S1005: Sources, Dispersal and Management of Stable Flies on Grazing Beef and Dairy Cattle (S274)

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[03/20/2003] [03/06/2003] [02/04/2004] [02/15/2005] [05/07/2007]

Date of Annual Report: 03/20/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/05/2003 - 01/06/2003
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2002 - 12/01/2002

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 03/06/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/06/2003 - 01/07/2003
Period the Report Covers: 02/01/2002 - 01/01/2003

Participants

Broce, Alberto (abroce@oznet.ksu.edu) - Kansas State University;
Butler, Jerry (jfb@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu) - University of Florida;
Campbell, Jack (jcambell1@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska;
Cilek, James (cilek_J@popmail.firn.edu) - Florida A & M University;
Dobson, Stephen (sdobson@uky.edu) - University of Kentucky;
Foil, Lane (lfoil@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University;
Geden, Chris (cgeden@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - USDA, ARS, CMAVE;
Gerhardt, Reid (rgerhard@utk.edu) - University of Tennessee;
Hinkle, Nancy (nhinkle@arches.uga.edu) - University of Georgia;
Hogsette, Jerry (jhogsette@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - USDA, ARS, CMAVE;
Kaufman, Phillip (pek4@cornell.edu) - Cornell University;
Knapp, Fred (fknapp@uky.edu) - University of Kentucky;
Macedo, Paula (pmacedo@unlserve.unl.edu) - University of Nebraska;
McKay, Tanja (tmcKay@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas;
Meyer, Rick (hmeyer@reeusda.gov) - USDA, CSREES;
Moon, Roger (rdmoon@umn.edu) - University of Minnesota;
Schuster, Greta (gschuster@mail.wtamu.edu) - West Texas A&M University;
Sheppard, Craig (sheppard@tifton.uga.edu) - University of Georgia;
Steelman, Dayton (dsteelm@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas;
Szalanski, Allen (aszalan@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas;
Talley, Justin () - West Texas A&M University;
Taylor, David (dtaylor1@unl.edu) - USDA, ARS, MLIRU
Watson, Wes (wes_watson@ncsu.edu) - North Carolina State University;
Williams, Ralph (rew@purdue.edu) - Purdue University;
Zurek, Ludek (lzurek@ksu.edu) - Kansas State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes of Multi-State Project S-1005 Meeting

January 6-7, 2003

Cook Conference Center and Hotel

Louisiana State University

Baton Rouge, LA

1. Meeting was called to order about 3:30 PM, Monday, January 6, by Dave Taylor, Program Chairman. It was announced that Dr. Elson Shields, who has worked extensively with insect dispersal with meteorological conditions, was visiting and would give his presentation first before the group became involved in internal projects.

2. Dr. Shields, who has never worked with stable flies, gave an interesting presentation on past dispersal projects with crop pests. He described pest dispersal and showed examples of weather systems that moved them from one place to another. He hypothesized about movement of stable flies and showed representative weather scenarios that might support movement from on place to another. The talk was well received and was definitely food for thought.

3. Next, Alberto Broce discussed projects he and associates had done as part of Objective 3. Part 1: Source Reduction. Work involved the use of hay rings to minimize stable fly breeding in hay residues. Larval production in residues was from 1,000 to 7,000/m2 when no rings were used. Better control with single rings and best control with double rings. A new approach is to look at round bale feeding as a pollutant point source.

4. On Tuesday, January 7, 2003, after announcements, Lane Foil talked about work done with Nzi traps for stable fly management under Objective 3, Part 2: Traps and Insecticides. Nzi captures about 30% of flies attracted. It is unidirectional. Foil discussed catch containers, fly behavior and trap efficacy, and target studies in Louisiana. Targets attract ca. 350 stable flies/hr; flies stay on targets. Ca. 1,335 stable flies /hr killed in tests in Mexico. Targets attract more males that females. Placement not well defined; ground-level traps.

5. Jerry Hogsette led the discussion on Objective 1: Identify, characterize and rank developmental habitats of stable flies and assess their overwintering success in those habitats. Work was not begun because a sampling was not developed. When the group left the Griffin, GA, meeting in 2002, it was asserted that untrained labor could be used to sample areas 1 mile in diameter to assess which habitats are being used for development of immature stable flies. Hogsette contended that this was not possible because of the large area involved and because untrained labor would result in erroneous results. It was agreed that smaller areas could be used and that a sampling plan would be circulated in time to begin sampling in the spring. Roger Moon discussed the use of habitats, particularly rolled hay habitats, to assess the ability of stable flies to overwinter. Moon recruited several cooperators to work on an overwintering project.

6. Roger Moon led discussion on Objective 2 Assess dispersal by stable flies..., Part 1: Local Dispersal. Discussion of project in June, 2002, in Meade, NE. No marked flies were recovered until habitats were marked. Measured diffusion of young, marked flies. Need to know more about adult fly activity over time in lab before doing more marked-release studies.

7. Dave Taylor led the discussion on Objective 2, Part 2: Regional Dispersal. Received stable flies from GA, FL, NY, MN, and other locations. No differences in populations based on DNA Markers. Allen Szalanski stated that 3 markers had been developed and that micro-satellite markers were being developed. There was a need to verify that alcohol is suitable for specimen preservation.

8. Jack Campbell added as part of Objective 3, Part 2: Traps and Insecticides, that Nebraska had the lowest rainfall in 100 years resulting in fewer stable flies than usual on traps.

9. Alberto Broce led the discussion on Objective 3 To develop sustainable control tactics and management strategies that would be practical for use by producers, Part 1 Source Reduction. Proposal written to evaluate several methods to manage flies in hay residues, including double-ring feeders and clean-up procedures. Soil pH modifier, e.g. gypsum, did not alter stable fly development. Wes Watson added that lime hydrate produced a very temporary pH shift. Allen Szalanski used nematodes to reduce stable flies in hay residues.

10. Lane Foil led the discussion on Objective 3, Part 2: Traps and Insecticides. Foil and Campbell tried vapona and permethrin sprayed daily on the legs of cattle. Did not reduce stable fly numbers. Campbell stated cattle were also tagged for horn fly control. Automatic spray was modified with more spray nozzles at lowers levels to cover legs. Each spray burst = ca. 30ml. Jerry Butler made improved counts on Sonic Web traps plus CO2. Geraniol kept stable flies off of Sonic Web Traps. Feeding rates with application of various repellents, essential oils not so good; fire ant safe - good, 4 hours, 100%. Activity needs to be extended.

11. Roger Moon and Chris Geden reported that for Objective 3, Part 3: Biological Control, there was no additional information to report. Tests were continuing with foreign species collected by Moon.

12. Steve Dobson reported on Objective 3, Part 4: Wolbachia. Attempted to characterize Wolbachia infection, but nothing found in Kentucky. Transfection - moving Wolbachia into stable flies. Positive control is Drosophila. Improving technique with Drosophila; will try with stable flies in 2003. Basic model with Wolbachia infectivity being developed. Migration rate important to release strategies. Spatial features being incorporated into model.

13. Future Planning: Regional Dispersal - AFLP technique, Satellite markers. Source Reduction - Work will be done if proposal is not funded. Traps and Insecticides - Targets and Nzi traps. Biocontrol - Roger Moon: No more foreign exploration; send specimens to Dave Taylor in alcohol. Wolbachia - Attempt to inject Wolbachia into stable flies; specialize model for stable flies; Roger Moon will visit with Steve Dobson. Roger Moon - Analysis of seasonality of stable flies in various locations.

