leland, Michael McGuire, William Moar, Patricia Stock, and S. T. Ulloa.<br /> <br /> Significant research efforts continue to support development of microbes for pest control in large acreage crops and to verify the relative safety of these active agents. Research was conducted on corn, cotton, wheat, potatoes, sugarbeets, sunflowers and soybeans. The control studies have focused developing fungal agents, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, for control of Lygus in cotton and sugarbeet root maggot in sugarbeets, and identifying fungal pathogens infecting the invasive soybean aphid. Selectivity/safety of microbial agents was documented in cotton and corn by the absence of impact on non-target insect species. The development of resistance to Bt toxins remains a concern for transgenic crops, and research continues to identify specific mechanisms of resistance. Submitted reports identify cooperative research among six universities (Auburn University, Cornell University, Montana State University, North Dakota State University, University of California  Davis, and University of Vermont) and five ARS sites (Fargo, Peoria, Shafter, Sidney, Stoneville). <br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 2. Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs of ornamental, vegetable, fruit and nut crops.<br /> <br /> Co-Coordinators: David Shapiro-Ilan, USDA-ARS-Byron, and Robin Stuart, Univ. of Florida.<br /> <br /> Cooperating Agencies: FL, CA, USDA-ARS-Byron, USDA-ARS-Corvalis, USDA-ARS-Wapato.<br /> <br /> Reports by: Drion Boucias, Danny Bruck, Larry Duncan, Harry Kaya, Lerry Lacey, David Shapiro-Ilan, and Robin Stuart. <br /> <br /> Microbial efficacy was evaluated against various insect pests of fruit, vegetable, and nut crops. Experiments involved testing of novel pathogen species or strains, and new formulations or application technology, and ecology. Entomopathogenic fungi were the subject of several studies including a newly discovered pathogen Hirsutella homalodiscae nom. prov. against the glassy-winged sharpshooter, and Metarhizium anisopliae against Delia radicum. The potato tuber moth was found to be highly susceptible to volatiles produced by Metarhizium albus. A number of efficacy studies involved entomopathogenic nematodes including greenhouse and field trials with Heterorhabditis marelatus, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and Steinernema riobrave against the black vine weevil, the peachtree borer, the citrus root weevil, and the Andean potato weevil. Cocooned larvae of codling moth and Oriental fruit moth were controlled by Heterorhabditis spp. in fruit bins. Entomopathogen ecology and production technology were also focus of studies. The fungus H. homalodiscae was determined to be a major entomopathogen in the native range of glassy-winged sharpshooter, and in vitro production methods were developed for this fungus. The fungus M. anisopliae persisted well up to 133 days in five common soilless potting media. However composted manure decreased the prevalence of some nematophagous fungi and increased efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes. Host exudates were found to affect entomopathogenic nematode infection dynamics. New technology was developed for production, formulation and application of potato tuber moth granulovirus, B. bassiana, and M. anisopliae. <br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 3. Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for urban and natural landscapes.<br /> <br /> Co-Coordinators: Parwinder Grewal, Ohio State Univ., and Ed Lewis, Univ. of California-Davis<br /> <br /> Cooperating Agencies: AZ, CA, CT, GA, IA, IL, KY, NJ, NY, OH, OR, USFW-Corvallis, USDA-FS-Morgantown, USDA-FS-Hamden, USDA-ARS-Corvallis, USDA-ARS-Stoneville, USDA-ARS-Sidney.<br /> International Institutions: Bulg. Acad. Sci., Charles Univ. Prague, Forestry Inst. Slovakia, Fach. Eberswalde in Germany, BOKU in Austria.<br /> <br /> Reports by: Parwinder Grewal, Ann Hajek, Stefan Jaronski, Harry Kaya, Ana Legrand, Ed Lewis, Darryl Ramourtar, Lee Solter, Patricia Stock.<br /> <br /> Molecular data indicate that Nosema-type microsporidia in Malacosoma americanum from Illinois and Kentucky are probably the same species. Field studies of non-target effects of gypsy moth microsporidia showed that several non-target species become infected with Vairimorpha and Nosema. Transmission of a gypsy moth Nosema isolate in caged trees occurred even at low initial prevalences, and the transmission rate increased as initial prevalence increased. Horizontal transmission studies with N. lymantriae and V. disparis in gypsy moth showed that the first species to invade the host is preferentially transmitted to the offspring. The USDA-APHIS-PPQ and EPA approved the release of three species of gypsy moth microsporidia in Illinois. A microsporidium from the black vine weevil, Otiorynchus sulcatus, is being evaluated for its biological control potential due to its virulent and effects in late instar larvae, and the protozoan Crithidia sp. was recovered from several populations of bumble bees populations in Illinois. <br /> <br /> Several entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) strains from tropical, desert and semi-desert habitats have been molecularly characterized and described. Ecological characterization of newly recovered entomopathogenic nematodes focused on several parameters including host range, foraging strategy, soil moisture and temperature and UV exposure. Entomopathogenic nematodes applied within cadavers were at least as effective or more effective, and survive longer, than those applied in aqueous solution. Heat- (35°C) or cold-shocks (1° and 10°C) increased trehalose accumulation and metabolism in H. bacteriophora, which may enhance nematode survival and provide desiccation protection. Isozyme patterns in 5 species of Heterorhabditi were species-specific and demonstrated a high degree of genetic variation among Heterorhabditis species, but relatively close genetic relationship between H. megidis and H. zealandica, and between H. bacteriophora and H. indica, and strong subspecies structuring in H. bacteriophora.<br /> Genetic variability of Asian and North American strains of Entomophaga maimaiga shows that North America strains are very homogenous and most closely related to strains from Japan. Asian and North American gypsy moths were equally susceptible to fungal strains from different geographic regions. Infected gypsy moth larvae mainly died in the afternoon and the fungus sporulated during the night. Metarhizium anisopliae (Strain F52 from Earth Biosciences) is being tested against Asian longhorned beetle in the USA and China, and against larvae of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica in turfgrass. M. anisopliae Strain F52 and Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA used against mormon crickets caused up to 100% infection but field mortality was delayed due to low cricket body temperatures. M. anisopliae var. acridum isolates are up to 30 to 200-fold more infectious for Acrididae than the currently registered B. bassiana, and 3-7 times more infectious than B. bassiana GHA for the mormon cricket.<br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 4: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for veterinary and structural arthropod pests <br /> <br /> Co-Coordinators: James J. Becnel, USDA-ARS-Gainesville, and David Oi, USDA-ARS-Gainesville.<br /> <br /> Cooperating Agencies: AZ, CA, CT, FL, LA, MN, MS, OK, SC, TX, USDA-ARS-Gainesville, and USDA-ARS-Peoria.<br /> <br /> Reports by: Theodore Andreadis, James Becnel, Drion Boucias, Chris Dunlap, Brian Federici, James Fuxa, Dawn Gouge, Mark Jackson, Harry Kaya, Timothy Kurtti, David Oi, Roberto Pereira, Edward Platzer, Sanford Porter, Steven Valles, and Charles Vossbrinck.<br /> <br /> Entomopathogens evaluated against veterinary pest included bacteria, viruses, fungi, microsporidia, nematodes and an insect pathogenic algae. The infectivity and pathogenicity of baculoviruses and cypoviruses were evaluated in laboratory bioassays demonstrating activity against a variety of important mosquito vectors and pests. A cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus was isolated from the mosquito Culex restuans and its morphology, genomic, and molecular characteristics studies. Studies were conducted on a novel, non-occluded dsDNA virus from adult house flies (Musca domestica) that induces salivary gland hyperplasia and shuts down ovarian development rendering females unresponsive to mating. Various species of microsporidia have been sequenced to study relationships among the Microsporidia. The morphogenesis and replication dynamics of the different life stages of Helicosporidium sp., a non-photosynthetic, entomopathogenic alga were completed. A Beauveria species was isolated from black-legged ticks, Ixodes scapularis and sequence data indicates the isolate is closely related to, but to be distinct from, B. bassiana. Transposon based transformation vectors for genetic manipulation of endosymbiotic rickettsiae of ticks were developed. Studies found that various species of entomopathogenic nematodes were capable of infecting and killing the bark scorpion Centruroides exilicauda indicating the potential role of these parasitoids as a biocontrol option. <br /> <br /> For structural arthropod pests, several species of nematodes and a fungus were evaluated on various termite species. Nematode development was observed in several termites. The spread of the fire ant pathogen Thelohania solenopsae appears to predominate in the non-territorial social form of the red imported fire ant. A megaspore of T. solenopsae is implicated in transovarial transmission. Immune response of fire ants to pathogens may be associated with a transferrin gene. A new fungal pathogen was isolated from three ant species in Florida. Initial host specificity testing indicated that the fire ant pathogen Vairimorpha invictae was not infective to two cogeners of the red imported fire ant. Unidentified nematodes were found in worker caste ants of several colonies of Solenopsis fire ants collected in Argentina.<br />

Publications

Alston, D. G., D. E. N. Rangel, L. A. Lacey, H. G. Golez, J. J. Kim & D.W. Roberts. 2005. Evaluation of novel fungus and nematode isolates for control of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae. Biol. Contr. 35: 163171. <br /> <br /> Andreadis, T. G. 2005. Evolutionary strategies and adaptations for survival between mosquito-parasitic microsporidia and their intermediate copepod hosts: a comparative examination of Amblyospora connecticus and Hyalinocysta chapmani (Microsporidia: Amblyosporidae). Folia Parasitol. 52: 23-35.<br /> <br /> Andreadis, T. G., Thomas, M. C. & Shepard, J. J. 2005. Identification guide to the mosquitoes of Connecticut. Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 966. 178pp.<br /> <br /> Armstrong, P. M., Andreadis, T. G., Anderson, J. F. & Main, A. J. 2005. Isolations of Potosi virus from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in Connecticut. J. Med. Entomol. 42:875-881.<br /> <br /> Arthurs, S., L. A. Lacey & R. Fritts, Jr. 2005. Optimizing the use of the codling moth granulovirus: effects of application rate and spraying frequency on control of codling moth larvae in Pacific Northwest apple orchards. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1459-1468.<br /> <br /> Bai, C., D. Shapiro-Ilan, Y. Wang, R. Gaugler, E. Cowles & S. Yi. 2006. Protein changes in the symbiotic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens during in vitro serial culture. Intern. J. Nematol. (in press).<br /> <br /> Baldridge, G.D., Burkhardt, N., Herron, M.J., Kurtti, T.J., Munderloh, U.G. 2005. Analysis of fluorescent protein expression in transformants of Rickettsia monacensis, an obligate intracellular tick symbiont. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 2095-2105.<br /> <br /> Becnel, J. J. & S. E. White. 2006. Mosquito Pathogenic Viruses - the Last 20 Years. Bull Am Mosq Control Assoc. (in press).<br /> <br /> Becnel, J. J., White, S. E., Shapiro, A. M. Review of microsporidia-mosquito relationships: from the simple to the complex. Folia Parasitologica 52: 41-50, 2005.<br /> <br /> Blaeske-Lietze, V. U., Shapiro, A. M., Denton, J. S. Botts, M., Becnel, J.J. & D. G. Boucias. 2006. Development of the Insect Pathogenic Alga Helicosporidium. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. (in press).<br /> <br /> Bruck, D. J., D. I. Shapiro-Ilan & E. E. Lewis. 2005. Evaluation of application technologies of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1884-1889. <br /> <br /> Bruck, D.J., J.E. Snelling, A.J. Dreves & S.T. Jaronski. 2005. Laboratory bioassays of entomopathogenic fungi for control of Delia radicum (L.) larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 89: 179-183.<br /> <br /> Campbell, L. G, M. Boetel, N.B. Jonason, S. Jaronski, & L. Smith. 2005. Grower adoptable formulations of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) for sugarbeet root maggot control. J. Sugarbeet Technology. (in press).<br /> <br /> Conklin, T., Blaske, V., Becnel, J., Boucias, D.G., 2005. Infectivity of two isolates of Helicosporidium spp. (Chlorophyta: Trebouxiophyceae) in heterologous host insects Florida Entomol. 88: 441-446.<br /> <br /> Dang, G. T. T., R. Perez-Pacheco & E. G. Platzer. 2005. Surface swimming behavior of infectious juveniles of Romanomermis culicivorax. J. Nematol. (in press).<br /> <br /> de Koning A. P, Tartar A., Boucias, D. G., & Keeling, P. J. 2005. Expressed sequence tag (EST) survey of the highly adapted green algal parasite, Helicosporidium. Protist 156:181-190. <br /> <br /> Dingha, B., A. G. Appel, & W. Moar. 2005. Discontinuous gas exchange patterns of Beet armyworm pupae, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1C toxin, pupal age and temperature. .Physiological Entomology. 30:388-397.<br /> <br /> Dunlap, C.A., Biersaw, G. & M.A. Jackson. 2006. Hydrophobic and electrostatic cell surface properties of blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 46: 261-266.<br /> <br /> Ehlers, R-U & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan. Mass production. 2005. In P. Grewal, R-U Ehlers & D. Shapiro-Ilan (eds.) Nematodes as Biological Control Agents, pp. 65-79. CABI Publishing. <br /> <br /> El-Borai, F. E., L. W. Duncan & J. F. Preston. 2005. Bionomics of a phoretic association between Paenibacillus sp. and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema diaprepesi. J. Nematol. 37: 18-25.<br /> <br /> Farajollahi, A., Crans, W. J., Nickerson, D., Bryant, P., Wolf, B., Glaser, A. & Andreadis, T. G. 2006. Detection of West Nile virus RNA from the louse fly Icosta americana (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. (in press).<br /> <br /> Fife, J.P., H.E. Ozkan, R.C. Derksen, P.S. Grewal, C.R. Krause. 2005. Viability of a biological pest control agent through hydraulic nozzles. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. 48, 45-54. <br /> <br /> Fuxa, J. R., Y. Y. Sokolova, M. L. Milks, A. R. Richter, D. F. Williams, & D. H. Oi. 2005. Prevalence, spread, and effects of the microsporidium Thelohania solenopsae released into populations with different social forms of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environ. Entomol. 34: 1139-1149.<br /> <br /> Gahan, L., Y.-T. Ma, M. L. MacGregor Coble, F. Gould, W. J. Moar & D. G. Heckel. 2005. Genetic basis of resistance to Cry1Ac and Cry2A in Heliothis virescens. J. Econ. Entomol. 98:1357-1368.<br /> <br /> Georgis, R., A. Koppenhöfer, L. Lacey, G. Belair, L. Duncan, P. Grewal, M. Samish, P. Torr & R. van Tol. 2006. Successes and failures of entomopathogenic nematodes. Biol. Contr. (in press).<br /> <br /> Godfrey, L. D., E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, H. K. Kaya & W. E. Chaney. 2005. Microorganisms and their byproducts, nematodes, oils and particle films have important agricultural uses. 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Effect of entomopathogenic nematodes on the fitness cost of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J. Econ. Entomol. (in press).<br /> <br /> Green, T. B., Shapiro, A. M., White, S. E., Rao, R., Mertens, P. P. C., Carner, G. & James J. Becnel. 2006. Molecular and Genomic Characterization of Culex restuans Cypovirus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. (in press).<br /> <br /> Grewal, P. S. & Koppenhofer, A. M. 2005. Turfgrass and Pasture Pests. In: Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents (P. S. Grewal, R. U. Ehlers & D. Shapiro-Ilan, Eds.), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 115-146.<br /> <br /> <br /> Grewal, P. S. & Peters, A. 2005. Formulation and Quality control of entomopathogenic nematodes. In: Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents (P. S. Grewal, R. U. Ehlers & D. Shapiro-Ilan, Eds.), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 79-90.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Grewal, P. S., Ehlers, R. U, & Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. [Editors]. 2005. 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Field studies of control of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) using fiber bands containing the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria brongniartii. Biocontr. Sci. Technol. (in press). <br /> <br /> Hajek, A. E., M. L. McManus & I. Delalibera Junior. 2005. Catalogue of introductions of pathogens and nematodes for classical biological control of insects and mites. USDA, For. Serv. FHTET-2005-05.<br /> <br /> Head, G., W. Moar, M. Eubanks, B. Freeman, J. Ruberson, A. Hagerty, & S. Turnipseed. 2005. A Multi-year, Large-Scale Comparison of Arthropod Populations on Commercially Managed Bt and Non-Bt Cotton Fields. Environ. Entomol. 34(5):1257-1266.<br /> <br /> Heckmann, L.-H., B. Griffiths, J. Thomson, S. Caul, W. J. Moar, & P. H. Krogh. 2005. Effects on life history traits of Protaphorura armata (Insecta: Collembola) following exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize, non-Bt maize and yeast. Environmental Pollution. 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Factors influencing in vitro infectivity and growth of Rickettsia peacockii (Rickettsiaceae), an endosymbiont of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni (Acari, Ixodidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 90:177-186.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A. & L. G. Neven. 2006. The potential of the fungus, Muscodor albus as a microbial control agent of potato tuber moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in stored potatoes. J. Invertebr. Pathol. (in press).<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A. & S. P. Arthurs. 2005. New method for testing solar sensitivity of commercial formulations of the granulovirus of codling moth (Cydia pomonella, Tortricidae: Lepidoptera). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 90: 85-90.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A. & T. R. Unruh. 2005. Biological control of codling moth (Cydia pomonella, Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) and its role in integrated pest management, with emphasis on entomopathogens. Vedalia (in press).<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A., D. Granatstein, S. P. Arthurs, H. L. Headrick & R. Fritts, Jr. 2006. Use of mulches to improve the efficacy and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) for control of overwintering codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Entomol. Sci. (in press).<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A., L. G. Neven, H. L. Headrick & R. Fritts, Jr. 2005. Factors affecting entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) for the control of overwintering codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in fruit bins. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1863-1869.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A., S. P. Arthurs & H. Headrick. 2005. Comparative activity of the codling moth granulovirus against Grapholita molesta and Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia (in press).<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A., S. P. Arthurs, T.R. Unruh, H. Headrick & R. Fritts, Jr. 2006. 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Diversity and phylogenetic relationships of entomopathogenic nematodes from the Sky Islands of southern Arizona. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology (In Press)<br /> <br /> Stock, S. P. & Hunt, D.J. 2005. Morphology and systematics of nematodes used in biocontrol. In: Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents (P. S. Grewal, R. U. Ehlers & D. Shapiro-Ilan, Eds.), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 3-43. <br /> <br /> Stock, S. P. & Rivera-Orduño, B. 2006. Heterorhabditis sonorensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heterorhabditis) a natural pathogen of Diceroprocta ornea nymphs (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in the Sonoran desert. Nematology (Submitted).<br /> <br /> Stuart, R. J., M. E. Barbercheck, P. S. Grewal, R. A. J. Taylor, & C. W. Hoy. 2006. Population biology of entomopathogenic nematodes: concepts, issues and models. Biol. Contr. (in press). <br /> <br /> Suwannakut S., D. Boucias & C. Wiwat. 2005. Genotypic analysis of Nomuraea rileyi collected from various noctuid hosts. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 90:169176.<br /> <br /> Tartar, A., A. M. Shapiro; D. W. Scharf; D. G. Boucias. 2005. Differential expression of chitin synthase (CHS) and glucan synthase (FKS) genes correlate with the formation of a modified, thinner cell wall in in vivo-produced Beauveria bassiana cells. Mycopathologia 160: 303314.<br /> <br /> Tuttle, A. D., Andreadis, T. G., Frasca, S. Jr. & Dunn, J. L. 2005. Eastern equine encephalitis in a flock of African penguins maintained at an aquarium. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 226:2059-2062.<br /> <br /> Ugine, T.A., S.P. Wraight, M. Brownbridge & J. Sanderson. Development of a novel bioassay for estimation of median lethal concentrations (LC50) and doses (LD50) of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 89: 210-218.<br /> <br /> Ulrike-Bläske, V. & Boucias, D.G., 2005. Pathogenesis of Helicosporidium spp. (Chlorophyta: Trebouxiophyceae) in susceptible noctuid larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. (in press).<br /> <br /> Uribe-Lorio, L., Mora, M. Stock, S. P. 2005. First record of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Costa Rica. J. Invert. Pathol. 88, 218-225.<br /> <br /> Valles, S. M. & R. M. Pereira. 2005. Solenopsis invicta transferrin: cDNA cloning, gene architecture, and up-regulation in response to Beauveria bassiana infection. Gene 358: 60-66.<br /> <br /> Valles, S. M. & R. M. Pereira. 2006. Developmental expression of a transferring in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Fla. Entomol. (In Press).<br /> <br /> Vavra, J., Hylis, M., Obornik, M., & Vossbrinck, C. R. 2005. Microsporidia in aquatic microcrustacea: the copepod microsporidium Marssoniella elegans Lemmermann, 1900 revisited. Folia Parasitol. 52:163-72.<br /> <br /> Vavra, J., Hylis, M., Vossbrinck, C.R., Pilarska, D.K., Linde, A., Weiser, J. Mcmanus, M.L., Hoch, G., & Solter, L.F. Vairimorpha disparis n.comb. (Microsporidia : Burenellidae): A redescription of the Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) microsporidium, Thelohania disparis Timofejeva 1956. Submitted to J. Eukaryotic Microbiology. (in press).<br /> <br /> Vossbrinck, C. R. & Debrunner-Vossbrinck, B. A. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the Microsporidia: ecological, ultrastructural and taxonomic considerations. Folia Parasitol. 52:131-142.<br /> <br /> Wang, C.Y., Solter, L.F., Tsui, W.H., & Wang, C.H. 2005. An Endoreticulatus Species from Ocinara lida (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) in Taiwan. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 89, 123-135.<br /> <br /> Wilson, M. J. & Grewal, P. S. 2005. Biology, production, and formulation of slug-parasitic nematodes. In: Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents (P. S. Grewal, R. U. Ehlers and D. Shapiro-Ilan, Eds.), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 421-429. <br /> <br /> Wirth, M. C., J. Jiannino, B. A. Federici, & W. E. Walton. 2005. Evolution of resistance to Bacillus sphaericus in the presence or absence of Cyt1A using laboratory selected lines of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 88: 154-162.<br /> <br /> Yee, W. L. & L. A. Lacey. 2005. Mortality of Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) exposed to Metarhizium anisopliae. J. Entomol. Sci. 40: 167-177.<br /> <br /> <br />

Impact Statements

1. Research results demonstrated that microbial biopesticides and Bt transgenes have minimal impact on non-target species, providing vital information regulators and environmentalists considering approval for these technologies in agriculture.
2. Fungal pathogens were identified infecting the invasive soybean aphid, introduced from China. The newly discovered fungus Hirsutella homalodiscae nom. prov. was identified infecting all stages of glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulate. These fungi may provide control options for these emerging pest species.
3. Three gypsy moth microsporidia were approved for the release in the USA after years of study in Europe and USA. These microsporidia will join forces with the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga and the gypsy moth virus in controlling the invasive caterpillar and decreasing defoliation of trees.
4. A cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus was isolated from the mosquito Culex restuans and a non-occluded dsDNA virus was isolated from adult house flies (Musca domestica). These viruses may provide new control options for these and other important medical and veterinary pests.
5. Parasitism of the bark scorpion Centruroides exilicauda by entomopathogenic nematodes indicates a potential role of these agents for a biological control of pest scorpions.

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Report Information

Participants

Kaya, Harry - California; Lewis, Edwin; Kanga, Lambert - Florida; Solter, Leelen - Illinois; Potter, Daniel - Kentucky; Koppenhoffer, Albrecht - New Jersey; Grant, Jennifer - New York; Boetel, Mark - North Dakota; Grewal, Parwinder - Ohio; Power, Kevin; Jagdale, Ganpati; Bai, Xiaodong; Alumai, Alfred; Morris, Erin; Cheng, Zhiqiang; An, Ruisheng; Shetlar, David; Blaine, Tom; Barbercheck, Mary - Pennsylvania; Alm, Steve - Rhode Island; Bixby, Andrea; Costa, Scott - Vermont; Oi, David - Gainsville, Florida; Illan, David Shapiro - Byron, Georgia; Behle, Bob - Peoria, Illinois; Redding, Mike - Wooster, Ohio; Ranger, Chris; Simard, Louis - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Pye, Albert - BioLogic Company; Pye, Neomi; Verdun, Cyrille - Becker Underwood; Rao, Bal - Davey Tree Company; McClennan, Alec - Good Nature Lawn Care; Taylor, Milton - InsectiGen, Inc.; Leland, Jarrod - Novozymes Biologicals; Dionne, Julie - Royal Candian Golf Association; Falk, Stuart - Scotts Company; Casino, John - Sylvan Bioproducts; Georgis, Ramon - Valent BioScience

Brief Summary of Minutes

Dr. Parwinder Grewal, Chair of the S-1024 Regional Project, called the meeting to order at 8:30 AM on March 11, 2007. He welcomed all participants to the meeting at his home institution, the Ohio State Universitys Wooster Campus. He announced that this years meeting is a joint meeting with National Turfgrass Entomologists Workshop with one joint session on Microbial Control of Landscape Pests: Progress and Challenges on March 12. He also announced that Dr David Boethel, SAES Administrative Advisor was unable to attend and sent his apologies. He also stated that Dr. Robert Nowierski, USDA/CSREES Adviser was unable to attend the meeting, but sent his presentation.

Dr. Grewal also provided report on the local arrangements including the facilities and meals to be served. He also announced that there are 35 attendees. The registration was set at $125. In order to address last years concerns about not having any time for people working on the same pathogen group to meet and discuss projects of mutual interest, the lunch tables were reserved for different pathogen groups.

Dr. Grewal made Dr. Nowierskis presentation and distributed the material related to impact statement development sent by Dr. Nowierski to all participants. Dr. Grewal announced that this year there is a special opportunity to view posters by the attendees throughout the meeting.

Dr. David Shapiro-Illan briefly discussed the minutes of the 2006 meeting.

We started with brief introductions of all the attendees with a few words on what research projects people were working on during the last year. We then initiated reports on individual subprojects started. Brief overviews of these reports and ensuing discussions are provided below.

Subproject #1
Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for major acreage crops.
Chair: Dr. Bob Behle

Mark Boetel, NDSU is working with Stefan Jaronski and Bob Behle on integrated control of sugar beet root maggot, a pest of sugar beets. A test system using cover crops with Ma1200 (Metarhizhium anisopliae) has been tested for several years. The 2006 season was hot and dry and the fungus treatment showed little benefit. However, a seed treatment of a nicotinoid insecticide combined with application of Ma did result in a yield increase. An additional observation was the identification of Fusariaum salanium infecting sugar beet root maggot.

Mary Barbercheck reported on the impact of transition from conventional cropping systems to organic cropping systems, specifically on use of cover crops for rotation and how this practice impacts soil and weed control. This practice increased organic matter in the soil and increased microbial activity. Movement of nematodes from infected cadavers placed in the field was also documented. Nematodes dispersed in all directions from the cadaver. An additional observation of white grub damage was noted for pastures.

Jarrod Leland reported on the use of Beauveria bassiana for control of Lygus bugs infesting cotton in the Mississippi Delta region. This is a late season pest that causes boll drop. Lygus also infests strawberries and may provide an additional area for research on microbial control.

There were no reports of safety concerns related to application of microbes as insecticides.

Subproject #2
Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for ornamentals, vegetables, and fruit and nut crops.
Co-Chairs: Drs. Robin Stuart and Patricia Stock

Numerous microbial applications were reported on a variety of insects including use of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of fungus gnats, diaprepes root weevil, olive fruit fly, navel orangeworm, plum curculio, peachtree borer, codling moth western flower thrips, and grape root borer. Use of fungi was reported for suppression of hemlock wooly adelgid, and glassy-winged sharpshooter. A new microspora with high levels of virulence was reported from black vine weevil. Results of survey for entomopathogenic nematodes conducted in the vegetable growing region of Ohio were reported. Results were also reported on the progress made in Ohio on the establishment of entomopathogenic nematodes in nurseries and grapes.

Subproject #3
Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for medicinal, veterinary, and structural pests.
Co-Chairs: Drs. Jimmy Becnel and David Oi

Bob Behle (ARS Peoria) reported on cooperative research between ARS-Peoria and ARS-New Orleans on foam injection of fungus formulations in live oak trees against Formosan subterranean termites. Studies were impacted by Hurricane Katrina.

Jarrod Leland (Novozymes Biologicals) reported Novozymes are gathering registration data for Metarhizium anisopliae product (Tick-EX) against black-legged ticks, Ixodes scapularis and lone star ticks.

Albert Pye (Biologic Co.) recalled he had worked on a bait station with nematodes against German cockroaches that was never developed.

Jimmy Becnel (ARS Gainesville) reported that transmission of a cypovirus (CPV) from the mosquito Culex restuans was enhanced by the divalent cation, magnesium, while calcium inhibited transmission.

David Oi (ARS Gainesville) reported on microbial control activity of the ARS Imported Fire Ant and Household Insects Unit: The areawide fire ant IPM project that included sites in FL, OK, SC, and TX which utilizes the T. solenopsae fire ant pathogen will be ending 2008. A new nematode collected in red imported fire ants by S. Porter (ARS Gainesville) was identified as Allomeris solenopsii by G. Poinar and colleagues (CA). Life cycle studies are in progress by Porter. S. Valles (ARS Gainesville) determined seasonal prevalence of the SINV-1 and SINV-1A viruses and its presence throughout the southern U.S. and California, as well as in Argentina

David Oi summarized submitted reports related to medical, veterinary, and structural pests from participants who did not attend meeting. Topics included cooperative work on mosquito baculoviruses (J. Becnel, ARS Gainesville, CT); microsporidia sequencing in mosquitoes from Siberia (CT); protein identification in NPV of Culex nigripalpus (ARS Gainesville); T. solenopsae distribution in LA and higher pathogen load in polygyne and major adult worker ants (J. Fuxa, LA); factors of M. anisopliae repellence and efficacy against Formosan termites (LA); and, control of termites with various species and strains of nematodes (D. Gouge AZ).

Special Open Discussion Forum

We devoted about 1.5 h specifically to allow all participants to participate in an open discussion to identify new collaborative projects of national significance. Several ideas were discussed. Dr. Shapiro-Illan proposed a project on weevils, Dr. Kaya proposed a project on Diabrotica in melons, Dr. Boetel suggested a project on Sugar beet pests, and Dr. Behle suggested the project on soybean aphids. All ideas were discussed and collaborations were solicited. However, the project that received the most support from the participants from many states with the development of a microbial control package for grapes. The idea was proposed by Dr. Grewal who had submitted a proposal to the CAR program previously. There is also substantial preliminary data on several pests and diseases of grapes. This project was then discussed at length. Dr. Grewal proposed that we develop a RAMP proposal on this project and include participants from all the states with significant grape production. It was proposed to develop subprojects on various pests and also include microbial control of diseases and weeds. The idea is to develop and implement both inundative and inoculative approaches. Several companies showed high interest and promised to collaborate with the researchers. It was pointed out that we include extension specialists from major grape producing states. It was also proposed that Dr. Scott Costa will take a lead and Dr. Grewal will support him in this effort.

Our Dinner speaker was Dr. Lambert Kanga who spoke on the developments in the microbial control of a honey bee parasite. This dinner banquet was a combined event with the National Turfgrass Entomologists who arrived just before the dinner.

Subproject #4
Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for urban and natural landscapes.
Chair: Dr. Parwinder Grewal

Dr. Grewal opened this combined session with the National Turfgrass Entomologists meeting at 8:15 AM. He welcomed the participants and announced that there are over 75 participants. He announced that the main theme of this session is to briefly review the progress in developing and implementing microbial control methods for landscape pests, identify the hurdles including social, economic, and environmental factors, and discuss/develop ways to address these challenges.

The session started with a brief overview of major landscape pests by Dr. David Shetlar. Dr. Koppenhoffer then presented the developments with entomopathogenic nematodes in turfgrass follwed by a paper on the mechanisms of differences in the susceptibility of white grubs to different nematode species. Dr. Ganpati Jagdale then presented data on the suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes and ants in turfgrass by the entomopathogenic nematodes. Ms. Andera Bixby presented field efficacy data on a new Bt product being developed by Valent Biosciences for the control of white grubs. Dr. Grewal then presented information of the utility of fungal endophytes (Neotyphodium spp.) to control above pests in turfgrass. He presented data on the strong influence of simple cultural practices including mowing height on the expression of endophyte mediated host plant resistance. He also presented information on urban soils. As most urban lawns are established on subsoils which are usually compacted and can suboptimal for the persistence and movement of nematodes and other microbial control agents, Dr. Grewal lab is comparing the ecology and hydrology of lawns established on subsoils.

Dr. Redding presented data on the use of sub-surface application of nematodes in nurseries for the control of white grubs and black vine weevil. Dr. Costa presented data indicating that addition of sweet whey can improve sporulation of insect fungal pathogens. Dr. Leellan Solter presented her data on the control of gypsy moth and Emerald Ash Boerer. Dr. Oi presented information on the control of fire ants and Mr. Alfred Alumai presented progress with the development and implementation of IPM in turfgrass. This was followed by a survey of the attitudes and behaviors of lawn care professionals and homeowners in Ohio by Dr. Tom Blaine.

These presentations were followed by a panel discussion session with questions from the audience. First the following panel members briefly presented their comments: Alec McClennan, who owns an organic lawn care company in Cleveland, Ohio. He uses nematodes for the control of major turfgrass pests. Dr. Bal Rao from Davey Tree Company outlined the need for practical microbial control products for tree pest control. Dr. Stuart Falk from Scotts Company shared his data on the low efficacy of a nematode product that he obtained from a small company. Dr. Dan Potter from University of Kentucky, raised the issue about the lack of efficacy of Mikly Spre product. Dr. Ramon Georgis stated that the problem with nematodes is the short shelf life. Dr. Jennifer Grant from the Cornell University Extension provided an overview of IPM implementation projects in New York.