14. Next meeting: Orlando area, either January 8-9, 2003, or January 12-13, 2003.

15. Adjourn, Tuesday, January 7, 2003, at ca. 11:30 AM.

Respectfully submitted,

Jerry Hogsette

2003 Secretary

Multi-State Project S-1005

Accomplishments

Objective 1. Identify, characterize and rank developmental habitats of stable flies and assess their over wintering success in those habitats Group Leader Jerry Hogsette, USDA, ARS, CMAVE Jerry Hogsette led the discussion on Objective 1. Work was not begun because a sampling protocol was not developed. When the group left the Griffin, GA, meeting in 2002, it was asserted that untrained labor could be used to sample areas 1 mile in diameter to assess which habitats are being used for development of immature stable flies. Hogsette contended that this was not possible because of the large area involved and because untrained labor would result in erroneous results. It was agreed that smaller areas could be used and that a sampling plan would be circulated in time to begin sampling in the spring. Roger Moon discussed the use of habitats, particularly rolled hay habitats, to assess the ability of stable flies to over winter. Moon recruited several cooperators to work on an over wintering project. Objective 2 Assess dispersal by stable flies on local and regional scales Part 1: Local Dispersal. Group leader Roger Moon, University of Minnesota Roger Moon led discussion on Objective 2, Part 1. Discussion of June, 2002, project in Mead, NE. No marked flies were recovered until habitats were marked. Measured diffusion of young, marked flies. Need to know more about adult fly activity over time in lab before doing more mark-release studies. Stable fly populations were monitored with Alsynite traps at U. Nebraska (Sand Hills), Cornell, U. Tennessee, ARS-Lincoln and U. Kentucky. U. Tennessee. E. coli O157 was isolated from 10% of dairy cattle in March and April and 26% in July. Three weeks later 20% of the house fly pools at the same dairy were positive for E. coli O157. O157 was isolated from 18/240 fecal samples (7.5%) and 2/56 house fly pools (3.6%) for the period June through August 2002. No O157 has been isolated from stable flies this year. USDA-ARS Lincoln. In cooperation with Roger Moon, Alberto Broce, and Jack Campbell ARS Lincoln hosted a local dispersal study using Alsynite self-marking stations and sticky traps. The marking stations were placed in the middle of a series of traps placed < mile apart along the North - South and East - West Axes. Traps extended 2 miles from the center in each direction. Collections were made before sunrise each day. Marking stations were set up 18 June and collections continued through 27 June. The self marking aspect of the study failed. No self marked flies were recaptured after 3 days of collections. A breeding site approximately = mile WSW from marking stations and center of grid was marked with fluorescent powder on 21 June. 578 marked stable flies were collected and physiologically age-graded. However, total collections could not be correlated with temperature, wind speed or solar radiation. R2 values for proximity to breeding sites, pastured cattle and confined cattle were low (< 0.22). Objective 2 Assess dispersal by stable flies on local and regional scales Part 2: Regional Dispersal. Group leader David Taylor, USDA-ARS, Lincoln Dave Taylor led the discussion on Objective 2, Part 2. He received stable flies from GA, FL (Gainesville & Panama City), NY, and MN. No differences in populations based on DNA Markers. Allen Szalanski stated that 3 markers had been developed and that micro-satellite markers were being developed. There was a need to verify that alcohol preservation is suitable for micro-satellite analysis. U Ark. The complete DNA sequence of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase II gene from house fly, Musca domestica, face fly, Musca autumnalis, stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, horn fly, Haematobia irritans, and black garbage fly, Hydrotaea aenescens, was completed. Objective 3. To develop sustainable control tactics and management strategies that would be practical for use by producers. Part 1. Source Reduction, Group Leader Alberto Broce, Kansas State University Alberto Broce led the discussion on Objective 3 Part 1. A proposal was written to evaluate several methods to manage flies in hay residues, including double-ring feeders and clean-up procedures. Larval production in residues was from 1,000 to 7,000/m2 when no rings were used. Better control with single rings and best control with double rings. Soil pH modifier, e.g. gypsum, did not alter stable fly development. Wes Watson added that lime hydrate produced a very temporary pH shift. Allen Szalanski used nematodes to reduce stable flies in hay residues. A new approach is to look at round bale feeding as a pollutant point source. Kansas State U. Because producers are more likely to implement a chemical control over a cultural method (sanitation or waste reduction), evaluations were made of various chemicals used as soil pH amenders as to their efficacy in preventing stable fly larval development: Gypsum, zoolite, lime and fly ash (from a coal-burning power station) were applied to the surface of core samples of the hay-manure medium at the winter hay feeding sites. The pH of the control remained about 7.3, whereas pH of the gypsum, zoolite and fly ash treatments fluctuated about the 7.3 value, but not significantly; pH did not change in relation to the level of treatment. The survival of stable fly larvae in these treatments was essentially the same as that of the control. The pH of the lime treatments changed significantly, to 7.6 7.8 in the lower and to 9.3 in the highest treatment rate; but even this high shift in pH did not affect the larval survival. Future studies should concentrate in evaluating hay feeding techniques that might reduce the amount of wasted material and in the efficacy of sanitation on the production of stable flies in round bale feeding sites in pastures. Objective 3. To develop sustainable control tactics and management strategies that would be practical for use by producers. Part 2. Traps and Insecticides. Group Leaders Lane Foil, Louisiana State University & Jack Campbell, University of Nebraska Lincoln Lane Foil led the discussion on Objective 3, Part 2. Foil and Campbell tried vapona and permethrin sprayed daily on the legs of cattle. Did not reduce stable fly numbers. Campbell stated cattle were also tagged for horn fly control. Automatic spray was modified with more spray nozzles at lowers levels to cover legs. Each spray burst = ca. 30ml. Jerry Butler made improved counts on Sonic Web traps plus CO2. Geraniol kept stable flies off of Sonic Web Traps. Feeding rates with application of various repellents, essential oils not so good; fire ant safe - good, 4 hours, 100%. Activity needs to be extended. On Tuesday, January 7, 2003, after announcements, Lane Foil talked about work done with Nzi traps for stable fly management under Objective 3, Part 2: Traps and Insecticides. Nzi captures about 30% of flies attracted. It is unidirectional. Foil discussed catch containers, fly behavior and trap efficacy, and target studies in Louisiana. Targets attract ca. 350 stable flies/hr; flies stay on targets. Ca. 1,335 stable flies /hr killed in tests in Mexico. Targets attract more males that females. Placement not well defined; ground-level traps. Cornell. An evaluation of the Epps Trap, a recently developed biting fly-trap, was conducted across central NY. This trap has proven effective at capturing large numbers of horse flies in more southern areas. Based on studies in 2001 that documented promising numbers of stable flies we again evaluated the Epps Trap in 2002. Few stable flies were recovered from traps. U. Florida. Objective: to develop and improve fly trap systems for the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans. Fly trapping systems using heart beat sound activated traps (Sonic Web) were evaluated in late 2001 to determine if the addition of C02 and selected attractants would improve the catch rates. C02 at 1000 ml/min and the addition of Musk 781 showed the greatest increase in catch of the materials tested. The trap its self was shown to be an effective stable fly attractant system. New stable fly repellent trials were conducted to evaluate natural oils for repelling flies from animals and in an Olfactometer. Oeraniol and geraniol nerol treatments on artificial skin in the Olfactometer were the most significantly effective at 86% control for up to 8 hours. This control was equal to earlier formulations supplied for on cattle testing in both Nebraska and Louisiana. Others will report the results of those tests. Objective 3. To develop sustainable control tactics and management strategies that would be practical for use by producers. Part 3: Biological Control Group Leaders Roger Moon, University of Minnesota & Chris Geden - USDA, ARS, CMAVE Roger Moon and Chris Geden reported for Objective 3, Part 3. There was no additional information to report. This topic was covered in the S-1006 meeting. Tests were continuing with foreign species collected by Moon. U. Arkansas. Steinernema feltiae strain SN was evaluated for control of stable fly larvae in round bale feeding residue. Throughout the post-treatment period, the average number of emerging stable flies was 13.9 and 6.7 for the control and treated areas, respectively. USDA-ARS Lincoln. Samples of Spalangia endius, cameroni and nigroaenea from Russia and Kazakhstan were compared to wasps from Minnesota, Nebraska and Florida. Spalangia drosophiliae, gemina and nigra were also examined. Although some variation was observed, S. endius and S. cameroni from Europe and Asia are very similar to their conspecifics in the United States. Spalangia nigroaenea from Russia and Kazakhstan were very different from Nebraskan S. nigroaenea. The ITS-1 amplicon was highly differentiated among the species. Length varied from 655 bp in S. nigra to 971 bp in S. drosophiliae. Restriction digests with Mse I and Taq I could differentiate Spalangia and Muscidifurax species. Objective 3. To develop sustainable control tactics and management strategies that would be practical for use by producers. Part 4: Wolbachia U. Kentucky. To date, Wolbachia survey activities, embryonic transfection, and developing models for stable fly suppression strategies. PCR surveillance for Wolbachia bacteria was limited to flies captured in Kentucky. No infection was detected. In 2003, flies supplied by other S1005 participants will be PCR assayed. Embryonic transfection work focused on training a new graduate student using Drosophila simulans as a model system. The Drosophila simulans model was selected due to ease of rearing and previously developed transfection techniques. Additional transfection experiments included the use of an in vitro infection as the Wolbachia source for injections. A model of Wolbachia infection dynamics in stable fly populations was modified to allow the examination of spatiality and migration rates on suppression strategies for stable fly populations. Future Planning: Regional Dispersal - AFLP technique, Satellite markers. Source Reduction - Work will be done if proposal is not funded. Traps and Insecticides - Targets and Nzi traps. Biocontrol - Roger Moon: No more foreign exploration; send specimens to Dave Taylor in alcohol. Wolbachia - Attempt to inject Wolbachia into stable flies; specialize model for stable flies; Roger Moon will visit with Steve Dobson. Roger Moon - Analysis of seasonality of stable flies in various locations.

Publications

Butler, J. F. In press 2003. A Multichoice Olfactometer for blood feeding flies and Mosquitoes with notes on new to science attractants and repellents. American Mosquito Control Association, Atlantic City, NJ. Butler, J. F. and Jerome A. Hogsette. 2002. Horn fly Haematobia irritans (L.) and Stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) CAB International, 2002. In: Animal Health and Production Compendium. Wallingford, UK. CAB International. Kaufman, P.E. 2002. Dairy Pest Management, Arthropods. In D. Pimentel, ed. Encyclopedia of Pest Management. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 181-183. Kaufman, P. E. and D. A. Rutz. 2002 Susceptibility of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to five commercial insecticides on painted plywood. Pest Manag. Sci. 58: 174-178. McKay, T. and A.B. Broce. Response of Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to the olfactory stimuli from hosts and their habitat. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. (In Press)

Impact Statements

Round bale hay feeding residue was identified as a primary source of locally produced stable flies.
Potential stable fly attractants and repellents were identified
Potential genetic markers have been identified for stable fly and their usefulness is being evaluated

Date of Annual Report: 02/04/2004

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/08/2004 - 01/09/2004
Period the Report Covers: 02/01/2003 - 01/01/2004

Participants

Berkebile, Dennis (dberkebile1@unl.edu) USDA, ARS, MLIRU; Broce, Alberto (abroce@oznet.ksu.edu) - Kansas State University; Boxler, David (dboxler1@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska; Cilek, James (cilek_J@popmail.firn.edu) - Florida A & M University; Dobson, Stephen (sdobson@uky.edu) - University of Kentucky; Douce, G. Keith (kdouce@uga.edu) - University of Georgia; Foil, Lane (lfoil@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University; Geden, Chris (cgeden@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - USDA, ARS, CMAVE; Gerhardt, Reid (rgerhard@utk.edu) - University of Tennessee; Hinkle, Nancy (nhinkle@arches.uga.edu) - University of Georgia; Hogsette, Jerry (jhogsette@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - USDA, ARS, CMAVE; Kaufman, Phillip (pek4@cornell.edu) - Cornell University; Jones, Carl (cjones17@utk.edu) - University of Tennessee; Krafsur, Elliot (ekrafsur@iastate.edu) - Iowa State University; Meyer, Rick (hmeyer@reeusda.gov) - USDA, CSREES; Moon, Roger (rdmoon@umn.edu) - University of Minnesota; Roeder, Richard (rroeder@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas; Taylor, David (dtaylor1@unl.edu) - USDA, ARS, MLIRU; Watson, Wes (wes_watson@ncsu.edu) - North Carolina State University; Zurek, Ludek (lzurek@ksu.edu) - Kansas State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Call to order, Dave Taylor

Comments from Local Arrangements Committee - Jerry Hogsette welcomed the group, made general comments about the hotel, the meeting room charges, and the Kissimmee area.

Comments from CSREES representative - Rick Meyer updated the group on CSREES info; talked about CSREES web design project; announcement for RFA for upcoming projects; check REEUSDA to check on funding opportunities, RAMP, etc.

Comments from Administrative Advisor - Rick Roeder, University of Arkansas, talked about his new role as project administrator and how happy he was to be associated with this group.

S-1005 Project Reports

Objective 1 - Jerry Hogsette - Alberto Broce discussed last year?s emergence trapping in Manhattan and the evidence for overwintering stable fly, i.e. stable fly adults caught in emergence traps in early spring, 2003. He talked about repeating the project this year with some changes, e.g. putting temperature probes in the habitat. Broce joined with Roger Moon, Don Rutz & Phil Kaufman, and Dave Taylor in planning a group effort the next 12 months to Put out sticky traps and emergence traps simultaneously and check for additional evidence of overwintering at their 4 northern locations.

Objective 2 - Roger Moon discussed the 2003 dispersal data from Meade, NE, where rolled hay residues were marked with fluorescent dust and stable flies were marked as they emerged through the dusted hay. Marked flies were captured on sticky traps on the Meade complex. Some of the Results: Movement was random with respect to distance and time; both sexes dispersing equally; more blood-fed flies near cattle.

12:00 - 1:30 PM - LUNCH

Objective 3 -

Part 1 - Alberto Broce - Ludek Zurek is finding many biological substances that look promising for stable fly control in rolled hay residues; boric acid also looks promising.

Part 2 - Dave Boxler - Automated sprayer was evaluated. Many problems with break-downs, etc. Results: OK for use on dairy animals in a chute out of the milking parlor, but not really practical for pastured or rangeland beef cattle.

Lane Foil - Nzi traps - cotton fabric works best; traps not really very efficient because many flies arrive at the traps but few actually enter. Nzi made from cotton catches 2x higher than Nzi made from polyester. Stable fly captures with Nzi made from cotton material are no different than those made with alsynite cylinder trap. The blue/black combination is very important for attracting stable flies. Pesticides used in treated targets are not repellent to stable flies.

Jerry Hogsette - Treated targets were tested for longevity. Outside targets made from blue Trigger-Royal Box 65% Poly/35% Cotton performed best at all 3 levels of L-Cyhalothrin and are suitable for use in the field during a 3-month stable fly season. Trigger-Royal Box was purchased at Wal-Mart.

Part 3 - Roger Moon - Chris Geden evaluation hymenopteran parasitoids for use against horn flies, stable flies and other nuisance flies. Parasites attacked all hosts with the exception of Sarcophaga bullata. Horn fly good host for all parasites tested. All parasites had Wolbachia.

Alan Slanski (reported by Lane Foil) - continuing to evaluate nematodes, along with Dave Taylor.

Part 4 - Steve Dobson - Wolbachia not found in stable flies in the Lexington area. Infection of stable flies by transfection is being attempted, but no success yet. This will be continued in 2004. Stable fly monitoring in the field was done by John Webb, but he retired in January, 2004, and there is no one to continue this work at present at the University of Kentucky.

Part 5 - Steve Dobson - Is working on degree-day model; Roger Moon will continue to analyze stable fly seasonality data sent to him by the group.

Committee Business - Officers will remain the same for another year. Meeting in 2005 to be held by LSU (Lane Foil) either January 13-14, or January 6-7. Dave Taylor asked for brief report by project members along with publications by the end of January.

Accomplishments

Objective 1. Identify, characterize and rank developmental habitats of stable flies and assess their over wintering success in those habitats Group Leader Jerry Hogsette, USDA, ARS, CMAVE U. Minnesota - Objective (1): Larval habitats at two MN dairies were scouted at monthly intervals to identify substrates with actively developing stable fly populations. As noted in the previous year, active breeding was detected from early summer through autumn in wet feed debris and margins of manure storage lagoons. Kansas State U. - On April 8, thirteen pyramidal emergence traps (covering 0.25 square meter each) were placed over mounds of straw-manure mixture at the KSU dairy to monitor emergence of potentially overwintering stable flies. The earliest flies were caught in the emergence traps was in the April 17-24 period, and the last ones during May 29?June 5. These results support the alternative hypothesis that stable flies are able to overwinter as larvae, protected from winter freezing temperatures within manure/straw/silage piles. Kansas State U. - Results indicate that both migration and overwinetring might contribute to pioneer fly populations; the importance of each at any locality would be a function of the latitude. Although freezing temperatures had been common and it had snowed in the Manhattan area by mid-November, stable flies were still being trapped during period of December 2-9. ARS-MLIRU - Stable fly production at a round bale feeding site was quantified with emergence traps. Based upon on calculations, each round bale feeding circle produced approximately 1 million flies per year. Objective 2 Assess dispersal by stable flies on local and regional scales Part 1: Local Dispersal. Group leader Roger Moon, University of Minnesota Iowa State U. - Analysis was performed on16 years (about 64 successive generations) of stable fly population densities monitored 5 days weekly in Ames, Iowa. Reproductive success was found to be inversely density-dependent. Egg and larval survival were positive functions of both temperature and precipitation. Adult densities responded negatively to temperature. Cornell - In 2003 stable fly first arrival was monitored using Alsynite sticky traps. Stable flies first arrived in New York on June 06, as compared with June 04 in 2002. A very sharp rise in numbers was not observed until July 09 (June 05 in 2002). The first-arrival date coincided with a major storm front. Storm fronts are known to transport migratory insects such as potato leafhopper. U. Minnesota - Objective (2): Analysis of results from a mark and recapture study at Mead, NE, demonstrated that male and female stable flies dispersed equally, and radially at a rate of 0.9 km per day. U. Minnesota - Analysis of patterns of seasonal abundance over 16 years in Ames, IA, indicated dates of first detection were when local heat unit accumulations averaged 61 day-degrees above a base of 12.9 degrees C. Variation was weakly and inversely correlated with frequencies of southerly wind events, and independent of all other measures of winter duration and severity. Magnitudes of the first generation in spring were independent of densities in preceding autumns and measures of winter severity. During the breeding season, population growth was negatively related to density of parents and temperatures experienced by nulliparous offspring, and positively related to temperature and rainfall experienced by larvae. These findings will shape development of a spatially explicit model to simulate imposition of control tactics (source reduction, traps,insecticides, etc.) on a regional scale. Kansas State U. - For the third consecutive year, stable fly populations on 15 pastures around Manhattan, KS continued to be monitored with twice/week serviced alsynite cylinder traps. Numbers of stable flies captured in the traps were as low as those in 2002, thus much lower than in 2001. In several instances (between April 11 and June 30), the number of flies caught in the majority of the traps during a sampling period increased significantly over those in the previous one. These events correlated with the wind direction shifting to blowing from the south which supports the hypothesis that many of the spring pioneer flies in the Midwest are stable flies that migrate long distances with southerly winds preceding cold fronts. ARS-MLIRU - A grid of 27 Broce traps was used to monitor stable fly populations at the University of Nebraska, Agricultural Research and Development Center. As in previous years, stable fly populations were bimodal with the first peak towards the end of June and the second in September. Unlike previous years, the late peak exceeded the early peak. Fly emergence from round bale hay feeding sites seemed to account for the early peak. No source of the late peak flies was found despite extensive searching. Objective 2 Assess dispersal by stable flies on local and regional scales Part 2: Regional Dispersal. Group leader David Taylor, USDA-ARS, Lincoln Iowa State U. - Variation in mitochondrial DNA was assayed in stable flies from Russia, England, and USA. The object is to understand biogeography, gene flow and dispersion in stable flies. Four variants at five mitochondrial loci have been found to date. The preliminary data suggest that North American stable flies are more closely related to flies in European Russia than to flies in England. U. Arkansas - mtDNA cytochrome oxidase II gene from house fly, face fly, stable fly, horn fly, and black garbage fly was sequenced. The nucleotide sequence codes for a 229 amino acid peptide. The COII sequence is A+T rich (74.1%), with up to 12.3% nucleotide and 8.4% amino acid divergence among the five taxa. Of the 688 nucleotides encoding for the gene, 135 nucleotide sites (19.6%) are variable, and 55 (8.0%) are phylogenetically informative. A phylogenetic analysis, revealed that the two haematophagus species, horn fly and stable fly, form a sister group. Objective 3. Part 1. Source Reduction, Group Leader Alberto Broce, Kansas State University Objective 3. Part 2. Traps and Insecticides. Group Leaders Lane Foil, Louisiana State University & Jack Campbell, University of Nebraska Lincoln Louisiana State U. - The daily capture of sticky Alsynite (Broce) traps was compared to the catch of Nzi traps made of two different types of cloth (cotton and polyester). We compared the Broce trap to the two Nzi traps in a 3X3 Latin Square design repeated 3 times at 3 sites. The mean number of flies per trap were 222.9 for the Broce, 125.1 for the polyester Nzi, and 257.9 for the cotton Nzi.; the average number of stable flies per trap per day was not significantly different; We compared the Nzi to an electric 1 m square 50% blue-50% black (UK) target, and the capture on the target was approximately twice that of the Nzi. In one study, the mean hourly catch for a UK target for 9 one-hr assays was 527 with a maximum of 1,335 per hour. The targets could potentially eliminate over 10,000 adult stable flies per day. If insecticide impregnated targets are developed for stable fly control, we need to make certain that the insecticides to not repel flies. We treated two UK targets with 0.1% lamda-cyhalothrin and compared them to an untreated target. One treated target and the untreated target were placed in electric grids that were run continuously and the other treated target grid was run at a 30 second on and 30 second off cycle. The targets were placed in each of 3 sites on 4 occasions. No difference in catch was observed; the mean number of flies collected per hour was 134.9 for the untreated target, 134.0 for the treated-continuous, and 101.2 for the treated-cycle. This study will be repeated, but it does not appear that the treated targets will be repellent for stable flies. We also compared the relative efficacy of different fabric types (cotton, dark polyester, light polyester and a cotton-polyester mix) as potential targets. The mean number of flies per target per hour was not significantly different; 63.7 for cotton, 44.4 for dark polyester, 70.3 for light polyester, and 84.3 for mix. We also conducted studies to determine the influence of weather, time, fabric type, insecticide type and insecticide concentration on the mortality of stable flies from a susceptible laboratory colony exposed for 30 seconds to treated targets. Our standard mix cloth was treated with three concentrations (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 %) of lamda-cyhalothrin and one concentration (0.1%) of zeta-cypermethrin (EC), zeta-cypermethrin (EW), cypermethrin (EC), and permethrin (EC). We also treated the mix, cotton and cotton canvas with 0.1% lambda-cyhalothrin. A sample of each treatment was stored inside and outdoors in Gainesville, FL, for three months. An assay was conducted for each treatment at day 1 and then once per month. After three months outside, 100% of the flies exposed to the all three concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin and zeta-cypermethrin (EC) were dead within 30 minutes of exposure, but this was not the case for the other insecticide treatments. The same result was observed for the mix fabric, but none of the other three fabric types. Objective 3. Part 3: Biological Control Group Leaders Roger Moon, University of Minnesota & Chris Geden - USDA, ARS, CMAVE An evaluation of two pteromalid parasitoids was conducted in nine dairy calf coverall buildings in 2003. We evaluated Muscidifurax raptor, M. raptorellus and no-release protocols for house fly and stable fly management. Adult stable fly numbers were monitored weekly at each farm. Although data have not been fully analyzed and a second year of research is pending, it appears that these two species, as released in this study, did not significantly impact stable fly numbers on the dairies. Objective 3. Part 4: Wolbachia U. Kentucky- Local surveillance indicates that Wolbachia is not found in KY stable flies. In the next year, additional flies from a larger geographic area is to be done by David Taylor. Dobson will focus in 2004 on improving techniques for Wolbachia transfection (artificial introduction of Wolbachia into insects via embryonic microinjection).