Vigorous exchange occurred after the panel comments as expected. Dr. Albert Pye, owner of the BioLogic Company responded that you can not paint all nematode products with a same brush if you did not find efficacy with one product that you bought. We know nematodes work and nematode quality can affect efficacy. Dr. Cyrille Verdun from Becker Underwood stated that the use of nematodes has been expanding in Europe despite the short shelf-life. In fact, their products do not even have a room temperature shelf-life. He said that the nematodes are even used in field crops in Europe. Dr. Grewal then challenged the insect nematologists in the room to defend the nematodes. Several nmatologists then shared their experiences about the efficacy of the nematodes and likely target insects against which the nematodes have high potential. Dr. Grewal also suggested that we need dosage rate data on the efficacy of different nematodes in the field against important target pests as there are a whole range of dosage rates recommended by the commercial producers for the same nematode and the target pest. Dr. Grewal pointed out that we need to have efficacy data on available microbial products just like the chemical products. These data are not available as microbial control companies can not afford the routine Extension type testing that the chemical companies can afford. He suggested it will be good if extension entomologists will include microbial products, free of charge, when they are putting out tests for chemical products. Overall, this session was very productive and accomplished its goal. The researchers went home with new questions and the stakeholders went back with a lot of new knowledge.

Final Business meeting

Dr. Grewal started the meeting by thanking all participants for their contributions to the cooperative project. He also thanked the sub-project chairs for preparing and submitting their reports.

No elections were due this year. The members accepted the offer from Dr. Bob Behle to hold the next meeting in Peoria, Illinois. Theme of the next years meeting will be Implementing microbial controls in large acreage crops.

With no other new business, the meeting was adjourned.

Accomplishments

Microbial efficacy was evaluated against various insect pests in diverse cropping systems. Experiments involved testing of novel pathogen species or strains, and new formulations or application technology. Entomopathogenic fungi were the subject of several studies, and research on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and an insect virus was also conducted. Trunk applications of Beauveria bassiana in a novel UV-protecting formulation and trunk-bands of Metarhizium anisopliae caused 80% suppression of adult pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (GA, TX, USDA-ARS Byron, Peoria, Stoneville). In research directed toward developing fungal bands for control of the Asian longhorned beetle, LC50 studies were conducted using M. anisopliae F-52 and it was demonstrated that a female beetle walking across a fungal band will survive for at least a week but produce virtually no subsequent offspring regardless of the females age when contacting the fungal band (USDA-ARS Ithaca, Stoneville, Newark). Studies of M. anisopliae in soilless potting media components indicated that the fungus persisted well and remained pathogenic to black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae for up to 133 days post application (USDA-ARS Corvallis). Research indicates a significant attraction of black vine weevil larvae to M. anisopliae treated media over untreated media when plants are included but no preference in the absence of plants (USDA-ARS Corvallis). Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins, Cry3Ca1, Cry7Aa1, and Cry1Ba1 were found to be toxic below 1 ppm against sweetpotato weevils (Cylas formicarius, C. puncticollis, and C. brunneus) and the genes encoding these proteins are being constructed for sweetpotato expression. (AL). Studies directed toward control of the codling moth and related species in orchards found that a pear ester added to the codling moth virus (CpGV) resulted in a moderate reduction of fruit injury in apple during the second but not first generation, and also in Bartlett pear at harvest with a moderate increase in larval mortality and the percentage of shallow stings in pears at harvest. The mixing of CpGV in a kaolin clay particle film (Surround® WP) or a water soluble lignin reduced overall fruit injury, increased larval mortality and reduced deep entries in fruit that was irradiated with harmful sunlight compared with CpGV alone (AZ, CA, OR, WA, USDA-ARS, Parlier, Peoria, Wapato).<br /> <br /> A number of microbial control efficacy studies involved entomopathogenic nematodes. Applications of Steinernema carpocapsae caused 100% suppression of damage by the peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes, in peach orchards whereas applications of S. riobrave caused >97% suppression of plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) larvae in wild plum (FL, GA, USDA-ARS Byron). Studies directed toward control of the codling moth and related species in orchards revealed moderate activity of Heterorhabditis species against cocooned codling moth in laboratory screenings but spring and fall field trials showed that Steinernema species out performed Heterorhabditis species and that oriental fruit moth was less susceptible than codling moth to S. feltiae in the field although moderate control was obtained against this species in cardboard strips on bare ground. Surveys for native insect-specific nematodes in Washington State yielded several isolates but no significant mortality of sentinel cocooned codling moth larvae was found in field trials (AZ, OR, WA, USDA-ARS Parlier, Peoria, Wapato). H. marelatus kills but seldom reproduces in the Colorado potato beetle and it appears that the growth of the nematodes symbiotic bacteria, Photorhabdus temperata, is abnormal in this insect (USDA-ARS Beltsville). An undescribed Heterorhabditis sp. (Alcazar-1) isolated from the potato weevil, Premnotrypes suturicallus, in the high Andes was effective against this insect in laboratory assays with an LC50 of 5.9 infective juveniles for pre-pupae and a mortality rate of 65% for pupae and 52% for teneral adults at this rate (CA). Growth chamber studies with citrus seedlings indicate that several commercially-available and Arizona-native Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp show promise for control of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans (AZ). Formal species descriptions are being developed for more than 20 new entomopathogenic nematode species isolated from the Sonoran desert (Arizona and Mexico), Costa Rica, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia (AZ). In collaborative studies between Ohio and Florida, it was found that the applications of entomopathogenic nematodes reduce populations of plant-parasitic nematodes more effectively in Ohio than in the sandy soils of Florida.<br /> <br /> A number of studies focused on elucidating entomopathogen ecology and safety. production technology. Sampling of long-term plots in central New York indicate that the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga continues to cause infection in very low density gypsy moth populations although its been 14 years since the last epizootic in that area (NY). Studies of fungal and viral pathogens in newly established gypsy moth populations in central Wisconsin indicate that both types of pathogens are present as soon as gypsy moth populations are sufficiently abundant that larvae can be collected (WI, NY, USDA Forest Service, Wisconsin Dept. Natl. Res.). A study of the spatial and temporal dynamics of E. maimaiga has begun with the development of a real-time PCR method for quantifying resting spores in soil (USDA Forest Service, Ithaca, USDA-ARS, Ithaca). In Ohio, studies on the ecology of fungal endophytes, Neotyphodium spp) of grasses, revealed that enodophytes can strongly influence the outcome of the triprophic interactions and thus affect the success of microbial control. Studies indicated that there was no influence of the endophyte on weed infestation in turfgrass lawns. In Florida citrus groves, species diversity and abundance of entomopathogenic nematodes was positively related to the size and amount of sand particles in the soil, whereas the abundance of the root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus, was inversely related to sand content and EPN prevalence. In a citrus grove on fine textured soil in which trees were planted in holes filled with coarse sandy soil and inoculated three years after planting with EPN species from a grove on sandy soil, mortality of sentinel D. abbreviatus larvae five months after inoculation was significantly greater in plots treated with S. diaprepesi (54% week-1) or exotic H. indica (50%) than in plots containing only the endemic H. indica (26%) (FL). In Ohio, two separate field surveys were conducted to identify factors affecting entomopathogenic nematode presence or absence in turfgrass and vegetable crops. In another study, non-target effects of entomopathogenic nematodes on microbial community revealed no adverse effect on the soil processes.<br /> <br /> Studies conducted in Ohio indicated that culture filtrates of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus bacteria possess miticidal activity against the mushroom mite. Studies were also conducted to identify genetic variation in entomopathogenic nematode strains in Ohio. With the use of isozyme markers, it was found that Heterorhabditis bacteriophora field populations possess a large genetic diversity which can be potentially exploited for improving various traits of entomopathogenic nematodes. In studies of the stability of traits of entomopathogenic nematodes, it was found that subculturing for 20 serial passages in Galleria mellonella larvae tended to impair virulence, heat tolerance, fecundity and host-finding (or nictation) in H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae. The source of the deterioration (nematode, bacteria, or both) varied according to trait but the bacteria played a role for every trait in both species whereas the nematode was the main source only for S. carpocapsae nictation (NJ, USDA-ARS Byron). <br /> <br /> In research directed toward developing methods for applying entomopathogenic nematodes inside their cadavers, it was found that cadavers of G. mellonella infected with H. bacteriophora could be desiccated to 40% of their original wet weight with no appreciable loss in infective juvenile production or quality (CA). In Ohio, studies revealed that infected cadavers can enhance nematode survival in potting mix and garden soil bags as opposed to aqueous suspensions of nematodes. In a series of collaborative studies between nematologists and agricultural engineers at the Ohio State University, the effects of application equipment on viability and efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes was evaluated. Studies reveal differences in the sensitivity of nematode species to the hydraulic agitation in the pumps.<br /> <br /> Entomopathogens evaluated against veterinary pest included viruses and microsporidia. The infectivity and pathogenicity of baculoviruses were evaluated in laboratory bioassays demonstrating activity against a variety of important mosquito vectors and pests. New information on structural proteins of a baculovirus that kills Culex mosquitoes open up new possibilities for understanding host-viral interactions.Various species of microsporidia have been sequenced to study relationships among the Microsporidia. For structural arthropod pests, several species of nematodes and a fungus were evaluated on various termite species. The geographic distribution of microsporidian and viral pathogens of fire ants in the U.S. is widespread, with adverse effects on fire ant populations reported for the microsporidian T. solenopsae. A new species of nematode was described from red imported fire ants collected in Argentina and its suitability as a biocontrol agent will be assessed. Associations were found between several species of nematodes and bacteria.<br /> <br /> The infectivity and pathogenicity of the baculovirus OscoNPV (originally isolated from the mosquito, Oc. sollicitans in Florida) were evaluated in laboratory bioassays against sixteen species and four genera of larval mosquitoes. Five or ten larval equivalents of purified virus with 5 mM Mg2+ added were used as a dosage rate in exposures with second and third instars at 20-24 0C. Overall infection rates were as follows: Aedes aegypti (12.0%), Ae. vexans (7.1%), Ae. cinereus (4.3%); Culex salinarius (13.3%), Cx. pipiens (2.0%); Culiseta melanura (66.0%); Ochlerotatus atropalpus (74.0%), Oc. triseriatus (45.6%), Oc. japonicus (35.0%), Oc. cantator (12.0%), Oc. stimulans (10.8%), Oc. canadensis (9.2%), Oc. excrucians (8.7%), and Oc.communis (3.3%). No infections were achieved in Cx. restuans or Cx. territans nor were infections found in any species in the absence of Mg2+. Development of the virus was observed in the nuclei of the midgut epithelial cells in the gastric caeca and posterior region of the stomach. Extensive infections and high mortality were typically observed in most species of Ochlerotaus, while comparatively light infections occurred in Aedes, Culex and Culiseta species. The host range of OscoNPV has now been extended to 9 species of Ochlerotatus, 3 species of Aedes, 2 species of Culex and one species of Culiseta. The high infectivity, pathogenicity and broad host range of the virus make it an attractive candidate for future development as a biopesticide that could potentially recycle in the aquatic environment provided a formulation that incorporates Mg2+ can be devised (CT, ARS-Gainesville).<br /> <br /> Work is continuing with sequencing of the small subunit rDNA of microsporidia from mosquitoes. In cooperation with colleagues from Russia we have sequenced 8 distinct species of Amblyospora from Ochlerotatus and Aedes mosquitoes and Parathelohania tomski from Anopheles messeae collected from temporary and permanent bodies of water in Siberia. At least 2 species of Amblyospora have been identified from different co-habiting species of mosquitoes and thus do not appear to be host specific as are almost all other members of the group (CT). Occlusion derived virions (ODVs) of the nucleopolyhedrovirus of Culex nigripalpus (CuniNPV) were purified by Ludox® density gradient ultracentrifugation and the proteins were separated via 1D SDS-PAGE. Proteins were identified using Edman sequencing, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, nano-electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS), or a combination of these methods. Half of the 44 polypeptide sequences identified in this analysis were unique orfs encoded by the CuniNPV genome and did not show similarity to any other sequences present in protein databases. Of the 22 polypeptides that showed similarities to other baculovirus encoded proteins, only 17 sequences have previously been identified as structural proteins. Three proteins crucial for per os infectivity (pif 1, pif 2 and pif 3) have been determined which can lead to a better understanding viral-host interactions. It is now possible to investigate these and other viral proteins at the molecular level and understand how they exploit essential metabolic processes of the mosquito host (ARS-Gainesville).<br /> <br /> Analyses were completed for a survey for Thelohania solenopsae in red imported fire ant (RIFA) throughout the entire state of Louisiana. RIFA social form, precipitation, type of habitat, soil characteristics, and proximity to commercial waterways affected prevalence of the microsporidium. The pathogen adversely affected RIFA brood, mound size, and mass of workers. In other work, pathogen load of T. solenopsae was greater in polygyne than in monogyne ants and in major than in minor workers, even when adjusted for ant weight. Studies combining microscopy and PCR indicate that the microsporidium may produce latent infections in eggs and first-to-third instars, with overt development beginning in the fourth instar (LA). The multi-state IPM project for fire ant suppression in pastures involving T. solenopsae continues in 5 states (FL, MS, OK, SC, and TX). T. solenopsae is well established in all sites except the MS site where the black imported fire ant predominates instead of RIFA. Project was expanded to include higher value demonstration sites such as quail habitat, schools, and recreational parks. (ARS-Gainesville).<br /> <br /> A new species of mermithid nematode (Mermithidae: Nematoda: Allomermis) was described from the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta in Argentina. This is the first record of Allomermis from South America and the first host record for members of this genus. Placement in the genus Allomermis was confirmed by molecular analysis based on nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. The adult parasite is aquatic, but it is not known how the adult gets into the water or how the immatures get back into the ant. The complete life history of this nematode will need to be worked out before its suitability as a biological control agent of fire ants in the United States can be determined. (ARS-Gainesville). Two genotypes of the Solenopsis invicta virus SINV-1 and -1A, exhibited similar seasonal prevalence patterns. Infection rates among colonies of red imported fire ants, S. invicta, colonies were lowest from early winter (December) to early spring (April) increasing rapidly in late spring (May) and remaining high during the summer (June to August). SINV was detected in S. invicta from Argentina and from all fire ant infested states in the U.S. with the exception of New Mexico. SINV-1 was detected in Solenopsis richteri, the S. invicta/richteri hybrid, and Solenopsis geminata. SINV-1A was detected in S. geminata, Solenopsis carolinensis, and the S. invicta/richteri hybrid. Of the 1,989 arthropods collected from 6 pitfall trap experiments in Florida, none except for S. invicta tested positive for SINV-1 or SINV-1A. SINV did not appear to infect or replicate within Sf9 or Dm-2 cells in vitro. Phylogenetic analyses of SINV nucleotide sequences indicated significant divergence between viruses collected from Argentina and the U.S. (ARS-Gainesville).<br /> <br /> In an ongoing experiment, data analyses of two replications indicated that mulches and concentration of Metarhizium anisopliae affected repellence of the fungus and mortality caused by the fungus in the Formosan subterranean termite. Unidentified microsporidia were discovered in two colonies of Reticulitermes virginicus. (LA). In laboratory bioassays Steinernema riobrave (DS strain), S. carpocapsae (Mexican 33 strain), S. feltiae (UK76 strain), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HP88 strain) were all capable of infecting and killing three termite species, Heterotermes aureus, Gnathamitermes perplexus, and Reticulitermes flavipes in lab sand assays. At 22oC, significant mortality (e80%) of worker H. aureus and G. perplexus was caused by S. riobrave, in sand assays, indicating the need for further study (AZ). Galleria mellonella larvae were infected with three species (seven strains) of Steinernema spp. or three species (three strains) of Heterorhabditis spp. Several non-symbiotic bacterial species were identified from infected insect cadavers: Enterobacter gergoviae, Vibrio spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens type C, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, and Serratia proteomaculans. At 18-24-hours incubation, the nematode-associated symbiont occurred almost exclusively. Bacterial associates generally appeared outside the 18-24 hour window. Infective juveniles of S. feltiae (Cowles), S. carpocapsae (Cowles), and H. bacteriophora (Cowles) were isolated from field samples. Nematodes were surface-sterilized and only the relevant symbionts were isolated from the limited number of samples available. The nematodes were then cultured in the laboratory for 14 months (sub-cultured in G. mellonella 7-times). Other Enterobacteriaceae could then be isolated from the steinernematid nematodes including Serratia marcescens, Salmonella sp. and Enterobacter gergoviae, indicating the ability of the nematodes to associate with other bacteria in laboratory culture (AZ).<br /> <br /> The analyses of protein profiles of twelve isolates of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), microsporidia were completed and will be used to evaluate the variable morphological and other biological characteristics of closely related isolates in the genera Nosema and Vairimoprha. An extension of this study is underway to identify proteins that differ between a species that produces sexual spores (Vairimorpha disparis) and a closely related species that does not (Nosema lymantriae). An attempt is currently being made to isolate the sexual spores of V. disparis to test for infectivity to the host. (INHS-IL; Univ. IL; USDA FS Hamden; Bulg. Acad. Sci., Charles Univ. Prague; CT Ag. Expt. Stn.; Fachhochscule Eberswalde, Germany). Studies on transmission of the microsporidium Nosema lymantriae in the gypsy moth host in simulated natural environments (caged plantation trees) were completed in Slovakia. The ratio of treated to untreated larvae was varied among cages for the first 2 trials (2004 and 2005 seasons). An additional trial was added in 2006 to investigate time of exposure as a factor. Transmission occurred at all initial densities of inoculated insects, and after 15 days post inoculation of the treated individuals. (USDA FS Hamden; BOKU, Vienna; Forestry Inst., Slovakia; INHS). A North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) proposal to release three species of gypsy moth microsporidia on small (<10 acre) plots in Illinois was approved by USDA-APHIS-PPQ, EPA, and the State of Illinois. A release of the microsporidia will be conducted in May, 2007 pending selection of appropriate sites. (INHS; USDA FS, Hamden; Illinois DNR and DOA). <br /> <br /> A microsporidium from the black vine weevil, Otiorynchus sulcatus, is being evaluated as a potential new species with biological control potential. The microsporidium is relatively virulent, producing profound deleterious effects in late instar larvae. Drenching the root balls of nursery plants in containers with spores in water suspension killed the weevils. The rDNA for this pathogen has been sequenced and the isolate was found to be an unusual basal member of the Nosema/Vairimorpha group, possessing one nucleus rather than the diplokaryotic nucleus of all other members of the taxon (USDA-ARS Corvallis; INHS; Iowa State Univ.) Two microsporidian isolates, one recovered from Sasajiscymnus tsugae, a predator of the woolly hemlock adelgid, and one from Laricobius nigrinus, a predator of Western woolly hemlock adelgid, are being studied with a goal of determining impacts on colony rearing and field release of the hosts as biological control agents of the adelgid pest in eastern forests. The S. tsugae pathogen was sequenced and found to be related to microsporidia isolated from Drosophila and from grasshoppers, all in the genus Tubilinosema. Sequencing of the L. nigrinus isolate is in progress. (NJ Dept. of Agric., USDA-FS-Morgantown; Oregon State Univ.; INHS; Iowa State Univ.; CT Ag. Expt. Stn.).<br /> <br /> The first comprehensive pathogen studies are underway for U.S. bumble bee, Bombus spp., populations. Bombus spp. populations in Illinois were surveyed during the summers of 2005 and 2006, and preserved collections from California, Alaska, Arkansas and Canada were also evaluated. The protozoan Crithidia sp., and microsporidia, identified by rDNA sequencing as Nosema bombi, were recovered from several populations, as were nest mites, nematodes (Sphaerularia bombi) and several undetermined fungus species. (Univ. of IL; INHS; US F&W; Corvallis, OR; UC Davis).<br />

Publications

Alumai, A., Grewal, P. S., Hoy, C. W. & Willoughby, D. 2006. Factors affecting the natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in turfgrass. Biol. Contr. 36, 368-374.<br /> <br /> Anderson, J. F., Andreadis, T. G., Main, A. J., Ferrandino, F. J., and Vossbrinck, C. R. 2006. West Nile virus from female and male mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in subterranean, ground, and canopy habitats in Connecticut. J. Med. Entomol. 43: 1010-1019.<br /> <br /> Andreadis T. G. and Armstrong P. M. 2007. A 2-yr evaluation of elevated canopy trapping for Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus in an operational surveillance program in the northeastern United States. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. (in press)<br /> <br /> Andreadis, T. G. 2007. Microsporidian parasites of mosquitoes. In: T. Floore (ed.), Biorational Control of Mosquitoes. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. (in press).<br /> <br /> Armstrong, P. M. and Andreadis, T. G. 2006. A new genetic variant of La Crosse virus (Bunyaviridae) isolated from New England. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:491-496.<br /> <br /> Arthurs, S. P., L. A. Lacey, and R.W. Behle. 2006. Evaluation of spray-dried lignin-based formulations and adjuvants as ultraviolet light protectants for the granulovirus of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 93: 8895.<br /> <br /> Blaeske-Lietze, V. U., Shapiro, A. M., Denton, J. S. Botts, M., Becnel, J.J. and D. G. Boucias. 2006. Development of the Insect Pathogenic Alga Helicosporidium. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 53 (3), 165-176.<br /> <br /> Bilgrami, A. L, R. Gaugler, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan., & B. J. Adams. 2006. Source of trait deterioration in entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae during in vivo culture. Nematology 8: 397-409.<br /> <br /> <br /> Blackburn, M. B., R. R. Farrar, N. G. Novak and S. D. Lawrence. 2006. Remarkable susceptibility of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) to ingestion of Pir toxins from Photorhabdus luminescens. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 121: 31- 37.<br /> <br /> <br /> Brown, I. M., D. I. Shapiro-Ilan & R. Gaugler. 2006. Entomopathogenic nematode infectivity enhancement using physical and chemical stressors. Biol. Control 39: 147-153. <br /> <br /> Bruck, D.J. 2006. Effect of potting media components on the infectivity of Metarhizium anisopliae against the black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Environ. Hort. 24: 91-94.<br /> <br /> Bussaman, P., Sermswan, R. W. & Grewal, P. S. 2006. Oral toxicity of the supernatants of the entomopathogenic bactera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus to the mushroom mite (Luciaphorus sp.: Acari: Pygmephoridae). Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 16, 245-256.<br /> <br /> Castrillo, L.A., L. Thomsen, P. Juneja, A.E. Hajek. 2007. Detection and quantification of Entomophaga maimaiga resting spores in forest soil using real-time PCR. Mycol. Res. (in press).<br /> <br /> Christen, J.M., J.F. Campbell, E.E. Lewis, D.I. Shapiro-Ilan and S.B. Ramaswamy. Responses of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema riobrave to its insect hosts, Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor. Parasitology. In press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Cottrell, T. E. & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan. Susceptibility of the Peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa, to Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema riobrave in laboratory and field trials. J.Invertebr. Pathol. 92: 85-88.<br /> <br /> <br /> Crow, W.T. Porazinska, D. L., Giblin-Davis, R. M. & Grewal, P. S. 2006. Entomopathogenic nematodes are not an alternative to fenamiphos for management of plant-parasitic nematodes on golf courses in Florida. J. Nematol. 38, 52-58.<br /> <br /> Deol, Y. S., Grewal, S. K., Canas, L., Yenik, M. & Grewal, P. S. 2006. An assessment of entomopathogenic nematode delivery through a commercial potting medium and a garden soil. Int. J. Nematol. 16, 186-193.<br /> <br /> <br /> Delhon G, Lu Z, Afonso CL, Tulman ER, Becnel JJ, Moser BA, Kutish GF, Rock DL. 2006. Genome of Invertebrate iridescent virus type 3 (Mosquito Iridescent Virus). J. Virol. 80:8439-8449. <br /> <br /> DeNardo, E.A.B., Grewal, S. K., McCartney, D. & Stinner, B. R. 2006. Non-target effects of entomopathogenic nematodes on the soil microbial community and processes. Appl. Soil. Ecol. 34, 250-257. <br /> <br /> Diuk-Wasser, M. A., Brown, H. E., Andreadis, T. G. and Fish, D. 2006. Modeling the spatial distribution of mosquito vectors for West Nile virus in Connecticut, USA. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Dis. 6:283-295.<br /> <br /> Duncan, L. W., J. H. Graham, J. Zellers, D. Bright, D. C. Dunn, and F.E. El-Borai (submitted). Food web responses to augmentation biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes in bare and composted-manure amended soil. Journal of Nematology.<br /> <br /> El-Borai, F.E., C.F. Brentu, and L.W. Duncan (submitted). Trophic Cascades and Non-Target Effects of Augmenting Entomopathogenic Nematodes in soil from a Florida Citrus Orchard. Journal of Nematology.<br /> <br /> El-Borai, F.E., and L.W. Duncan (in press). Suppression of Diaprepes abbreviatus in Potted Citrus by Combinations of Entomopathogenic Nematodes with Different Lifespans. Nematropica. <br /> <br /> El-Borai, F. E., L. W. Duncan, and J. F. Preston. 2005. Bionomics of a phoretic association between Paenibacillus sp. and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema diaprepesi. Journal of Nematology 37:18-25.<br /> <br /> Fallon, D.J., Solter, L.F., Bauer, L.S., Miller, D.L., Cate, J.R., and McManus, M.L. 2006. Effect of entomopathogenic nematodes on Plectrodera scalator (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 92, 55-57<br /> <br /> Farajollahi, A., Crans, W. J., Nickerson, D., Bryant, P., Wolf, B., Glaser, A. and Andreadis, T. G. 2005. Detection of West Nile virus RNA from the louse fly Icosta americana (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 21:474-476.<br /> <br /> Fife, J.P., Ozkan, H.E., Derksen, R.E. & Grewal, P.S. 2006. Effects of Hydraulic Agitation of Biopesticide Viability and Temperature Increase within a Spray System. Appl. Eng. Agric. In press.<br /> <br /> Fife, J.P., Ozkan, H. E., Derksen, R. C. & Grewal, P. S. 2006. Using computational fluid dynamics to predict damage of a biological pesticide during passage through a hydraulic nozzle. Biosys. Eng. 94, 387-396.<br /> <br /> Filotas, M. J., J. D. Vandenberg, and A. E. Hajek. 2006. Concentration-response and temperature-related susceptibility of the forest tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) to the entomopathogenic fungus Furia gastropachae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). Biol. Control 39: 218-224.<br /> <br /> Fuxa, J. R., and A. R. Richter. 2006. Effect of nucleopolyhedrovirus concentration in soil on viral transport to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants. BioControl 49: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-006-9051-3 (e-publication in advance of printed journal).<br /> <br /> Gouge, D. H. and J. L. Snyder. 2006. Temporal association of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) and bacteria. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 91: 147-157.<br /> <br /> Georgis, R., A. M. Koppenhöfer, L. A. Lacey, G. Bélair, L.W. Duncan, P. S. Grewal, M. Samish, L. Tan, P. Torr and R.W.H.M. van Tol. 2006. Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control. Biol. Control 38: 103-123.<br /> <br /> Green, T. B., Shapiro, A. M., White, S. E., Rao, R., Mertens, P. P. C., Carner, G. and James J. Becnel. 2006. Molecular and Genomic Characterization of Culex restuans Cypovirus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 91, 27-34.<br /> <br /> Green, T. B., White, S. E., Rao, R., Mertens, P. P. C., Adler, P. H. and Becnel. J. J. 2006. Biological and Molecular Studies of a Cypovirus from the Blackfly Simulium ubiquitum. J. Invertebr. Pathol. In Press.<br /> <br /> Grewal, P. S., Bornstein-Forst, S., Burnell, A., Glazer, I. Jagdale, G. B. 2006. Physiological, genetic, and molecular mechanisms of chemoreception, thermobiosis, and anhydrobiosis in entomopathogenic nematodes. Biol. Contr. 38, 54-65.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hajek, A.E., B. Huang, T. Dubois, M. T. Smith , and Z. Li. 2006. Field studies of control of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) using fiber bands containing the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria brongniartii. Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 16: 329-343.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hashimoto, Y., S. M. Valles, and C. A. Strong. 2007. Detection and quantitation of Solenopsis invicta virus in fire ants by real-time PCR. J. Virological Methods 140: 132139.<br /> <br /> Hylis M., Pilarska, D.K., Oborník, M., Vávra, J., Solter, L.F., Weiser, J. Linde, A., and McManus, M.L. 2006. Nosema chrysorrhoeae n. sp. (Microsporidia), isolated from browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L.) (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) in Bulgaria: Characterization and phylogenetic relationships. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 91, 105-114.<br /> <br /> Jagdale, G. B., Saeb, A. T. M., Somasekhar, S. & Grewal, P. S. 2006. Genetic variation and relationship between isolates and species of the entomopathogenic nematode genus Heterorhabditis deciphered through isozyme profiles. J. Parasitol. 92, 509-516.<br /> <br /> Kaya, H. K., Lewis, E. E. 2006. Third International Symposium on Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Symbiotic Bacteria. Biological Control 38:1-3.<br /> <br /> Kaya, H. K., M.M. Aguillera, A. Alumai, H. Y. Choo, M. de la Torre, A. Fodor, S. Ganguly, S. Haz1r, T. Lakatos, A. Pye, M. Wilson, S. Yamanaka, H. Yang, and R.-U. Ehlers. 2006. Status of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria from selected countries or regions of the world. Biological Control 38: 134-155.<br /> <br /> Kepler, R.M. and D.J. Bruck. 2006. Examination of the interaction between the black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and an entomopathogenic fungus reveals a new tritrophic interaction. Environ. Entomol. 35: 1021-1029.<br /> <br /> Kunkel, B. A., D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, J. F. Campbell & E. E. Lewis. 2006. Effect of Steinernema glaseri-infected host exudates on movement of conspecific infective juveniles. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 93: 4249.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A., S. P. Arthurs, T..R. Unruh, H. Headrick and R. Fritts, Jr. 2006. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple and pear orchards: effect of nematode species and seasonal temperatures, adjuvants, application equipment and post-application irrigation. Biol. Control 37: 214223.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A., D. Granatstein, S. P. Arthurs, H. Headrick and R. Fritts, Jr. 2006. Use of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) in conjunction with mulches for control of overwintering codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 41: 107-119.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A. and T. R. Unruh. 2005. Biological control of codling moth (Cydia pomonella, Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) and its role in integrated pest management, with emphasis on entomopathogens. Vedalia 12: 33-60. (despite the 2005 publication date, this was actually published Jan. 2007)<br /> <br /> Lawrence, J.L., Hoy, C. W. & Grewal, P. S. 2006. Spatial and temporal distribution of endemic entomopathogenic nematodes in a heterogeneous vegetable production landscape. Biol. Contr. 37, 247-255.<br /> <br /> Lewis, E. E., J. Campbell, C. Griffin, H. Kaya, and A. Peters. 2006. Behavioral ecology of entomopathogenic nematodes. Biological Control 38: 66-79.<br /> <br /> McCoy, C.W., R. J. Stuart, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan and L.W. Duncan (in press). Application and evaluation of entomopathogens for citrus pest control. In: Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and Evaluation of Pathogens for Control of Insects and other Invertebrate Pests, 2nd Edition (L. A. Lacey and H. K. Kaya, eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.<br /> <br /> <br /> McCoy, C. W., R. Stuart, D. Shapiro-Ilan, and L. Duncan. 2007. Application and evaluation of entomopathogens for citrus pest control. Pp. XX-XX in L. Lacey and H. K. Kaya (eds.) Field Manual of techniques in insect pathology, Vol II. Springer (In Press). <br /> <br /> Mitchell, F. L., K. Snowden, J. R. Fuxa, and S. B. Vinson. 2006. Distribution of Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporida: Thelohaniidae) infecting red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Texas. Southwestern Entomol. 31: 297-306.<br /> <br /> Moar, William J. & R. C. McCollum. 2006. Bt formulated products: should there be more concern about resistance development with the introduction of Bt transgenic plants? GMOs in Integrated Plant Production. Ecological Impact of Genetically Modified Organisms. IOBC wprs Bulletin Vol. 29: 99-102.<br /> <br /> Molaei, G. and Andreadis, T. G. 2006. Identification of avian- and mammalian-derived blood meals in Aedes vexans and Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) and its implication for West Nile virus transmission in Connecticut, USA. J. Med. Entomol. 43:1088-1093.<br /> <br /> Molaei, G., Andreadis, T. G., Armstrong, P. M., Anderson, J. F. and Vossbrinck, C. R. 2006. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12:468-474.<br /> <br /> Molaei, G., Oliver, J., Andreadis, T. G., Armstrong, P. M., and Howard, J. J. 2006. Molecular identification of blood meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus in New York, USA. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 75:1140-1147.<br /> <br /> Nguyen, K. B., D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, B. J. Adams, J. R. Fuxa, B. W. Wood., and M. A. Bertolotti. 2006. Taxonomic and biological characterization of Steinernema rarum found in the southeastern United States. J. Nematol. 38: 28-40.<br /> <br /> Nielsen, C., and A.E. Hajek. 2006. Diurnal pattern of death and sporulation of Entomophaga maimaiga-infected Lymantria dispar. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 118: 237-243.<br /> <br /> Oi, D. H. 2006. Effect of mono- and polygyne social forms on transmission and spread of a microsporidium in fire ant populations. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 92: 146-151.<br /> <br /> Onstad, D. W., Fuxa, J. R., Humber, R. A., Oestergaard, J., Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Gouli, V. V., Anderson, R. S., Andreadis, T. G. and Lacey, L. A. 2006. An abridged glossary of terms used in invertebrate pathology. 3rd Ed. Society for Invertebrate Pathology, http://www.sipweb.org/glossary, 71p<br /> <br /> Onstad, D. W., J. R. Fuxa, R. A. Humber, J. Oestergaard, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, V. V. Gouli, R. S. Anderson, T. G. Andreadis, and L. A. Lacey. 2006. An Abridged Glossary of Terms Used in Invertebrate Pathology, 3rd Edition. Soc. Invertebr. Pathol., http://www.sipweb.org/glossary <br /> <br /> Parsa, S., J. Alcazar, J. Salazar, and H. K. Kaya. 2006. An indigenous Peruvian entomopathogenic nematode for suppression of the Andean potato weevil. Biological Control 39: 171-178.<br /> <br /> Patel, D. T., J. R. Fuxa, and M. J. Stout. 2006. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana for control of Oebalus pugnax (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in rice. J. Entomol. Sci. 41: 126-146.<br /> <br /> Patel, D. T., M. J. Stout, and J. R. Fuxa. 2006. Effects of rice panicle age on quantitative and qualitative injury by the rice stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Flor. Entomol. 89: 321-327.<br /> <br /> Perera, O.P., Valles, S., Green, T.B., White, S., Strong, C., and Becnel, J.J. 2006. Molecular Analysis of an Occlusion Body Protein from Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus (CuniNPV). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 91(1):35-42.<br /> <br /> Pilarska, D.K., Solter, L.F., Kereselidze, M., Linde, A., and Hoch, G. 2006. Microsporidian infections in Lymantria dispar larvae: interactions and effects of multiple species infections on pathogen horizontal transmission. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 93: 105-113<br /> <br /> Poinar, G., Porter, S.D., Hyman, B.C. and Tang, S. 2007. Allomermis solenopsii sp. new. (Mermithidae: Nematoda) parasitizing the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Argentina. Systematic Parasitology (in press).<br /> <br /> Ramos-Rodriguez, O., J. F. Campbell, E. E. Lewis, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan & S. B. Ramaswamy. 2006. Dynamics of carbon dioxide release from insects infected with entomopathogenic nematodes. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 94: 64-69.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ramos-Rodriguez, O., J.F. Campbell, J.M. Christen, D.I. Shapiro-Ilan, E.E. Lewis and S.B. Ramaswamy. Attraction behavior of three entomopathogenic nematode species towards infected and uninfected hosts. Parasitology. In press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Richmond, D., Grewal, P. S. & Cardina, J. 2006. Defensive mutualism between grasses and fungi: plant competition as a function of interactions between trophic levels. Basic and Applied Ecology (in press)<br /> <br /> Richmond, D., Grewal, P. S. & Cardina, J. 2006. Influence of grass species and endophyte infection on weed populations during establishment of low maintenance lawns. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 115, 27-33.<br /> <br /> Riga, K., L. A. Lacey, N. Guerra, and H. L. Headrick. 2006. Control of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, using entomopathogenic nematodes in laboratory and bin assays. J. Nematol. 38: 168-171.<br /> <br /> Roy, H.E., D.C. Steinkraus, J. Eilenberg, A.E. Hajek, and J.K. Pell. 2006. Bizarre interactions and endgames: Entomopathogenic fungi and their arthropod hosts. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 51: 331-357.<br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., D. H. Gouge, S. J. Piggott, and J. Patterson Fife. 2006. Application technology and environmental considerations for the use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Biological Control. 38:124-133.<br /> <br /> Shepard, J. J., Andreadis, T. G. and Vossbrinck, C. R. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary relationships among mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the northeastern United States based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences. J. Med Entomol. 43:443-454.<br /> <br /> Siegel, J., L. A. Lacey, B. S. Higbee, P. Noble and R. Fritts, Jr. 2006. Effect of application rates and abiotic factors on Steinernema carpocapsae for control of overwintering navel orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Amyelois transitella) in fallen pistachios. Biol. Control 36: 324-330.<br /> <br /> Sokolova, Y. Y., C. E. Lange, and J. R. Fuxa. 2006. Development, ultrastructure, natural occurrence, and molecular characterization of Liebermannia patagonica n. g., n. sp., a microsporidian parasite of the grasshopper Tristira magellanica (Orthoptera: Tristiridae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 91: 168-182.<br /> <br /> Sokolova, Y. Y., N. A. A. Kryukova, V. V. Glupov, and J. R. Fuxa. 2006. Systenostrema alba Larsson 1988 (Microsporidia, Thelohaniidae) in dragonflies, Aeshna viridis (Odonata, Aeshnidae), from South Siberia: morphology and molecular characterization. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 53: 49-57.<br /> <br /> Sokolova, Y., Issi, I. V., Morzhina, E. V., Tokarev, Y. S. and Vossbrinck, C. R. 2005. Ultrastructural analysis supports transferring Nosema whitei Weiser 1953 to the genus Paranosema and creation a new combination, Paranosema whitei . J. Invertbr. Pathol. 90:122-126.<br /> <br /> Solter, L.F. 2006. Transmission as a predictor of ecological host specificity with a focus on vertical transmission of microsporidia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 92: 132-140.<br /> <br /> Solter, L. F, Maddox, J. V. and Vossbrinck, C. R. 2005. Physiological host specificity: a model using the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and microsporidia of row crop and other stalk-boring hosts. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 90: 127-130.<br /> <br /> Stefanovska, T. R., V. V. Pidlisnyuk, and H. K. Kaya. 2006. Biological control of pests in Ukraine: legacy from the past and challenges for the future. Biocontrol News and Information 15 pp. http://www.cababstractsplus.org/cabreviews<br /> <br /> Stuart, R. J., M. E. Barbercheck, P. S. Grewal, R. A. J. Taylor, and C. W. Hoy. 2006. Population biology of entomopathogenic nematodes: concepts, issues and models. Biological Control 38: 80-102.<br /> <br /> Stuart, R. J., D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, R. R. James, K. B. Nguyen, and C. W. McCoy (in press). Entomopathogenic nematodes and biological control of the root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus in Florida citrus: Virulence of new strains of Steinernema riobrave. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture X Congress. 2004.<br /> <br /> Stuart, R. J., & M. E. Rogers. 2006. Battling the evil weevil: recent advances in the war on Diaprepes abbreviatus. Citrus Industry 87: 7-11.<br /> <br /> Tarver, M. R., R. E. Shade, R. H. Shukle, W. J. Moar, W. M. Muir, L. M. Murdock, and B. R. Pittendrigh. 2007. Pyramiding of insecticidal proteins for control of the cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculates F.). Pest Management Science. In Press.<br /> <br /> Valles, S. M. and R. M. Pereira. 2005. Developmental expression of a transferrin in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Fla. Entomol. 88: 541-543.<br /> <br /> Valles, S. M., C. A. Strong, D. H. Oi, S. D. Porter, R. M. Pereira, R. K. Vander Meer, Y. Hashimoto, L. M. Hooper-Bui, H. Sánchez-Arroyo, T. Davis, V. Karpakakunjarum, K. M. Vail, L. C. Graham, J. A. Briano, L. A. Calcaterra, L. E. Gilbert, R. Ward, K. Ward, J. B. Oliver, G. Taniguchi, and D. C. Thompson. 2007 Phenology, Distribution, and Host Specificity of Solenopsis invicta Virus. J. Invertebrate Pathol. (in press)<br /> <br /> Vavra, J., Hylis, M., Vossbrinck, C.R., Pilarska, D.K., Linde, A., Weiser, J. McManus, M.L., Hoch, G., and Solter, L.F. 2006. Vairimorpha disparis n.comb. (Microsporidia : Burenellidae): A redescription of the Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) microsporidium, Thelohania disparis Timofejeva 1956. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 53(4): 292-304.<br /> <br /> Wang, Y., A. L. Bilgrami, D. Shapiro-Ilan & R. Gaugler. 2006. Stability of entomopathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus luminescens, during In Vitro culture. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotech. 34:7381.<br /> <br /> <br /> White, S. E. Tipping, P. W. and J. J. Becnel. 2007. First Isolation of a Helicosporidium sp. (Chlorophyta: Trebouxiophyceae) from a biological control agent Crytobagus salviniae(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biological Control 40: 243-245.<br /> <br /> Yu, H., D. H. Gouge, and P. Baker. 2006. Parasitism of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae; Termitidae) by entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 1112-1119.<br />