Publications

McKay, T. and A.B. Broce. Discrimination of self-parasitized hosts by the pupal parasitoid Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. (In Press) Szalanski, A.L., and C.B. Owens. 2003. Sequence change and phylogenetic signal in muscoid COII DNA sequences. DNA Sequence 14: 331-334. Geden, C. J. 2003. Mass-rearing beneficial insects for biological control of flies. Proceedings, IOBC Workshop on Arthropod Mass Rearing and Quality Control, Montpellier, France. September 2003. Geden, C. J., M. A. Ferreira de Almeida and A. Pires do Prado. 2003. Effects of Nosema disease on fitness of the parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1139-1145. Boohene, C. K., C. J. Geden, and J. J. Becnel. Evaluation of remediation methods for Nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1146-1153. Geden, C. J. and D. C. Steinkraus. 2003. Evaluation of three formulations of Beauveria bassiana for control of lesser mealworm and hide beetle in Georgia poultry houses. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1602-1608.

Impact Statements

Krafsur - Learning the geographic origin of New World stable flies can suggest locations to search profitably for parasites and predators that could be used to help control North American populations. Estimating rates of gene flow will provide useful index of rates of dispersion of insecticide resistance genes. The demonstration of density-dependence in stable fly populations provides a self-regulating mechanism that can explain the typically strong dynamics of this species.
Kaufman - The results generated in this study continue to add data to our evaluation of stable fly migration and pest management options for northeastern livestock farmers. If stable flies are shown to migrate, many of our pest management practices and strategies will be greatly impacted as may have occurred with the parasitoid release study.
Broce - Little is known about stable fly population dynamics on pastures. This seasons studies support both hypothesis for the origin of stable fly spring populations, long distance migration and overwintering, indicating the need for further studies to understand these phenomena and to incorporate this knowledge in future population management programs.
Louisiana State U. - Alsynite traps treated with Permethrin at a rate of one trap per five head of cattle provided a more than 30% reduction of a stable fly population. Treated targets can be effective for killing stable flies that land on them over a 3 month period, which should span the time of peak stable fly season at any geographic location in the United States.

Date of Annual Report: 02/15/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/06/2005 - 01/07/2005
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2004 - 12/01/2004

Participants

Broce, Alberto (abroce@oznet.ksu.edu) - Kansas State University; Byford, Ron (rbyford@nmsu.edu) - New Mexico State University; Campbell, Jack (jcampbell1@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska; Cilek, James (cilek_J@popmail.firn.edu) - Florida A & M University; Foil, Lane (lfoil@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University; Geden, Chris (cgeden@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - USDA, ARS, CMAVE; Gerry, Alec (alec.gerry@ucr.edu) - University of California-Riverside; Hinkle, Nancy (nhinkle@arches.uga.edu) - University of Georgia; Kaufman, Phillip (pek4@cornell.edu) - Cornell University; Jones, Carl (cjones17@utk.edu) - University of Tennessee; Meyer, Rick (hmeyer@reeusda.gov) - USDA, CSREES; Moon, Roger (rdmoon@umn.edu) - University of Minnesota; Roeder, Richard (rroeder@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas; Rutz, Don (dar11@cornell.edu) - Cornell University; Schuster, Greta (gschuster@mail.wtamu.edu) - West Texas A&M University; Talley, Justin - Kansas State University; Taylor, David (dtaylor1@unl.edu) - USDA, ARS, MLIRU; Watson, Wes (wes_watson@ncsu.edu) - North Carolina State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

January 6, 2005

Call to order by Dave Taylor.

Comments from Local Arrangements Committee - Lane Foil welcomed the group, made general comments about the hotel, the meeting room charges, and the Baton Rouge area.

Comments from CSREES representative - Rick Meyer updated the group on CSREES info; talked about CSREES web design project; announcement for RFA for upcoming projects; check REEUSDA to check on funding opportunities, RAMP, etc.

Comments from Administrative Advisor - Rick Roeder, University of Arkansas, talked about project reviews and need to begin writing project to replace S-1005.

S-1005 Project Reports

Objective 1 - Phil Kaufman discussed winter survival in NY, Stable flies collected in 8 of 10 emergence traps placed April 13 & removed July 15. Roger Moon questioned if timing was adequate to show overwintering. Alberto Broce presented some estimates of stable fly biting intensity in field for use in getting IAUC approval for projects. He estimated that 1 fly per front leg equaled 67 flies / hour. Observations of 60 flies / calf give field biting rate of 4020 / animal / hour. Alberto Broce also discussed a grant proposal on origin of spring stable fly populations: overwintering vs migration. Proposed locations were discussed, NM & TX (2 locations), LA, IA, TN, IN & NY. were suggested. Interested parties included Campbell, Schuster, Williams, Moon, Geden, Rutz, Taylor, Kaufman, Cilek, Byford, Jones & Foil. Broce will coordinate. Alberto Broce discussed the round bale meeting held at KSU.

January 7th

Meeting reconvened at 8:00 AM

Report from committee charged with formulating replacement project (Wes Watson, Alec Gerring, Ralph Williams, Lane Foil, Roger Moon & David Taylor). Dave Taylor gave report. Committee suggested one project be put forward to replace both S-1005 & S-1006. Tentative title Flies impacting livestock, poultry and food safety. Project to incude stable flies, house flies and horn flies. Areas of research to include movement, impact and management. A writing committee was formed (Taylor, Broce, Foil, Moon, Rutz, Watson & Gerry). Deadlines for phases of writing were established resulting in completion by LIWC meeting, June 19, 2005.

Objective 2 - Roger Moon discussed Mead 2004 dispersal study. Hay debris piles were marked with fluorescent powders and flies were trapped with Broce traps. A possible correlation between distance moved and proximity of hosts was observed. Moon suggested 2005 study examine this possibility. Campbell, Broce, Schuster, Geden, Taylor & Moon interested in 2005 study.

Taylor read report from Elliot Krafsur on variation in Cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial gene in stable flies from Russia, Kazakhstan & US. High levels of variation were observed in this gene.

Campbell presented results of mark-recapture study in Nebraska sand hills.

Objective 3 -
Part 1 - Alberto Broce - Justin Talley presented data on 2 types of hay feeders, "round" & "cone." Less waste with "cones" but did not appear to reduce stable fly production. Stable fly numbers appeared to be correlated with coliform bacteria.

Part 2 - Jack Campbell - Automated sprayer did not work well, working on modifying design. Lane Foil - Tested target traps for stable flies. 350 stable flies / hour landed on blue / black tarps. Alsynite, Nzi and Target traps were compared. Target traps were most efficient, collected 40 times more flies than Nzi. Cotton Nzi traps were better than polyester traps. Trigger-royal blue best blue. Flies remain on targets for about 30 seconds. Jerry Hogsette tested effects of weathering on insecticide impregnated targets.

Dave Taylor presented results of comparison between 6 types of traps Farnam clear plastic, Farnam clear plastic with alsynite, Olson, Broce Farnam yellow plastic & Nzi, for catching stable flies. Farnam clear plastic traps with and without alsynite collected most flies, but are expensive. Foil indicated that experimental design may have impacted Nzi trap collections.
Phil Kaufman presented data on comparison of Nzi, HorsePal and EPPS traps. Nzi gave best results followed by HorsePal.

Part 3 - Dave Taylor - Reported results of molecular comparison of several Spalangia species. Identity of Spalangia nigroaenea colonies from Russia & Kazakhstan appears to be in doubt. Gary Gibson is doing morphological comparison with types. Taylor requested field collected fly pupae be sent to him for parasitoid systematics studies.

Chris Geden reported results of work indicating parasitoids attracted by host odors. Also discussed competitive interactions of different parasitoid species and effects of Wolbachia infection on parasitoid viability.

Part 4 - No report.
Part 5 - No report.

Committee Business New officers took office at conclusion of meeting. Roger Moon is new Chair, Chris Geden will be new secretary.

Next meeting will be in Amarillo Texas, tentative dates January 5-6, 2006.

Accomplishments

Objective 1. Identify, characterize and rank developmental habitats of stable flies and assess their over wintering success in those habitats Group Leader Jerry Hogsette, USDA, ARS, CMAVE Kansas State U. Twenty bacterial strains were isolated from larval substrates at winter feeding sites of hay in round bales. Strains were identified using 16S rDNA sequences. Isolates included species of Proteus, Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Providencia, Serratia, Shewanella, Comamonas, Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Flavobacterium. Most isolates stimulated oviposition in bioassay. However, only Citrobacter stimulated oviposition to the same degree as the natural substrate. Citrobacter also elicited the best larval development. ARS-MLIRU A series of emergence traps were maintained on a round bale feeding site to monitor stable fly emergence. Emergence peaked in mid-June along with the adult population. Very few flies emerged from the site after mid-July. Objective 2 Assess dispersal by stable flies on local and regional scales Part 1: Local Dispersal. Group leader Roger Moon, University of Minnesota U. Minnesota - A second mark-release-recapture study was completed at the University of Nebraska Agriculture Research and Development Center. Male and female stable flies dispersed evenly and in all directions from point sources. Some were captured beyond 3-4 km. Older, fed flies appeared to disperse farther than young, non-fed ones. This hypothesis needs to be tested further. Kansas State U. - For the fourth consecutive year, stable fly populations around Manhattan, KS continued to be monitored with once or twice/week serviced alsynite cylinder traps. First flies were collected in mid-March and population peaks centered around 3 June. The normal second peak in September / October did not occur in 2004. Flies were collected through the first week of December. Kentucky - Stable fly monitoring occurred at the University of Kentucky Spindletop research farm. Monitoring began in early April and ended in November 2002. An initial peak in the stable fly population occurred from early May to mid July, with catch rates exceeding 250 flies/day. Fly numbers declined in July and remained relatively constant until late October, with catch rates of approximately 50 flies/day. By mid November, fly catch rates dropped below one fly/day. A comparison of fly catch with air and soil temperature showed that the emergence was correlated with air/soil temperature e65ÚF. As a preliminary examination of fly migration and breeding locations, traps were located in a triangle around a suspected breeding site (round bale feeding site). A consistently lower catch rate was observed at one trap site. ARS-MLIRU - A grid of 27 Broce traps was used to monitor stable fly populations at the University of Nebraska, Agricultural Research and Development Center. As in previous years, stable fly populations peaked in mid-June. The second population peak usually observed in September was not observed. Fly emergence from round bale hay feeding sites seemed to account for the early peak. Late season flies appeared to be associated with fields to which liquefied manure had been applied. However, we were unable to locate immature flies in these habitats. Objective 2 Assess dispersal by stable flies on local and regional scales Part 2: Regional Dispersal. Group leader David Taylor, USDA-ARS, Lincoln Iowa State U. A 566 base-pair cytochrome oxidase I sequence was examined in 67 stable flies representing Ramsey, MN, Ames, IA, Sheperdstown, WV, Russia (3 locations), Kazakhstan (3 locations), Wales, UK, Somerset, UK & Berkshire, UK were examined. Diversity levels were very high, especially in USA (0.95) and Kazakhstan (0.92) followed by Russia (0.75) and United Kingdom (0.23). Some evidence of phylogeographic structure was apparent. U. Arkansas - A simple filter-paper-based method for storage and preservation of insect DNA was evaluated using PCR. PCR amplification was successful for all of the samples regardless of the storage method. The filter paper method is a simple and economical way to store, preserve, and distribute DNA samples for PCR analysis. Objective 3. Part 1. Source Reduction, Group Leader Alberto Broce, Kansas State University Objective 3. Part 2. Traps and Insecticides. Group Leaders Lane Foil, Louisiana State University & Jack Campbell, University of Nebraska Lincoln Louisiana State U. - We conducted studies to determine the influence of weather, time, fabric type, insecticide type and insecticide concentration on the mortality of stable flies from a susceptible laboratory colony exposed for 30 seconds to treated targets. Our standard polyester and cotton mix cloth was treated with three concentrations (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 %) of lamdacyhalothrin and one concentration (0.1%) of zetacypermethrin (EC), zetacypermethrin (EW), cypermethrin (EC), and permethrin (EC). We also treated the mix, cotton and cotton canvas with 0.1% lambdacyhalothrin. A sample of each treatment was stored inside and outdoors in Gainesville, FL, for three months. An assay was conducted for each treatment at day 1 and then once per month. After three months outside, 100% of the flies exposed to the all three concentrations of lambdacyhalothrin and zetacypermethrin (EC) were dead within 30 minutes of exposure, but this was not the case for the other insecticide treatments. The same result was observed for the mix fabric, but none of the other three fabric types. In 2003, the daily capture of sticky Alsynite (Broce) traps was compared to the catch of Nzi traps made of two different types of cloth ( 100% cotton and polyester). We compared the Broce trap to the two Nzi traps in a 3X3 Latin Square design repeated 3 times at 3 sites. The mean number of flies per trap were 222.9 for the Broce, 125.1 for the cotton canvas Nzi, and 257.9 for the cotton Nzi.; the average number of stable flies per trap per day was not significantly different. In 2004, the Broce trap was compared to Nzi traps made of 3 different fabrics: polyester (the material used in the commercially available trap), 100% cotton, and trigger (35 % cotton and 65% polyester). The trap catches were lower in 2004 when compared to 2003. The mean number of flies per trap was 47 for the Broce trap, 23 for the cotton Nzi, 29 for the polyester Nzi, and 42 for the trigger Nzi. We compared the Nzi to an electric 1 m square 50% blue-50% black (UK) target, and the capture on the target was approximately twice that of the Nzi. In one study, the mean hourly catch for a UK target for 9 one-hr assays was 527 with a maximum of 1,335 per hour. That is, our targets could have a potential to eliminate over 10,000 adult stable flies per day. If insecticide impregnated targets are developed for stable fly control, we need to make certain that the insecticides to not repel flies. In 2003, we treated two UK targets with 0.1% lamda-cyhalothrin and compared them to an untreated target. One treated target and the untreated target were placed in electric grids that were run continuously and the other treated target grid was run at a 30 second on and 30 second off cycle. The targets were placed in each of 3 sites on 4 occasions. No difference in catch was observed; the mean number of flies collected per hour was 134.9 for the untreated target, 134.0 for the treated-continuous, and 101.2 for the treated-cycle. In 2004, we treated two UK targets with 0.1% lamda-cyhalothrin and compared them to two untreated targets. One treated target and one untreated target were placed in electric grids that were run continuously and the other treated and untreated target grids were run at a 30 second on and 30 second off cycle. The targets were placed in each of 4 sites on 4 occasions. No statistical difference in catch was observed; the mean number of flies collected per hour was 274 for the untreated target-continuous, 209 for the untreated-cycle, 331 for the treated-continuous, and 171 for the treated-cycle. We also compared the relative efficacy of different fabric types (cotton, dark polyester, light polyester and a cotton-polyester mix) as potential targets. The mean number of flies per target per hour was not significantly different; 63.7 for cotton, 44.4 for dark polyester, 70.3 for light polyester, and 84.3 for mix. ARS-MLIRU Six traps for adult stable flies were compared, Broce and Olson alsynite, a clear plastic trap from Farnam with and without alsynite strips added as attractants, a yellow plastic trap from Farnam and Nzi traps. The clear plastic Farnam traps with and without alsynite strips collected approximately 250 flies / day, Olson traps collected 170 flies / day, Broce traps 75 flies / day, Nzi traps collected 15 flies / day and the yellow traps collected 3 flies / day. The sex ratio for all traps was approximately 2 males to 1 female. Objective 3. Part 3: Biological Control Group Leaders Roger Moon, University of Minnesota & Chris Geden - USDA, ARS, CMAVE ARS-MLIRU - The genetic similarity of New and Old World samples of three cosmopolitan Spalangia (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) species S. cameroni, S. endius and S. nigroaenea was examined using two ribosomal DNA regions. Two additional North American Spalangia species, S. drosophilae and S. nigra as well as the South American S. gemina and two species of Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were included to provide information on relative levels of divergence among recognized species. The Internal Transcribed Spacer-1 region was highly variable among Spalangia species with many insertions / deletions making alignment of the sequences difficult. The D2-D3 region of the 28s ribosomal gene and the nuclear rDNA 18s gene were more conserved and allowed for phylogenetic analysis. No genetic differentiation was observed among S. cameroni and S. endius samples from Kazakhstan, Russia and North America. New and Old World samples of S. nigroaenea were distinct. The intact ITS-1 amplicon was much larger in the New World samples, 920 bp vs 780 bp in the Old World samples. Kimura 2-parameter genetic distance between the New and Old World samples was 0.015 for the 28s region. The smallest genetic distance among recognized Spalangia species, S. endius and S. nigra was 0.037 whereas the genetic distance between the two Muscidifurax species, M. raptor and M. zaraptor was 0.004. Based upon these results, the status of S. nigroaenea as a single, cosmopolitan species, needs to be re-examined. Further samples will be needed to determine the affinities of African, Pacific and South American populations as well as elsewhere in Europe, Asia and North America. Further phylogenetic analysis of 6 Spalangia species revealed three groupins: S. cameroni and S. gemina; S. endius and S. nigra; and New and Old World populations of S. nigroaenea. The close relationship between S. endius and S. nigra differs from classifications based upon morphological characters. Louisiana State U. - Steinernema feltiae strain SN nematodes were raised in the laboratory at the University of Arkansas on late-instar greater wax moths, Galleria mellonella (L.). In Louisiana, round hay bales had been fed to cattle over a four week period at 3 sites approximately 25 meters apart. New bales were added when needed. The resulting residues were approximately five meters in diameter. Two plots measuring 1m2 were selected at each of the sites and treatment was assigned by coin toss. Control plots were treated with 4 l of water while the treatment plots were received 4 l of water containing approximately 44,400 nematodes from Arkansas. Three emergence traps were placed on each 1x1m plot. The emergence traps were 30x30cm wooden frames covered with screened tops and a catch container. Flies were collected daily for three weeks. Throughout the post-treatment period, the average number of emerging stable flies was 13.9 and 6.7 for the control and treated areas, respectively. Objective 3. Part 4: Wolbachia U. Kentucky- PCR surveillance for Wolbachia bacteria was limited to flies captured in Kentucky. No infection was detected. As a positive control, all flies were amplified using 12s mitochondrial primers. Positive signals from the latter confirmed that the fly DNA was good quality and appropriate for PCR assays. The results suggest that stable fly populations in Kentucky are not naturally infected with Wolbachia. A model of Wolbachia infection dynamics in stable fly populations was improved to allow the examination of spatiality and migration rates on suppression strategies for stable fly populations.