Impact Statements

1. The research conducted by the members of this cooperative group provides important information on the discovery, development and application of microbial pest control agents as alternatives to chemical pesticides.
2. Crop and soil management strategies identified through this project will support farmers transitioning to organic production and those interested in reducing synthetic inputs. These management tactics will aid farmers by helping them produce high value organic crops, in this case organic feed grains, and may help growers provide sufficient income to support families on relatively small and medium-sized farms in the Northeast region.
3. The application of the knowledge generated by this group will enable production of food and management of natural resources while enhancing the safety of humans and wildlife.

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Report Information

Participants

Boetel, Mark (mark.boetel@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University;
An, Ruisheng (an.48@osu.edu) - Ohio State University;
Alumai, Alfred (alumai.1@osu.edu) - Ohio State University;
Aldrich, Jeff (jeffery.aldrich@ars.usda.gov) - USDA ARS Beltsville;
Gundersen-Rindal, Dawn (dawn.gundersen-rindal@ars.usda.gov) - USDA ARS Beltsville;
Becnel, James (james.becnel@ars.usda.gov) - USDA ARS Gainesville;
Solter, Leellen (lsolter@uiuc.edu) - Illinois Natural History Survey;
Leland, Jarrod (JRRL@novozymes.com) - Novozymes Biologicals;
Grewal, Parwinder (grewal4@osu.edu) - Ohio State University;
Jackson, Mark (mark.jackson@ars.usda.gov) - USDA ARS NCAUR;
Bruck, Denny (denny.burck@ars.usda.gov) - USDA ARS Corvallis;
Dunlap, Chris (christopher.dunlap@ars.usda.gov) - USDA ARS NCAUR;
Shapiro-Ilan, David (david.shapiro@ars.usda.gov) - USDA ARS Byron;
Johnson, Robert S. (robert.s.johnson@aphis.usda.gov) - USDA APHIS PPQ;
Goett, Erica (erica.goett@ars.usda.gov) - USDA ARS NCAUR;
Lindemann, Lydia (lydia.lindemann@ars.usda.gov) - USDA ARS NCAUR;
Behle, Robert (robert.behle@ars.usda.gov) - USDA ARS NCAUR

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting was called to order at 8:15 AM by Chairman Parwinder Grewal

Neither the Administrative advisor (D. Boethel, SAES) nor the USDA-CSREES advisor were present or submitted reports for the meeting.

At the 2007 meeting, a project was outlined for submission to funding agencies to study microbial control of grape pests. However, due to family issues, the project leader (Scott Costa) was unable to submit the final proposal to the granting agency before the annual deadline. Submission is expected to proceed this year.

Participants were asked to consider serving as officers. A member at large and secretary are needed.

Participants were also asked to consider potential locations and dates for the 2009 meeting. The low attendance at this meeting was partly attributed to the mid-week schedule rather than the historical Sunday-Monday schedule. The mid-week schedule makes it difficult for persons with teaching appointments to attend.

Subproject 1. Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for major acreage crops. (Bob Behle, chair)

Bob Behle (USDA-ARS-Peoria) reported that Lerry Lacy (USDA-ARS- Wapato, WA) is continuing to study a GV for control of the potato tuber worm.

Mark Boetel (NDSU) reported on the application of Ma ((F-52) granule formulations applied for control of sugar beet root maggot. He also reported on cooperative work with S. Jaronski (USDA-ARS- Sidney, MT) evaluating combined treatments of Metarhizium anisopliae with seed treatments such as Poncho. There may also be an issue with Collembola reducing plant stands in sugar beet fields. Mark also reported looking at Metarhizium anisopliae in trap/cover crops for sugar beet root maggot control.

Jarrod Leland (Novozymes) reported that his position in Stoneville MS was filled by Todd Ugine. Jarrod believed that Todd would continue treating wild host plants for Lygus control and also consider evaluating dispersion of Beauveria bassiana
with Honeybees. The problem with Lygus is the insecticide resistance to many chemical pesticides. Jarrod also reported that applications of Metarhyzium anisoplae F-52 for control of wireworms provided a 20% increase in corn yield (J. Agron. 99: 1377-1381)
Novozymes acquired a company with seed coating technology to improve seed germination.

Lee Solter (Illinois Natural History Survey) reported that numbers of trained field crop entomologists is declining based on the reduced number of students in this area.

Meeting was suspended for a short morning break at 10:00 am.

The meeting was reconvened at 10:30 am with presentations by guest speakers

Dr. Scott Pinkerton, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL
Titled: Potential use of baculoviral proteins in plant biotechnology to enhance insect control.
The premise was that non lethal virus based proteins could be inserted into the plants genome to enhance the efficacy of virus based biopesticides.

Robert S. Johnson, USDA-APHIS,
Titled: Changes, challenges, requirements and procedures for importing and transporting microbial biological control agents.
This presentation focused on the requirements for importation of foreign microbes and utilizing the relatively new electronic permit application system.

The meeting was suspended for a lunch break at noon.

Subproject 2 Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for ornamental, vegetable, fruit, and nut crops. (Robin Stuart & Patricia Stock, co-chairs; David Shapiro presiding due to absence of Robin & Patricia)

Jarrod Leland (Novozymes) reported on Ma F-52 for controlling whitefly, mites, mealybugs, onion maggots, black vine weevil and onion thrips has shown benefits to yield. He expects a product launch in the Netherlands.

Denny Bruck (USDA-ARS- Corvallis, OR) in cooperation with Novozome, demonstrated similar vine borer control using Ma and Bifenthrin in nursery container pots. Also, nematodes and Ma pot drenches worked well. He is also beginning to work on strawberries and will focus on soil insects, eg. Strawberry crown moth control with nematode applications. In cooperation with Joice Looper (plant pathologist), is looking at using a Pseudomonas species combined with an insecticidal active fit d gene to protect root rhizospheres.

Parwinder Grewal (OSU) reported that two entomopathogenic nematode strains provide 60 to 80 % reduction in adult emergence of the grape root borer and that the nematodes remain near the vines for at least 2 years. For ornamental nursery pots, Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae infect white grub larvae, but in the soil, temperatures can be too low for the nematodes while grubs continue to develop. He also reported that applications of entomopathogenic nematode infected G. mellonella near host plants, may induce a plant response that reduces infection by a plant pathogenic nematode. In vegetables, the goal is to follow entomopathogenic nematode population gene flow based on identified microsatellites.

Mark Jackson (USDA-ARS-Peoria, IL) reported on cooperative work on Ma-52, whereby high carbon / low nitrogen fermentation produces microsclerocia, which can be dried, and applied. When they rehydrate, the microsclerocia form conidia that can infect pests. This concept is being tested against sugar beet root maggot.

Lee Solter (Illinois Natural History Survey) is describing a microsporidia from the black vine weevil. She is also looking at bumblebee population fluctuations and reports that the Nosema in the US bumblebees is genetically identical to the European Nosema.

Dawn Gundersen-Rindal (USDA-ARS- Beltsville, MD) is focusing on organic growers by identifying potentially functional organisms from resource isolates of bacteria and viruses.

Jeff Aldrich (USDA-ARS- Beltsville, MD) works predominantly with pheromones and attractants with hemipteran insects and lacewings. He is also interested in the potential use of symbionts for insect control and cooperative work that may include pheromones with microbes for pest control.

Robert Behle (USDA-ARS- Peoria, IL) reported the development of a lignin based adjuvant for tank mixing to provide protection from UV degradation.

David Shapiro-Ilan (USDA-ARS- Byron, GA) reported on control of pecan weevil with trunk applications of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae fungal conidia. B. bassiana kills the host, but pecan weevils were still able to cause damage to nuts; M. anisopliae kills faster so may have an advantage. Very high levels of peachtree borer control were achieved with entomopathogenic nematodes. For the lesser peachtree borer, nematodes provide near 100% control when used with a moisture wrap. Control of plumb curculio is difficult and may require a trap crop for some commodities. Work continues on nematode production techniques in vivo through an SBIR grant with an industry partner, and cooperative work with Ed Lewis & Jim Campbell on nematode infection dynamics.

Participants took a short break from 3:00 to 3:15 pm

Subproject 3 Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for urban and natural habitats. (Parwinder Grewal, chair)

Parwinder Grewal (OSU) reported that identified isolates of nematodes that are more pathogenic to white grubs have been licensed to Becker Underwood. Also, commercial lawn care companies typically do not use nematodes for grub control because the nematodes do not fit the control plan. Relative to Japanese beetle adult (lure and kill) control demonstrated that Steinernema carpocapsae is more effective than Heterorhabditis for adult control while the opposite is true for grub control. Following on research conducted by Shapiro-Ilan et al., inbred lines of nematodes were found to be more virulent to white grubs and inbreeding should fix genetics. Improved virulence was related to the ability of the nematode to escape after being encapsulated by the grub. Also, lipid metabolism is necessary for storage stability and some nematodes have been shown to have more genes related to lipid metabolism.

Alfred Alumai (OSU) (working with Grewal) compared 5 lawn care programs from commercial to no input based on biological and aesthetic evaluations. Ordered ranking put Commercial = IPM > Organic > consumer > control; and costs ranking of Commercial > Organic > IPM > consumer > control.

Ruisheng An (OSU) (working with Grewal) is studying nematode virulence and bacterial symbiont genes.

Lee Solter (Illinois Natural History Survey) reported that she had not found suitable plots for the release of the microsporidia of gypsy moth. She is also working with the USDA Forest Service for control of the Hemlock wooly adelgid control.

Jarrod Leland (Novozymes) is evaluating synthetic bands of M. anisopleae for control of the Asian longhorn beetle. In turf, the commercial M. anisopleae formulation is applied to control chinch bug (80 % control), billbug (60 % control) and white grub (20 % control). The oil formulation seems to get hung up in the thatch layer of the sod. Annual bluegrass weevil is difficult to control.

Chris Dunlap (USDA-ARS- Peoria, IL) reported on the use of a foam formulation to apply Paecilomyces fumosoroseus blastospores for control of termites in trees. Cooperative research trials (with ARS-New Orleans, and the City of New Orleans) were established in New Orleans just prior to Hurricane Katrina, which flooded many of the treated trees such that follow-up evaluations are questionable.

March 5, 2008

Subproject 4 Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for veterinary and structural arthropod pests. (co-chairs, David Oi and Jimmy Becnel; James Becnel, presiding)

Mark Jackson (USDA-ARS- Peoria, IL) reported that future work using P. fumosoroseus blastopsores for termite control will focus on bait station applications because the balstospores are not repulsive to the termites.

Lee Solter (Illinois Natural History Survey) reported that the medical entomologist (Novak) has left Illinois and that they hope to hire a replacement. The state continues to monitor for West Nile Virus from birds and Aedes japonicus has been found in Illinois.

Parwinder Grewal (OSU0 has a student interested in studying WNV and the potential for mosquito production by waterscape environments. It was suggested that they contact Ted Andreadis.

Jarrod Leland (Novozymes) reported the M. anisopleae product, Tick-X, has the data necessary for full registration, and has been shown to provide 50 to 90 % efficacy in trials in several northeast states. Trials were conducted in CT, NJ and NY. Registration for use in public lands (e.g., parks) would require more data.

James Becnel (USDA-ARS- Gainesville, FL) reported on a new house fly virus, and that microsporidia infection interacted with adult mosquito behavior such that infected insects had lower levels of attraction to humans. Additionally, Jimmy Becnel reported on topical application of RNAi for insect control (patent pending). He also reported that two strains of Vairimorpha invictae have been identified from Florida and from South America.

Jimmy Becnel reported that Boucias and Gedden are working on virus from tsetse fly that is also found in house flies. Sacs of rod-shaped virions are found in salivary glands. Feeding virus produced 40% infection in adults. Doesnt seem to infect maggots. They are doing fieldwork in stables. The virus is distinct from baculoviruses and distinct from the tsetse fly virus. It sterilizes adults- but how does this occur if only in salivary glands? Transmission isnt understood. It is not known if the virus is in any other tissues.

Ellie Groden (Maine) has identified a new fungus for the European red fire ant. A mult-state pilot project for fire ant has been proposed. It has been demonstrated that colonies can be infected with Thelohania by transferring brood from infected colonies to new colonies. Phorid flies have been introduced for fire ant control.

Lee Solter (Illinois Natural History Survey) reported that a microsporidia from the lubber grasshopper is related to a human pathogen and a field source was identified. It may be studied as a model system for drug screening against the human pathogen.

Final Business Meeting

Election of officers:

Parwinder Grewal is the outgoing Chairman
Edwin Lewis is the incoming Chairman to oversee the 2009 meeting.
David Shapiro-Ilan is the Vice-Chairman.
Denny Bruck was elected as member at large.
Robert Behle was elected as Secretary.
Mark Boetel agreed to serve as Subsection 1 co-chair

2009 Meeting Location: It was decided to ask Ed Lewis to host the meeting in Davis, CA. Ed Lewis subsequently agreed that he and Harry Kaya would organize the next meeting in Davis, CA on March 1 & 2, 2009.

Theme should focus on Organic/Sustainable agriculture.
Meeting time should revert to Sunday/Monday schedule.
Meeting should be in February, but try to avoid Presidents Day Holiday.

Funds:
S-1024 should have a post-meeting balance of $300, currently held by Lee Solter

2007 Project
As stated previously, the Crops At Risk (CAR) grant on Microbial IPM of Grapes was not submitted by Scott Costa in 2007, but is expected to be submitted in 2008.

A question was raised as to whether the group could develop an information outlet for microbial control information. It could be in the form of a website based on fact sheets and could be managed through the microbial control division of SIP. The organization could be based on the current or future sections outlined by the S-1024 document. It was recognized that the site must not favor selected industrial partners or products.

For the S-1024 project write-up, the advisors need to be contacted for report deadlines. Re-write ideas include IPM incorporating microbial control, and adding an extension/outreach component for the use of entomopathogens. It was agreed that the re-write will follow the suggestions of the SAES and CSREES advisors.

The meeting was adjourned for lunch & a tour of the USDA-ARS-Peoria lab followed.

Accomplishments

SUBPROJECT 1. Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for major acreage crops. <br /> [Chair: Bob Behle, e-mail: behlerw@ncaur.usda.gov]<br /> Research concerning microbial control of arthropod pests of major acreage crops is becoming limited as genetic engineering technology become widely accepted. Public and producer acceptance of Bt crops has allowed genetically engineered crops to become the focus of pest control for many of the major insect pests. Reports received for this subproject cover four crops (cotton, sugar beets, potatoes, and sunflowers) and identify the cooperation of two ARS locations (Yakama, WA; Sidney, MT; Peoria, IL) and two Universities (Auburn University; North Dakota State University). <br /> <br /> A population of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea was selected for Bt Cry1Ac-resistance. Current resistance level is ca. 150-fold. There are numerous fitness costs associated with Bt resistance. Resistance appears to be co-dominant. Resistant insects still cannot fully develop on Bt cotton. There is still no evidence for field-evolved resistance in Bt cotton for tobacco budworm and cotton bollworm. (Auburn University)<br /> <br /> A new formulation of Metarhizium granules, based on hitherto undescribed microsclerotia produced under certain liquid culture conditions, was developed by ARS for use against soil dwelling insects. These granules show superior sporulation and efficacy against sugarbeet root maggot in laboratory, soil-based bioassays. A patent application was submitted. Field trials against low-moderate maggot pressure showed root damage reduction equal to the chemical standard, terbufos. Against intense attack, however, the fungus provided no root protection, verifying past experience. (ARS  Sidney MT, ARS  Peoria IL and NDSU  Fargo ND).<br /> <br /> In a second year of field testing, Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA was not efficacious against adult red sunflower seed weevil. Regardless of whether delivery of conidia to the flowers was in aqueous suspension or as a dust, rates of 1x109 conidia per flower caused only minor infection and mortality of the targeted weevils. (ARS-Sidney MT and NDSU).<br /> The potato tuber moth (PTM) granulovirus (PoGV) and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki (Btk) were evaluated for season-long control of PTM on potato foliage in 2007. Compared with untreated controls, 10 weekly applications of PoGV (1013 OB/ha) reduced PTM populations by 86-96% on foliage and 90-97% on tubers added to cages shortly before harvest. Infection rates of 82 - 95% were noted within individual larval cohorts. Equivalently timed Btk treatments (1.12 kg product/ha) were significantly less effective at population suppression, with a 36-76% reduction in larvae recovered from tubers added to cages. A PoGV/Btk alternation was significantly more effective than Btk alone and as effective as PoGV. Bioassays were conducted to evaluate the residual activities of foliar deposits. Early season applications were highly effective for the first 24 hours (e 93 % mortality) with a steady decline in activity over 10 days. Studies on the effects of PoGV and Bt on PTM in stored tubers is continuing. (ARS-Yakama, WA)<br /> <br /> The effects of volatiles produced by the fungus Muscodor albus on potato tuber moth larvae within infested tubers inside sealed chambers were also studied. The length of exposure to M. albus significantly affected mortality of larvae. Exposure durations of 3, 7, or 14 days at 24°C followed by incubation in fresh air at 27°C until emergence resulted in mortalities of 84.2, 95.5 and 99.6%, respectively. Effects of M. albus on larval survival was also monitored at 10, 15 and 24°C, using an exposure duration of 7 days followed by incubation in clean air until emergence. Mortality of larvae was sharply reduced at the lower temperatures resulting in 50.8, 76.8, and 95.4% mortality, respectively. Longer exposures resulted in production of unacceptable levels of CO2 for tuber storage. (ARS-Yakama, WA)<br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 2. Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for ornamental, vegetable, fruit, and nut crops. (Robin Stuart & Patricia Stock, co-chairs)<br /> <br /> Insect pathogens are used extensively in these particular crops, often due to their high market values. <br /> <br /> A number of successful efficacy trials indicate substantial potential for microbial control agents in peach and pecan orchards. In peach orchards, during 2007, tree-limb damage from lesser peachtree borer (Synanthedon exitiosa) was reduced by 80-100% following applications of Steinernema carpocapsae; these high levels of efficacy were only achieved when the nematodes were applied using a protective gel or bandage [USDA-ARS Byron, GA; University of Florida; University of GA]. In a pecan orchard, up to 90% suppression of adult pecan weevil (Curculio caryae) was observed following trunk applications with B. bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae [USDA-ARS Byron, GA; University of GA; USDA-ARS Peoria, IL; Novozymes, Inc.]. In laboratory research, metabolites from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria were found to suppress key plant diseases of pecan and peach [USDA-ARS Byron, GA]. Additionally, a new nematode species, Heterorhabditis georgiana was isolated in Georgia and found to have some promise in biocontrol potential [University of Florida; USDA-ARS Byron, GA; Fort Valley State University, GA]. <br /> <br /> Several enteric bacteria isolated from the Colorado potato beetle inhibited the growth of the entomopathogens Photorhabdus temperata and Beauveria bassiana in vitro. (MD)<br /> <br /> The effect of simple (crop) and more complex (crop plus refuge) habitats were compared on the persistence and movement of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, applied to soil in a maize field. During the 30-day experiment, S. carpocapsae was detected up to 3m from the application site. The dispersal pattern in both habitats is best described with an exponential probability distribution, with nematode detection decreasing with distance from the application point. In the first year of the experiment, greater movement occurred within complex habitats than in simple habitats. In the second year of the experiment, S. carpocapsae movement was similar in both habitats. This result may be due to the comparable plant density and soil moisture in both habitats, in contrast to differences in these variables in the first year. The results indicate that S. carpocapsae movement is not necessarily dependent on plant diversity, but may respond to variation in plant density, and subsequently, soil moisture. Complex habitats may serve as movement corridors for S. carpocapsae, depending on the contrast between the refuge and crop area. (PA)<br /> <br /> Populations of weeds, soil quality characteristics, and economic performance in organically-managed corn in minimum and conventional tillage systems were measured. We detected three genera of entomopathogenic fungi in the experimental plots: Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, and 2 species of Isaria. Over the 3-year transition period, detection of M. anisopliae declined. There was a non-significant trend for detection of M. anisopliae to be greater in full-till (moldboard plow) systems compared with minimum till (chisel plow) systems. We hypothesize that greater spread and mixing of the soil in full till treatments resulted in greater detection of M. anisopliae compared with minimum till treatments. Other biological and physical differences in soil conditions in the two tillage treatments may have also resulted in differential survival of the fungus or its hosts. (PA)<br /> <br /> The dead adult psyllids killed by H. citriformis (ARSEF 8315) were found attached to the underside of citrus foliage in Polk, Hendry and Marion counties, and those killed by P. fumosoroseus (ARSEF8316) were collected in Polk county. Hundreds of psyllids were collected that were killed by H. citriformis, but only a few psyllids killed by P. fumosoroseus were found. This difference in abundance is probably due to the fact that psyllids killed by H. citriformis are tightly attached to the citrus foliage by the synnemata, but those psyllids killed by P. fumosoroseus are only loosely attached and may be removed from the tree by wind and rain. Two pilot field trials using this strain of P. fumosoroseus as a microbial insecticide resulted in reduced populations of psyllid nymphs. However, economic and technical issues, coupled with the frequent use of copper applications to control citrus canker and other plant pathogens, likely will prevent the commercial development of this beneficial fungus for use in Floridas citrus pest management programs. We do not yet understand the role of these two fungi on Asian citrus psyllids in Floridas citrus groves. Research is needed to determine how the pathogens are transmitted, when the beneficial fungi are most abundant, and how widespread these psyllid diseases are distributed in Florida. Quantitative surveys also are needed to evaluate the effect of each pathogen on psyllid populations throughout the year. So far, we have identified two new natural enemies in Florida that can kill Asian citrus psyllids and gained knowledge about the basic biology of each pathogen in our laboratory studies. (FL)<br /> <br /> The development of an accurate bioassay of efficacy of EPNs in the different citrus soils will allow citrus growers to determine whether they can use these biological control agents against the larval stages of Diaprepes. As we have demonstrated that the commercially available, S. riobrave, can move through soil effectively in many different soils to a depth of 20 inches, this information is useful if the larval stages occur from the soil surface to 20 inches below. We found that sandy soils are best for EPNs and soils with high clay contents are more problematic. The nematodes should be effective against larval stages that occur in potted material. However, trials are needed under California conditions to demonstrate that nematodes are efficacious against Diaprepes. (CA)<br /> <br /> Work continues on using EPNs against the navel orangeworm in pistachios. Efficacy has been good, and many growers are adopting the methods developed by Siegel for applying EPNs via irrigation systems during cooler winter months. We are currently following the long term fate and impact of EPN applications. In particular, we are documenting changes in nematode and microarthropod fauna after applications. (CA)<br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 3. Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for urban and natural habitats. (Parwinder Grewal, chair)<br /> <br /> During 2007, we conducted our third year of studies on the dispersal of fungal and viral pathogens of gypsy moth along the lead edge of gypsy moth spread, in central Wisconsin. We are presently analyzing data from the 3 years of the study to estimate the minimal gypsy moth density associated with presence of Entomophage maimaiga and Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV). We have now introduced E. mamaiga to the two of the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior, northern Wisconsin to conduct experiments to test our dispersal estimates from central Wisconsin; based on 2 years of data, weve shown that E. maimaiga does not already occur in these areas. LdMNPV is still abundant in gypsy moth populations on Basswood Island, one year after Gypchek was sprayed for control. (NY)<br /> <br /> We conducted our first year of studies of the metapopulation dynamics of E. maimaiga, using study sites in central Pennsylvania. We sampled populations on three different spatial scales throughout the last field season, repeatedly caged larvae in the field and we have begun experiments to compare activity and persistence of E. maimaiga resting spores in different types of soils.<br /> <br /> Studies of the ability of three bird species (that eat gypsy moth larvae) to disperse LdMNPV were conducted using field cages. Feeding behavior of the birds had a strong impact on local spread of the virus. (NY)<br /> <br /> In addition, data on bioassays of different species of anamorphic hypocrealean fungi against Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB) adults and larvae were analyzed and published. Data on the reduction in fitness of A. glabripennis females before death due to Metarhizium anisopliae were also analyzed and published. Studies of the LC50 of M. anisopliae F 52 against A. glabripennis adults were completed and results will be published in 2008, in association with data on the persistence of activity of fungal bands in the field in New York State. Finally, we completed and published results from studies examining naturally occurring environmental contamination with M. anisopliae from fungal bands in the field but also due to A. glabripennis adults after they have walked across fungal bands.<br /> <br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 4: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for veterinary and structural arthropod pests <br /> <br /> Coordinators: James J. Becnel, David Oi, ARS-Gainesville<br /> <br /> Entomopathogens evaluated against veterinary pest included viruses and microsporidia. Genomic analysis of MdSGHV, a non-occluded, enveloped, rod-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus responsible for salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) in adult houseflies, revealed a genome of ~120 kbp with 119 potential ORFs. Comparisons of the available identifiable ORFs suggest that this virus is distinct from baculoviruses. Cytological and ultrastructural characteristics were examined for a Vavraia culicis-like microsporidian species isolated from Aedes albopictus in Florida and subspecies status is proposed for this isolate. Studies with Aedes aegypti infected with Edhazardia aedis found a reduction in mean human host attraction and landing/probing rates compared with rates in microsporidia-free females. E. aedis-infected mosquitoes required 20% more time than healthy females to bite skin treated with 15% DEET.<br /> <br /> For structural arthropod pests, necrophoresis by the invasive European fire ant, Myrmica rubra, may play a role in protecting colonies from infection. New fungal pathogens were identified from M. rubra. A new virus was found and characterized from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Microsporidian fire ant pathogen V. invictae was not detected in fire ant parasitic flies developing in V. invictae-infected S. invicta, further confirming host specificity. Nematodes repelled termites from termite bait stations perhaps resulting in less termite mortality. Various species of microsporidia have been sequenced to study relationships among the Microsporidia including Ovavesicula popilliae, a microsporidian parasite of the Japanese beetle, Popilliae japonica and a novel microsporidium from the saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis.. <br /> <br /> Veterinary Pests<br /> <br /> MdSGHV, described initially as a non-occluded, enveloped, rod-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus, is responsible for the salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) symptoms observed in feral populations of adult house flies. Infection by this virus sterilizes female house flies, since adults displaying symptoms of SGH show no sign of ovarian development. Recently, utilizing Nycodenz gradients, MdSGHV was purified from hypertrophic glands of infected house flies. Negative staining revealed enveloped virus particles measuring 65 by 575 nm that possessed unique spiral grooved surface topology. Analysis of its genomic DNA using end-labeled restriction fragment length polymorphism revealed a ~120 kbp genome. Sequencing data from two titration lanes of the 454 pyrosequencing produced 1.4 million bases (>10-fold coverage) that were consolidated into 17 contigs ranging from 512 to 40,170 bp. Sequence information obtained from the ends of the MdSGHV EcoRI library was used to further connect them into three contigs that through PCR amplifications resulted in a single circular 124,254 bp genome. The genome contains 119 methionine initiated potential ORFs with 50 or more amino acids and minimal overlapping (SoftBerry- fgenesV). BLAST analysis identified ~29 ORFs (e-values <0.1). Analysis of the chemical data from LC MS/MS from the bands extracted from SDS-PAGE gel of enveloped virus revealed homology to 32 ORFs from the SoftBerry data base The vast majority of these structural ORFs represent novel proteins, with only four having homology to sequences in GenBank. Comparisons of the available identifiable ORFs suggest that this virus is distinct from the baculovirus genera. (FL)<br /> <br /> Comparative small subunit rDNA sequence analysis was completed on Ovavesicula popilliae, a microsporidian parasite of the Japanese beetle, Popilliae japonica. This parasite represents a distant sister group to Paranosema and Antonospora, parasites of grasshoppers, and collectively form a second major group (the Nosema/Vairimorpha clade representing the first) of microsporidia which infect terrestrial insects, suggesting independent origins for both groups. Phylogenetic analyses of Ovavesicula and other microsporidia having a multi-sporous sporogony reveal that this condition is found in several unrelated taxa implying either that multi-sporous sporogony is the ancestral condition for microsporidia or that it has multiple origins (CT).<br /> <br /> A detailed description was made on the cytological and ultrastructural characteristics of a Vavraia culicis-like microsporidian species isolated from Aedes albopictus (Scuse) in Florida . This Florida isolate, is the only known isolate of a species of the genus Vavraia from mosquitoes propagated in laboratory culture. Although the Florida isolate has been used under the name Vavraia culicis in several molecular phylogeny and host-parasite studies, it has not been structurally characterized and its relationship to the type species Vavraia culicis has never been examined. Structural data strongly support placement of the Florida isolate within the genus Vavraia and indicate its close relationship to both the type species of the genus and to other Vavraia-like mosquito microsporidia to which the name V. culicis has been applied. However, the identity of the Florida isolate with V. culicis (Weiser, 1947) Weiser, 1977 cannot be presently confirmed. Morphometric examination of spores of several Vavraia-like microsporidia isolates from mosquitoes, including the type material of Vavraia culicis, indicates that Vavraia culicis- like microsporidia probably represent not a single species, but a group of closely related organisms. Subspecies status is proposed for the Florida isolate. (ARS-Gainesville)<br /> <br /> We investigated whether sick/diseased mosquitoes manifest differences in their host seeking and blood-feeding related behaviors compared with healthy mosquitoes, and the extent to which such differences impact the effectiveness of topical repellents such as DEET. Infection of Aedes aegypti with Edhazardia aedis reduced mean human host attraction and landing/probing rates in female mosquitoes by 53 and 62%, respectively, compared with rates in microsporidia-free females. Infection with E. aedis reduced the average weight of unfed female mosquitoes by 4%, caused them to imbibe 23% less blood, and to lay 30% fewer eggs than healthy females. In contrast, E. aedis-infected mosquitoes required 20% more time than healthy females to bite skin treated with 15% DEET. Statistically significant morbidity in E. aedis-infected females was indicated by reductions in host attraction and landing/probing responses, the mass of unfed and blood engorged females, and fecundity, and by increased DEET repellency. (ARS-Gainesville)<br /> <br /> Structural Pests<br /> <br /> Studies exploring the role of necrophoresis in defense of ant colonies against infection were continued, demonstrating that the invasive European fire ant, Myrmica rubra, preferentially selected areas with full exposure to solar radiation for depositing the cadavers removed from their nests and infected cadavers exposed to ambient solar radiation for 48 hours did experience reduced sporulation when transferred to high humidity conditions favorable for spore production. A new fungus isolated from M. rubra in England has been confirmed as a pathogen via reinfection assays and is currently being described as Paraisaria myrmicarum sp. nov. with collaborators in England (H. Evans) and USDA-ARS (J. F. Bischoff). An additional two fungal isolates have been recovered from the same site in England and represent new host records and the first isolation of these species outside of the tropics. They have been considered distinct varieties: Hirsutella stilbelliformis var. myrmicarum var. nov. and H. subramanianii var. myrmicarum var nov. (ME)<br /> <br /> The multi-state (FL, MS, OK, SC, and TX) IPM project for fire ant suppression in pastures involving the microsporidian pathogen Thelohania solenopsae, concluded in 2007. T. solenopsae was well established in all sites with red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, but did not establish in the MS site which contained black imported fire ants, Solenopsis richteri. Project was expanded to include higher value demonstration sites such as quail habitat, schools, and recreational parks which have a greater potential to adopt the utilization of combining biocontrols and insecticidal ant baits. (ARS-Gainesville).<br /> <br /> The fire ant pathogen Vairimorpha invictae was not detected by PCR from fire ant parasitic phorid flies (Pseudacteon litoralis) that developed in V. invictaeinfected fire ants. This is further evidence that V. invictae has a narrow host range. (ARS-Gainesville).<br /> <br /> A new virus (tentatively named Solenopsis invicta virus 2 [SINV-2]) was discovered in the red imported fire ant. SINV-2 has a monopartite, single-stranded RNA genome that contains multiple open reading frames in the sense orientation. The genome has been sequenced in entirety and is comprised of 11,303 nucleotides with a polyadenylated region at the 3' terminus (GenBank Accession Number: EF428566). Phylogenetic analysis of the genome and the proteins it encodes revealed unique placement of SINV-2 exclusive from Dicistroviridae, iflaviruses, Picornaviridae, and plant small RNA viruses. Impact of the virus on fire ant populations is being investigated. (ARS-Gainesville).<br /> <br /> Preliminary field tests applying Steinernema carpocapsae to subterranean termite bait stations, has indicated significant short term avoidance of stations by Heterotermes aureus and Gnathamitermes perplexus. In laboratory bioassays, repellency studies have indicated higher dose rates may lead to lower mortality rates due to increased repellency effects. (AZ)<br /> <br /> Small subunit rDNA sequencing and host range studies have been completed with a novel microsporidian parasite from the saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis. The parasite appears to be a species of Paranosema based on phylogenetic analysis and is designated as P. oryzaephili. Host range studies demonstrate that this microsporidium is more infectious to the rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus that it is to the type host (CT, ARS-Manhattan, KS).<br />