Publications

Boohene, C. K., C. J. Geden, and J. J. Becnel. 2003. Evaluation of remediation methods for Nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1146-1153. Broce, A., J. DeRouchey, J. Harner & L. Zurek. 2004. Stable flies in pastures: Hay and round bales. Kansas State Res. & Ext. Serv. #MF 2662. Carlson, D. A., J. A. Hoohsette, D. L. Kline,. C. J. Geden, and R. K. Vandermeer. 2005. Prevention of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from entering simulated aircraft with commercial aair curtain units. J. Econ. Entomol. (in review). Carlson, D. A., F. Mramba, C. J. Geden, B. D. Sutton, U. R. Bernier. 2005. Sex pheromone of the tsetse fly, Glossina austeni (Diptera: Glossinidae): isolation, identification of natural hydrocarbons and bioassay of synthesized compounds. J. Chem. Ecol. (in review). Cilek, J. E. and D. L. Kline. 2002. Adult biting midge response to trap type, carbon dioxide, and an octenol-phenol mixture in northwestern Florida. J. American Mosq. Cont. Assoc. 18: 228-231. Cilek, J. E. 2002. Attractiveness of beach ball decoys to adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Med. Entomol. 39: 127-129. Cilek, J. E. 2003. Attraction of colored plasticized corrugated boards to adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Florida Entomologist 86: 420-423. Dee SA, Scurrer JA, Moon RD, Fano E, Trincado C, and Pijoan C. 2004. Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus under field conditions during a putative increase in the fly population. J. Swine Health and Prod.12: 242-245. Foil, L., and J. Hogsette. Treated targets for stable fly control. Proc. XXII International Congress of Entomology. Brisbane, Australia. August 2004 p. 173. Floate, K. D., T. J. Lysyk, G. A. P. Gibson, and T. Galloway. 2002. Musca domestica L., House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Pp. 190-195 In P. Mason and J. Huber, (Eds.). Biological control programmes against insects & mites, weeds, and pathogens in Canada 1981-2000. CABI Publishers, Wallingford, UK. Foil, L.D. Control of mechanical transmission of agents of livestock diseases. Proc.First International Symposium on Hemoparasites and their Vectors. Caracas, Venezuela. October 2004 p 46. Fried, J. H., D. J. Levey and J. A. Hogsette. 2004. Habitat corridors function both as drift fences and movement conduits for dispersing flies. Oecologia (accepted 15 Sep 04). Geden, C. J. and J. A. Hogsette. 2005. Suppression of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Florida poultry houses by sustained releases of Muscidifurax raptorellus and Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environ. Entomol. (in review). Geden, C. J., R. D. Moon, and J. F. Butler. 2005. Host attacks and progeny production by six species of solitary fly parasitoids on pupae of house fly, horn fly, stable fly, black dump fly and a flesh fly. For Environmental Entomology. Environ Entomol (in review). Geden, C. J. 2005. Methods for monitoring outdoor populations of house flies, Musca domestica. J. Vector Ecol. (in review). Geden, C. J. 2003. Mass-rearing beneficial insects for biological control of flies. Proceedings, IOBC Workshop on Arthropod Mass Rearing and Quality Control, Montpellier, France. Geden, C. J., M. A. Ferreira de Almeida and A. Pires do Prado. 2003. Effects of Nosema disease on fitness of the parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1139-1145 Geden, C. J. and D. C. Steinkraus. 2003. Evaluation of three formulations of Beauveria bassiana for control of lesser mealworm and hide beetle in Georgia poultry houses. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1602-1608. High Plains Integrated Pest Management Guide for Colorado, Western Nebraska, Montana and Wyoming. Colorado State Ext. Serv. Bull 564A. (http://www.highplainsipm.org/). Holt, P. C. J. Geden, R. Moore, and R. Gast. 2005. Comparison of levels of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis contamination of flies obtained from rooms containing molted or nonmolted infected hens. Proceedings, Western Poultry Disease Conference. Kaufman, P.E., Rutz, D. A. and Frisch, S. 2005. Large Sticky Traps for Capturing House Flies, Musca domestica, and Stable Flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, in dairy calf greenhouse facilities. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 176-181. Lysyk, T. J. 2002. Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), Stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Pp. 250 253 In P. Mason and J. Huber, (Eds.). Biological control programmes against insects & mites, weeds, and pathogens in Canada 1981-2000. CABI Publishers, Wallingford, UK. Lysyk, T. J. 2002. Fly Management for Feedlots. pp. 45 52 In: Beneficial Management Practices: Environmental Manual for Feedlot Producers in Alberta. Alberta Cattle Feeders Association and Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development. Lysyk, T. J., and K. D. Floate. 2002. Haematobia irritans (L.), Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Pp. 132-135 In P. Mason and J. Huber, (Eds.). Biological control programmes against insects & mites, weeds, and pathogens in Canada 1981-2000. CABI Publishers, Wallingford, UK. Lysyk, T. J., L. D. Kalischuk-Tymensen, and L. B. Selinger. 2002. Comparison of selected growth media for culturing Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as pathogens of adult Stomoxys calcitrans. J. Med. Entomol. 39: 89-98. Macedo, P. 2004. Population Profiles of Stable Flies from Eastern Nebraska and the Impact of Weather Variables on Their Seasonal Trends. PhD. Dissertation. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Rochon, K., T. J. Lysyk, and L. B. Selinger. 2004. Persistence of Escherichia coli in immature house and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in relation to larval growth and survival. J. Med. Entomol. 41: 1082 - 1089. Rochon, K., T. J. Lysyk, and L. B. Selinger. 2005. Retention of Escherichia coli by house fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) during pupal metamorphosis and eclosion. J. Med. Entomol. In Press. Schurrer, J. A., S. A. Dee, R. D. Moon, K. D. Rossow, C. Mahlum, E. Mondaca, S. Otake, E. Fano, J. E. Collins and C. Pijoan. 2004. Spatial dispersal of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-contaminated flies after contact with experimentally infected pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 65: 1284-1292. Urech, R, Green, P. E., Elson-Harris, M. M., Bright, R. L., Hogsette, J. A., Brown, G. W. Brown and Skerman, A. G. Management of nuisance flies on cattle feedlots, FLOT.306. Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, 37 pp. 2004. (Technical Bulletin) Urech, R, Green, P. E., Elson-Harris, M. M., Bright, R. L., Hogsette, J. A., Brown, G. W. Brown and Skerman, A. G. Integrated Pest Management for nuisance flies on cattle feedlots. Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, 5 pp. 2004. (Technical Bulletin) Urech, R, Green, P. E., Elson-Harris, M. M., Bright, R. L., Hogsette, J. A., Brown, G. W. Brown and Skerman, A. G. Nuisance flies on cattle feedlots - Key research findings. Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, 3 pp. 2004. (Technical Bulletin) Urech, R, Green, P. E., Elson-Harris, M. M., Bright, R. L., Hogsette, J. A., Brown, G. W. Brown and Skerman, A. G. Feedlot flies - Identifying the problem and some solutions. Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, 3 pp. 2004. (Technical Bulletin)

Impact Statements

LSU - Insecticide impregnated targets have the potential to eliminate 10,000 stable flies / day. They may prove very useful for reducing stable fly populations, especially around confined livestock. Entomopathogenic nematodes reduced stable fly emergence by about 50%.
Minnesota If dispersal estimated from mark-release-recapture study is correct, then breeding site reduction in an area around a herd of grazing cattle may need to extend out to a radius of 7 km. Costs and benefits of this management approach will need to be evaluated.
Taylor - Results from Spalangia study may re-invigorate foreign exploration for beneficial parasites of North American filth flies. The trap comparison study indicated that the clear plastic Farnam traps were very effective for trapping stable flies and that alsynite inserts did not affect trapping efficiency.
Kentucky - Dobson and colleagues developed a mathematical model of Wolbachia infections and their effects on host population size. This model demonstrates that releases of Wolbachia-infected hosts can reduce or even eliminate the targeted population. Simulations predict that this strategy will be appropriate for controlling stable flies.
Kaufman - By determining the source of stable flies, whether it is by overwintering or migration or both, we will achieve a better understanding of how to best apply our pest management practices and strategies. The development of new strategies is critical for successful management of this damaging pest.

Date of Annual Report: 05/07/2007

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/11/2007 - 01/12/2007
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2001 - 09/01/2006

Participants

Attendees: Alberto Broce (abroce@ksu.edu) and Ludek Zurek (lzurek@ksu.edu)- Kansas State University; Jack Campbell (jcampbell@unl.edu)- University of Nebraska; Jim Cilek (james.cilek@famu.edu)- Florida State University; Lane Foil - Louisiana State University; Chris Geden (cgeden@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu)and Jerry Hogsette (jhogsette@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - ARS-Gainesville; Alec Gerry (alec.gerry@ucr.edu)- University of California, Riverside; Nancy Hinkle (NHinkle@uga.edu)- University of Georgia; Phil Kaufman (pkaufman@ufl.edu)- University of Florida; Rick Meyer (HMEYER@CSREES.USDA.GOV)- CSREES representative; Roger Moon (rdmoon@umn.edu)- University of Minnesota; Rick Roeder (rroeder@uark.edu)- Administrative advisor, University of Arkansas; Don Rutz (darll@cornell.edu)- Cornell; Justin Talley - Oklahoma State University; David Taylor (dtaylor@unl.edu) and Dennis Berkebile (dberkebile1@unl.edu -ARS-Lincoln; Wes Watson (Wes_Watson@ncsu.edu)- North Carolina State

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting called to order by Chair Roger Moon at 9:00 AM.

This meeting was held as a brief session within the larger meeting of SDC-322, for the purpose of organizing assembly and writing of the committees final technical report. This meeting was held concurrently with that of S-1006.

Items discussed and decisions made

The committee decided to dispense with technical reports on research completed in 2006.

Administrative adviser Rick Roeder stated the final report for S1005 should be sent to him within 60 days of this meeting (March 9). He advised the committee to keep the report brief, possibly bulleted, like an impact statement.

CSREES adviser Rick Meyer advised to emphasize impacts (the so what? questions), not outcomes, and to include lists of students involved, both graduate and undergraduate. Work products should include refereed publications, extension publications, theses and dissertations, presentations, grants funded as a result of the project, and lists of numbers of students involved in the workboth graduate and undergraduate.

Committee members agreed to send narratives for results and impacts to Chairman Moon by 31 January, along with bibliographies and lists of students. He would then assemble the final report and transmit it to Adviser Roeder by 9 March.

Meeting adjourned ca 10:00.