Publications

An R. and Grewal P.S., 2007. Differences in the virulence of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema scarabaei to three white grub species: the relative contribution of the nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria. Biol. Contr. 43, 310-316. <br /> <br /> Anderson, J. F., Main, A. J. Ferrandino, F. J. and Andreadis, T. G. 2007. Nocturnal activity of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a West Nile focus in Connecticut. J. Med. Entomol. 44, 1102-1108.<br /> <br /> Andreadis T. G. and Armstrong P. M. 2007. A 2-yr evaluation of elevated canopy trapping for Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus in an operational surveillance program in the northeastern United States. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 23, 137-148.<br /> <br /> Andreadis, T. G., 2007. Microsporidian parasites of mosquitoes. In: T. G. Floore (ed.), Biorational Control of Mosquitoes, Bull. No. 7, Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 23, 3-29.<br /> <br /> Andreadis, T. G., Anderson, J. F., Armstrong, P. M. and Main, A. J. 2008. Isolations of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) from field-collected mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Connecticut, USA: a ten-year analysis, 1997 - 2006. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Dis. (in press).<br /> <br /> Armstrong, P. M. and Andreadis, T. G. 2007. Genetic relationships of Jamestown Canyon virus strains infecting mosquitoes collected in Connecticut, USA. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77, 1157-1162.<br /> <br /> Arthurs, S. P., L. A. Lacey and E. R. Miliczky. 2007. Evaluation of the codling moth granulovirus and spinosad for codling moth control and impact on non-target species in pear orchards. Biol. Control 41, 99-109.<br /> <br /> <br /> Arthurs, S.P. and L. A. Lacey. 2007. Microbial control of insect pests of tree fruit. In: Management of Nematode and Insect-Borne Plant Diseases (G. Saxena and K. G. Mukerji, eds.) pp. 1-46. Haworth Press, New York.<br /> <br /> <br /> Arthurs, S.P., R. Hilton, A.L. Knight and L. A. Lacey. 2007. Evaluation of the pear ester kairomone as a formulation additive for the granulovirus of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in pome fruit. J. Econ. Entomol . 100, 702-709.<br /> <br /> Bai, X. and Grewal, P. S. 2007. Identification of two down-regulated genes in entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles upon contact with insect hemolymph. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol, 156, 162-166.<br /> <br /> Bai, X., Grewal, P. S., Hogenhout, S. A., Adams, B. J., Ciche, T. A., Gaugler, R. and Sternberg, P. W. 2007. Expressed sequence tag analysis of gene representation in insect parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. J. Parasitol. 93, 1343-1349.<br /> <br /> Barnard, D. R., R. -D Xue, M. A. Rotstein, and J. J. Becnel. 2007. Microsporidiosis (Microsporidia: Culicosporidae) alters blood-feeding responses and DEET repellency in Aedes egypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 44, 1040-1046.<br /> <br /> Becnel, J. J. 2007. Current status of deltabaculoviruses, cypoviruses and chloriridoviruses pathogenic for mosquitoes. Virologica Sinica, 22, 117-127.<br /> <br /> <br /> Blackburn, M. B., R. R. Farrar, Jr., D. E. Gundersen-Rindal, S. D. Lawrence, and P. A. W. Martin. 2007. Reproductive failure of Heterorhabditis marelatus in the Colorado potato beetle: Evidence of stress on the nematode symbiont Photorhabdus temperata and potential interference from the enteric bacteria of the beetle. Biol. Control 42, 207  215.<br /> <br /> <br /> Bixby, A., Alm, S. R., Power, K., Grewal, P. S., & Swier, S. R. 2007. Susceptibility of Four Species of Turfgrass Infesting Scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis serovar japonensis Strain Buibui. J. Econ. Entomol. 100, 1604-1610.<br /> <br /> Boina, D. R., Lewis, E. E. and Bloomquist, J. R. 2008. Nematicidal activity of anion transport blockers against Meloidogyne incognita, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Pest Manag. Sci. In press.<br /> <br /> Boucias, D.G., Scharf, D.W., Breaux S.E., Purcell, D.H., and Mizell, R.F. 2007. Studies on the fungi associated with the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata with emphasis on a new species Hirsutella homalodisca. BioControl 52, 231-258.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Boucias D. G, J. M. Meyer, S. Popoonsak, and S. E. Breaux 2007. The Genus Hirsutella: A Polyphyletic Group of Fungal Pathogens Infecting of Mites and Insects. In Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Biological Pest Management, eds S. Ekesi and N.K. Maniania Research Signpost 1-34p.<br /> <br /> <br /> Briar, S. S.(+), Grewal, P. S., Somasekhar, N., Stinner, D. & Miller, S. A. 2007. Soil nematode community, organic matter, microbial biomass and nitrogen dynamics in field plots transitioning from conventional to organic management. Appl. Soil Ecol. 37, 256-266.<br /> <br /> <br /> Briar, S. S.(+), Jagdale, G. B., Cheng, Z (+), Hoy, C. W., Miller, S. A. & Grewal, P. S. 2007. Indicative value of nematode food web indices and trophic group abundance in differentiating habitats with a gradient of anthropogenic impact. Environ. Bioindicators 2, 146-160.<br /> <br /> Brown, H. E., Diuk-Wasser, M. A., Andreadis, T. G. and Fish. 2008. Remotely-sensed vegetation indices identify mosquito clusters of West Nile virus vectors in an urban landscape in the northeastern US. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. (in press).<br /> <br /> Castrillo, L.A., L. Thomsen, P. Juneja, A.E. Hajek. 2007. Detection and quantification of Entomophaga maimaiga resting spores in forest soil using real-time PCR. Mycol. Res. 111, 324-331.<br /> <br /> Cottrell T. C. and Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. Susceptibility of Four Species of North American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) to Beauveria bassiana. European Journal of Entomology. In press. <br /> <br /> <br /> Cottrell, T. E. and D. Shapiro-Ilan. 2008. Naturally-occurring pathogens and invasive arthropods. In: Use of Microbes for Control and Eradication of Invasive Arthropods, (Hajek, OCallaghan & Glare, Eds.), Springer. In press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Dara, S. K., McGuire, M. R. and Kaya, H. K. 2007. Isolation and evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hypomycetes) for the suppression of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca caogulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 42, 56-65.<br /> <br /> Dolinski, C. and L. A. Lacey., 2007. Microbial control of arthropod pests of tropical tree fruit. Neotropic. Entomol. 36, 161-179.<br /> <br /> Dubois, T., J. Lund, L.S. Bauer, A.E. Hajek., 2007. Virulence of entomopathogenic hypocrealean fungi infecting Anoplophora glabripennis. BioControl DOI 10.1007/s10526-007-9112-2.<br /> <br /> Farrar, R. R., M. Shapiro, and M. Shepard. 2007. Relative activity of baculoviruses of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). BioControl 52, 657  667.<br /> <br /> <br /> Filotas, M.F., A.E. Hajek. 2007. Variability in thermal responses among Furia gastropachae isolates from different geographic origins. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 96, 109-117.<br /> <br /> Fuxa, J. R. 2008. Threshold concentrations of nucleopolyhedrovirus in soil to initiate infections in Heliothis virescens on cotton plants. Microb. Ecol. (In Press).<br /> <br /> Fuxa, J. R., A. R. Richter, and M. L. Milks. 2007. Threshold distances and depths of nucleopolyhedrovirus in soil for transport to cotton plants by wind and rain. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 95, 60-70.<br /> <br /> Fuxa, J. R., and A. R. Richter. 2007. Effect of nucleopolyhedrovirus concentration in soil on viral transport to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants. BioControl 52, 821-843 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-006-9051-3 )<br /> <br /> Geden, C.J., V. Lietze, and D.G. Boucias. 2007. Seasonal prevalence and transmission of salivary gland hyperplasia virus of house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera:Muscidae). J. Med. Entomol. (in press).<br /> <br /> Graham, C.E. 2007. Necrophoresis and the Behavioral Responses of teh European Red Ant, Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to the Fungal Entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Maine, Orono, ME. 53 pp.<br /> <br /> Green, T. B., White, S. E., Rao, R., Mertens, P. P. C., Adler, P. H. and Becnel. J., 2006. Biological and Molecular Studies of a Cypovirus from the Blackfly Simulium ubiquitum. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 95, 26-32.<br /> <br /> <br /> Groden, E. and C. Graham. 2007. Myrmica rubra defense against entomopathogenic fungi. (Abstract) Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Quecbec City, Quebec, Canada. p. 33.<br /> <br /> Hajek, A.E., J.R. Fuxa, and Y. Kunimi. 2007. Microorganisms associated with soil arthropods. IN C. J. Hurst, R.L. Crawford, J.L. Garland, D.A. Lipson, A.L. Mills, L.D. Stetzenbach (eds.), Manual of Environmental Microbiology (3rd ed.). ASM Press, Washington, D.C. (pp. 769-780).<br /> <br /> Hajek, A.E., and L. S. Bauer. 2007. Microbial control of wood-boring insects attacking forest and shade trees, pp. 505-525. In (L.A. Lacey & H.K. Kaya, Eds.) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology, 2nd edn. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands [Invited review].<br /> <br /> Hajek, A.E. and D.M. Kalb. 2007. Suitability of Acer saccharum and Acer pensylvanicum for rearing Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Can. Entomol. 139: 751-755.<br /> <br /> Hajek, A.E., I. Delalibera Jr., and M.L. McManus. 2007. Introduction of exotic pathogens and documentation of their establishment and impact, pp. 299-325. In (L.A. Lacey & H.K. Kaya, Eds.) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology, 2nd edn. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands [Invited review].<br /> <br /> Hajek, A.E., J. Lund, and M.T. Smith. Reduction in fitness of female Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) infected with Metarhizium anisopliae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. (in press).<br /> <br /> Hajek, A.E., M. L. McManus, and I. Delalibera Jr.. 2007. A review of introductions of pathogens and nematodes for classical biological control of insects and mites. Biol. Control 41, 1-13.<br /> <br /> Hajek, A.E., T. Dubois, J. Lund, M. Smith, L. Bauer, and Z. Li. 2007. Developing fungal bands for control of Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, in the U.S. J. Anhui Agric. Univ. 34: 149-156. [Invited review].<br /> <br /> Hang, D.T., Choo, H.Y., Lee, D.W., Lee, S.M., Kaya, H.K. and C.G. Park, C.G. 2007. Temperature effects on Korean entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema glaseri and S. longicaudum, and their symbiotic bacteria. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17, 420-427.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hansen, J.D., R. Carlton, S. Adams, L.A. Lacey. 2008. Infrared detection of internal feeders of deciduous tree fruits. J. Entomol. Sci. in press. <br /> <br /> Hazir, C., Giblin-Davis, R.M., Keskin, N., Ye W., Kanzaki, N., Center. B.J., Hazir, S., Kaya, H.K. and Thomas, W.K. 2007. Bursaphelenchus debrae n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), an associate of the bee Halictus brunnescens in Turkey. Nematology 9, 777-789. <br /> <br /> <br /> Hsieh, F., Zhu, L., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Campbell, J.F. and Lewis, E.E. State-space based mass event-history model I: many decision-making agents with one target. Ann. Appl. Stat. Accepted pending revision.<br /> <br /> Isakova, I.A., Y.B. Isakov, S.E. Rymar, V.A. Kordium, and J.R. Fuxa. 2007. Specificity of Ukrainian Bacillus thuringiensis strains for agricultural pests of the southeastern United States. J. Entomol. Sci. 42, 272-285.<br /> <br /> Jabbour, R., M. Barbercheck, A. Gendron, and B. Bradley. Habitat complexity effects on entomopathogenic nematode dispersal. Entomological Society of America 55th Annual Meeting: Making Connections, San Diego, CA Dec. 8-12, 2007 (Abstract).<br /> <br /> Jabbour, R., M. E. Barbercheck, and C. A. Mullen. 2007. Effect of soil management on naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi during the transition to an organic farming system. 40th Annual Society of Invertebrate Pathology Meeting, Quebec City, Quebec (Abstract).<br /> <br /> Jabbour, R., A.G. Hulting, and M. E. Barbercheck. 2007. Effect of the method of transition to organic agriculture on naturally occurring soil-dwelling entomopathogenic fungi. 92nd Annual Ecological Society of America Meeting, San Jose, California (Abstract).<br /> <br /> Jagdale, G.B. and Grewal, P.S. 2007. Storage temperature influences desiccation and ultra violet radiation tolerance of entomopathogenic nematodes. J. Therm. Biol. 32, 20-27.<br /> <br /> <br /> Jagdale, G.B., Casey, M.L., Grewal, P.S. and Cañas, L. 2007. Effect of entomopathogenic nematode species, split application and potting medium on the control of fungus gnats, Bradysia difformis (Diptera: Sciaridae) in greenhouse at alternating cold and warm temperatures. Biol. Control 43, 23-30. <br /> <br /> Jenkins, D., R. Mizell, D. Shapiro-Ilan, T. Cottrell & D. Horton. 2006. Invertebrate predators and parasitoids of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Southeast. Fla. Entomol. 89, 435-440.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Jenkins, D. A., Shapiro-Ilan, D. & Goenanga, R. 2007. Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes against Diaprepes abbreviatus in an oxisol. Fla. Entomo. 90, 401-403. <br /> <br /> Karagoz, M., Gulcu, B., Cakmak, I., Kaya, H.K. and Hazir, S. 2007. Predation of entomopathogenic nematodes by Sancassania sp. (Acari: Acaridae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 43, 85-95.<br /> <br /> Kaya, H.K. and L.A. Lacey. 2007. Introduction to microbial control. In Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests, 2nd ed. (L.A. Lacey and H.K. Kaya, eds.), pp. 3-7. Springer Scientific Publishers, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kirk, A.A., L.A. Lacey and J. Goolsby. 2008. Foreign exploration for insect natural enemies of Bemisia for use in biological control in the USA, a successful program. In: Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the USA: A Review of Interagency Research and Implementation (J. K. Gould, K. Hoelmer and J. Goolsby (eds.), Vol. 4 Progress in Biological Control (H. Hokkanen, series editor) pp. 17-31. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> <br /> Koppenhofer A.M., Grewal, P.S., Fuzy E.M. 2007. Differences in penetration routes and establishment rates of four entomopathogenic nematode species into four white grub species. J. Invertebrate Pathol. 94, 184-195.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A. 2007. Bacillus thuringiensis serovariety israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus for mosquito control. Biorational Control of Mosquitoes (T.G. Floore, ed.) pp. 133-163. Bull. 7 Amer. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. Bull.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A., 2008. Resistance in Cydia pomonella to the Codling Moth Granulovirus in Europe: Could it Happen Here? Proc. West. Orch. Pest Dis. Manag. Conf. Portland, OR, January 9-11, 2008. pp. 21-22.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A. and D.I. Shapiro-Ilan. 2008. Microbial Control of Insect Pests in Temperate Orchard Systems: Potential for Incorporation into IPM. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 53, 121-144.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A. and H.K. Kaya (eds.) 2007. "Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests, 2nd edition." Springer, Dordrecht. (book) 868 pp. <br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A. and Kaya, H.K. 2007. Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. 2nd Ed. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A., D.R. Horton, and D.C. Jones. 2008. The effect of temperature and duration of exposure of potato tuber moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in infested tubers to the biofumigant fungus Muscodor albus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 97, 159-164.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A., H.L. Headrick and S.P. Arthurs. 2008. The effect of temperature on the long-term storage of codling moth granulovirus formulations. J. Econ. Entomol. 101.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A., S.P. Arthurs, A. Knight, and J. Huber, 2007. Microbial control of lepidopteran pests of apple orchards. In "Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests, 2nd ed." (L.A. Lacey and H. K. Kaya, eds.) pp. 527-546. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A., S.P. Arthurs, F. de la Rosa. 2007. Control Microbiano de la Palomilla de la Papa, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Proc. Washington State Potato Conference, Moses Lake WA, Feb. 6-8, 2007. pp. 65-74.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A., S.P. Wraight and A.A. Kirk. 2008. Entomopathogenic fungi for control of Bemisia spp.: foreign exploration, research and implementation. In: Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the USA: A Review of Interagency Research and Implementation (J. K. Gould, K. Hoelmer and J. Goolsby (eds.), Vol. 4 Progress in Biological Control (H. Hokkanen, series editor) pp. 33-69. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A., T.R. Unruh, H. Simkins, and K. Thomsen-Archer. 2007. Gut bacteria associated with the Pacific coast wireworm, Limonius canus, inferred from 16s rDNA sequences and their implications for control. Phytoparasitica 35: 479-489.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lee, D.W., Choo, H.Y., Smitley, D.R., Lee, S.M., Shin, H.K., Kaya, H.K., Park, C.O. and Park, J.K. 2007. Distribution and adult activity of Popillia quadriguttata (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on golf courses in Korea. J. Econ. Entomol. 100, 103-109.<br /> <br /> Lietze V., C.J. Geden, P. Blackburn, and D. G. Boucias. 2007. Effects of MdSGHV infection on the reproductive behavior of the house fly, Musca domestica. Applied and Environ. Microbiol. 73, 6811-65818.<br /> <br /> <br /> Linthicum, K.J., Anyamba, A., Britch, S.C., Chretien, J.P., Erickson, R.L., Small, J., Tucker, C.J., Bennett, K.E., Mayer, R.T., Schmidtmann, E.T., Andreadis, T.G., Anderson, J.F., Wilson, W.C., Freier, J.E., James, A.M., Miller, R.S., Drolet, B. S., Miller, S.N., Tedrow, C.A., Bailey, C.L., Strickman, D.A., Barnard, D.R., Clark, G.G., and Zou, L. 2007. A Rift Valley fever risk surveillance system for Africa using remotely sensed data: potential for use on other continents. Vet. Ital. 43, 663-674.<br /> <br /> Meyer, J. M., M. A. Hoy, D. G. Boucias, R. Singh and M. E. Rogers. 2007. Friendly Fungi Killing Psyllids in Floridas Citrus. Citrus industry May 23-24.<br /> <br /> Meyer J. M, Hoy M. A., and Boucias D. G. 2007. Morphological and molecular characterization of a Hirsutella species infecting the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Homoptera: Psyllidae), in Florida. J Invertebr. Pathol, 95:101-109. <br /> <br /> Meyer, J. M., Hoy, M. A., Boucias, D. G. 2008. A novel isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus infecting the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psyllidae), in Florida. BioControl (submitted) <br /> <br /> Micieli, M.V., Marti, G.A., Garci
a, J.J., Tranchida, M.C., & Becnel, J.J., 2007. Epizootiological studies of Amblyospora camposi (Microsporidia: Amblyosporidae) in Culex renatoi (Diptera: Culicidae) and Paracyclops fimbriatus fimbriatus (copepoda: Cyclopidae) in a bromeliad habitat. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 94, 31-37.<br /> <br /> Milks, M.L., J.R. Fuxa, A.R. Richter, and E.B. Moser, 2007. Multivariate analyses of the factors affecting the distribution, abundance and social form of Louisiana fire ants, Solenopsis invicta. Insectes Sociaux 54: 283-292.<br /> <br /> Milks, M.L., J.R. Fuxa, and A.R. Richter, 2008. Prevalence and impact of the microsporidium Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia) on wild populations of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta. J. Invertebr. Pathol. (Accepted for Publication)<br /> <br /> Molaei, G., Andreadis, T.G., Armstrong, P.M., Bueno, R., Dennett, J., Bala, A., Randle, Y., Guzman, H., Da Rosa, A. T., Wuithiranyagool, T., and Tesh, R. B. 2007. Host feeding pattern of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and its role in transmission of West Nile virus in Harris County, Texas. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77: 73-81.<br /> <br /> Nascimento, E.S., R. Figueiro
, J.J. Becnel, and C.J.P. C. Arau
jo-Coutinho. 2007. Influence of temperature on microsporidia infections in a natural population of Simulium pertinax Kollar, 1832 (Diptera; Simuliidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, 519-526.<br /> <br /> Nguyen, K. B., D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, and G. N. Mbata. Heterorhabditis georgiana n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) from Georgia, USA. Nematology. In Press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Oi, D.H., D.F. Williams, R.M. Pereira, P.M. Horton, T.S. Davis, A.H. Hyder, H.T. Bolton, B.C. Zeichner, S.D. Porter, A.L. Hoch, M.L. Boswell, and G.Williams. 2008. Combining biological and chemical controls for the management of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Amer. Entomol. (in press)<br /> <br /> Pelizza, S.A., C.C. Lo
pez Lastra, J.J. Becnel, V. Bisaro, and J.J. Garci
a. 2007. Biotic and abiotic factors affecting Leptolegnia chapmanii infection in Aedes aegypti. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 23, 177-181.<br /> <br /> Pelizza, S.A., C.C. Lo
pez Lastra, J.J. Becnel, V. Bisaro, and J.J. Garci
a. 2007. Effects of temperature, pH and salinity on the infection of Leptolegnia chapmanii Seymour (Peronosporomycetes) in mosquito larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 96, 133-137.<br /> <br /> Perera, O., Green, T.B., Stevens Jr., S.M., White, S. and Becnel, J.J., 2007. Proteins associated with Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus occluded virions. Journal of Virology, 81, 4585-4590.<br /> <br /> <br /> Poinar, G., S.D. Porter, B.C. Hyman and S. Tang. 2007. Allomermis solenopsi n. sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) parasitizing the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Argentina. Syst. Parasitol. 68, 115-128.<br /> <br /> Preisser, E.L., Gibson, S.E., Adler, L.S. and Lewis, E.E. 2007. Below ground herbivory and the costs of constitutive defense in tobacco. Acta Oecologica 31, 210-215.<br /> <br /> Reilly, J.R., A.E. Hajek. 2007. Density-dependent resistance of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar to its nucleopolyhedrovirus, and the consequences for population dynamics. Oecologia DOI 10.1007//s00442-007-0871-3.<br /> <br /> Riga, K., L.A. Lacey and N. Guerra. 2008. The potential of the endophytic fungus, Muscodor albus, as a biocontrol agent against economically important plant parasitic nematodes of vegetable crops in Washington State. Biol. Control in press. <br /> <br /> Saeb, A. T. M.(+) and Grewal, P. S. 2007. Genetic variation and sub-species structure of entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora based on the major sperm protein gene. Int. J. Nematol. 17, in press. <br /> <br /> Shanley, R.P. and A.E. Hajek. Environmental contamination with Metarhizium anisopliae from fungal bands for control of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biocontr. Sci. Technol. (in press).<br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., L.A. Lacey and J.P. Siegel. 2007. Microbial Control of Insect Pests of Stone Fruit and Nut Crops. In "Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests, 2nd ed." (L.A. Lacey and H. K. Kaya, eds.) pp. 547-565. Springer, Dordrecht.<br /> <br /> <br /> Skovmand, O., J. Kerwin and L.A. Lacey. 2007. Microbial control of mosquitoes and black flies. In "Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests, 2nd ed." (L.A. Lacey and H. K. Kaya, eds.) pp. 735-750. Springer, Dordrecht. <br /> <br /> Sokolova, Y.Y., C.E. Lange, and J.R. Fuxa. 2007. Establishment of Liebermannia dichroplusae n. comb. on the basis of molecular characterization of Perezia dichroplusae Lange, 1987 (Microsporidia). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 54, 223-230.<br /> <br /> Scocco, E. A. W. A. Gardner & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan. 2007. Microscopic evaluation of the fate of conidia of two entomogenous fungi in soil. Journal of Entomological Science 42, 413-414.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Reilly, C. C. & Hotchkiss, M. W. 2007. Suppressive effects of metabolites from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus spp. on phytopathogens of peach and pecan. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. In Press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Mizell, R. F., Cottrell, T. E. and Horton, D. L. 2008. Control of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar with entomopathogenic nematodes: effects of application timing, alternate host plant, and nematode strain. Biol. Control 44, 207-215.<br /> <br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., W. A. Gardner, T. E. Cottrell, R. W. Behle and B. W. Wood A comparison of application methods for suppressing the pecan weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with Beauveria bassiana under field conditions. Environmental Entomology. In Press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Son, Y., Luckhart, S., Zhang, X., Lieber, M. J. and Lewis, E.E., 2008. Effects and implications of antibiotic treatment on Wolbachia-infected black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Agric. Forest Entomol. In press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Steinkraus, D.C., S.Y. Young, D.H. Gouge and J.E. Leland. 2007. Microbial Insecticide Application: Cotton. In L.A. Lacey and H. K. Kaya, eds., Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 427-455.<br /> <br /> <br /> Steinkraus, D.C., S.Y. Young, D.H. Gouge and J.E. Leland. 2007. Microbial Insecticide Application: Cotton. In L.A. Lacey and H. K. Kaya, [eds.], Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 427-455.<br /> <br /> Stevens, G.N., Lewis, E.E. and Kaya, H.K. Potential multitrophic influences of soil heterogeneity: roots, insect root herbivores, and entomopathogenic nematodes. Biopesticides Intern. In press.<br /> <br /> Valles, S.M., C.A. Strong and Y. Hashimoto. 2007. A new positive-strand RNA virus with unique genome characteristics from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Virology 365, 457-463.<br /> <br /> Valles, S.M., C.A. Strong, D.H. Oi, S.D. Porter, R.M. Pereira, R.K. Vander Meer, Y. Hashimoto, L.M. Hooper-Bui, H. Sánchez-Arroyo, T. Davis, V. Karpakakunjarum, K.M. Vail, L. C. Graham, J. A. Briano, L. A. Calcaterra, L. E. Gilbert, R. Ward, K. Ward, J. B. Oliver, G. Taniguchi, and D. C. Thompson. 2007. Phenology, distribution, and host specificity of Solenopsis invicta virus-1. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 96, 18-27.<br /> <br /> Vavra, J. and Becnel, J.J. 2007. Vavraia culicis (Weiser, 1947) Weiser, 1977 revisited: cytological characterisation of a Vavraia culicis-like microsporidium isolated from mosquitoes in Florida and the establishment of Vavraia culicis floridensis subsp. n. Folia Parasitologica, 259271.<br /> <br /> Vega, F.E., P.F. Dowd, L.A. Lacey, J.K. Pell, D.M. Jackson, and M.G. Klein. 2007. Dissemination of Beneficial Microbial Agents by Insects. In "Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests, 2nd ed." (L.A. Lacey and H. K. Kaya, eds.) pp. 127-146. Springer, Dordrecht. <br /> <br /> Vossbrinck, C.R. and Andreadis, T.G. 2007. The phylogenetic position of Ovavesicula popilliae (Microsporidia) and its relationship to Antonospora and Paranosema based on small subunit rDNA analysis. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 96, 270-273.<br /> <br /> Wraight, S.P., M. Sporleder, T.J. Poprawski, and L.A. Lacey. 2007. Application and evaluation of entomopathogens in potato. In "Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests, 2nd ed." (L.A. Lacey and H.K. Kaya, eds.) pp. 329-359. Springer, Dordrecht. <br />

Impact Statements

1. Novel research indicated that a variety of microbial control agents provide high levels of control of various economically important insect pests. Some examples (among many) include 86-96% reductions in potato tuber moth populations due to application of potato tuber moth granulovirus, and 80-100% reduction in peachtree borer damage observed following applications of Steinernema carpocapsae.
2. Significant advances were made in fundamental research on microbial control agents that will enhance use of these organisms in biological pest suppression. Some examples (among many) include development of new formulation of Metarhizium granules based microsclerotia (the new formulation promises wide applicability to different pests), genomic analysis of MdSGHV, a non-occluded, enveloped, rod-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus responsible for salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) in adult houseflies, a new virus (tentatively named Solenopsis invicta virus 2 [SINV-2]) was discovered in the red imported fire ant, and the completion of small subunit rDNA sequencing and host range studies on a novel microsporidian parasite from the saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis.
3. Members of the group to be determined will team with Dr. Scot Costa to submit a grant proposal to the Crops At Risk (CAR) program of USDA. The topic will be developing an IPM program for grapes based on microbial biological control agents.

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Report Information

Participants

Jaronski, S. (sjaronski@sidney.ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS, Sidney, MT; Shapiro-Ilan, D. (David.Shaprio@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS, Byron GA; Lacey, L. (lerry.lacey@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS, Yakima, WA; Stuart, R. (rstuart@crec.ifas.ufl.edu) - University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL); Leland, J. (JRRL@novozymes.com) - Novozymes Biologicals, Roanoke, VA; Lewis, E. (eelewis@ucdavis.edu) - University of California, Davis CA; Villamil, S. (solvillamil@gmail.com) - University of California, Davis CA; Hodson, A. (akhodson@ucdavis.edu) - University of California, Davis CA; Arimoto, H. (Harimoto@ucdavis.edu) - University of California, Davis CA; Spence, K. (kospence@ucdavis.edu) - University of California, Davis CA; Nielsen, A. (alnielsen@ucdavis.edu) - University of California, Davis CA; Kaya, H. (hkkaya@ucdavis.edu) - University of California, Davis CA; Blackburn, M. (blackbm@ba.ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; Nowierski, R. (rnowierski@csrees.usda.gov) - USDA-CSREES, Washington, DC; Kaspi, R. (rkaspi@ucdavis.edu) - University of California, Davis CA; Boetel, M. (mark.boetel@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; Behle, R. (Robert.behle@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL; Boucias, D. (pathos@ufl.edu) - University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Groden, E. (Eleanor_groden@umit.maine.edu) - University of Maine, Orono, ME

Brief Summary of Minutes

9:15 am Call to order by Ed Lewis.
Announcement of officers:
Ed Lewis - Chair,
David Shapiro-Ilan Vice Chair
Robert Behle - Secretary taking notes,
Denny Bruck member at large (absent).

S. Jaronski made the motion to approval of notes for the 2008 meeting, the motion was seconded, no discussion, and the motion was passed.

Individual introductions and research updates:

David Shipro-Ilan, (ARS-Byron, GA) Pecan weevil and peachtree borer control promising with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), found EPNs respond directionally to electrical current. Applications of nematodes to peach trees for borers can use targeted application equipment to apply specifically to tree trunks. For pecan weevil, trunk applications of fungal conidia and soil applications of EPNs are effective.

Lerry Lacey, (ARS-Yakama, WA): Apple clearwing moth is an invasive pest that bores and kills trees. Evaluating control by applications of gel spray of EPNs and foam-type formulations. Research continues on the use of granuloviruses for control of codling moth and leaf rollers, still looking for UV protection. Pear ester extract looks promising as a kairomone for control of codling moth; fumigant for cherry fruit fly applied by tilling, cover & kill. Potato tuber moth virus being studied for use in the field and during potato storage. Wireworms control with Metarhizium spp. is being evaluated. New pests are expected to include, cherry bark tortix, and European chafer. A potato disease, zebra chip, is caused by a bacterium spread by a psyllid and is similar to citris greening. Entomopathogenic fungi will be evaluated for efficacy against the psyllid.

Robin Stuart (University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL): Researching control of Diaprepes, why treatments work at some locations, but not at others. Observing soil differences such as heavy clay soils known as Flatwood soils, H. indica are present but do not provide strong control, while Ridge soil plantings, where the soil is much sandier have S. diaprepesi, H. indica, and H. zealandica, that provide good control. Also studying nematophagous fungi impact on nematodes, attraction and repulsion, coarse sand microcosms for nematode control. Overall, citrus greening is the #1 concern in Florida & interest/concern of Diaprepes is more back burner.

Jarrod Leland (Novozome Biologicals Inc., Salem VA): F52 has markets in Holland for control of black vine weevil, and expects to move into the NW US next, F52 products also target ticks, white flies, thrips, mites. Company efforts are becoming more focused, toward vegetables and berries, and may market as a rotation with Spinosad.

Ed Lewis, (UC Davis, Davis, CA): Along with Harry Kaya, currently studying control of BVW in Ukraine by identifying native isolates of EPNs, and modeling EPN infection dynamics  herding.

Soledad Villamil, (Student, UC Davis): Studying olive fruit fly behavior.

Amanda Hodson, (Student, UC Davis): Currently studying applications of EPNs through irrigation in pistachios for control of navel orange worm. Using EPNs in commercial vs nut mummies. Looking at the field ecology and the impact of EPNs on collembolan, and mite populations. Reports very little persistence of EPNs (2 wks) and predators of EPNs go way up.

Anne Nielson (Postdoc, UC Davis): Studying Diaprepes preventative and curative control with EPNs and Metarhizium when applied to soilless media. Also, evaluating switchgrass (biofuel) for invasion of pests (this grass is not native to California), with respect to water and nutrient needs.

Mike Blackburn, (ARS Beltsville): Conducting an evaluation of the Bt collection, organizing the Bts based on different biotypes and bio/eco differences in order to develop a useful phylogenetic association. Make Bt a biological control agent rather than bioinsecticide.

Harry Kaya, (UC Davis, Davis, CA): Discovery work in Turkey, mite associated with white grubs that when the grub dies, the mites eat the EPNs.

Bob Nowierski, (USDA-CSREES-PAS, Washington DC): Microbial Control workshop, non-target impact on endangered spp. Symposium in 2010. Preparing a position paper on regulation of microbial control agents. NPL bio-based Pest Management.

Ken Spence, (Postdoc, UC Davis): Studying herbivore impact and ecology by using a mini rhizotron camera system, photographing roots over time. Also mode of action on plant parasitic nematodes in pasteurized soil is not good model because community effects are often important.

Hanayo Arimoto, (Postdoc, UC Davis): Studying host-parasite relationships of face-flies and nematodes. Host preference, spatial patterns of infected hosts, physical effects of nematodes and influence on distribution of parasites.

Roy Kaspi, (Postdoc, UC Davis): Studying control of Diaprepres with EPNs, specifically on impact of different soils found in CA, relating physical and chemical soil characteristics with efficacy.

Stefan Jaronski, (ARS, Sidney, MT): Recently contributed to APHIS-PPQ serving on a board of advisors on regulation of biological control agents. For control of Orthoptera on rangeland, continues efforts to use green muscle (M. anisopleae acridum) for large scale field trials. Cage trials vs. mormon cricket have been successful. Field research requires minimum plot size is 20 A due to hopper movement. Continues (unsuccessfully) looking for M. anisopleae acridum in US, but has identified new and potentially useful M. anisopleae and Beauvaria bassiana; 342 isolates can use 20X less. Also studying Bts for control of hoppers. For sugar beets, F52 best for control of sugar beet root maggot when maggot pressure is low, but does not work in moderate to high pressure. Microsclerotia of Ma are being studied and can be formulated in different granule sizes.

Mark Boetel, (NDSU, Fargo, ND): Continues cooperative work with Stefan on sugar beet pests, including root maggots, collembolan and wireworms. Would like to evaluate fungi and nematodes for soil application, looking for formulations. Have identified Fusarium (solani?) infected root maggot pupae.

Robert Behle, (ARS, Peoria, IL): Working under Mark Jacksons CRIS (fermentation), along with Chris Dunap. Recently has worked on imported cabbageworm GV. UV protection formulations have included, lignin encapsulation for viruses and soyscreen for hydrophobic fungal conidia. Procedures have been developed to encapsulate oil to form a dry powder. Peoria ARS will likely be going to go thru re-organization.

Drion Boucias, (University of Florida, Gainesville, FL): Looking at chronic viral pathogens that do not kill but sterilize house flies. These are a new family extremely widespread and spies specific. Also looking at thripinema nematodes that sterilizes female thrips. For the asian citrus psyllid, has identified a pheromone that is proded by Hirsutella fungus to attract healthy insects. Has identified a Bt active against cactoblastis (sp?).

Ellie Groden, (University of Maine, Orono, ME): Currently studying invasive stingin ants, Northern sp, that takes over yard along the coast. Fungi found include Bb and Met. Ants have defense against infection. Assorted baits are being evaluated for attraction and transmission (what gets to queen  appears this can be exploited). EPNs dont cause colony movement, and a new EPN has been found.


Bob Nowierski, CSREES presentation:
Update on organizational changes in CSREES, funding opportunities, and coordination of invasive species efforts at the national level
Organization changes resulting from the farm bill
CSREES will be re-named: National Institute of Food and Agriculature (NIFA)

Break for lunch

Shirley Luckhart presentation:
Systems biology: an overview and applications to complex host-parasite systems


Afternoon Session: Individual Subproject Breakout Meetings or one whole group meeting (depends on what we decide) to discuss group projects and ideas for next years project renewal


Note: This session was an open discussion simultaneously covering the up-coming project re-write and potential cooperative projects. The notes recorded by Shipro-Ilan and Behle were edited between these two topics for the minutes presented below.

PROJECT RE-WRITE: Due September 2010
A. do we want/need change the organization?
- Bob Nowierski says to make sure impact statements and publications are strong. If these are OK then it is probably OK to not change objectives. There may be no advantage for changing objectives. Objectives must be real objectives that are doable. So, we probably need to re-write within discovery and implementation.
- One option: put primary/best impacts up front, with an appendix to provide more information about topics to show breadth of the work actually completed.
o Subproject leaders pool impact from their group & highlight potential best ones.
o Web site for impact statements is: http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/saaesd/infobook/Multistate%20project%20impact%20statements.htm
o Perhaps make table on breadth of what we doing.
B. Also, we all need develop goals for next round and can organize by subproject as well.
- Look at W2185 (http://lgu.umd.edu/lgu_v2/homepages/home.cfm?trackID=9596) as model. NE1034 (http://lgu.umd.edu/lgu_v2/homepages/home.cfm?trackID=7456).
C. Can list participants broadly (industry & Gov), but essentially the university hatch people are the actual members.
- Need to try get the University people who should be here to come back  how?
o Admin force.
o Or also make meeting more attractive,
§ eg location,
§ or what we doing together,
§ or hold our meeting with/near another big meeting.
- Need to make clear how our project impacts industry eg Jarrod comes to see what future projects might be for his company.
- [meet with national biocontrol producers meeting, and biopesticide alliance (Stefan)]
D. Look at NIMS to see some tips on rewrite.
- Bob N is happy to look at draft proposal.

GROUP PROJECTS
Management of insect pests in biofuels, e.g., switchgrass (Lewis). Look at conservation. Could intercrop biofuels with pecan and peach trees (Shipro-Ilan).
Nowierski says RAMP grants would be good outlet for above or other multi-regional pathogen projects, but would probably want weed and plant pathology components in it too.
Groden says invasive pests would be good topic for study.
Behle suggested a safety paper, perhaps published on the web could be a nice joint project. Cuts across pathogen and commodity groups.
Jaronski: We need to get at base question of why microbials have not gone further and how to expand their use.
Social, Efficacy, Price, Production
Groden identified another common theme as how to reduce costs, especially by focusing on targeted application of pathogens.
Lewis offered to lead a biofuel grant.
Groden said, after July 1, she would be willing to lead either invasive grant or one on targeted delivery systems.
Nowierski says preliminary grants may be submitted to PMAP, as projects progress then submit for RAMP grants, Having education and extension components are helpful for successful grant funding.

Monday, March 2, 2009

Discussion of potential group cooperative projects

Objectives for the re-write can be circulated via e-mail

Stefan will spear head grant concerning target specific improved delivery.

Ellie will spear head grant concerning invasives, AFRI. (Native pathogens vs Exotic Pests)

Ed will spear head biofuel grant.

Discussion of upcoming renewal of the project; we are scheduled to end in September of 2010

Stefan: put the objectives under model systems umbrella.

Ellie & Ed: delivery systems would be good to put into it.

Ed: but keep in commodity headings.

David: Break down under commodities: improve organism, improve production/application, efficacy testing. Seems most agree; Stefan adds overall Obj is how to get MCAs into use. Include control of invasives under each commodity.

Ellie Groden: suggests do away with commodity headings.

Ed Lewis: Discovery (invasive pests), efficacy, prod/app.

Arm-twisting session to determine next years meeting location and final closing of meeting

Location: Orlando
Host: Drion Boucias will organize with help from Lake Alfred group.
Theme: Invasive pests, (e.g., psyllid) or biofuels. (tentative)
Date: Similar time frame


Funds: S-1024 currently has around $400, held by Lee Solter Illinois Natural History Survey account. This meeting will registration fees to cover costs and will send extra funds to Lee to deposit.

Accomplishments

Subproject 1. Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for major acreage crops. (Co-Chairs: Bob Behle and Mark Boetel)<br /> Research reports received for this subproject covers crops (cotton, corn, peanut, sugarbeet) and identifies the cooperation of four ARS locations (Ames IA; Corvallis, OR; Peoria, IL, Sidney, MT) and five universities (Auburn University; Iowa State University, North Dakota State University, Penn State University, University of Florida). Research is reported for Field Ecology (spread and survival of beneficial agents relative to common cropping systems), Resistance Development (for insects exposed to transgenic crops), Efficacy (specifically for parasites of thrips capable of transmitting viral diseases and fungal pathogens of sugarbeet root maggot), and Formulation (to prevent degradation of the beneficial pathogen by sunlight exposure). The most significant information may be monitoring of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens in the field show no detectable level resistance to Bt-transgenic crops.<br /> <br /> Field Ecology:<br /> Over the 3-year transition period from conventional to certified organic production of field crops, detection of Metarhizium anisopliae declined. There was a non-significant trend for detection of M. anisopliae to be greater in full-till (moldboard plow) systems compared with minimum till (chisel plow) systems. We hypothesize that greater spread and mixing of the soil in full-till treatments resulted in greater detection of M. anisopliae compared with minimum till treatments. Other biological and physical differences in soil conditions in the two tillage treatments may have also resulted in differential survival of the fungus or its hosts. <br /> <br /> We compared the effect of simple (crop) Vs. more complex (crop plus refuge) habitats on the persistence and movement of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae applied to soil in an organic maize field. We detected S. carpocapsae as far as 3m away from the application site after 30 days. S. carpocapsae movement does not necessarily depend on plant diversity, but may respond to variation in plant density, and subsequently, soil moisture. Complex habitats may serve as movement corridors for S. carpocapsae, depending on the contrast between the refuge and crop area. (Penn State University; State College, PA)<br /> <br /> Nosema pyrausta, an entomopathogenic microsporidium, is an important population regulator of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. A review of research on the relationships between N. pyrausta and O. nubilalis has been submitted for publication. (USDA-ARS; Ames, IA and Corvallis, OR and Iowa State University, Ames, IA) <br /> <br /> Resistance Development:<br /> Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea was selected for Bt Cry1Ac toxin resistance. Current resistance levels exceed 200-fold although larvae still cannot survive until pupation on Bt cotton squares suggesting plant-Bt toxin interactions. Resistance is not binding based, and appears to be at least partly protease-based. Inheritance of resistance is not sex-linked and incompletely dominant. Monitoring of H. zea and Heliothis virescens shows no detectable field resistance. (Auburn University, Auburn, AL)<br /> <br /> <br /> Field Efficacy:<br /> Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) is the predominant thrips species found inhabiting and reproducing in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and is one of at least seven thrips species reported to transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The entomogenous nematode Thripinema fuscum Tipping & Nguyen, a natural enemy of F. fusca, parasitizes larval and adult populations under field conditions. All known Thripinema species render female thrips sterile and potentially suppress pest populations to near extinction. Thus, secondary spread of TSWV in peanut is reduced. Reduction of the virus in field conditions may also be due to lower transmission rates caused by parasite-induced alterations in host feeding behavior. The feeding rates of healthy and parasitized F. fusca male and female cohorts on leaf discs were recorded daily and analyzed. Viral transmission rates were compared daily using a local lesion assay and ELISA. Parasitism by T. fuscum significantly reduced male longevity, but not female longevity. Thripinema fuscum reduced the feeding frequency of both male and female F. fusca, and the persistence of females to transmit TSWV. These results provide evidence that T. fuscum aids in regulating viruliferous F. fusca populations and suggests its potential as a biological control agent for inoculative release in peanut. (University of Florida, Gainesville, FL)<br /> <br /> In sugarbeet root maggot (SBRM), Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder), management research, two granular formulations (i.e., corn meal-based, and mycelial) of M. anisopliae (F52) conidia were tested alone and in combination with an insecticidal seed treatment (clothianidin+betacyfluthrin). Unlike previous findings, neither formulation provided significant levels of SBRM control or associated yield benefits, and there were no apparent impacts of application rate or formulation. The recently discovered isolate (ARSEF7382) of Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo was found to have strong virulence against SBRM pupae in two bioassays. Current research aims to determine the potential plant pathogenicity to the sugarbeet crop and other potential host crops. (North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND and USDA-ARS, Sidney, MT)<br /> <br /> Formulation:<br /> Efforts continue to provide UV protection for beneficial microbial agents. Concern about costs of registering spray-dried lignin formulations has prompted efforts to develop an adjuvant formulation based on similar lignin technology. Experiments comparing spray dried formulation with adjuvant treatments to protect baculovirus show some promise for the adjuvant to extend residual activity for field applications. Work continues on using soyscreen in oil-based formulations for hydrophobic fungal spores. Field applications of treatments containing soyscreen have been disappointing apparently because the oils are absorbed by the substrate leaving the pathogens exposed to degradation by sunlight. (USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL: USDA-ARS, Byron, GA)<br /> <br /> <br /> Subproject 2. Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for ornamental, vegetable, fruit, and nut crops.<br /> (Robin Stuart & Patricia Stock, co-chairs)<br /> <br /> Several successful efficacy trials indicate substantial potential for microbial control of peach and pecan orchard pests. In peach orchards, during 2007, tree-limb damage from lesser peachtree borer (Synanthedon exitiosa) was reduced by 80-100% following applications of Steinernema carpocapsae; these high levels of efficacy were only achieved when the nematodes were applied using a protective gel or bandage [USDA-ARS Byron, GA; University of Florida; University of GA]. In a pecan orchard, up to 90% suppression of adult pecan weevil (Curculio caryae) was observed following trunk applications with B. bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae [USDA-ARS Byron, GA; University of GA; USDA-ARS Peoria, IL; Novozymes, Inc.]. In laboratory research, metabolites from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria were found to suppress key plant diseases of pecan and peach [USDA-ARS Byron, GA]. Additionally, a new nematode species, Heterorhabditis georgiana was isolated in Georgia and found to have microbial control potential [University of Florida; USDA-ARS Byron, GA; Fort Valley State University, GA]. <br /> In Florida, the invasive Asian citrus phyllid vectors greening disease to citrus and presents a serious threat to the industry. Adult psyllids killed by Hirsutella citriformis (ARSEF 8315) were found attached to the underside of citrus foliage in Polk, Hendry and Marion counties, and those killed by Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (ARSEF8316) were collected in Polk county. Hundreds of psyllids were collected that were killed by H. citriformis, but only a few psyllids killed by P. fumosoroseus were found. This difference in abundance is probably due to the fact that psyllids killed by H. citriformis are tightly attached to the citrus foliage by the synnemata, but those killed by P. fumosoroseus are loosely attached and may be removed from the tree by wind and rain. Two pilot field trials using this strain of P. fumosoroseus as a microbial insecticide resulted in reduced populations of psyllid nymphs. However, economic and technical issues, coupled with the frequent use of copper applications to control citrus canker and other plant pathogens, likely will prevent the commercial development of this beneficial fungus for use in Floridas citrus pest management programs. We do not yet understand the role of these two fungi on Asian citrus psyllids in Floridas citrus groves. So far, we have identified two new natural enemies in Florida that can kill Asian citrus psyllids and gained knowledge about the basic biology of each pathogen in our laboratory studies. (University of Florida; Gainesville, FL)<br /> <br /> Several enteric bacteria isolated from the Colorado potato beetle inhibited the growth of the entomopathogens Photorhabdus temperata and Beauveria bassiana in vitro. <br /> <br /> In New Jersey, cranberry bogs are damaged by the cranberry white grub, Phyllophaga georgiana. In a series of laboratory and greenhouse experiments evaluating three entomopathogenic nematode species for control of P. georgiana, S. scarabaei was the most effective species with 76-100% control at a rate of 2.5 billion IJs/ha in the greenhouse, whereas H. zealandica and H. bacteriophora were less effective requiring 5 billion IJs/ha for acceptable control. Larval stage had no effect on H. zealandica and H. bacteriophora performance; S. scarabaei tended to be more effective against third than second instars.<br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 3: Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for urban and natural habitats.<br /> (Parwinder Grewal, chair)<br /> <br /> Sampling continued in long-term plots in central New York to document the activity of natural enemies attacking gypsy moth larvae and to document associated gypsy moth densities. In particular, the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga continues to cause infection in very low density gypsy moth populations although its now been 16 years since the last epizootic caused by E. maimaiga in that area (Cornell University)<br /> Studies of the spread of fungal and viral pathogens into newly established gypsy moth populations also continued. Field work in central Wisconsin was completed in 2007 and samples were processed toward analysis and preliminary conclusions in 2008. In central Wisconsin weve found that the gypsy moth fungus and virus keep up with gypsy moth spread; as soon as gypsy moth populations are abundant enough that larvae can be collected both pathogens are present, although low in prevalence (USDA, Forest Service; Wisconsin Dept. Natl. Res.; Univ. Wisconsin, Cornell University). After 2 years of preliminaty surveys (that were negative), E. maimaiga was released on two of the Apostle Islands late in the gypsy moth field season in 2007; the gypsy moth virus had been sprayed on these islands previously. Gypsy moth larvae were caged and field-collected during 2008. Our results have demonstrated that E. maimaiga persisted at release sites and spread to a limited extent. The virus, which was sprayed from an airplane, persisted very well and on one island, percent viral infection was very high.<br /> A graduate student in my laboratory completed his doctoral dissertation on the gypsy moth virus: effect of gypsy moth density on disease resistance, differential spread of the virus by differences in prey-processing behavior and the potential for vertical transmission of the gypsy moth virus (Cornell University).<br /> We continued a study to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of Entomophaga maimaiga activity. We are investigating the contributions of variability in site conditions, weather conditions and biotic conditions toward infection prevalence. At present, we have conducted two very intensive field seasons in central Pennsylvania (USDA Forest Service and Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY). <br /> Our studies have continued on non-woven bands containing M. anisopliae cultures for control of Asian longhorned beetle (ALB). We conducted studies evaluating interactions between imidacloprid, the major method used for ALB control by APHIS (besides detection and destruction of infested trees), and M. anisopliae. We have also continued our studies that demonstrate that M. anisopliae can be vectored from bands to ALB not walking on the bands; studies along these lines during 2008 focused on transfer of fungal conidia by mates (USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY and Stoneville, MS and Newark, DE). <br /> <br /> Multi-year field studies were concluded testing the long-term effects of application of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema scarabaei on scarab populations and the nematodes persistence. S. scarabaei provided excellent control (77-100%) within 1 month of application at 0.25 to 2.5 billion IJs/ha and particularly in the following spring at 0.1 to 2.5 billion IJs/ha (86-100%). In the next oriental beetle generation (i.e., 13 months after application) still provided good control (average of 65%) with again improved control in the following spring. Thereafter, control was unreliable.<br /> <br /> In a quarantine study with Indian hawthorn bushes, the nematode, S. riobrave, provided good but not complete control of the citrus root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus, using standard methods of application. The fungus, M. anisopliae, was not effective in controlling D. abbreviatus. Though there was not a significant difference between the nematode treatments and the combination treatment of the nematode and fungus, there is a suggestion that the two biological control agents do not work well when combined. The root mass data agree with the efficacy data in that the plants treated with S. riobrave had a greater mass than any of the other treatments. (UC Davis)<br /> <br /> From a study dealing with soils from citrus orchards in California, we developed a multiple linear regression model that explains a significant amount of the variation in efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes among soil types. We noted that much of the variation in nematode mortality may be due to the action of naturally occurring dissolved solids (salts) and other soil amendments. Further analyses suggest that in soils where sand content is low, sand content actually explains much of the variability. However, where sand content is more than about 40%, other soil factors come into play. The efficacy of nematodes increases in soils up to about 60% sand, but then drops. We believe that the drop off in nematode efficacy in soils with high sand content is due to the amount of dissolved solids in the soil, as measured by electrical conductivity (EC). If the dissolved solids are washed with water from soil that has 72% sand, nematode efficacy is greatly improved compared to native soil with the high EC level. When the citrus soil was baited with G. mellonella, we found that H. bacteriophora was isolated from a 3 orchards and an as-yet unknown species of Heterorhabditis was isolated from a fourth.<br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 4: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for veterinary and structural arthropod pests. (Co-chairs: James J. Becnel, David Oi, ARS-Gainesville)<br /> <br /> Entomopathogens evaluated against veterinary pest included viruses and microsporidia. The genomes of two diverse microsporidia from mosquitoes, Edhazardia aedis and Brachiola algerae were examined. In both species, very large intergenic regions, many transposable elements, and a low gene-density were found all in contrast to the small, model microsporidian genomes. An EST survey of the mosquito parasite Edhazardia aedis was conducted. E. aedis seems to lack the multi-gene transcripts present in other microsporidia and the first documented case of transcription of a transposable element in microsporidia is presented. The Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV), a large dsDNA virus that infects and sterilizes adult houseflies was characterized. MdSGHV tansmission within feral populations of M. domestica is believed to be mediated orally via deposition and consumption of saliva. For structural arthropod pests, seasonal and host infection effects of a second virus (SINV-2) from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta was characterized. Microsporidian fire ant pathogen Kneallhazia (=Thelohania) solenopsae was detected in fire ant parasitic flies that developed in K. solenopsae-infected S. invicta. Infected flies were also collected from the field and there was not any obvious impairment of infected flies. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema riobrave, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora), killed the subterranean termite, Heterotermes aureus, in laboratory bioassays. Steinernema carpocapsae, S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora successfully reproduced in H. aureus.<br /> <br /> Veterinary Pests<br /> The Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) is a large dsDNA virus that infects and sterilizes adult houseflies. Rapid amplification of cDNA 3'-ends (3'-RACE) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) were used to validate the transcription of putative open-reading frames (ORFs) identified in silico. Direct sequencing of 3'-RACE products revealed 78 poly (A) transcripts containing 95 of the 108 putative ORFs. An additional six ORFs, not amplified by 3'-RACE were detected by RT-PCR. Only seven of the 108 putative ORFs were not amplified by either 3'-RACE or RT-PCR. A series of 5-RACE reactions were conducted on selected ORFs that were identified by 3-RACE to be transcribed in tandem (tandem transcripts). In the majority of cases, only the downstream ORFs were detected as single transcripts and as components of the tandem transcripts. The exception was the upstream ORF MdSGHV084; this transcript was differentially transcribed as a single transcript at one dpi and /or as a tandem transcript (MdSGHV084/085) at 2 dpi. Transcriptome analysis of MdSGHV also detected splicing in the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of MdSGHV045, extensive heterogeneity in the polyadenylation signals and cleavage sites, and twenty overlapping sense-antisense transcripts.<br /> Transmission of this non-occluded, enveloped virus within feral populations of M. domestica is believed to be mediated orally via deposition and consumption of saliva, which is a composite of salivary gland secretions and crop contents. Oral treatments of newly emerged individual flies with viremic salivary gland homogenates, crop homogenates, or gradient-purified virus resulted in an average 44 ± 11% infection. Infection rates did not differ between females and males or between challenged flies that were kept individually and in groups. Using quantitative real-time PCR, MdSGHV DNA was quantified in salivary secretions and excreta obtained from viremic flies. Viral copy numbers increased exponentially until 4 dpi, and from 5-21 dpi each infected fly released an average 1.0 x 106 ± 0.2 x 106 MdSGHV copies per feeding event. Oral transmission experiments showed that the virus released via salivary secretion was infectious when ingested by newly emerged adult flies, resulting in an average 66 ± 10% infection rate. Excreta samples collected over night at 5 dpi from individual infected flies contained an average 6.5 x 105 ± 1.9 x 105 viral copies per sample but produced lw infection rates (2or 17 %) were produced when flies were challenged by oral treatments or injection, respectively. <br /> Additional studies have addressed: transcription of the virus in selected Musca domestica tissues; the genetic and phenotypic properties of MdSGHV collected from sites worldwide; the involvement of the peritrophic membrane as a barrier to infection; the transmission of MdSGHV to healthy conspecifics in cage experiments, and the influence of infection on JH regulation of vitellogenesis. (FL)<br /> Genome sequence surveys were conducted on two diverse microsporidia from mosquitoes, Brachiola algerae and Edhazardia aedis. In both species we found very large intergenic regions, many transposable elements, and a low gene-density, all in contrast to the small, model microsporidian genomes. We also find no recognizable genes that are not also found in other surveyed or sequenced microsporidian genomes. These results demonstrate that microsporidian genome architecture varies greatly between microsporidia. Much of the genome size difference could be accounted for by non-coding material, such as intergenic spaces and retrotransposons, and this suggests that the forces dictating genome size may vary across the phylum. (ARS-FL)<br /> An EST survey of the mosquito parasite Edhazardia aedis was conducted. The only other microsporidian EST project is from A. locustae, and serves as a basis for comparison with E. aedis. The spore transcriptomes of A. locustae and E. aedis were compared and the numbers of unique transcripts that belong to each COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins) category differ by at most 5%. The transcripts themselves have widely varying start sites and encode a number of proteins that have not been found in other microsporidia examined to date. However, E. aedis seems to lack the multi-gene transcripts present in A. locustae and E. cuniculi. We also present the first documented case of transcription of a transposable element in microsporidia. Although E. aedis and A. locustae are distantly related, have very disparate life cycles and contain genomes estimated to be vastly different sizes, their patterns of transcription are similar. The architecture of the ancestral microsporidian genome is unknown, but the presence of genes in E. aedis that have not been found in other microsporidia suggests that extreme genome reduction and compaction is lineage specific and not typical of all microsporidia. (ARS-FL)<br /> <br /> Structural Pests<br /> The fire ant pathogen Kneallhazia (=Thelohania) solenopsae was found in fire ant parasitic phorid flies, Pseudacteon obtusus and P. cultellatus, that developed in K. solenopsaeinfected fire ants reared in the laboratory. In addition, K. solenopsae was detected in field collected phorid flies (P. curvatus). Estimated infection rates ranged from 9-20% in the flies. Not all the flies that developed in infected ants acquired the pathogen, and there was no obvious impairment of infected flies. The ability of the flies to vector K. solenopsae to other fire ants is being investigated. (ARS-Gainesville).<br /> Solenopsis invicta virus 2 (SINV-2) is the second virus identified from the fire ant, S. invicta. Fire ant colonies testing positive for SINV-2 by RT-PCR did not exhibit any discernable symptoms. Prevalence of SINV-2 among 688 nests for two year ranged from 1.6% to 16.4%. SINV-2 was found in both monogyne and polygyne S. invicta ants. The SINV-2 infection was detected in all ant stages examined (eggs, larvae, pupae, workers, and queens). Tissue tropism studies indicated that the alimentary canal (specifically the midgut) is most likely the susceptible tissue. SINV-2 was successfully transmitted to uninfected S. invicta by feeding a partially purified homogenate of SINV-2-infected ants. The SINV-2 transmission rate ranged from 30% to 80%. (ARS-Gainesville).<br /> In laboratory bioassays Steinernema riobrave, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infected and killed the subterranean termite, Heterotermes aureus. Steinernema carpocapsae, S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora successfully reproduced in H. aureus and IJs exited the termite cadavers successfully. However, no progeny were produced by S. feltiae. IJs of S. carpocapsae formed two distinct size groups. Small S. carpocapsae IJs infect, reproduce and form normal size IJs after subsequent infection in Galleria mellonella. S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora showed a more gradual recovery in IJ size that needed 2 infection cycles in G. mellonella. In termite mortality tests, the progeny of small IJs of S. carpocapsae are comparably effective to the normal size IJs, under the conditions tested. (AZ).<br /> Participated in the construction of a pest management strategic plan (PMSP), for IPM in schools. The biocontrol section includes information on EPN use in school environments. (AZ).<br />

Publications

Becnel, J.J. & Afonso, C.L. 2008. Baculoviruses: Molecular biology of mosquito baculoviruses. Encyclopedia of Virology, 5 vols. (B.W.J. Mahy and M.H.V. Van Regenmortel, Editors). Oxford: Elsevier. (Book Chapter)<br /> <br /> Garcia-Maruniak, A., Abd-Alla, A. M. M., Salem, T. Z., Parker, A.G., Lietze,V., van Oers, M. M., Maruniak, J .E., Kim, W.,. Burand, J.P, Cousserans F., Robinson, A. S., Vlak J. M., Bergoin, M and. Boucias, D. G. 2009. Comparative analysis of two viruses that cause salivary gland hypertrophy in Glossina pallidipes and Musca domestica. J. Gen.Virol 90: 334  346.<br /> <br /> <br /> Garcia-Maruniak, A., Maruniak, J.E., Farmerie, W. , and Boucias, D. G 2008. Sequence analysis of a non-classified, non-occluded DNA virus that causes salivary gland hypertrophy of Musca domestica, MdSGHV. Virology 377:184-196.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C.J., V. Lietze, and D.G. Boucias. 2008. Seasonal prevalence and transmission of salivary gland hyperplasia virus of house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera:Muscidae). J. Med. Entomol. 45: 42-51.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gill, E. E., Becnel, J. J. & Fast, N. M. (2008). ESTs from the microsporidian Edhazardia aedis. BMC Genomics. 9:296.<br /> <br /> <br /> Green, T. A., and D. H. Gouge, eds. 2008. School IPM 2015: A Strategic Plan for Integrated Pest Management in Schools in the United States. 284 pp.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Hashimoto, Y., and S. M. Valles. 2008. Infection characteristics of Solenopsis invicta virus 2 in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. J. Invert. Pathol. 99: 136-140.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Oi, D. H., and S. M. Valles. 2008. Fire ant control with entomopathogens in the USA, pp. 237-257. In A. E. Hajek, T. R. Glare and M. O'Callaghan [eds.], Use of microbes for control and eradication of invasive arthropods. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.<br /> <br /> <br /> Oi, D. H., D. F. Williams, R. M. Pereira, P. M. Horton, T. S. Davis, A. H. Hyder, H. T. Bolton, B. C. Zeichner, S. D. Porter, A. L. Hoch, M. L. Boswell, and G. Williams. 2008. Combining biological and chemical controls for the management of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Amer. Entomol. 54: 44-53.<br /> <br /> <br /> Oi, D. H., S. M. Valles, J. A. Briano, and L. A. Calcaterra. 2009. Pseudacteon decapitating flies (Diptera: Phoridae): Are they potential vectors of the fire ant pathogens Kneallhazia (=Thelohania) solenopsae (Microsporidia: Thelohaniidae) and Vairimorpha invictae (Microsporidia: Burenellidae) Biol. Control. 48: 310-315.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pridgeon, J. W., Becnel, J. J., Clark, G. G., & Linthicum, K. J. (2008). Developmental and environmental regulation of AaeIAP1 transcript in Aedes aegypti. J. Med. Entomol. 45(6): 1071-1079.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pridgeon, J. W., Pereira, R. M., Becnel, J .J., Allan, S. A., Clark, G. G., & Linthicum, K. J. (2008). Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say to 19 Pesticides with different modes of action. J. Med. Entomol. 45(1): 82-87.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pridgeon, J. W., Zhao, L., Becnel, J. J. Clark, G. C. & Linthicum, K. J. (2008). Topically applied AaeIAP1 double-stranded RNA kills female adults of Aedes aegypti. J. Med. Entomol. 45(3): 414-420.<br /> <br /> <br /> Valles, S. M., and Y. Hashimoto. 2008. Characterization of structural proteins of Solenopsis invicta virus 1. Virus Research 136: 189-191.<br /> <br /> <br /> Valles, S. M., C. A. Strong, W. B. Hunter, P. M. Dang, R. M. Pereira, D. H. Oi, and D. F. Williams. 2008. Expressed sequence tags from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta: Annotation and utilization for discovery of viruses. J. Invert. Pathol. 99: 74-81.)<br /> <br /> <br /> Williams, B. A., Lee, R. C. H., Becnel, J. J., Weiss, L. M., Fast, N. M. & Keeling, P. J. (2008). Genome sequence surveys of Brachiola algerae and Edhazardia aedis reveal microsporidia with low gene densities. BMC Genomics. 9:200.<br /> <br /> <br /> Yu, H., D. H. Gouge, S. P. Stock, and P. B. Baker. 2008. Development of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae) in the Desert Subterranean Termite Heterotermes aureus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). J. Nematol. (in press).<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhao, L., Pridgeon, J. W., Becnel, J. J. Clark, G. C. & Linthicum, K. J. (2008). Cytochrome c gene and protein expression: developmental regulation, environmental response, and pesticide sensitivity in Aedes aegypti. J. Med. Entomol. 45(3): 401-408.<br />

Impact Statements

1. Novel research indicated that a variety of microbial control agents provide high levels of control of various economically important insect pests. Some examples (among many) include up to 90% reductions in pecan weevil due to application of beneficial nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae, and 76-100% control of the white grub, Phyllophaga georgiana, following greenhouse applications of the nematode S. scarabaei.
2. Significant advances were made in fundamental research on microbial control agents that will enhance use of these organisms in biological pest suppression. Some examples (among many) include characterization of the genomes of two diverse microsporidia from mosquitoes, Edhazardia aedis and Brachiola algerae. Selection for resistance to Bt Cry1Ac toxin in the Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea), and the discovery that entomopathogenic nematodes respond directionally to electrical current.
3. The members are involved with various cooperative grant projects from funding sources including (among many) USDA-CSREES-NRI, USDA-CSREES-PMAP, USDA-CSREES-SBIR, and NSF. Members of the group plan to cooperatively pursue additional funding projects on protection of biofuel crops and control of invasive species.