Accomplishments

Project title: Sources, Dispersal and Management of Stable Flies on Grazing Beef and Dairy Cattle Objective 1: Identify, characterize and rank developmental habitats of stable flies and assess their overwintering success in those habitats. Studies in New York, Nebraska and Kansas provided evidence that spring stable fly populations in these northern localities can arise from locally overwintered immatures, as well as from adults transported northward on weather fronts. Once founding adults appear, populations around grazing cattle build geometrically, developing in manure-soiled hay debris at winter cattle feeding areas, at least in the midwestern plains. Objective 2: Assess dispersal by stable flies on local and regional scales. Studies of dispersal on a local level at Mead, NE, demonstrated that newly emerged stable fly adults spread outward in all directions from marked hay debris piles, at a speed of 0.9 km (0.6 mi) per day. Extrapolation of these results indicated source reduction around a herd of cattle in spring should be aimed at all hay debris rings and other stable fly sources within 5 km (3 mi) of the herd. Studies of genetic variation among populations in distant locations in the US indicate spread is also occurring on larger, regional scales. Objective 3: Develop sustainable management strategies and tactics that will be adopted by producers. Findings that winter feeding debris is a big source of stable flies, Kansas studied ways of feeding hay to wintering cattle that would reduce fly breeding. Compared to conventional practice of feeding bales from hay rings, simply unrolling bales on the ground minimized debris accumulation and thereby helped prevent stable flies from reaching injurious levels in late spring and early summer. Methods for controlling populations in breeding sites were also evaluated by project participants. High volume sprays of permethrin applied to infested hay debris reduced emergence of adult stable flies by ~80%. Less successful were applications of an insect killing nematode (Steinernema feltiae strain SN). Releases of two pteromalid parasitoids (Muscidifurax raptor and M. raptorellus) reduced emergence of stable flies from calf bedding. A new approach for controlling adult stable flies around grazing cattle was also developed. A series of studies at LSU demonstrated that insecticide treated, blue-and-black cloth targets removed flies 6.1-times faster than sticky Alsynite traps, and targets in the field remained effective for at least 3 months. In NY and MN, treated targets substantially reduced numbers of stable flies per cow on dairies compared to dairies without traps. Efficacy in NY was greater than achieved earlier with commercially available traps. OUTPUTS: Refereed Publications: 38 Book Chapters: 5 Published Abstracts and Proceedings: 5 Extension Publications: 24 Students Trained: 59 undergraduates, 6 MS, 5 PhD ACTIVITIES: Media interviews and Trade Journal Articles: 28 Presentations: 65 Leveraged Grants: 5, for combined $600,000