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Report Information

Participants

Lewis, Ed - University of California (Davis);
Oi, David,USDA-ARS - Gaineville, FL;
Solter, Lee -University of Illinois, Urbana, IL;
Groden, Ellie - University of Maine, Orono, ME;
Stuart, Robin - University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL;
Duncan, Larry - University of Florida, , Lake Alfred, FL;
Federici, Brian - University of California (Riverside);
Behle, Bob - USDA-ARS-Peoria, IL;
Boetel , Mark - North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND;
Shapiro-Ilan, David - USDA-ARS-Byron, GA;
Ugine, Todd - Cornell University, Ithaca, NY;
Campos Herrera, Raquel - University of Florida, , Lake Alfred, FL;
McCoy, Clay - Professor Emeritus, Univ FL; Friends of Microbes, LLC;
Boucias, Drion - University of Florida, Gainesville, FL;
Nowierski , Bob - USDA-NIFA;
Lacey, Lerry - USDA-ARS, Wapato, WA

Brief Summary of Minutes

February 21-22, 2010, Orlando, FL

Notes for the meeting recorded by Bob Behle and David Shapiro-Ilan, compiled by Bob Behle:
" Seventeen Participants convened at 8:30 AM.
" Participants were welcomed by Ed Lewis, Chair for the meeting
" Local Arrangements: Drion updated on the meeting arrangements. Registration = $40
" Meeting minutes: Bob behle will update 09 minutes and they can be posted on the website.
" Need to update the mailing list with current E-mail addresses, list was passed around.
" Other names that may be interested in participating in S-1024 were added.
" Major focus of this meeting is to set up plan for the re-write of the project plan.


Bob Nowierski - National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)

An extramural funding agency undergoing major overhaul of funding structure and specific information was provided as a handout of a Power Point presentation. New programs should be listed in March 2010. AFRI will provide funding up to $25 Million per project. CAR, RAMP, MBT are being phased out. Fate of other grant programs are unclear although Organic Ag Research and Specialty Crop Research are mandates in the Farm Bill.

Project Renewal Discussions
Final report of current project
" Identify Benefits from current project in the final report : note successes  eg. Bt transgenic crops and Bti use for mosquitoes
" Previous section Chairs should write their respective summaries.

Project Rewrite
" Ag Exp Stat Directors require good impact statements (not a laundry list)as an important portion of the write up. Bob N. has a power point to help with this part of the write-up.
" Write-up will need to be filed by September. Based on subprojects, chairs will be responsible for section
" Discussion focuses determining the basic structure of the write up, proposals include commodity based, vs organism based, etc.
o Primary Objectives
§ Annual crops = row crops, vegetables etc.
§ Perennial crops = orchards, small fruits, forage, etc
§ Natural Landscapes = Med/vet, turf, ornamental, urban, forests
" Additional discussions on sub-objectives were tabled for later in the meeting

Subproject 1 Large Acreage crops

Mark Boetel, NDSU: Working with sugar beet root maggots to integrate biocontrol and management (cover crops) for control of SBRM, previous years. Currently working on adoptable technologies, applied Ma granules (F52 microsclerotia) with or without neonicoitinoid insecticides for control. Last season was wet and delayed planting of sugar beets. Thus the plants were small when infested by SBRM and Ma did not protect the plants from damage. Chemical seed treatments did not work well either, but normal chemical controls provided the best control. Work done in cooperation with S. Jaronski (ARS). Collembola are a pest of sugar beets by killing seedlings. Flour granules seemed to attract collembola. Also have some wireworms problems, but have little effort for control.

Lerry Lacey =Potatoes used to have a large project with potato tuber moth. Evaluated the virus in the field and were encouraged and also tested with dipped potatoes in cold storage. Results were good in that worms did not transfer to other potatoes during storage.

Brian Federici. For support of Bt corn for rootworm. Supported the use of Bt for CRW control because it would reduce the application of chemicals (chlropyrifos) for control. There remain concerns for the development of HPR to Bt toxin. Movement of the CRW to Europe may help to change perception toward acceptance of transgenic crops in Europe. He also reported that about 98% of cotton grown was Bt cotton.

David Shapiro noted that research is being conducted on the use of nematodes for CRW control.

Larry Duncan (UofF) Nematode treatments per acre are priced at about $25 acre in Florida.

(Lunch Break)

Todd Ugine  Bt cotton reduced the use of pesticides and the Tarnished plant bug is considered the primary pest of cotton. J. Leland selected a Beauveria isolates to target lygus (previously). Controlling wild weed hosts reduces the initial population of lygus. Thus, evaluating temperatures vs development and reproduction showed that treating field margins in early spring (January) is the best control strategy.

Subproject 2. Ornamental, vegetable, fruit and nut crops.

Robin Stewart - For citrus, control of Diaprepes is difficult because of continual emergence that requires multiple sprays. Nematode applications have been a good biocontrol success in most soils, especially in ridge soils but not in flatwood soils. Diaprepes are not often a big problem for ridge soils where there is a diversity of nematode species. Current research is directed at the ecology of the soil. Multiple applications for controlling greening (psyllids) has helped to reduce diaprepres infestations.

Larry Duncan - Starting trees in a Sand plug for the orchard tend to favor the development of nematodes and detrimental to Diaprepes. Also weevil control is helped by adding a landscape fabric (lumite) to break the lifecycle of the pest (neonates going in and adult emergences out of the soil.) Fewer EPNs being applied for weevil control.

Raquel Campos Herrera - Has developed selective qpcr primers for distinguishing introduced vs natural nematodes. Using the information to correlate nematode populations with physical environmental conditions. New irrigation practices may be having a negative impact on EPNs. Ed suggested the reduced EPN density may result from increased nematophagous fungi.

David Shapiro-Ilan - Pecan Weevil  previously reported on treating emerging weevils, but that success was limited (60%). Now trying to control soil stage (2 year diapauses). Also applying fungus to tree trunks has some success. This misses individuals that fly to the tree and the delayed kill allows some damage before mycosis. For peach tree borer, EPN applications gave similar control as insecticide applications. This application has support of Becker Underwood. For Plum curculio that attacks the fruit, attract to sentinel trees treated with pheromone. Then treat the adults with chemical and clean up larvae with nematodes in the soil. Have also documented the attraction/repulsion of nematodes to electrical current. Also, have developed a taped cadaver to make a more user friendly version for the cadaver formulations. Trait deterioration during sub-culture remains an issue.

Lerry Lacey. Zebra stripe potatoes are the result of starch build-up in the tuber that is caused by the potato psyllid, and will report more next year. For citrus, treatments of baracade over nematodes to protect the nematodes when applied to trees. Application is made with a texture gun from home improvement. A hard to mix foam performed better than the gel application. Cadaver formulations applied with mulch provided some improved control when the soil remains moist. Worried about a new pest, clearwing apple moth, borer that will kill young apple trees. Have found some control with Beauveria. Also work with the Gassing Fungi is showing control of possible storage pests for potato and apples.

Ed Lewis Pistachio with Joe Segal. S. carpocapsae put out through irrigation will control moths from dropped nuts. After applications, free living populations have a disrupted environment for several weeks. European Earwig is killed by Sc and serve as a host for the nematode. Some species of mites and collembolan increase after applications, maybe by feeding on applied nematodes. Root growth dynamics in walnut orchard treated with S riobrave, there is a flush of root growth.

For examining nematode uses to satisfy quarantine requirements, soil potting mixes have influence on nematode efficacy. The result is to develop customized soil mixes to target potential target/beneficial agent control tactics.

Subproject 3
From Ann Hajek (see report Gypsy moth, E. miamiaga)
Todd using fungal bands for long horn borer control. He has not seen any data that demonstrates that imidacloprid injections actually kill beetles. Imidacloprid may have synergy with Ma fungi. Many additional studies are planned.

Adjourned for the day at 5:00 pm

Monday 8:00 (16 attended)

Subproject 3 (continued)

Lee Solter  Reported about a microsporidia found by D. Bruck that is highly infective/toxic to black vine weevil. Lee is doing the identification. For forestry, two of three microsporidian pathogens were released in 2008 for gypsy moth. Apparently E. miamiaga has competed successfully against the microsporidia. Hemlock wooly adlegid has microsporidia in the colonies used to develop biological controls that are released. The result is the identification of 2-3 new species of microsporidia that may be a problem for biological control efforts. Also working with bumble bees to determine if bumble bee populations are declining because of bottle necks in populations, diseases, or natural fluctuations. Have found a European microspridia in the population, but it is found everywhere. Has joined honey bee project for nosema problem to evaluate interactions among virus and microsporidia.

Subproject 4  Veterinary and Structural

David Oi - read report submitted by Jimmy Becnel. (He has joined the mosquito project NE1043). He believes that problems with fire ant colonies in the lab is a result of a virus. No such decline has been observed in the field. Fire ant microsporidia was found in decapitating phorids. Efforts continue to import Varimorpha invicta, but are having regulatory problems (from Argentina).

Brian Federici - Main focus is to make new recombinants of Bti (B. sphaericus has not been successfully genetically modified). Cost of materials to produce Bt is about 15 cents per acre treatment for production. Best recombinant is Bti bsben. Result has been the increase in the ability to produce more cry toxins per unit of fermentation. B. sphaericus (recombinant) is highly effective against many mosquitioes and has been field tested. Site A is beneficial by masking resistance development of the larvae to the toxin. Ascoviruses are widely distributed in nature, are transmitted by parasitic Hymenoptera, and are being studied in terms of evolution and relations with other viruses.

Drion  working on novel group of viruses (family Hytrosaviridae) that are active against Muscid flies. Determined that the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (or MdSGHV) is orally transmitted causing both gland hypertrophy and sterility in female flies within 48-72 h post-exposure. In nature, this relatively homogenous virus is distributed worldwide in housefly populations. Technology for the mass production of infected flies has been developed allowing for dissemination via release of infected flies or spray applications of fly homogenates.

Ellie - working with invasive European fire ant that has been found in the northeast. Looking at ecology and management including pathogens. How it defends itself against pathogens. Behavior to orient to high light and heat for disposing cadavers. Have found pathogens and nematodes apparently related to crashing colonies. Also found a new fungus that has caused mortality of ants and needs to be identified (looks like Hirsutella). Nematodes have been found as well and will require additional work. Also trying to get money to study a microsporidia found in dead ants in England.


Primary Objectives for Project Rewrite = Subproject Sections
" Annual crops = row crops, vegetables etc.
" Perennial crops = orchards, small fruits, forage, etc
" Natural Landscapes = Med/vet, turf, ornamental, urban, forests

Subproject Section Chairs
" Annuals  Mark Boetel and Bob Behle
" Perennial  Ed Lewis
" Landscapes  David Oi and Steven Arthurs

Sub Objectives: to address under each subproject
" Discovery and characterization, which includes biology and ecology
" Production application and integration (product (materials and information) development)

Cooperative Projects:
Two topics discussed for cooperative research, one proposed with no discussion.
" Invasive insects  impact of native pathogens vs emerald ash borer.
o Had support of Ellie, Lee, and possibly Ann H. and John V (not present)
" Biofuels  utilize DOE grants to determine microbial epizootics.
o Tabled till next meeting due to many unresolved issues
" Improved delivery eg baiting, fungal bands, etc. (proposed by S. Jaronski via E-mail) no discussion

New Business:
Election for Member at large: Steve Arthurs, nominated, second and votes yes.

Theme for 2011 meeting?
Molecular applications in microbial control, as a topic or theme
In Tucson, AZ
Hosted by Dawn Gouge, and Patricia Stock
Adjourned approximately 1 pm.

Accomplishments

Accomplishments (2009)<br /> SUBPROJECT 1<br /> Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for major acreage crops. [Co-Chairs: Bob Behle and Mark Boetel]<br /> <br /> Two research reports received for this subproject that covers large acreage crops (sugarbeet) and identify the cooperation of three ARS locations (Peoria, IL; Sidney, MT) and one university (North Dakota State University). Research is reported for efficacy control of sugar beet root maggot with Metarhizium anisopliae granule, and production of Metarhizium anisopliae microsclerotia by liquid fermentation. <br /> Field Efficacy:<br /> The sugarbeet root maggot (SBRM), Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder), is the key insect pest of sugarbeet in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota. This pest is also a significant threat to sugarbeet production in several western states and the Canadian province of Alberta. In 2009, a granular formulation containing Metarhizium anisopliae (F52) conidia was tested alone and in combination with the chemical seed treatment insecticides Poncho Beta (i.e., clothianidin+betacyfluthrin) and Cruiser (i.e., thiamethoxam) for control of SBRM larvae. Granules were formulated as a novel microsclerotial composition developed by ARS, and applied at either 22.5 or 33.6 kg formulated product/ha. Granule placement was achieved by using three conventional methods (i.e., band, modified in-furrow, and direct in-furrow) that are commonly used by growers to apply conventional granular chemical insecticides. Spring flooding resulted in delayed planting for this trial. Fungus granules did not provide significant levels of root maggot control or associated yield benefits, and there were no apparent impacts associated with application rate. Moreover, F52 granules did not appear to provide an additive benefit in relation to SBRM control or yield when combined with seed treatment insecticides. Efficacy could have been compromised by the extremely late planting date which resulted in plants that were atypically vulnerable to insect attack during the SBRM peak larval feeding period. The resulting short interval between application and larval activity also probably minimized or precluded optimal timing of fungus sporulation for SBRM control. <br /> (North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND and USDA-ARS, Sidney, MT)<br /> Production<br /> A process has been developed to produce sclerotia with a liquid fermentation process. This propagule is likely to provide new uses for entomopathogenic fungi. These sclerotia are adapted to soil environments and were initially tested for control of sugar beet root maggot larvae in sugar beet fields. Sclerotia are applied with the intent that the sclerotia germinates to produce conidia to infect the target insect. Initial applications will be targeted at sugar beet root maggot control. (USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL; USDA-ARS Sidney, MT)<br /> <br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 2<br /> Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for ornamental, vegetable, fruit and nut crops.<br /> [Co-Chairs: Robin Stuart & Patricia Stock]<br /> <br /> Research Accomplishments<br /> <br /> A number of successful efficacy trials indicate substantial potential for microbial control agents in peach and pecan orchards. In a pecan orchard, multiple applications of S. carpocapsae made to the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae, during the insects 2-yr life-cycle in the soil, reduced the pests survival to less than 1% (81% control relative to the untreated plots) [USDA-ARS, Byron, GA]. In a peach orchard, a two-year study indicated that a sprayable gel formulation (Barricade®) applied as a post-application covering to Steinernema carpocapsae, significantly enhanced control of the lesser peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes compared with nematodes applied alone; the combination resulted in 0 to 30% S. pictipes survival. The sprayable gel (normally used for fire protection) may have broad applicability in improving aboveground applications of entomopathogenic nematodes [USDA-ARS Byron, GA; University of Florida; University of Georgia].<br /> <br /> A new method of formulating and packaging entomopathogenic nematode-infected cadavers was developed. The infected hosts (e.g., Tenebrio molitor) are automatically wrapped in tape using a specialized packaging machine. The tape formulation protects the cadavers from rupturing and provides ease-of-handling. The formulated cadavers provided high levels of control versus the small hive beetle Aethina tumida, and the Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus [USDA-ARS, Byron, GA; USDA-ARS Stoneville, MS; Southeastern Insectaries, Inc.]. <br /> <br /> The biofumigant fungus, Muscodor albus, was efficacious for control of codling moth (CM) larvae and adults in and on stored apples [USDA-ARS, Yakima, WA]. The fungus also produced deleterious effects in the western cherry fruit fly. The potato tubermoth (PTM) granulovirus was shown to effectively control PTM in stored tubers by killing larvae in infested tubers and limiting their dispersal in refrigerated warehouse storage [USDA-ARS, Yakima, WA]. Preliminary research on the insecticidal activity of entomopathogenic fungi for control of potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, demonstrated sufficient insecticidal activity to encourage field trials for 2010 [USDA-ARS, Yakima, WA]. The research included development of bioassay techniques, effect of fungal species and stage of the psyllid on insecticidal activity. Infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae and S. carpocapsae formulated in wood flour foam or fire retardant gel were more effective for control of overwintering CM than aqueous suspensions of IJs increasing the utility of nematodes by orchardists [USDA-ARS, Yakima, WA]. <br /> <br /> Laboratory experiments tested the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae on adult Japanese beetles and adult Oriental beetles. The F52 strain was obtained from Novozymes Biologicals, Inc., Virginia. The results indicated pathogenic activity against Japanese beetle adults. Percent mortality of Japanese beetles at 11 days after exposure was 67, 81, 47, 86 and 83% for the 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10mg/100 beetles dose respectively. Oriental beetles did not exhibit similar results but mycosis was confirmed in a few Oriental beetle specimens [University of Connecticut].<br /> <br /> Laboratory experiments were conducted in sand columns and on water agar in Petri dishes to study the attraction or repellency of three species of nematophagous fungi (NF; Gamsylella gephyropaga, Myzocytium sp. and Catenaria sp.) to five species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs; Steinernema diaprepesi, Steinernema sp. glaserigroup, S. riobrave, Heterorhabditis zealandica and H. indica). EPN species were generally repelled by the trapping NF G. gephyropaga in sand, whereas on agar only S. riobrave was repelled while S. diaprepesi, Steinernema sp. glaserigroup, H. zealandica and H. indica were attracted to the fungus. With the exception of S. riobrave, the endoparasitic NF Myzocytium sp. consistently attracted EPN in sand and on agar. A second endoparasite, Catenaria sp., also tended to attract EPN in either medium. There was no evidence that EPN species which differ in susceptibility to a given fungal species also differ in whether they are attracted or repelled by the fungus. Furthermore, the different results in sand column versus agar plate assays indicate the potential importance of conducting such assays under the most naturalistic conditions possible [University of Florida].<br /> <br /> Quantitative realtime PCR (qPCR) assays were developed to detect and quantify 6 species of EPN that are naturally distributed in Florida citrus orchards (Steinernema diaprepesi, S. riobrave, Heterorhabditis indica, H. zealandica, H. floridensis, and an undescribed species in the S. glaserigroup) and an exotic species, S. glaseri. A survey of an 8ha orchard in April 2009 compared the EPN spatial patterns derived from qPCR to that obtained by baiting soil samples with Galleria mellonella larvae and to data obtained from the same site in 20002001 by baiting soil in situ with caged larvae of the root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus. The spatial patterns of EPN in the orchard were remarkably stable over nearly a decade. The qPCR assay was more effective than the Galleria baiting method for detecting EPN species composition in population mixtures and offers great potential for studying the ecology of EPN [University of Florida]. <br /> <br /> Greenhouse experiments were conducted to measure the persistence and efficacy of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) against the citrus root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus, in soils of different textures. Analysis of plant root and top weights showed highly significant main effects of soil and nematode species, and a highly significant interaction between soil type and nematode species. Soil porosity was inversely related to plant damage by weevils, whether or not EPN were present; and porosity was directly related to plant protection by EPN. Steinernema riobrave afforded protection to citrus root systems in all 3 soils and the plants often had significantly higher root weights than other EPN treatments. Root weights were greater than positive controls in pots treated with S. diaprepesi in coarse and fine sand but not in sandy loam; and Heterorhabditis indica protected root systems significantly only in coarse sand. A second experiment produced similar results except that plant protection by S. diaprepesi was greater than that by S. riobrave. The results of these experiments confirmed the hypothesis that EPN would provide greater protection of seedlings against DRW in coarse textured soil than in soils of finer texture, a pattern previously observed in nature but the mechanism for this interaction was unresolved because there was no evidence that EPN killed weevils more effectively in any soil type. Rather, less vigorous growth of the negative control seedlings in the two finer textured soils suggests that unidentified factors stressing seedlings in those soils also impaired the ability of seedlings to tolerate weevil herbivory [University of Florida.<br /> <br /> In a study dealing with soils from citrus orchards, a multiple linear regression model that explains a significant amount of the variation in efficacy among soil types was developed. Much of the variation in insect mortality may be due to the combined action of naturally occurring dissolved solids (salts) and other soil amendments along with particle size. <br /> The drop off in nematode efficacy in soils with high sand content is due to the amount of dissolved solids in the soil, as measure by electrical conductivity (EC). <br /> <br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 3<br /> Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for urban and natural landscapes.<br /> [Chair: Parwinder Grewal]<br /> <br /> Studies of the spatial ecology of the gypsy moth pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in central Pennsylvania demonstrated that the fungus was present and active at all sites but a cool wet spring resulted in synchronous epizootics in outbreak host populations across the area. Larger scale studies involving 64 sites across four mid-Atlantic states will work toward investigating factors that could help to predict whether E. maimaiga epizootics will occur. <br /> We found synergistic interactions between M. anisopliae and imidacloprid killing Asian longhorned beetle adults although imidacloprid also has some minor negative impacts on sporulation and growth of this fungus. <br /> Applied and basic research was conducted on the use of entomopathogenic nematodes. Fundamental aspects of the Heterorhabditis bacteriophora genome have been elucidated, and the susceptibility of different instars of Japanese beetle to H. bacteriophora was determined. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 4<br /> Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for medical, veterinary, and structural pests.<br /> [Co-Chairs: Jimmy Becnel & David Oi]<br /> <br /> Entomopathogens of veterinary pest included viruses, bacteria and microsporidia. Molecular and biological characteristics of the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) was compared to the tsetse fly virus from Glossina pallidipes (GpSGHV) and used to establish the taxonomic position of this unique virus group. A project to expand the current collection of MdSGHVs was initiated to examine the distribution and biological activity of the MdSGHV. Protocols were established to improve the detection of virus in field collected flies and for the mass production of viremic flies suitable for introducing virus into populations lacking this biocontrol agent. A recombinant larvicidal stain of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) referred to here as Bti/BsBin was evaluated against Anopheles gambiae. Evaluations against fourth instar larvae of An. gambiae found that Bti/BsBin was nine-fold more effective at the LC95 level than the strains of Bti and Bs used in current commercial products. Also, preliminary selection studies with the Bti/BsBin recombinant show no resistance development in An. gambiae after nine generations of selection. Complete genome sequencing for 3 diverse species of microsporidia from mosquitoes is in progress and part of a larger project to sequence a total of 12 microsporidian species with implications for human health. This information will provide a unique insight into the core set of genes that are responsible for the specialized intracellular lifestyle and development of these pathogens in these important disease vectors. For structural arthropod pests, a third virus (SINV-3) from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta was characterized. The virus is virulent and causes significant colony mortality. The microsporidian fire ant pathogen Kneallhazia (=Thelohania) solenopsae was detected in 12% of field collected fire ant parasitic flies. Thus far, there is no evidence that the flies are vectors of K. solenopsae. Pathogenicity was confirmed for a newly isolated Hirsutella sp. and insect parasitic nematodes found infecting the invasive ant Myrmica rubra in coastal Maine. Developmental studies were conducted on entomopathogenic nematodes infecting desert subterranean termites (Heterotermes aureus).<br /> Veterinary Pests: The genome size and gene content, tissue tropism beyond the salivary gland, virus transmission mode and virulence characteristics of MdSGHV has been compared to the GpSGHV. In addition, the general genome organization of SGHVs has been compared to other circular dsDNA insect viruses and to obtain phylogenetic relationships. The molecular and biological data has been compiled to describe the taxonomic position of this unique virus group. A series of experiments were conducted to quantify the levels and assess the infectivity of MdSGHV released by individual infected flies via salivation and excretion. Our experimental approach was to orally challenge individual, newly emerged healthy flies with filter-sterilized homogenates of viremic salivary glands or crops, with saliva collected from individual infected flies during one feeding event, or with excreta collected from individual viremic flies over night. In addition, crops were examined by transmission electron microscopy, and saliva and excreta samples were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR analysis to estimate the viral load in these organs. We initiated a program to expand the current collection of MdSGHVs. One goal of this research was to examine the distribution and biological activity of the MdSGHV; until recently, the only research on MdSGHV has been conducted in our laboratory on a strain isolated in 2005 from a dairy in North Florida. The house fly, a cosmopolitan and synanthropic insect, can be readily collected on all continents in areas of human activity. Protocols have been established to improve the detection of virus in field collected flies; in cohorts (one thousand flies) a single infected fly can be readily detected and amplified for analysis. Secondly protocols have been established for the mass production of viremic flies suitable for introducing virus into populations lacking this biocontrol agent. Large-scale tent studies have been conducted to examine the transmission and intergenerational persistence of this virus. (FL.)<br /> Previous studies have shown that several species of anophelines are sensitive to the Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) binary toxin (Bin toxin). Thus, we initiated studies on the efficacy and resistance management properties of our two best recombinant larvicidal stains of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) against Anopheles gambiae. Both of these strains have been genetically engineered to produce large amounts of the Bs Bin toxin. The best strain, referred to here as Bti/BsBin, produces the Bs Bin in combination with the four major endotoxins of Bti, which are Cry4A, Cry4B, Cry11A and Cyt1A. When tested against fourth instars of An. gambiae, this strain was nine-fold more effective at the LC95 level than the strains of Bti and Bs used in current commercial products. Interestingly and importantly, preliminary selection studies with the Bti/BsBin recombinant show no resistance development in An. gambiae after nine generations of selection. These results are similar to what we have observed in selection studies with the same Bti/BsBin strain against Cx. quinquefasciatus, which is known to develop high levels of resistance quickly under field conditions when only treated with B. sphaericus formulations (CA). <br /> A white paper for microbial genome sequencing was prepared by a consortium of researchers and presented to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases titled Comparative genomics of the phylum Microsporidia: defining shared and specific genes in a phylum of emerging human pathogens. This proposal proposed to sequence the complete genome of approximately 12 species of microsporidia. This proposal was approved, August 2009 and sequencing has begun with 3 species from mosquitoes selected for sequencing, specifically Anncallia algerae originally isolated from Anopheles stephensi, Vavraia culicis floridensis from Aedes albopictus and Edhazardia aedis from Aedes aegypti. Complete genome sequences for these 3 diverse species from mosquitoes will provide a unique insight into the core set of genes that are responsible for their specialized intracellular lifestyle and development in these important disease vectors (ARS-FL).<br /> Structural Pests: A multiplex PCR method was developed and used to determine the infection rate of the microsporidian pathogen of fire ants Kneallhazia solenopsae in individual parasitoid flies of fire ants, Pseudacteon curvatus, in north-central Florida. The mean K. solenopsae infection rate of P. curvatus from 4 sites in Florida, was 12.3 ± 5.0%. The K. solenopsae infection rate for P. curvatus was independent of the K. solenopsae infection rate observed among red importedfire ant, Solenopsis invicta, nests from where the fly collections took place. Of P. curvatus flies that developed in K. solenopsae -infected fire ants 24% (12/50) were positive for K. solenopsae upon eclosion. Thus far, flies have not been shown to vector K. solenopsae to other fire ants in laboratory studies. (ARS-FL)<br /> A new positive-strand, RNA virus was discovered from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, using the metagenomics approach. This virus (Solenopsis invicta virus 3) represents the third virus discovered from this invasive ant. The virus is virulent and causes significant colony mortality. (ARS-FL)<br /> Research continues on the isolation and identification of pathogens of the aggressive invasive ant, Myrmica rubra, in both its native range in Europe and introduced range in northeastern U.S. Pathogenicity was confirmed for a newly isolated Hirsutella sp. and insect parasitic nematodes found infecting M. rubra colonies in coastal Maine. Identification of these species is currently being address in collaboration with project colleagues [fungus  Humber, ARS-Ithaca; nematodes  Stock, Univ. of Arizonia]. (ME) <br /> Developmental studies were conducted on entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) infecting desert subterranean termites (Heterotermes aureus). (AZ)<br /> <br />

Publications

Abd-Alla, A. M. M., J. M. Vlak, M. Bergoin, J. E. Maruniak, A. Parker, J. P. Burand, J. A. Jehle,. & D. G. Boucias 2009. Hytrosaviridae: a proposal for classification and nomenclature of a new insect virus family. Archives of Virology 154: 909918.<br /> <br /> Adhikari, B.N., L. Chin-Yo, B. Xiaodong, T. A. Ciche, P. S. Grewal, A. R. Dillman, J. M. Chaston, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, A. L. Bilgrami, R. Gaugler, P. W. Sternberg & B. J. Adams. Transcriptional profiling of trait deterioration in the insect pathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. BMC Genomics 10: 609 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-609. <br /> <br /> Alumai, A. Grunkemeyer, M., Kovach, J., Shetlar, D. J., Cardina, J., Rimelspach, J., Clayton, S. & Grewal, P. S. 2009. Implementing integrated pest management in professional lawn care: A case study. Urban Ecosys.Published online DOI 10.1007/s11252-009-0102-2.<br /> <br /> Alumai, A. Salminen, S., Richmond, D. S. & Grewal, P. S. 2009. Comparative evaluation of aesthetic, biological, and economic effectiveness of different lawn management programs. Urban Ecosys. 12: 127-144. <br /> <br /> An, R., Sreevatsan, S. & Grewal, P. S. 2009. Comparative in-vivo gene expression of the closely related bacteria Photorhabdus temperata and Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi upon infection of the same insect host, Rhizotrogus majalis. BMC Genomics 10: 433. [PubMed] <br /> <br /> Bai, X. & Grewal, P. S. 2009. TIGERA: A new tool for Illumina gene expression reads analysis. Proceedings of the Ohio Collaborative Conference on Bioinformatics, IEEE Computer Society Press, 37-41.<br /> <br /> Bai, X., Hogenhout, S. A., Adams, B. J., Ciche, T. A., Clifton, S., Gaugler, R. Hogenhout, S., Spieth, J., Sternberg, P. W. & Grewal, P. S. 2009. Transcriptomic analysis of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora TTO1. BMC Genomics 10:2 05 [PubMed]. <br /> <br /> Bai, X., Saeb, A. T. M., Michel, A. & Grewal, P. S. 2009. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Mol. Ecol. Res. 9: 207-209.<br /> <br /> Behle, R.W., D. L. Compton, J. A. Lazlo & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan. Oil-based formulations for UV protection of Beauveria bassiana conidia. J. Econ. Entomol. (in press). <br /> <br /> Boemare, J. Vandenberg, & I. Glazer, Eds.), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp 239-269. <br /> <br /> Bussaman, P., Sobanboa, S., Grewal, P. S. & Chandrapatya, A. 2009.Pathogenicity of additional strains of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus(Entrobacteriacae) to the mushroom mite Luciaphorus pernicious (Acari:Pygmephoridae). Appl. Entomol Zool. 44: 293-299.<br /> <br /> Campos-Herrera, R., Duncan, L.W. , Stuart, R.J., El-Borai, F. & Gutierrez, C. 2009. Entomopathogenic Nematode Ecology and Biological Control in Florida Citrus Orchards. In, Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases, A. Ciancio & K. G. Mukerji, eds. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., p. 97-126.<br /> <br /> Cantrell, C., Klun, J., Pridgeon, J. W., & Becnel, J. J. 2009. Structure-activity relationship studies on the mosquito toxicity and biting deterrency of callicarpenal derivatives. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 6: 447-458. <br /> <br /> Cakmak, I., Ekmen, Z. I., M. Karagoz, S. Hazir, & H. K. Kaya. 2010.<br /> Development and reproduction of Sancassania polyphyllae (Acari: Acaridae)<br /> feeding on entomopathogenic nematodes and tissues of insect larvae.<br /> Pedobiologia in press.<br /> <br /> Cheng, Z. & Grewal, P. S. 2009. Dynamics of the soil nematode food web and nutrient pools under tall fescue lawns established on soil matrices resulting from common urban development activities. Appl. Soil. Ecol. 42: 107-117. <br /> <br /> Cheng, Z., Salminen, S. & Grewal, P. S. 2010. Effect of organic fertilizers on the greening quality, shoot and root growth, and shoot nutrient and alkaloid contents of turf-type endophytic tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea. Ann. Appl. Biol. 156: 25-37.<br /> <br /> Denton, J. S. S., Lietze, V-U., & Boucias, D.G. 2009. Host age and pathogen dosage impact cyst morphogenesis in the invertebrate pathogenic alga Helicosporidium sp. (Chlorophyta; Trebouxiophyceae). J Invertebr. Pathol. 102: 3639.<br /> <br /> Duncan, L. W. 2009. Managing nematodes in citrus orchards. In, Integrated Management of Fruit Crops and Forest Nematodes, A. Ciancio & K. G. Mukerji, eds. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., p.135-173.<br /> <br /> Ekmen, Z. I., I. Cakmak, M. Karagoz, S. Hazir, N. Ozer, & H. K. Kaya. 2010.<br /> Food preference of Sancassania polyphyllae (Acari: Acaridae): living<br /> entomopathogenic nematodes or insect tissues? Biocontrol Science and<br /> Technology, 20, 553 - 566.<br /> <br /> El-Borai, F.E. D.B. Bright, J.H. Graham, R.J. Stuart, J. Cubero, & L.W. Duncan. 2009. Differential Susceptibility of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Nematophagous Fungi from Florida Citrus Orchards. Nematology 11: 233-243.<br /> <br /> Evans, H.C., E. Groden, & J. F. Bischoff. 2010. New fungal pathogens of the red ant, Myrmica rubra, from the UK and implications for ant invasions in the USA. Mycological Research (In review).<br /> <br /> Faria, M., A. E. Hajek, & S. P. Wraight. 2009. Differential tolerance to imbibitional damage in conidia of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum. Biol. Control 51: 346-354. <br /> <br /> Federici, B. A. 2010. Recombinant bacterial larvicides for control of important mosquito vectors of disease. Pages 163-176, In Vector Biology, Ecology and Control, (P. W. Atkinson, Editor). Springer: Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York. <br /> <br /> Garcia-Maruniak, A., Abd-Alla, A. M. M., Salem, T. Z., Parker, A.G., Lietze,V., van Oers, M. M., Maruniak, J .E., Kim, W.,. Burand, J.P, Cousserans F., Robinson, A. S., Vlak J. M., Bergoin, M &. Boucias, D. G. 2009. Comparative analysis of two viruses that cause salivary gland hypertrophy in Glossina pallidipes and Musca domestica. J. Gen.Virol 90: 334  346.<br /> <br /> Goodrich-Blair, H. Clarke, D., Grewal, P. S. & Ciche, T. A. 2009. Methods in investigating nematode-bacterium-insect symbiosis. (S. P. Stock, N. Hajek, A.E., Delalibera Jr., I. 2010. Fungal pathogens as classical biological control agents against arthropods. BioControl 55: 147-158. <br /> <br /> Hu, J., Angeli, S., Schuetz, S., Luo, Y., & Hajek, A.E. 2009. Ecology and management of exotic and endemic Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Agric. For. Entomol. 11: 359-375.<br /> <br /> Jagdale, G. B., Kamoun, S. & Grewal, P. S. 2009. Entomopathogenic nematodes induce components of systemic resistance in plants: Biochemical and molecular evidence. Biol. Contr. 51: 102-109. <br /> <br /> Kaspi, R., Stevens, G., Ross, A., Hodson, A. & Lewis, EE. Foraging efficacy<br /> of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobrave. Applied Soil Ecology.<br /> In press.<br /> <br /> Karagoz, M., B. Gulcu, C. Hazir., H.K. Kaya, & S. Hazir. 2009. Biological<br /> control potential of Turkish entomopathogenic nematodes against the<br /> Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. Phytoparasitica 37: 153-159.<br /> <br /> Kroschel, J. & L. A. Lacey (eds.). 2008. Integrated Pest Management for the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)  a Potato Pest of Global Importance.. Tropical Agriculture 20, Advances in Crop Research 10. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim, Germany. 147 pp.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A., H. L. Headrick, D. R. Horton & A. Schreiber. 2010. Effect of a Granulovirus on Mortality and Dispersal of Potato Tuber Worm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Refrigerated Storage Warehouse Conditions. Biocontrol, Science and Technology 20: 437-447.<br /> <br /> Lacey L. A., D. R. Horton, D. C. Jones, H. L. Headrick, & L. G. Neven. 2009. Efficacy of the Biofumigant Fungus Muscodor albus (Ascomycota: Xylariales) for Control of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Simulated Storage Conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 102: 43-49. <br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A. & J. Kroschel. 2009. Microbial Control of the Potato Tuber Moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Fruit, Vegetable, and Cereal, Sci. Biotechnol., 3 (Special Year of the Potato Issue 1): 46-54.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A., J. Kroschel, S. P. Wraight, & M. S. Goettel. 2009. An Introduction to Microbial Control of Insect Pests of Potato, Fruit, Vegetable, and Cereal, Sci. Biotechnol., 3 (Special Year of the Potato Issue 1): 20-24.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A., F. de la Rosa, & D. R. Horton. 2009. Insecticidal activity of entomopathogenic fungi (Hypocreales) for potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae): Development of bioassay techniques, effect of fungal species and stage of the psyllid. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 19: 957  970.<br /> <br /> Lewis, E., T. Stefanovska, V. Pidlisnyuk, & H. Kaya. 2009. Current state<br /> and perspectives for using entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Kremenchug<br /> Mychailo Ostrogradskiy State Polytechnic University 4 (57): 141-145. (In<br /> Ukrainian)<br /> <br /> Lietze,V-U., Sims, K, Salem, TZ,. Geden, CJ, &. Boucias, DG. 2009. Transmission of MdSGHV among adult house flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), via salivary secretions and excreta. J. Invertebr Pathol. 101: 49-55.<br /> <br /> Meyling, N.V., & Hajek A.E. 2010. Principles from community and metapopulation ecology: application to fungal entomopathogens. BioControl 55: 39-54. <br /> <br /> Nielsen, C., A. A. Agrawal, A. E. Hajek. 2009. Ants defend aphids against lethal disease. Biol. Lett. (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0743).<br /> <br /> Oi, D. H., S. M. Valles, & J. A. Briano. 2010. Laboratory host specificity testing of the fire ant microsporidian pathogen Vairimorpha invictae (Microsporidia: Burenellidae). Biol. Control. (in press).<br /> <br /> Park, H.-W., M. Tang, Y. Sakano & B. A. Federici. 2009. Insertion of a 1.1 kb downstream region from Bacillus sphaericus 2362 into B. sphaericus 2297 decreases Bin toxin synthesis and mosquitocidal activity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75: 878-881.<br /> <br /> Porcar, M., A.-M. Grenier, B. A. Federici & Yvan Rahbe. 2009. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxins on the pea aphid, Acrythrosiphon pisum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75: 4897-4900.<br /> <br /> Power, K. T., An, R. & Grewal, P.S. 2009. Effectiveness of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora strain GPS11 applications targeted against different instars of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica. Biol. Contr. 45: 48, 232-236. <br /> <br /> Pridgeon, J. W., Becnel, J. J., Clark, G. G., & Linthicum, K. J. (2008). Developmental and environmental regulation of AaeIAP1 transcript in Aedes aegypti. J. Med. Entomol. 45(6): 1071-1079.<br /> <br /> Pridgeon, J. W., Becnel, J. J., Clark, G. G., & Linthicum, K. J. (2009). A High Throughput Screening Method to Identify Potential Pesticides for Mosquito Control. J. Med. Entomol. 46(2): 335-341.<br /> <br /> Pridgeon, J.W., Bernier, U.R., & Becnel, J.J. (2009). Toxicity comparison of eight repellents against four species of female mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 25 (2): 168-173.<br /> <br /> Prompiboon, P. V.-U. Lietze, J.S.S. Denton, C.J. Geden, T. Steenberg, & D.G. Boucias 2009. The Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus: An insect virus that globally infects and sterilizes female house flies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (in press).<br /> <br /> <br /> Ramirez, R. A. II, , D. R. Henderson, E. Riga, L. A. Lacey, & W. E. Snyder. 2009. Harmful effects of mustard green manures on entomopathogenic nematodes. Biol. Control 48: 147-154.<br /> <br /> Ramoutar, D., A. Legrand & S. Alm. 2010. (In press) Field effectiveness of Metarhizium anisopliae F52 (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) against larvae of Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in turfgrass. Journal of Entomological Science 45: 1-7.<br /> <br /> Ramoutar, D. & A. Legrand. 2007. Survey of Tiphia vernalis (Hymenoptera:Tiphiidae) a parasitoid wasp of Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in Connecticut. Florida Entomologist 90: 780-2.<br /> <br /> Ramoutar, D. 2006. Biological control options for the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman)(Coleoptera Scarabaeidae) in Connecticut: Metarhizium anisopliae, strain F52,(Metsch) Sorokin and Tiphia vernalis Rohwer (Hymenoptera, Tiphiidae). Master of Science Thesis. University of Connecticut. <br /> <br /> Salem, T. Z., A. Garcia-Maruniak, V.-U. Lietze, J. E. Maruniak, & D. G. Boucias. 2009 Analysis of transcripts from predicted ORFs of the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV). J. General Virology 90: 1270-1280.<br /> <br /> Shanley, R.P., J. Leland, M. Keena, M.M. Wheeler, & A.E. Hajek. 2009. Evaluating the virulence and longevity of non-woven fiber bands impregnated with Metarhizium anisopliae against the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biol. Control 50: 94-102.<br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan DI, Campbell JF, Lewis EE & Kim-Shapiro, D. 2009. Directional<br /> movement of steinernematid nematodes in response to electrical current.<br /> Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 100: 134-137. <br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., W. A. Gardner, T. E. Cottrell, J. Leland & R. W. Behle. 2009. Mortality and mycosis of adult Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) following application of Metarhizium anisopliae: Laboratory and field trials. J. Entomol. Sci. (in press).<br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., T. E. Cottrell, W. A. Gardner, R. W. Behle, B. Ree, & M. Harris. 2009. Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi in suppressing pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in commercial pecan orchards. Southwest. Entomol. 34: 111-120. <br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., G. N. Mbata, K. B. Nguyen, S. M. Peat, D. Blackburn & B. J. Adams. 2009. Characterization of biocontrol traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis georgiana (Kesha strain), and phylogenetic analysis of the nematode's symbiotic bacteria. Biol. Control 51: 377-387. <br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., J. A. Morales Ramos, M. G. Rojas & W. L. Tedders. Effects of a novel entomopathogenic nematodeinfected host formulation on cadaver integrity, nematode yield, and suppression of Diaprepes abbreviatus and Aethina tumida under controlled conditions. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 103: 103108..<br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., T. E. Cottrell, R. F. Mizell, D. L. Horton, B. Behle, & C. Dunlap. 2009. Efficacy of Steinernema carpocapsae for control of the lesser peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes: Improved aboveground suppression with a novel gel application. Biol. Control. (in press).<br /> <br /> Shively, J. M., G. C. Cannon, S. Heinhorst, J. A. Fuerst, D. A. Bryant, E. Gantt, J. A. Maupin-Furlow, D. Schuler, F. Pfeifer, R. Docampo, C. Dahl, J. Preiss, A. Steinbuchel, & B. A. Federici. 2009. Intracellular structures of Prokaryotes: Inclusions, compartments, and assemblages. Encyclopedia of Microbiology, pp. 404-424. Elsevier Sciences, Amsterdam.<br /> <br /> Siegert, N.W., D.G. McCullough, A.E. Hajek, J.A. Andresen. 2008. Effect of microclimatic conditions on primary transmission of the gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in Michigan. Grt. Lks. Entomol. 41: 111-128. <br /> <br /> Siegert, N.W., D.G. McCullough, R.C. Venette, A.E. Hajek, J.A. Andresen. 2009. Assessing the climatic potential for epizootics of the gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in the North Central United States. Can. J. For. Res. 39: 1958-1970.<br /> <br /> Sirjani, F., Lewis, EE & Kaya, H. 2009. Evaluation of entomopathogenic<br /> nematodes against the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera:<br /> Tephritidae). Biological Control. 48: 3; 274-280 <br /> <br /> Tiwari, S., Youngman, R., Lewis, EE & Eisenback, J. 2009. European Corn<br /> Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Stalk Tunneling on Root-Knot Nematode<br /> (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) Fitness on Corn. Journal of Economic Entomology.<br /> 102: 602-609 <br /> <br /> Valles, S. M. & Yoshifumi Hashimoto. 2009. Isolation and Characterization of Solenopsis invicta Virus 3, a New Positive-strand RNA Virus Infecting the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta. Virology 388: 354-361.<br /> <br /> Valles, S. M., D. H. Oi, & S. D. Porter. 2009. Kneallhazia (=Thelohania) solenopsae infection rate of Pseudacteon curvatus flies determined by multiplex PCR. Fla. Entomol. 92: 344-349.<br /> <br /> Wirth, M. C., W. E. Walton & B. A. Federici. 2010. Inheritance patterns, dominance, stability and allelism of resistance and cross-resistance in two colonies of Culex quinqufasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) selected with Cry endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Accepted pending revision. <br /> <br /> Wirth, M. C., W. E. Walton & B. A. Federici. 2010. Resistance to the Bacillus sphaericus Bin toxin is delayed significantly through combination with the mosquitocidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis. Environmental Microbiology. In press. <br /> <br /> Wraight, S.P., L. A. Lacey, J. T. Kabaluk, & M. S. Goettel. 2009. Potential for Microbial Biological Control of Coleopteran and Hemipteran Pests of Potato. Fruit, Vegetable, and Cereal, Sci. Biotechnol., 3 (Special Year of the Potato Issue 1): 25-38.<br /> <br /> Xue, R., Pridgeon, J. W., Becnel, J. J., & Ali, A. (2009). Fipronil as a larvicide against container-inhabiting mosquito, Aedes albopictus. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 25(2): 224-227.<br /> <br /> Yee, W.L., L.A. Lacey, & B. J. B. Bishop. 2009. Pupal mortality and adult emergence of western cherry fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) exposed to the fungus Muscodor albus (Xylariales: Xylariaceae). J. Econ. Entomol. 102: 2041-2047.<br /> <br /> Yu, H., D. H. Gouge, S. P. Stock, & P. B. Baker. 2008. Development of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae) in the Desert Subterranean Termite Heterotermes aureus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). J. Nematol. 40: 311-317.<br /> <br /> Zhao, L., Pridgeon, J. W., Becnel, J. J., Clark, G. G., & Linthicum, K. J. (2009). Identification of genes differentially expressed during heat shock treatment in Aedes aegypti. J. Med. Entomol. 46(3): 490-495.<br /> <br /> Zhao, L., Pridgeon, J. W., Becnel, J. J., Clark, G. G., & Linthicum, K. J. (2009). Mitochondrial Gene Cytochrome b Developmental and Environmental Expression in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 46(6): 1361-1369.<br />

Impact Statements

1. Significant progress was made in developing microbial control solutions for suppression of numerous pests such as (but not limited to) pecan weevil, peachtree borer, codling moth, fire ants, small hive beetle, gypsy moth, termites, potato tubermoth, citrus weevils, and white grubs. As a result of these studies, commercial applications for new target pests including pecan weevil, small hive beetle have been initiated, and enhancement of existing commercial application (such as for Diaprepes root weevil and peachtree borer) has been accomplished.
2. Novel microbial formulations or production techniques have been developed including new sprayable gel and foam formulations for entomopathogenic nematodes (that protect the organisms from harmful environmental conditions), a new form of Metarhizium anisopliae microsclerotia produced by liquid fermentation, and novel methods to apply nematode-infected cadavers.
3. Substantial advancement has also been made in elucidation of ecological parameters that affect microbial control efficacy. For example, the spatial ecology of the gypsy moth pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga was further characterized, optimum soil parameters for use of entomopathogenic nematodes were defined, and the impact of antagonists (e.g., nematophagous fungi) on entomopathogenic nematodes was investigated.
4. Finally, fundamental studies on microbial discovery and basic biology were conducted to support the development of biocontrol tactics, e.g., selective qpcr primers for distinguishing introduced vs natural nematodes were developed. A new positive-strand, RNA virus was discovered from the red imported fire ant using the metagenomics approach, and molecular and biological characteristics of the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) was compared to the tsetse fly virus from Glossina pallidipes (GpSGHV) and used to establish the taxonomic position of this unique virus group.

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Report Information

Participants

Stock, Patricia - University of Arizona; Orozco, Rousel - University of Arizona; Navarro, Patricia - University of Arizona; Federici, Brian - University of California (Riverside); Solter, Lee - University of Illinois; Chanbusarakum, Lisa - Marrone Bio Innovations; Stuart, Robin - University of Florida; Lacey, Lerry - IP International; Graesch, Julie - Becker Underwood; Brown, Andrew - Becker Underwood; Keyhani, Nemat - University of Florida; Pierce, Jeremy - Becker Underwood; Boucias, Drion - University of Florida; Groden, Ellie - University of Maine; Gouge, Dawn - University of Arizona; Leland, Jarrod - Novozymes Biologicals; Boetel, Mark - North Dakota State University; Blackburn, Dana - Brigham Young University; Russin, John - Louisiana State University; Morris, E. Erin - Cornell University; Stefanovsia, Tatyana - National University of Life and Environmental Science, Ukraine; Lewis, Ed - University of California (Davis); Pitton, Jorge - Becker Underwood; Petri, Juan Diego - Becker Underwood; Tabashnik, Bruce - University of Arizona; Shadi, Noha Abu - University of Arizona; Shapiro-llan, David - USDA-ARS (Byron, GA); Behle, Bob - USDA-ARS (Peoria, IL)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting called to order 9:00 - David Shapiro (Project Chair)
S_Temp2582 is the interim project number that gives us 2 years to submit the proposal. David had forwarded an email originating from Bob Nowierski about grant opportunities.

Patricia Stock - Local arrangements 24 paid and invited participants
Information is available in the handouts about restaurants and maps to get around Tucson. Dawn Gouge is handling registration - fee = $65.
A social gathering will be held at Gentle Bens Restaurant tonight at about 6:30.
A sign-up sheet is passing around to identify the participants.

Administrators Report: John Russin (Interim Vice-Chancellor and Director, LSU))
The revision has a temporary number that will allow this organization to continue.
NIFA proposals: Many RFP releases with a broader umbrella for topics but with no additional money. There is a move in congress to remove congressionally mandated earmarks that will affect many USDA and university projects. Another proposal will push funding back to lower levels.

Introductions by attendees:
Patricia Stock - Entomology at University of Arizona (U of A), studying entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Studying relationships and symbiotic organisms (Photorhabdus metabolites for pharmacological applications) and as model systems for interactions between pro and eukaryotes.
Rousel Orozco - U of A, Anti -microbial compounds from EPN with Patricia Stock.
Patricia Navarro - activity against Fusarium.
Brian Federici - University of California, studying recombinant bacteria to kill mosquitoes.
Lee Solter - University of Illinois, studying microsporidia of anything, classical control of gypsy moth and Diaprepes, and newer research with bumble bees.
Lisa Chanbusarakum - Marrone Bio Innovations, testing microbes from various sources for insecticidal activity.
Robin Stuart - University of Florida, Nematode lab for Diaprepes and working with food web interactions, and molecular ecology.
Lerry Lacey - ARS Retired now IP International, working to control insect pests.
Julie Graesch - Becker Underwood - working with researchers and sales to foster biological control products.
Andrew Brown - Becker Underwood (UK), Oversees field trials and academic links.
Nemat Keyhani - University of Florida, B. bassiana as a model system for molecular interactions and biorational approach to determine more suitable strains. Also studies Metarhizium.
Jeremy Pierce - Becker Underwood (UK), down-stream processing and formulation.
Drion Boucias - University of Florida, Studying a group of viruses that affect filth flies, basic biology studies. Also provides diagnostics at the university, no current applied projects.
Ellie Groden - University of Maine, Studying pathogens of invasive ants including fungi and EPNs.
Dawn Gouge - U of A, Urban entomologist consumed by consumer interest/concerns about bed bugs.
Jarrod Leland - Novozyme, Metarhizium products (Met52), and Turfal is a company acquired to market products in Brazil. Novozyme is active in world enzyme market.
Mark Boetel - North Dakota State University, Collaborates with Stefan Jaronski (not in attendance) and Bob Behle mostly on sugar beet root maggot, a pest of sugar beets in the red river valley.
Dana Blackburn - Brigham Young University, Studying trait changes in EPNs.
John Russin - Louisiana State University Ag Center, project advisor.
E. Erin Morris - Cornell University, studying symbiosis of fungus with the Sirex woodwasp.
Tatyana Stefanovsia - National University of Life and Environmental Science, Ukraine, microbiological agents in orchards and collaborates with UC Davis, Ed Lewis and Harry Kaya (not in attendance), and studying control of black vine weevil.
Ed Lewis - University of California Davis, Studying the fate of EPNs in the field and when used in the nursery industry to apply basic knowledge to develop soil recipes.
Jorge Pitton - Becker Underwood, Argentina, product manager for natural products to introduce biological product lines for Latin America (coordinates between research and field).
Juan Diego Petri - Becker Underwood, Argentina
Bruce Tabashnik - U of A (department head, guest speaker) Has post-doc positions with funding. $37,000 + benefits).
Noha Abu Shadi (student with Patricia Stock, from Egypt) EPNs from Egypt
David Shapiro-Ilan - ARS, Research on Pecan and Peach pest control specifically with EPNs and other microbes.

The annual report not available yet because not all section reports have been submitted. The report will be circulated via e-mail when complete for review and approval.

SEMINAR - Bruce Tabashnik on BT Resistance by insect pests (10:00 to 11:00 am) diamondback moth expressed resistance to Bt sprays and now have reports of resistance to GMO crops. However, thus far, proper implementation of refuges has prevented the development of resistance. Most of the presentation was directed at the pink bollworm program in Arizona.

Announcements:
Propose consideration of Florida, or Oregon, or other location for the 2012 meeting.
Bacteria/Nematode- Symbiosis: Meeting before the Society of Nematologists meeting which is scheduled for July 17-21, 2011 in Corvallis, Oregon.

Sub-Project 1 - Large Acreage Crops
Bob Behle - Working with formulations of fungal agents produced in vitro. Storage of microsclerotia at room temperature has remained viable for liquid and granule formulations for over 8 weeks. Granule formulations may be used for a variety of pest and crop situations.

Mark Boetel Met52 (Metarhizium brunneum) on corn meal granules to control sugar beet root maggot (SBRM) on sugar beets at NDSU. Fungal granules must compete against OP insecticides. The pest may cause $200/A in crop losses. Compared planting time granule applications. Showed significant yield increases by an integrated control program with seed treatments and Ma application. The experiment was conducted under moderate pest infestation levels. Fusarium solanii is still on research radar as a pathogen of SBRM. Need to check for pathogenicity of other plants associated with the typical sugar beet system. The SBRM is difficult to work with in the lab, can store larvae for up to 7 years in cold storage. Would like to find someone to work on basic research to maintain laboratory colonies.

Becker Underwood may have trouble getting nematodes to the field in sufficient quantity for large crops, but improvements are being made in production. Treatments with nematodes typically focus on high value crops. Nematodes require refrigeration. (using nematodes for palm weevil in Europe)

Nemat Keyhani - Beauveria research focuses on basic science with a background in genetics and molecular biology. Enzymes of Bb are important for infection of insects by Bb. The waxy layer on the cuticle is the first barrier to get through. Have identified lipases and cyt P450s with substrates including long chain fatty acids. Making (single and double) gene knock-outs showed a small phenotype change and suggest the lack of differences may be the result of redundant systems. Two approaches for applied virulence by expressing genes to increase toxicity to targeted hosts. First, focusing on host molecules as target of virulence, e.g., host hormones by disrupting hormone systems during infection process. Second, trying to develop a more environmentally tolerant fungal strain.

Lerry Lacey - Potatoes - Grower became interested in granular virus for potato tuber moth (PTM). Infestations in storage are a separate problem. Producers want large potatoes for French fries. Wireworms (that can feed on potatoes) have a 2 to 3 year life cycle, but are attracted to bait balls with Met52. Zebra stripe in potatoes caused by the potato psyllid in Texas is a newer project and may be controlled using Isaria and Met52 and Lecanicillium.

Sub-Project 2 - Trees, orchards, vegetables fruit and nuts.
Robin Stuart - Nematology lab focusing on citrus. Most important citrus pest is currently citrus psyllid, which vectors the bacteria that causes citrus greening. Nematode labs are struggling to get funding. Raquel Campos Herrera developed quantitative PCR techniques to determine field populations of nematodes. Soils vary across Florida with central ridge and flatwoods. Flatwoods do not drain well. H. indica tends to be better in flatwoods or have higher densities than in the central ridge soils. There are differential susceptibilities of EPNs to nematophagous fungi.

Ed Lewis - Research on citrus California is similar to Florida, focused on Diaprepes until the citrus psyllid was discovered. As yet, the greening has not been found in California. By sampling for nematodes (under pistachio trees), we found the earwigs to be susceptible to EPNs (Sc). Increases in predatory mites result from their feeding on the applied nematodes.

Dawn Gouge questions about a bug Euschistus servus with nematodes in the nut trees.

Dion Boucias - Psyllids, while looking for natural disease have identified Hirsutella citriformis as the most common pathogen, but with different phenotypes among the geographic regions sampled.

Lee Solter - Continuing to work on microsporidia isolated from Diaprepes and having problems fitting it into genealogies.

Dana Blackburn - Studying trait deterioration in EPNs and the impact of in vitro nutrition.

Jarrod Leland - granule formulation of Met52 is being produced for nurseries for BVW, mites, and thrips in the European markets along with ticks. Trying to focus on these major pests for control.

Patricia Stock - Working on H. sonorensis (EPNs) for vegetables to determine host ranges and results are encouraging because it (H. sonorensis) can tolerate low water and high temperatures while still causing pest mortality. (Roselle looking at new bacteria subspecies of P. temperata). Collaborating with Bruce Tabashnik to determine relationships of EPNs with Bt resistant pests. EPNs are more infective for Bt resistant insects indicating a fitness cost for insects with Bt resistance. For trophic level impacts, compared nutrients fed to insects for impact on EPNs. (Victoria Miranda) How does a current infection affect subsequent EPN infection attempts? Ming looked at co-evolution of nematodes with symbionts. Also have determined morphology of the nematode to be associated with bacterial association.

David Shapiro-Ilan - Working toward IPM for Plum Curculio control by using improved pheromone to attract adults and then use nematodes to clean up larvae that drop with fruit (in collaboration with Tracy Leskey et al). For pecan weevil, fungi and nematodes must withstand fungicide applications for plant pathogens. Certain Bb strains have been identified to have fungicide resistance. Nematode applications were synergistic with insecticides (Carbaryl and Cypermethrin), and Bt applications were synergistic with Carbaryl and antagonistic with Cypermethrin. Strains of Beauveria and Metarhizium are being evaluated for resistance to fungicides and have observed enhanced resistance, but with trade-offs. For peaches, fire retardant chemical retains water and reduces dehydration of nematodes when applied to trees for control of peach tree borers. Sub-culturing of nematodes results in fitness decline with added culturing. Inbred lines decline less. Indian mealmoth control for stored pests, the nematodes will consume both parasitized and healthy hosts, preferring parasitized hosts. Trait characterization and mining for active chemistries are being explored.

Sub-Project 3 - Natural Landscapes
Ed Lewis - Model demonstrated the temporal pattern for infection of hosts is related to investment of stock on Wall Street such that the first to infect a host embarks on a risky situation but with potential of greater rewards. Selection for risk takers would show a genetic component. EPNs survive well until the lipid content decreases. The lipid is determined by a magnified photo to determine optical density.

Dawn Gouge - interested in predators e.g., scorpions and black widow. Determine response of scorpions with nematodes (S. riobrave) and insecticides. Scorpions have structures to determine vibrations and movement and can determine the presence of nematodes, then begin defense behaviors. For widow spiders, nematodes have no effect. For infected prey, they do not consume the cadaver.

Lee Solter - Two species of microsporidia have been released in 10 acre forest blocks to augment the natural enemy complex of gypsy moth. Mortality was high in treatments sites due to E. maimaiga, which may be out-competing the microsporidia. In a companion study in Bulgaria, microsporidia persisted for one year after release. A three-year national survey was completed to determine pathogen prevalence in bumble bees. Dominant pathogens were the microsporidium Nosema bombi and the trypanosome Crithidia bombi. SSU rDNA gene sequences have not determined if any of the isolates are invaders from Europe. Honey bees are being evaluated to address the interactions of microsporidia, viruses and temperature differences and their effects on bee health.

Becker Underwood - Developing new technology for controlling slugs using EPN in a gel bait to attract the slugs and the EPNs will reproduce in the gel.

Erin Morris - Studying Sirex wood wasp, a pest of pine. Wood wasp injects a fungus into the tree. A nematode has been found in the southern hemisphere where it is active against the wasps, but there are many mitigating factors in the north (alternative nematode hosts that are not pest, etc.). Some unidentified nematodes have been found in Sirex. Looking to do wasp behavior work relative to the presence of choice fungal strains.

Drion Boucias - Studying chinch bug on St. Augustine grass to determine why the bug is resistant to most fungal pathogens and insecticides. Resistance appears to be a result of bacterial symbionts.

Sub-Project 4 - Structural and Medical
Brian Federici - Studying control of mosquito and black flies mainly using bacteria, more specifically by engineering Bacillus toxins. There is some engineering of Metarhizium for control of Dipteran pests . Some efforts directed at trying to kill or shorten the life span of adult mosquitoes. NIH renewal to look at the fitness costs of resistant insects. To be sensitive to the binary toxin, the insect needs to have the receptor to the binary toxin. The site A protein will effectively significantly delay resistance development. Also looking at some viruses, but believes viruses cannot compete with Bti. Bti is effective at about 0.25 lb per acre and at a cost of less than $1 fermentation ingredients. Work continues to reduce this cost by increasing production. For viruses, problems include the absence of an effective production system and the lab infection is poor at about 50%.

Nemat Keyhani - He has strains with activity against adult mosquitoes and has a Bb strain that has the ability to produce an anti-trypanosomes enzyme.

Drion Boucias - Continuing basic research of the house fly virus, which causes sterility of infected flies. The taxonomy has been accepted. Populations (world-wide) have the virus although some local populations do not have the virus. To infect a fly, oral ingestion yields 5 to 50% infection. The peritrophic membrane (PM) appears to be the major barrier that limits infection. Reducing agents used to disrupt the PM improves infection rates by the virus. Sprayed flies have higher rates of infection.

Ellie Groden - Studying the invasive European ruby ant, a serious problem in Halifax and Newfoundland and some populations outside of Seattle, on the west coast. Comparing pathogens between native and invasive ranges. Entomophilic nematodes found for two years (are not Steinernema). Did not find nematodes in samples from England. Ants were not repelled by Beauveria conidia, so fungi were used with bait stations, which reduced density of ants in about 8 weeks. In the lab, there was no significant reduction in the size of ant colonies. Also mentioned David Ois work on fire ants in the written report.

Dawn Gouge - Evaluating pesticide treatments for control of bed bugs, and using S. carpocapsae as a crack and crevice treatments provided poor control of bed bugs. Public surveys indicated an aversion to applying nematodes in homes.

Jarrod Leland - Novozymes Metarhizium formulation is active against bed bugs and commercially available for control of ticks.

David Oi - (not present) Submitted a written report on their work on Solenopsis to determine pathogens in both native and invasive ranges. Finding fewer pathogens in newly invaded areas. Variations among pathogens are being evaluated using DNA methods.

Seminar by Patricia Stock. Use of molecular biology relative to insect pathogens

Project Renewal Discussion - Led by David Shapiro-Ilan
The project re-write is on track for timely completion.
Generally, the text will be broad with med/vet and include pathogens of beneficial insects.
People will have the opportunity to comment on the full proposal.
The pre-proposal has been approved.

Joint proposals.
Related to biofuel crops (Ed Lewis), some insects are being recognized as potential problems. There is a diversity of crops, production systems and pests to select from. Proposals should go beyond pathogen surveys. It was suggested to focus on the importance of pests and to look at these environments as a haven for beneficial organisms.

Check for specialty crop funds that are distributed to states (David Shapiro-Ilan). There may be funding to target specific formulation application considerations and persistence of beneficial pathogens (may include Stefan Jaronski).

Potential outreach projects:
Techniques Book revision was suggested?
Web-based diagnostic (may be connected to SIP) as an ask the expert web site to identify diseased insects, Drion will look into potential for support by his IT department.
For establishing a depository for nematode strains (Patricia Stock). Depositories for fungi and bacteria are largely covered. We may court a corporate sponsor or establish the service via University support.

Site selection for 2012 meeting
Nominations include Florida (Sanibel Island?), Oregon and Phoenix.
Votes: Florida 11, Phoenix 1, Oregon 1
Theme: Biofuel pest management strategies proposed by Drion Boucias.
Ed Lewis may help Steven Arthurs (not in attendance) with the program concerning the biofuel topic.

Adjourn.