Publications

Boohene, C. K., C. J. Geden and J. J. Becnel. 2002. Effect of Nosema muscidifuracis (Nosematidae: Microsporidia) on development of Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at different temperatures. Biol. Control 26: 1-7. Boohene, C. K., C. J. Geden, and J. J. Becnel. 2003. Evaluation of remediation methods for Nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1146-1153. Broce, A. B., J. A. Hogsette and S. Paisley. 2005. Winter feeding sites of hay in round bales as major developmental sites of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in pastures in spring and summer. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 2307-2312. Campbell,J.B, et al. 2002. Effects of stable flies ( Diptera: Musidae) on weight gains of grazing yearling cattle. J. Econ. Entomol. 94:780-783. Cilek, J. E. 2002. Attractiveness of beach ball decoys to adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Med. Entomol. 39: 127-129. Cilek, J. E. 2003. Attraction of colored plasticized corrugated boards to adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Florida Entomologist 86: 420-423. Ferreira de Almeida, C. J. Geden and A. Pires do Prado. 2002. Influence of feeding treatment, host density, temperature and cool storage on attack rates of Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Environ. Entomol. 31: 732-738. Ferreira de Almeida, M., A. Pires do Prado and C. J. Geden. 2002. The influence of temperature on development time and longevity of Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and effects of nutrition and emergence order on longevity. Environ. Entomol. 31: 375-380. Ferriera de Almeida, C. J. Geden, C. K. Boohene, J. J. Becnel, and A. Pires do Prado. 2002. Microsporidiosis of Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 97: 527-530. Foil, L., Younger, C. 2006. Development of treated targets for controlling stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Veterinary Parasitology. 137: 311-315. Geden, C. J. 2002. Effect of habitat depth on host location by five species of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcididae) of house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), in three types of substrates. Environ. Entomol. 31: 411-417. Geden, C. J. and P. E. Kaufman. 2007. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor on live house fly pupae and pupae killed by heat shock, irradiation, and cold. Environ. Entomol. 36: 34-39. Geden, C. J., M. A. Ferreira de Almeida and A. Pires do Prado. 2003. Effects of Nosema disease on fitness of the parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1139-1145. Geden, C. J., M. A. Ferreira de Almeida and A. Pires do Prado. 2003. Effects of Nosema disease on fitness of the parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1139-1145. Geden, C. J., M. A. Ferreira de Almeida and A. Pires do Prado. 2003. Effects of Nosema disease on fitness of the parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Environ. Entomol. 32:1139-1145 Geden, C. J., R. D. Moon, and J. F. Butler. 2006. Host ranges of six solitary filth fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcididae) from Florida, Eurasia, Morocco and Brazil. Environ. Entomol. 35: 405-412. Hogsette, J. A. 2003. Veterinary Pests. Pest Management Sci. 59: 835-841. Hogsette, J. A., A. Nalli and L. D. Foil. 2006. Evaluation of Different Insecticides and Fabric Types for Development of Treated Targets for Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Control. J. Econ. Entomol. (Submitted Dec 06.) Kaufman, P. E. and D. A. Rutz. 2002. Susceptibility of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to five commercial insecticides on painted plywood. Pest Manag. Sci. 58: 174-178. Kaufman, P. E., Rutz, D. A. and Frisch, S. 2005. Large sticky traps for capturing house flies, Musca domestica, and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, in dairy calf greenhouse facilities. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 176-181. Kaufman, P.E., Rutz, D.A. and Frisch, S. 2005. Large sticky traps for capturing house flies, Musca domestica, and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, in dairy calf greenhouse facilities. J. Dairy Sci. 88:176-181. Lysyk, T. J., L. D. Kalischuk-Tymensen, and L. B. Selinger. 2002. Comparison of selected growth media for culturing Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as pathogens of adult Stomoxys calcitrans. J. Med. Entomol. 39: 89-98. Macedo, P. A., J. B. Campbell, P. J. Scholl, and D.B. Taylor. Population profile and seasonal trends of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) caught on Alsynite traps in eastern Nebraska. Environ. Entomol in press. Macedo, P. A., J. B. Campbell, P. J. Scholl, and G. Johnson. Effects of temperature and humidity levels on adult stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) emergence from puparium. Environ. Entomol. in press. Marcon P. et al. 2003. Resistance status of house flies from southeastern Nebraska feedlots J. Econ. Entomol. 96:10-16. McKay, T. and A.B. Broce. 2004. Discrimination of self-parasitized hosts by the pupal parasitoid Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 97: 592-599. McKay, T. and A.B. Broce. Discrimination of self-parasitized hosts by the pupal parasitoid Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. (In Press) Mihok, S., Carlson, D. A., Krafsur, E. S., and L. D. Foil. 2006. Performance of the Nzi and other traps for biting flies in North America. Bull. Entomol. Res. 96:387-397. Mramba, F. W. 2006. Ecological and public health aspects of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) microbial interactions. Ph.D. Dissertation. Kans. Sta. Univ. Owens, C.B., and A.L. Szalanski. 2005. Filter Paper for Preservation, Storage, and Distribution of Insect and Pathogen DNA Samples. Journal of Medical Entomology 42: 709-711.( Rochon, K., T. J. Lysyk, and L. B. Selinger. 2004. Persistence of Escherichia coli in immature house and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in relation to larval growth and survival. J. Med. Entomol. 41: 1082 - 1089. Rochon, K., T. J. Lysyk, and L. B. Selinger. 2005. Retention of Escherichia coli by house fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) during pupal metamorphosis and eclosion. J. Med. Entomol. In Press. Romero, A., A. Broce and L. Zurek. 2006. Role of bacteria in oviposition behaviour and larval development of stable flies. Med. Vet. Entomol. 20: 115-121 Romero, A., A.B. Broce and L. Zurek. Role of bacteria in oviposition behaviour and larval development of stable flies. Med. Vet. Entomol. in press. Szalanski, A.L., and C.B. Owens. 2003. Sequence change and phylogenetic signal in muscoid COII DNA sequences. DNA Sequence 14: 331-334. Szalanski, A.L., and C.B. Owens. 2003. Sequence change and phylogenetic signal in muscoid COII DNA sequences. DNA Sequence 14: 331-334. Taylor, D.B. and D.R. Berkebile. Comparative efficiency of six stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) traps. J. Econ. Entomol. in press. Taylor, D.B., R. Moon, G. Gibson, and A. Szalanski. 2006. Genetic and morphological comparisons of New and Old World populations of Spalangia species (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). An. Entomol. Soc. Am.. 99: 799-808. Dissertations and Theses Mramba, F. W. 2006. Ecological and public health aspects of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) microbial interactions. Ph.D. Dissertation. Kans. Sta. Univ. Romero, A. 2005. Role of bacteria in oviposition behavior and larval development of stable flies. M.S. Thesis. Kans. Sta. Univ. Macedo, P. 2005. Population profiles of stable flies from eastern Nebr. and the impact of weather variables on their seasonal trends. Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. Nebraska. Boohene, C. 2002. Biology and management of Nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a pupal parasitoid of muscoid flies. PhD Dissertation, University of Florida. Extension, trade and non-refereed publications Broce, A., J. DeRouchey, J. Harner & L. Zurek. 2005. Stable flies in pastures: Hay and round bales. Kansas State Res. & Ext. Serv. #MF 2662. Campbell, J. B. 2003. High Plains Integrated Pest Management Guide for Colorado, Western Nebraska, Montana and Wyoming. Colorado State Ext. Serv. Bull 564A. (http://www.highplainsipm.org/). Campbell, J.B. et al. 2001 .Research on stable flies and house flies at Nebraska. UNL Res. Div.IANR, Bull. 34 , 22pp. Foil, L., and J. Hogsette. Treated targets for stable fly control. Proc. XXII International Congress of Entomology. Brisbane, Australia. August 2004 p. 173. Foil, L.D. Control of mechanical transmission of agents of livestock diseases. Proc.First International Symposium on Hemoparasites and their Vectors. Caracas, Venezuela. October 2004 p 46. Geden, C. J. 2006. Biological Control of Pests in Livestock Production. (Book chapter). In: Hansen. L. and T. Steenberg, editors. Implementation of biocontrol in practice in temperate regions - present and near future. Geden, C. J. 2003. Mass-rearing beneficial insects for biological control of flies. Proceedings, IOBC Workshop on Arthropod Mass Rearing and Quality Control, Montpellier, France. Gerry, A. C. 2006. April Showers Bring May Flowers, but March Rains Bring Stable Flies. Statewide UC Cooperative Extension Newsletters. pp 1-2. Gerry, A. C., B. A. Mullens, and N. G. Peterson. 2007. Predicting and Controlling Stable Flies on California Dairies. Oakland: University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. In press. Gerry, A. C. 2005. Fly and Mosquito Control for Horses. Statewide UC Cooperative Extension Newsletters. pp 1-2. Hogsette, J. A. 2003. Pests of Veterinary Importance. Encyclopedia of Entomology, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Hogsette, J. A. And J. Amendt. 2006. Flies, pp. In Public Health Significance of Urban Pests. World Health Organization Report No. (in press). Kaufman, P.E. 2002. Dairy Pest Management, Arthropods. In D. Pimentel, ed. Encyclopedia of Pest Management. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 181-183. Lysyk, T. J. 2002. Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), Stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Pp. 250-253 In P. Mason and J. Huber, (Eds.). Biological control programmes against insects & mites, weeds, and pathogens in Canada 1981-2000. CABI Publishers. Moon, R. D. 2002. Chapt. 14. Muscid flies (Muscidae). Pp. 279302 in: Mullen, G. and L. Durden (eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press,NY. 720 pp. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, and J. K. Waldron. 2002. An Integrated Approach to Managing Fly Pests in Dairy Calf Greenhouses. 2001 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #321. pp. 83 - 94. Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, and J. K. Waldron. 2004. Evaluation of two parasitoids in dairy calf greenhouses. 2003 NYS Livestock and Field Crops Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Pub. #324. pp. 43 - 49. Taylor, D. "Dispersal of stable flies from larval developmental sites." In Symposium Muscoid Flies: Pathogens, Dispersal, and Control. Entomological Society of America Meeting. Fort Lauderdale, FL. December 2005. Taylor, D. "Highlights of veterinary entomology." In Symposium Highlights of Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Entomological Society of America Meeting. Fort Lauderdale, FL. December 2005. Taylor, D. "Stable flies as urban pest: impact on recreation and health." In Symposium Advances in Urban Entomology. North Central Branch Entomological Society of America Meeting. West Lafayette, IN; March 2005. Urech, R, Green, P. E., Elson-Harris, M. M., Bright, R. L., Hogsette, J. A., Brown, G. W. Brown and Skerman, A. G. Management of nuisance flies on cattle feedlots, FLOT.306. Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, 37 pp. 2004. (Technical Bulletin) Urech, R, Green, P. E., Elson-Harris, M. M., Bright, R. L., Hogsette, J. A., Brown, G. W. Brown and Skerman, A. G. Integrated Pest Management for nuisance flies on cattle feedlots. Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, 5 pp. 2004. (Technical Bulletin) Urech, R, Green, P. E., Elson-Harris, M. M., Bright, R. L., Hogsette, J. A., Brown, G. W. Brown and Skerman, A. G. Nuisance flies on cattle feedlots - Key research findings. Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, 3 pp. 2004. (Technical Bulletin) Urech, R, Green, P. E., Elson-Harris, M. M., Bright, R. L., Hogsette, J. A., Brown, G. W. Brown and Skerman, A. G. Feedlot flies - Identifying the problem and some solutions. Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, 3 pp. 2004. (Technical Bulletin) Wallingford, UK. Lysyk, T. J. 2002. Fly Management for Feedlots. pp. 45-52 In: Beneficial Management Practices: Environmental Manual for Feedlot Producers in Alberta. Alberta Cattle Feeders Association and Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development. Presentations to peers and stakeholder groups Foil, L., and J. Hogsette. Treated targets for stable fly control. Proc. XXII International Congress of Entomology. Brisbane, Australia. August 2004 p. 173. Geden, C. J., R. D. Moon, and J. F. Butler. 2004. Host attacks and reproduction of six solitary fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcididae) on pupae of horn fly, house fly, stable fly, black dump fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and a flesh fly (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Livestock Insects Workers Conference, Lake Placid, New York (June). Boohene, C. K., C.J. Geden, J.J. Becnel, M. Stringham, and W. Watson. 2004. A red-eye mutant in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) . ESA national meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah. Geden, C. J. 2005. Sampling methods to monitor pathogens associated with muscoid flies and fly dispersal, in symposium Muscoid flies: Pathogens dispersal and control, ESA national meeting, Fort Lauderdale, FL, December 2005. Geden, C. J. 2005. Host attacks and reproduction of six solitary fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcididae) on pupae of horn fly, house fly, stable fly, black dump fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and a flesh fly (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Davos, Switzerland, September 2005. Geden, C. J. 2006. Quality control issues in mass-produced parasitoids, in symposium Biological Control of Muscoid Diptera, ESA national meeting, Indianapolis, December 2006. Geden, C. J. and P. Kaufman. 2006. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor on live house fly pupae and pupae killed by heat shock, irradiation and cold, Annual meeting of multistate project S-1005 and S-1006, Amarillo, Texas, January 2006. Campbell, J. B. 2005. Management of house flies and stable flies at confined livestock facilities. Dept of Public Health and Environment, Colorado. Environmental Quality personal from 38 states were in attendance. Campbell, J. B. 2005. On biology ecology and control of livestock insects, course for Vet. Tech, College of Tech. Agric., Curtis NE. Foil, L.D. Control of mechanical transmission of agents of livestock diseases. Proc.First International Symposium on Hemoparasites and their Vectors. Caracas, Venezuela. October 2004 p 46. Foil, L.D. Control of mechanical transmission of agents of livestock diseases. Proc.First International Symposium on Hemoparasites and their Vectors. Caracas, Venezuela. October 2004. Geden, C. J. Diseases of parasitic Hymenoptera, 5th International Congress of Hymenopterists, Beijing, China, July 2002 Geden, C. J. Mass-rearing beneficial insects for biological control of flies. Workshop of the IOBC Global Working Group on Arthropod Mass Rearing and Quality Control, September 2003, Montpellier, France. Geden, C. J. Biological control of pests of animal husbandry. Keynote presentation, International Conference on Implementation of Biological Control in Temperate Regions, Flakkebjerg, Denmark, November 2005. Geden, C. J.Pathogens for control of beetles and flies in poultry systems, Seminar presented to the Department of IPM, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Lyngby, Denmark, November 2005. Geden, C. J. 2002. Honey boosts effectiveness of parasitic wasps, by Jim Core. ARS News and Information (press release). Geden, C. J. 2002 Attacking flies with wasps, by Jim Core, Agricultural Research Geden, C. J. 2002. A better fly parasitoid?, IOBC-NRS Newsletter 24(3) Geden, C. J. 2003. Biological fly control helps feedyard practice stewardship, animal husbandry, by Jeff Caldwell. High Plains Journal, May Geden, C. J. 2003. Bug Wars, by Elizabeth Iliff. Practical Horseman Geden, C. J. 2003. Managing disease in beneficial insects, by Jim Core. Agricultural Research Geden, C. J. 2003. Brazilian wasp has sweet tooth, by Rebecca Murphy. Biocontrol News and Information Geden, C. J. 2004: Fly control patrol, by Kathy Coatney. Dairy Producer Geden, C. J. 2004. Walk the pit: Micromanage the manure pit for effective, long-term biocontrol of housefly, by Carol Glenister. IPM Laboratories fact sheet Geden, C. J. 2005. Filth flies feel the heat, by Jim Core http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2005/051229.htm. Geden, C. J. 2002. Biology, impact and management of Nosema disease in hymenopteran parasitoids. Proceedings, 5th International Conference of Hymenopterists, Beijing, China, July 2002. Geden, C. J. 2004. Mass-rearing beneficial insects for biological control of flies. Proceedings, IOBC Workshop on Arthropod Mass Rearing and Quality Control, Montpellier, France, September 2003. Geden, C. J., R.D. Moon and J. F. Butler. 2005. Host ranges of six solitary filth fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcididae) from Florida, Eurasia, Morocco and Brazil. Proceedings, 2nd International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Davos, Switzerland, Sept 12-15, 2005 Geden, C. J. 2005. Biological control of arthropod pests in livestock production. Proceedings, Workshop on implementation of biocontrol in practice in temperate regions - present and near future, Flakkebjerg, Denmark, Nov1-3, 2005. Hinkle, N.C. 2005. "Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities."; "Beef Cattle External Parasite and Grub Control."; "Beef Cattle Insecticide Mixing and Application Instructions and Use Restrictions."; "Dairy Cattle External Parasite and Cattle Grub Control."; "Dairy Cattle (Lactating and Non-Lactating) External Parasite Control Insecticides."; "Cattle Ear Tags." 2005 Georgia Pest Management Handbook. Hinkle, Nancy C. "Beef Cattle Fly Control." Northeast Georgia Master Cattlemen Program, Athens, GA, February 14, 2005. Laurens County Cattlemens Association, Dudley, GA, June 16, 2005. Hinkle, Nancy C. "Filth Fly Biology and Control." USAEC USACHPPM-North Pest Management Technology IPR, Baltimore, MD, October 19-21, 2005. Hinkle, Nancy C. "Livestock Insect Update." Southeast District ANR Training, South Georgia College, Douglas, Georgia, November 17, 2005. Hinkle, Nancy C. "Master Cattlemen: Fly Control." Northwest Georgia Master Cattlemen Program, Coweta County Fairgrounds, October 31, 2005. 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Impact Statements

Neighboring dairy and beef cattle producers can better reduce injury and economic losses due to biting stable fly adults. By modifying their feed and manure management programs, producers can prevent springtime buildup of stable fly populations.
This project demonstrated that if hay feeding methods are modified to spread, rather than concentrate manure-contaminated feed debris in cold months between grazing seasons, then low-level spring populations will be deprived of habitat for 2-3 fly generations into summer. Studies of fly dispersal from breeding sites indicates that feed debris management will need to be implemented regionally, within 5 km (3 mi) of grazing herds to prevent immigration from surrounding areas.
In addition to sanitation, this project also developed a variety of mechanical, biological and chemical control methods that are easy to use in summer IPM programs around grazing and confined cattle. Options include release of parasitic wasps in fly breeding habitats to kill developing flies, deployment of fly attracting, insecticide-treated targets to kill adult flies perching around protected herds, and application of aqueous permethrin to larval breeding sites in emergency situations.