Accomplishments

SUBPROJECT 1: Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for major acreage crops. [Co-Chairs: Mark Boetel and Bob Behle]<br /> <br /> Four research reports were received for Subproject 1, which addresses entomopathogen research on large-acreage crops (i.e., sugarbeet and potato). Results reported for Subproject 1 and involved the cooperation of four ARS locations (Peoria, IL; Sidney, MT; Weslaco, TX; Yakima, WA) and two universities (North Dakota State University; Texas A&M University). This work involved assessments of efficacy at controlling sugar beet root maggot, potato psyllid, and wireworms with Metarhizium anisopliae granules, control of potato tuber moth with a granulosis virus, and production by liquid fermentation and formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae microsclerotia. <br /> <br /> Sugarbeet<br /> The sugarbeet root maggot (SBRM), Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder), is a major economic insect pest of sugarbeet in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota. It also is an annual threat to sugarbeet production in several western states and the Canadian province of Alberta. A field trial was conducted to evaluate a granular formulation containing Metarhizium anisopliae (MA1200) conidia for control of the SBRM. The site chosen for this experiment (Minto, ND) was selected a moderate SBRM infestation was expected in its vicinity, and a key objective of the experiment was to test the feasibility of integrated SBRM control programs under moderate SBRM pressure. MA1200 granules were tested using two application rates (i.e., 22.5 or 33.6 kg formulated product/ha), and four placement methods (i.e., band, in-furrow, modified in-furrow, and spoon). Additionally, integrated control programs, comprised of MA1200 granules combined with one of the following chemical seed treatment insecticides were also evaluated: 1) Poncho Beta (i.e., clothianidin + betacyfluthrin at 60 and 8 g a.i./100,000-seed unit) and Cruiser (i.e., thiamethoxam at 60 g a.i./seed unit). Significant reductions in SBRM root feeding injury were provided by the following alternative control tools when compared to untreated controls: 1) MA1200 granules, applied at 22.5 kg/ha using spoon placement; 2) Cruiser 5FS seed treatment; and 3) the integrated program consisting of Poncho Beta plus MA1200 granules. Combining Poncho Beta seed treatment with MA1200 granules appeared to have a slight additive benefit in root protection when compared to single applications of these tools; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Yield comparisons revealed significant increases in recoverable sucrose by using the following alternative treatments for SBRM control: 1) Cruiser 5FS seed treatment; 2) Poncho Beta seed treatment + MA1200 granules; and 3) Cruiser 5FS + MA1200 granules). All of these treatments, in addition to the stand-alone entry of Poncho Beta, also produced significant root tonnage increases over that of the untreated check. Combining MA1200 granules with Poncho Beta seed treatment produced an increase in gross revenue of $191 per acre when compared to plots protected solely by Poncho Beta seed treatment. Combining MA1200 granules with Cruiser seed treatment did not provide a significant increase in root protection, yield, or gross revenue when this integrated strategy was compared with either of its component control tools applied separately. (North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND and USDA-ARS, Sidney, MT)<br /> <br /> Potato<br /> Research was concluded on the larvicidal activity of the potato tubermoth granulovirus under field and storage conditions for control of potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella, (Zeller). In storage, the virus killed a significant portion of larvae within tubers and prevented spread of PTM larvae from infested tubers to un-infested tubers. In Weslaco Texas, our team evaluated commercial products of Isaria fumosorosea and Metarhizium anisopliae for control of the potato psyllid [Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc)], the vector of zebra chip disease in chipping potatoes. These products produced up to 77% mortality in psyllid nymphs, and significantly reduced plant damage. Research was concluded on the use of M. anisopliae in bait balls for control of wireworm pests of potato tubers in the field. The fungus killed a substantial portion of the larvae retrieved from bait balls. (USDA-ARS, Yakima, WA; USDA-ARS, Weslaco, TX; Texas A&M Agrilife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX)<br /> <br /> Fermentation Production<br /> Microscleortial production has now been documented for Metarhizium species anisopliae, brunneum, robertsii, and pingshaense; M. acridum has not yet been tested. A microsclerotia is a melanized hyphal structure that is well suited for soil application where it can produce conidia to infect the target pest. Production of microsclerotia has been successfully scaled up to 100-Liter batch size. Shelf life of vacuum-packed granules is at least one year. Technology licensing agreements are being signed by two companies. (USDA-ARS, Peoria IL and USDA-ARS, Sidney MT)<br /> <br /> Formulation<br /> Additional formulations containing Metarhizium anisopliae microsclerotia are under evaluation for storage stability and conidia production. Both liquid and granular formulations are being tested that will allow for a wider variety of target pests and application environments. Fermentation broth, as a liquid formulation, has maintained viability for over 4 months when stored under refrigeration and produced > 5 x 108 conidia per ml of broth. Clay-based granules containing microsclerotia have remained viable for over 2 months when stored at room temperature and the formulations are capable of producing 5 x 109 conidia per gram of granules on water agar and 3.5 x 109 conidia when applied to potting soil. (USDA-ARS, Peoria IL)<br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 2: Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs of ornamental, vegetable, fruit and nut crops. [Co-Chairs: Robin Stuart and Patricia Stock] <br /> Reporting: Duncan, Lacey, Legrand, Shapiro-Ilan & Lewis. <br /> <br /> A number of successful efficacy trials indicate substantial potential for microbial control agents in peach and pecan orchards. In a pecan orchard, multiple applications of S. carpocapsae made to the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae, during the insects 2-yr life-cycle in the soil, reduced the pests survival to less than 1% (81% control relative to the untreated plots) [USDA-ARS, Byron, GA]. In a peach orchard, a two-year study indicated that a sprayable gel formulation (Barricade®) applied as a post-application covering to Steinernema carpocapsae, significantly enhanced control of the lesser peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes compared with nematodes applied alone; the combination resulted in 0 to 30% S. pictipes survival. The sprayable gel (normally used for fire protection) may have broad applicability in improving aboveground applications of entomopathogenic nematodes [USDA-ARS Byron, GA; University of Florida; University of Georgia]. <br /> <br /> A new method of formulating and packaging entomopathogenic nematode-infected cadavers was developed. The infected hosts (e.g., Tenebrio molitor) are automatically wrapped in tape using a specialized packaging machine. The tape formulation protects the cadavers from rupturing and provides ease-of-handling. The formulated cadavers provided high levels of control versus the small hive beetle Aethina tumida, and the Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus [USDA-ARS, Byron, GA; USDA-ARS Stoneville, MS; Southeastern Insectaries, Inc.].<br /> <br /> The biofumigant fungus, Muscodor albus, was efficacious for control of codling moth (CM) larvae and adults in and on stored apples [USDA-ARS, Yakima, WA]. The fungus also produced deleterious effects in the western cherry fruit fly. The potato tubermoth (PTM) granulovirus was shown to effectively control PTM in stored tubers by killing larvae in infested tubers and limiting their dispersal in refrigerated warehouse storage [USDA-ARS, Yakima, WA]. Preliminary research on the insecticidal activity of entomopathogenic fungi for control of potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, demonstrated sufficient insecticidal activity to encourage field trials for 2010 [USDA-ARS, Yakima, WA]. The research included development of bioassay techniques, effect of fungal species and stage of the psyllid on insecticidal activity. Infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae and S. carpocapsae formulated in wood flour foam or fire retardant gel were more effective for control of overwintering CM than aqueous suspensions of IJs increasing the utility of nematodes by orchardists [USDA-ARS, Yakima, WA]. <br /> <br /> Laboratory experiments tested the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae on adult Japanese beetles and adult Oriental beetles. The F52 strain was obtained from Novozymes Biologicals, Inc., Virginia. The results indicated pathogenic activity against Japanese beetle adults. Percent mortality of Japanese beetles at 11 days after exposure was 67, 81, 47, 86 and 83% for the 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10mg/100 beetles dose respectively. Oriental beetles did not exhibit similar results but mycosis was confirmed in a few Oriental beetle specimens [University of Connecticut].<br /> <br /> Laboratory experiments were conducted in sand columns and on water agar in Petri dishes to study the attraction or repellency of three species of nematophagous fungi (NF; Gamsylella gephyropaga, Myzocytium sp. and Catenaria sp.) to five species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs; Steinernema diaprepesi, Steinernema sp. glaserigroup, S. riobrave, Heterorhabditis zealandica and H. indica). EPN species were generally repelled by the trapping NF G. gephyropaga in sand, whereas on agar only S. riobrave was repelled while S. diaprepesi, Steinernema sp. glaserigroup, H. zealandica and H. indica were attracted to the fungus. With the exception of S. riobrave, the endoparasitic NF Myzocytium sp. consistently attracted EPN in sand and on agar. A second endoparasite, Catenaria sp., also tended to attract EPN in either medium. There was no evidence that EPN species which differ in susceptibility to a given fungal species also differ in whether they are attracted or repelled by the fungus. Furthermore, the different results in sand column versus agar plate assays indicate the potential importance of conducting such assays under the most naturalistic conditions possible [University of Florida].<br /> <br /> Quantitative realtime PCR (qPCR) assays were developed to detect and quantify 6 species of EPN that are naturally distributed in Florida citrus orchards (Steinernema diaprepesi, S. riobrave, Heterorhabditis indica, H. zealandica, H. floridensis, and an undescribed species in the S. glaserigroup) and an exotic species, S. glaseri. A survey of an 8ha orchard in April 2009 compared the EPN spatial patterns derived from qPCR to that obtained by baiting soil samples with Galleria mellonella larvae and to data obtained from the same site in 20002001 by baiting soil in situ with caged larvae of the root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus. The spatial patterns of EPN in the orchard were remarkably stable over nearly a decade. The qPCR assay was more effective than the Galleria baiting method for detecting EPN species composition in population mixtures and offers great potential for studying the ecology of EPN [University of Florida]. <br /> <br /> Greenhouse experiments were conducted to measure the persistence and efficacy of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) against the citrus root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus, in soils of different textures. Analysis of plant root and top weights showed highly significant main effects of soil and nematode species, and a highly significant interaction between soil type and nematode species. Soil porosity was inversely related to plant damage by weevils, whether or not EPN were present; and porosity was directly related to plant protection by EPN. Steinernema riobrave afforded protection to citrus root systems in all 3 soils and the plants often had significantly higher root weights than other EPN treatments. Root weights were greater than positive controls in pots treated with S. diaprepesi in coarse and fine sand but not in sandy loam; and Heterorhabditis indica protected root systems significantly only in coarse sand. A second experiment produced similar results except that plant protection by S. diaprepesi was greater than that by S. riobrave. The results of these experiments confirmed the hypothesis that EPN would provide greater protection of seedlings against DRW in coarse textured soil than in soils of finer texture, a pattern previously observed in nature but the mechanism for this interaction was unresolved because there was no evidence that EPN killed weevils more effectively in any soil type. Rather, less vigorous growth of the negative control seedlings in the two finer textured soils suggests that unidentified factors stressing seedlings in those soils also impaired the ability of seedlings to tolerate weevil herbivory [University of Florida].<br /> <br /> Tests of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) on the European earwig suggest that the nematodes may be an effective biological control agent for this invasive arthropod pest (Univ CA, Davis). In the laboratory, the LC50 for F. auricularia was 226 S. carpocapsae /earwig and the reproductive potential was 123.54 infective juvenile nematodes/mg tissue. In a study of host recognition behavior, S. carpocapsae infective juveniles responded to earwig cuticle as strongly as they did to Galleria mellonella cuticle. We also found that earwigs exposed to S. carpocapsae cleaned and scratched their front, middle and back legs significantly more than controls (P<0.001). Coupled with previous field data, these findings lead us to suggest that F. auricularia may be a natural host for S. carpocapsae.<br /> <br /> The influence of insect cadaver desiccation on the virulence and production of insect cadavers infected with EPNs was investigated for common natural enemies of many soil-dwelling insects (Univ CA, Davis). Desiccation studies were conducted using the factitious host, Galleria mellonella and three EPN species (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae and S. riobrave). We tracked the proportion of insect cadavers producing infective juveniles (IJs), the number and virulence of IJs produced from desiccated insect cadavers, and the influence of soil water potentials on IJ production of desiccated insect cadavers. From EPN-infected insect cadavers, we observed differences in the desiccation rate among the three species, as well as apparent differences among the three species in both the proportion of insect cadavers producing IJs and IJ production per insect cadaver. Exposure of desiccated insect cadavers to water potentials greater than -2.75 kPa stimulated IJ emergence. Among the nematode species examined, H. bacteriophora exhibited lower proportions of desiccated insect cadavers producing IJs than the other two species. Desiccation significantly reduced the number of IJs produced from insect cadavers.<br /> <br /> Additionally a specific objective was to survey for the presence of native EPNs in California citrus groves and identify soil parameters that would allow us to predict EPN efficacy (Univ CA, Davis). We collected soils from 36 sites in California where citrus is produced commercially, sampled them for native nematode presence and tested the foraging efficacy (movement and host finding) of S. riobrave in these soils at three soil depths. Soil textures and physical characteristics were analyzed. We found five isolates of endemic EPNs (Heterorhabditis spp.) from southern California. Three were identified as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and two as Heterorhabditis sonorensis. S. riobraves ability to infect hosts varied among soil types and depths. We also found significant correlations between soil characteristics (texture and physical characteristics) and S. riobrave foraging efficacy. Our results and analyses can play a role in the prediction of S. riobrave success in various soil types. Perhaps more importantly, we suggest an approach to predict biological control potential based on soil characters that might be used with other insect pathogens. While soil texture is the main factor that affects EPN efficacy, we found that other parameters like organic matter level and dissolved solids are also important.<br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 3 Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for urban and natural landscapes. [Chair: Ed Lewis]<br /> <br /> Tree Defoliators<br /> Gypsy moth/Entomophaga maimaiga: Long-term studies were conducted investigating the activity of the gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in central New York State (2010 was the 19th year of sampling). Improvements to methods for counting E. maimaiga resting spores in soil were developed. Temperature and moisture levels associated with E. maimaiga resting spore germination were investigated during field studies. (Cornell)<br /> <br /> Monitoring of coleopteran colonies (Sasajiscymnus tsugae, Scymnus ningshanensis, S. sinuanodulus, Laricobius nigrinus, and L. osakensis) being reared for biological control of Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid) continues. It appears that three species of microsporidia infect S. tsugae, one of which is being described. Field collections where beetles have been released will determine whether the microsporidia have infected other species predatory on A. tsugae. (Univ. of IL, INHS; USDA-FS-Morgantown; Virginia Polytech. State Univ.; Univ. Tenn.; Univ. Kentucky; CT Ag. Expt. Stn.;Univ. Georgia; North Georgia College and State Univ.)<br /> <br /> A 2008 field release of two species of microsporidia, Vairimorpha disparis and Nosema lymantriae, was followed in 2010 with a second release in gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, populations in two sites in Northern Illinois. Entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen, killed most of the late stage L. dispar larvae in 2008 and 2009, and was again present in 2010. A late stage microsporidia-infected larva was recovered in one site in 2010. Final monitoring for establishment of the microsporidia will take place in June 2011. (Univ. of IL, INHS; USDA FS, Hamden; Illinois DNR and DOA).<br /> <br /> Borers<br /> Asian longhorned beetle/Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae): We conducted field studies in the Asian longhorned beetle-infested area in Worcester, Massachusetts with fungal bands and attractant volatiles. We also investigated a new band formulation, developed by collaborator Nina Jenkins (Penn State). A graduate student is investigating whether adult Asian longhorned beetles regulate their temperature in response to fungal infection, using our quarantine colony of beetles. An undergraduate is testing whether Asian longhorned beetle adults are attracted or repelled by fungal bands and whether this effect is influenced by a volatile + pheromone combination that is known to attract Asian longhorned beetle adults. (Cornell) <br /> Sirex noctilio/Deladenus siricidicola: Growth of this nematode, used for biological control of Sirex noctilio where it has been introduced throughout the Southern Hemisphere, is being evaluated on different strains of the white rot fungus (Amylostereum areolatum) eaten by the mycophagous form; we are investigating strains of this fungus that we have isolated from North America. We have been collecting parasitic nematodes from native siricids and are developing a molecular method for differentiating between D. siricidicola that is mass produced for control of S. noctilio and other strains and species of nematodes parasitizing species of Sirex in North America. (Cornell, University of Arizona) <br /> <br /> Entomopathogens of agriculturally important beneficial insects<br /> A nation-wide evaluation of Bombus spp. populations for presence of the microsporidium Nosema bombi was completed in 2010. Bombus pensylvanicus was the most frequently infected host species in the Midwest and B. occidentalis and B. mixtus were most frequently infected in the West. A consistently recovered single nucleotide polymorphic allele, most commonly recovered from N. bombi infecting B. pensylvanicus but also recovered from other Bombus species, suggests that a native strain of N. bombi is present in US bumble bee populations. Bombus populations were also evaluated for the presence of the protozoan, Crithidia bombi; distribution of the pathogen does not suggest introduction of an exotic species (Univ. of IL, INHS; USDA-ARS-Logan, UT)<br /> <br /> Combinations of viruses and microsporidia under different temperature regimes were investigated for their role in decline of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Results are currently being analyzed. Evaluation of the progression of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae disease in individual host insects showed that infection only occurs in midgut tissues. (Univ. of IL, INHS; Pennsylvania State Univ.; Michigan State Univ.; USDA, Weslaco; Kentucky State University; USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD)<br /> <br /> Range Insects<br /> <br /> Metarhizium brunneum (F52) and M. robertsii (DWR346) were evaluated against a mixed population of grasshoppers in replicated 0.9-hectare plots of Wyoming rangeland. Both fungi were used as emulsifiable concentrates, at the rate of 6.25x1012 conidia/ha. There were no significant treatment effects until 21 days after application at which time F52 caused a 54% reduction and DWR346 a 52% reduction in grasshopper numbers. (USDA ARS, Sidney MT and University of Wyoming).<br /> <br /> The following fungi were evaluated against Anabrus simplex (Mormon cricket) nymphs in small outdoor cages in an ungrazed pasture situation: Beauveria bassiana GHA, Metarhizium brunneum F52, and M. robertsii DWR346 and DWR356. Fungus conidia were applied ULV in vegetable oil using a novel, highly portable, simulated ULV sprayer developed by APHIS CPHST. Only DWR346 provided significant mortality (63%) and only at the rate of 3.7x1013 conidia/ha and only 28 days after treatment. In contrast, Mormon crickets moved to the lab two days after treatment suffered 50-100% mortality from mycosis by the different fungi after 14 days at 28° C.; DWR346 caused 95% kill within 6 days in the lab. These results were worse than in previous years and were associated with lower than normal temperatures (USDA ARS, Sidney MT).<br /> <br /> SUBPROJECT 4 Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for veterinary and structural arthropod pests [Chair: David Oi, ARS-Gainesville]<br /> <br /> Cooperating Agencies: AZ, CA, FL, ARS-Gainesville FL, ME).<br /> Reports submitted by Drion Boucias, Brian Federici, Dawn Gouge, Eleanor Groden, David Oi and Steven Valles.<br /> <br /> Summary<br /> <br /> Entomopathogens of veterinary and structural arthropod pest included viruses, bacteria, fungi (including microsporidia), and nematodes. For veterinary pests, research on the Hytrosavirus group has established a framework to incorporate this insect sterilizing agent into a bait for fly management. Studies have established a framework for the development of novel RNAi technologies targeting both host and viral genes via an oral delivery system. Functional studies on selected open reading frames (ORFs) of the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) will allow examination of viral morphogenesis. In addition, the replication of the MdSGHV in adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, sterilizes female flies. Resistance to the Bin toxin of Bacillus sphaericus in Culex quinquefasciatus was reduced significantly by constructing recombinants in which this toxin was engineered into strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. For structural pests, analysis of the molecular diversity at the 16S ribosomal gene of the fire ant pathogen Kneallhazia solenopsae from the several fire ant species indicated an expanded host range. Surveys of six microbes infecting fire ants from recently established S. invicta populations in several countries supported the general prediction that invasive species lose many of their natural enemies during invasion. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region of Solenopsis invicta virus 1 (SINV-1) implicated the US as the source for the recent introduction of S. invicta into Taiwan. A year-long survey of was conducted to determine the seasonality and co-occurrence of four pathogens and a group of parasitic flies in colonies of S. invicta, in north-central Florida. Behavioral response and subsequent mortality of European fire ant, Myrmica rubra, colonies were assessed after soil inoculation with Beauveria bassiana. Three novel strains of nematodes were compared for virulence to three species of termites. <br /> <br /> Veterinary Pests<br /> A major research effort on the Hytrosavirus group has established a framework to incorporate this insect sterilizing agent into a bait for fly management. Assays will be conducted in the spring/summer 2011 to test various virus/bait formulations. Secondly, our molecular studies have served as a framework for the development of novel RNAi technologies targeting both host and viral genes via an oral delivery system. This work is being conducted in collaboration with scientists at the IAEA in Seibersdorf, Austria. Functional studies on selected open reading frames (ORFs) of the MdSGHV conducted in collaboration with scientists at Wuhan University, China, have provided a framework to examine the details of viral morphogenesis. For example, ORF 86, a major structural peptide of the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV), appears to be a matrix protein that mediates the egress of nucleocapsids through the nuclear membrane and later serves as a template for acquisition of viral envelopes. Working with USDA scientists we have characterized the replication of the MdSGHV in adult Stomoxys calcitrans. This work has shown that this virus although not causing gland hypertrophy, does sterilize female flies. (FL).<br /> Resistance to the Bin toxin of Bacillus sphaericus in Culex quinquefasciatus was reduced significantly by constructing recombinants in which this toxin was engineered into strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Selection to strains containing this mixture, which included the Bin toxin and Cry11A, Cry4A, Cry4B, and Cyt1A, showed no significant resistance after 20 generations of selection. Tests of the selected mosquito strain with B. sphaericus in the absence of the B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis showed high levels of resistance, indicating the latter strain phenotypically masked resistance to B. sphaericus. (CA). <br /> <br /> Structural Pests<br /> Analysis of the molecular diversity at the 16S ribosomal gene of the fire ant pathogen Kneallhazia solenopsae in the fire ants Solenopsis invicta, S. richteri, S. geminata, and S. geminata/S. xyloni hybrids from North America, Argentina and Brazil revealed a total of twenty-two 16S haplotypes, one of which, (WD_1), was identical between S. invicta from the USA and S. geminata from southern Mexico. The 16S phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that K. solenopsae genetic lineages formed two main clades differentiated by p-distance values of 2 to 3%. This is the first empirical evidence for K. solenopsae infection of S. geminata, the tropical fire ant, and the S. geminata x S. xyloni hybrids which are in the geminata species taxonomic group and not the saevissima group where infections have typically been detected. Interestingly, infections were only found in the tropical fire ants collected from southwest North America (Texas and Mexico), and not in Florida. (ARS-FL)<br /> <br /> Extensive surveys for the presence of six microbes were conducted in recently established S. invicta populations located in California, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, and China. These microbes include Wolbachia, two microsporidia (K. solenopsae and Vairimorpha invictae) and three RNA viruses (SINV-1, -2 and -3), all of which previously have been reported in native South American populations of S. invicta. The total number of enemy species is lower in the recently invaded areas compared with both South American and USA populations. The results support the general prediction that invasive species lose many of their natural enemies during invasion. (ARS-FL)<br /> <br /> The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region of Solenopsis invicta virus 1 (SINV-1) was sequenced from 47 infected colonies of S. invicta, S. richteri, S. geminata, and S. invicta/ richteri hybrids collected from across the USA, northern Argentina, and northern Taiwan. A total of 171 nucleotide variable sites (representing 22.4% of the region amplified) were mapped across the SINV-1 RdRp alignment and no insertions or deletions were detected. Phylogenetic analysis at the nucleotide level revealed clustering of Argentinean sequences, distinct from the USA sequences. Moreover, the SINV-1 RdRp sequences derived from recently introduced populations of S. invicta from northern Taiwan resided within the multiple USA groupings implicating the USA as the source for the recent introduction of S. invicta into Taiwan. (ARS-FL).<br /> <br /> A year-long survey of was conducted to determine the seasonality and co-occurrence of four pathogens and a group of parasites in colonies of S. invicta, in north-central Florida. S. invicta colonies were examined for the presence of parasitic flies (Pseudacteon. curvatus, P. tricuspis, P. obtusus), a microsporidian pathogen (Kneallhazia solenopsae) and 3 Solenopsis invicta viruses (SINV-1, SINV-2, and SINV-3) SINV-1 and K. solenopsae infections were most prevalent among colonies during warmer periods of the year, while SINV-3 was most prevalent during the cooler periods. Pathogens were found more commonly in polygyne colonies than in monogyne colonies. The majority of monogyne colonies (>80%) were either uninfected or infected with only a single pathogen/parasite while the majority of polygyne colonies (>55%) were infected with 2 or more pathogens/parasites simultaneously. Higher pathogen/parasite prevalence among polygyne colonies is attributed to lower genetic relatedness among nestmates, increased colony longevity, and the proclivity of polygyne colonies to exchange resources. Pathogens and fly parasites were usually independently distributed among host colonies. The overall colony infection rate among the 360 colonies sampled, regardless of social form, was 60.3% (SINV-1), 8.9% (SINV-2), 10.8% (SINV-3), 22.5% (K. solenopsae), and 8.1% (Pseudacteon flies). (ARS-FL)<br /> <br /> In laboratory bioassays, we assessed the behavioral response and subsequent mortality of European fire ant, Myrmica rubra, colonies offered food surrounded by soil inoculated with Beauveria bassiana (lab grown and formulated GHA strain). Worker ants readily crossed and tunneled through fungal treated soil in order to acquire food, and colonies exposed to lab grown GHA experienced significantly greater mortality than with the formulated product, which was significantly greater than the control. Field deployment of food bait stations placed in the center of 1 m diameter Mycotrol treated areas did result in reductions in activity of ants at 8 weeks post treatment (ME). Research continues with S.P. Stock on the identification and virulence of nematodes found infecting M. rubra in Maine (ME, AZ.) <br /> <br /> Under laboratory conditions we compared three novel strains of Steinernema riobrave (3-8b, 7-12, and TP) with the 355 strain for virulence to the termites Heterotermes aureus, Reticulitermes flavipes, and Coptotermes formosanus workers. H. aureus was very susceptible to all the S. riobrave strains, and termites in all nematode treatments were dead after 4 d. The TP strain of S. riobrave caused greater mortality in R. flavipes and C. formosanus compared to the other nematode strains. Specifically, the TP strain caused 75% and 91% mortality in R. flavipes and C. formosanus, respectively, which was more than 300% and 70% higher than the mortality caused by other strains. (AZ) <br />

Publications

Abd-Alla, A., D.G. Boucias, and M. Bergoin. 2010. Hytrosaviridae. Pp. 101-119 in S. Asgari and K. Johnson (Eds.), Insect Virology. Horizon Scientific Press and Caister Academic Press, Norwich, United Kingdom.<br /> <br /> Abd-Alla, A., T. Salem, A.G. Parker, Y. Wang, J.A. Jehle, M.J.B. Vreysen, and D. Boucias. 2011. Universal primers for rapid detection of hytrosaviruses. Journal of Virological Methods 171: 280283.<br /> <br /> Adhikari, B.N., L. Chin-Yo, B. Xiaodong, T. A. Ciche, P. S. Grewal, A. R. Dillman, J. M. Chaston, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, A. L. Bilgrami, R. Gaugler, P. W. Sternberg, and B. J. Adams. Transcriptional profiling of trait deterioration in the insect pathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. BMC Genomics 10: 609 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-609.<br /> <br /> <br /> Allen, C., J. A. Briano, L. Varone, D. H. Oi, and S. M. Valles. 2010. Exploitation of a high genomic mutation rate in Solenopsis invicta virus 1 to infer demographic information about its host, Solenopsis invicta. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 105: 105-111.<br /> <br /> Ascunce, M. S., S. M. Valles, D. H. Oi, D. Shoemaker, R. Plowes, L. Gilbert, E. G. LeBrun, H. Sánchez-Arroyo, and S. Sanchez-Peña. 2010. Molecular diversity of the microsporidium Kneallhazia solenopsae reveals an expanded host range among fire ants in North America. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 105: 279-288.<br /> <br /> Behle, R. W., D. L. Compton, J.A. Kenar, and D. I. Shapiro-Ilan. 2011. Improving formulations for biopesticides: Enhancing ultraviolet protection for beneficial microbes. Journal of ASTM International. 8(1):137:157.<br /> <br /> Behle, R.W., D. L. Compton, J. A. Lazlo, and D. I. Shapiro-Ilan. Oil-based formulations for UV protection of Beauveria bassiana conidia. J. Econ. Entomol. 102(5): 1759-1766.<br /> <br /> <br /> Cameron, S.A., Lozier, J.D., Strange, J.P., Koch, J.B., Cordes, N., Solter, L.F., Griswold, T.L. 2010. Recent widespread decline of some North American bumble bees: Current status and causal factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108 (2): 662-667.<br /> <br /> Campos-Herrera, R., L.W. Duncan, R.J. Stuart, F. El-Borai, and C. Gutierrez. 2009. Entomopathogenic Nematode Ecology and Biological Control in Florida Citrus Orchards. In, Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases, A. Ciancio & K. G. Mukerji, eds. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., p. 97-126.<br /> <br /> Campos-Herrera, R., E. Johnson, F. K. ElBorai, R. J. Stuart, J. H. Graham, and L. W. Duncan. 2010. Long-term stability of entomopathogenic nematode spatial patterns measured by sentinel insects and real-time PCR assays. Annals of Applied Biology 158 (1): 55-68.<br /> <br /> Duncan, L. W. 2009. Managing nematodes in citrus orchards. In, Integrated Management of Fruit Crops and Forest Nematodes, A. Ciancio & K. G. Mukerji, eds. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., p.135-173.<br /> <br /> Dunkel, F. V., S. T. Jaronski, S. U. Meiler, C. W. Sedlak, and K.D. La Veaux-Veo. 2010. Effect of steam-distilled shoot extract of Mexican Marigold, Tagetes minuta (Asterales: Asteraceae), and entomopathogenic fungi on diapausing Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder). Environ. Entomol. 39: 979-988.<br /> <br /> El-Borai, F. E., D. B. Bright, J. H. Graham, R. J. Stuart, J. Cubero, and L. W. Duncan. 2009. Differential Susceptibility of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Nematophagous Fungi from Florida Citrus Orchards. Nematology 11: 233-243.<br /> <br /> Evans, H. C., E. Groden, and J. F. Bischoff. 2010. New fungal pathogens of the red ant, Myrmica rubra, from the UK and implications for ant invasions in the USA. Fungal Biology 114: 451-466.<br /> <br /> Faria, M., J. H. Hotchkiss, A. E. Hajek, and S. P. Wraight. 2010. Debilitation in conidia of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae and implication with respect to viability determinations and mycopesticide quality assessments. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 105: 74-83.<br /> <br /> <br /> Federici, B. A. 2010. Recombinant bacterial larvicides for control of important mosquito vectors of disease. In Vector Biology, Ecology and Control, pp 163-176, (P. W. Atkinson, Editor). Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York.<br /> <br /> Foster, R. N., S. T. Jaronski, K. C. Reuter, R. Schlothauer, and L. R. Black. 2010. Explaining mycoinsecticide activity: Poor performance of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in spray and bait formulations for potential use against Mormon cricket. J. Orthoptera Res. [in press]<br /> <br /> Hajek, A. E., and I. Delalibera, Jr. 2010. Fungal pathogens as classical biological control agents against arthropods. BioControl 55:147-158. <br /> Hajek, A.E., and R. C. Plymale. 2010. Variability in azygospore production among Entomophaga maimaiga isolates. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 104: 157-159.<br /> <br /> Hajek, A. E., and P. C. Tobin. 2010. Micro-managing arthropod invasions: Eradication and control of invasive arthropods with microbes. Biol. Invasions 12: 2895-2912. <br /> <br /> Hodson, A., M. Moore, L. Wu, and E. Lewis. European Earwig (Forficula auricularia) as a novel host for the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. In press.<br /> <br /> Jackson, M. A., C. A. Dunlap, and S. T. Jaronski. 2010. Ecological considerations in producing and formulating fungal entomopathogens for use in insect biocontrol. Biocontrol, 55(1), 129-145.<br /> <br /> Kaspi, R., A. Ross, A. Hodson, G. Stevens, H. Kaya, and E. Lewis. 2010. Foraging efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobrave in different soil types from California citrus groves. Applied Soil Ecology. 45: 243:253.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kroschel, J., and L. A. Lacey (eds.). 2008. Integrated pest management for the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)  a potato pest of global importance. Tropical Agriculture 20, Advances in Crop Research 10. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim, Germany. 147 pp.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A., H. L. Headrick, D. R. Horton, and A. Schreiber. 2010. Effect of a granulovirus on mortality and dispersal of potato tuber worm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in refrigerated storage warehouse conditions. Biocontrol Sci. and Technol. 20: 437-447.<br /> <br /> Lacey L. A., D. R. Horton, D. C. Jones, H. L. Headrick, and L. G. Neven. 2009. Efficacy of the biofumigant fungus Muscodor albus (Ascomycota: Xylariales) for control of codling coth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in simulated storage conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 102: 43-49.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A., and J. Kroschel. 2009. Microbial control of the potato tuber moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Fruit, Vegetable, and Cereal, Sci. Biotechnol., 3 (Special Year of the Potato Issue 1): 46-54.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L.A., J. Kroschel, S. P. Wraight, and M. S. Goettel. 2009. An introduction to microbial control of insect pests of potato. Fruit, Vegetable, and Cereal, Sci. Biotechnol., 3 (Special Year of the Potato Issue 1): 20-24.<br /> <br /> Lacey, L. A., F. de la Rosa, and D. R. Horton. 2009. Insecticidal activity of entomopathogenic fungi (Hypocreales) for potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae): Development of bioassay techniques, effect of fungal species and stage of the psyllid. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 19: 957-970.<br /> <br /> Lietze, V.-U., A. M. M. Abd-Alla, M. J. B. Vreysen, C. J. Geden, and D. G. Boucias. 2011. Salivary gland hypertrophy viruses (SGHVs): a novel group of insect pathogenic viruses. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 56: 63-80.<br /> <br /> Lietze,V.-U., T. Z. Salem, P. Prompiboon, and D.G. Boucias. 2011. Tissue tropism of the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus. 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Impact Statements

1. Significant progress was made in developing microbial control solutions for suppression of numerous pests such as (but not limited to) sugarbeet root maggot, potato tubermoth, codling moth, lesser peachtree borer, pecan weevil, European earwig, gypsy moth, Asian longhorned beetle, citrus root weevils, and grasshoppers. As a result of these studies, commercial applications for new target pests have been initiated, and enhancement of existing commercial application has been accomplished.
2. Novel microbial formulations or production techniques have been developed including a sprayable gel (that protect the organisms from harmful environmental conditions), advanced scale-up production and shelf-life studies on a new form of Metarhizium anisopliae (microsclerotia) produced by liquid fermentation, and novel methods to apply nematode-infected cadavers (e.g., using partial desiccation to improve ease of handling). These developments facilitate broader use of safe bio-pesticides in agriculture.
3. Substantial advancement has also been made in elucidation of ecological parameters that affect microbial control efficacy. For example, quantitative realtime PCR (qPCR) assays were developed to detect and quantify naturally occurring entomopathogenic nematodes. Additionally, a nation-wide evaluation of Bombus spp. populations was conducted to determine the presence of the microsporidium diseases. These studies contribute substantially to understanding the distribution of naturally occurring entomopathogens that aid in suppressing pest populations, and also elucidate the ecology of entomopathogens that impact beneficial organisms (e.g., pollinators).
4. Finally, fundamental studies on microbial genetics and basic biology were conducted to support the development of biocontrol tactics, e.g., development of a framework for novel RNAi technologies targeting both host and viral genes via an oral delivery system, functional studies on selected open reading frames (ORFs) of the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV), reduction of resistance to the Bin toxin of Bacillus sphaericus in Culex quinquefasciatus through the construction of recombinants in which this toxin was engineered into strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and analysis of the molecular diversity at the 16S ribosomal gene of the fire ant pathogen Kneallhazia solenopsae.

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