WCC201: Enhanced Use of Barley for Feed and Food

(Multistate Research Coordinating Committee and Information Exchange Group)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

Project Menu

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[05/17/2002] [05/28/2003] [03/15/2005]

Date of Annual Report: 05/17/2002

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 05/07/1999 - 05/08/2000
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/1999 - 05/01/2000

Participants

Hunt, Carl (chunt@uidaho.edu), University of Idaho; Hinman, Dan, University of Idaho; Bowman, Jan, Montana State University; Fadel, James, University of California-Davis; Tyrell, Henery, USDA

Brief Summary of Minutes

Type in report

Accomplishments

The annual meeting of WCC-201 was held in Davis, CA in June. The following are the reports from each station per the stated objectives of the coordinating committee. Objective 1. To promote dialog and exchange of ideas and information among all relevant North American participants in the development and use of barley and barley-based by-products, including animal scientists, plant genetics/breeders, animal feed industry representatives, livestock and crop extension specialists, animal feeding managers, the National Barley Growers Association, state barley growers associations, US Grains Council, and representatives from the malting and brewing industries. Planning to coordinate a half-day conference was initiated at this meeting. It was decided that the Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference audience would be an excellent audience to present current understanding of barley quality factors for feed users. The targeted year to host the barley "mini-symposium" in coordination with the PNWANC was set at 2001. The University of Idaho would be the host of the conference meeting in Boise that year. A slate of barley speakers were proposed to submit to the PNWANC planning committee; WCC-201 committee members would begin coordinating our objective for the barley mini-symposium with members of the 2001 PNWANC planning committee. In addition to planning the barley mini-symposium the following is a description of an educational program provided by North Dakota State University: Project 1. North Dakota Feedlot School. A. Objective Provide classroom and hands-on instruction in grain processing, beef cattle nutrition, feedlot management, and nutrient planning for existing or new feedlot operators in the Northern Great Plains. B. Personnel Contributing to the Project Greg Lardy, Vern Anderson, Karl Hoppe, Kurt Froelich, Steve Metzger, Scott Birchall. C. Summary A two day feedlot school was held in Carrington at the Carrington Research and Extension Center. The objective of the school is to provide both a hands on and a classroom based educational experience for feedlot operators, feed industry personnel, veterinarians, and others interested in the feedlot industry. This school is limited to 25 students and each student receives a comprehensive manual detailing items covered in the lectures and workshops. Topics covered include: nutrition, health care, grain processing, management, marketing, beef quality assurance, nutrient and waste management, and ration balancing. Surveys of people attending the school indicate that this type of learning environment is very popular with beef cattle producers in the Northern Plains states (ND, SD, MN, MT). Since barley is a major feed grain in this cattle production region, management of cattle on barley based finishing diets is covered extensively during this workshop. Objective 2. To educate end users about variation in nutritional or feed quality of barley, including research information that has not been previously summarized and disseminated. University of Idaho: The following abstracts/papers were presented at the Western Section ASAS meeting in Davis, CA: Evaluation of barley characteristics that are associated with digestible energy Sanford, B.J., C.W. Hunt, J.G. Andrae, and G.T Pritchard. The feed quality of barley is typically measured by bulk density; however, current literature indicates that bulk density does not always accurately reflect the energy value of barley. We hypothesize that chemical compositional factors of barley more accurately reflect digestible energy of barley. Forty beef steers (360 kg average initial BW) were used in completely randomized design to determine the in vivo digestibility of eight barley sources varying by variety, growing location and growing year. The sources were selected from 32 original sources to represent barleys from the entire spectrum of bulk density, starch and fiber content. Steers were assigned to barley source treatments and fed diets containing 78 percent rolled barley plus 22 percent chopped alfalfa hay (DM basis). Digestibility measurements were determined using chromic oxide as an external marker in two experimental periods (10 observations per barley source). Barley starch and ADF content ranged from 53 to 64.1 percent and 4.8 to 10.4 percent, respectively. Bulk density varied from 57 to 70.2 kg/hL. Diet digestibility of DM, OM, GE, NDF and ADF was affected (P < .05) by barley source. Starch digestibility was complete (greater than 99 percent) for all diets indicating the importance of barley starch content. Calculated barley DE content and DM digestibility were positively correlated (P < .05) with starch content (r = .73 and .77, respectively) and negatively correlated (P < .05) with ADF content (r = -.71 and -.76, respectively). Bulk density was not correlated with barley DE or DM digestibility. Starch content was most predictive of barley DE content in the following equation: DE = 1.4862 + .0386 starch. Attempts to improve the DE predictive equation with data transformations and additional variables were not successful. Results of this study indicate a large variability in barley DE content that was predictable by starch and ADF content but not by bulk density. Barley, Digestible energy, Starch, Fiber Montana State University. The following are barley-related citations and abstracts presented by MSU scientists during 2000. Bowman, J.G.P., T. K. Blake, and L.M.M. Surber. 2000. Barley Feed Quality for Ruminants. Proc. 8th International Barley Genetics Symposium, 22-27 October, 2000, Adelaide, South Australia. Blackhurst, Travis Craig. 2000. Feed Quality of Two Recombinant Inbred Barley Lines, LB6 and LB57, from a Lewis X Baronesse Cross. M.S. Thesis, Montana State University. Milner, Timothy James. 2000. Influence of Starch Digestion Rate on Feedlot Performance and Site of Starch Digestion in Beef Steers Fed High Concentrate Diets of Corn or Barley. M.S. Thesis, Montana State University. Blackhurst, T. C., J.G.P. Bowman, L.M.M. Surber, T. K. Daniels, and T. K. Blake. 2000. Improving the feed value of barley for finishing steers. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 51:30-33. ABSTRACT: The objectives of this project were to evaluate feedlot performance, nutrient digestion, and carcass characteristics of steers fed two experimental barley lines, LB6 and LB57, developed by crossing Baronesse (2-row, feed type) and Lewis (2-row, feed and malting type). Eighty crossbred steers (avg initial wt 374 kg) were allotted to 16 pens in a randomized complete block design. During the 159-d feeding trial steers consumed an 83% barley diet based on: 1) Baronesse; 2) Lewis; 3) LB6; or 4) LB57. All diets were formulated to contain 13% CP. Steers were weighed, and diet, ort, and fecal samples were collected every 28 d. Acid insoluble ash was used as an internal marker to estimate fecal output. Steers were slaughtered when 70% were visually estimated to grade Choice. Data were analyzed by the GLM procedure of SAS to detect treatment differences with pen as the experimental unit. Planned comparisons were made between LB6 and the mean of Baronesse and Lewis, and between LB57 and the mean of Baronesse and Lewis. No differences (P > 0.10) were found in ADG between barley lines (avg 1.5 kg/d). No differences (P > 0.10) were found between LB57 and the parent varieties in DMI, DM digestibility (DMD), starch digestibility or feed efficiency (kg gain/100 kg feed). Dry matter intake was 4.7% greater (P = 0.004) by steers fed Baronesse and Lewis than by steers fed LB6 (avg 8.9 vs 8.5 kg/d). Feed efficiency was 5.4% higher (P = 0.07) for steers fed LB6, than steers fed parent lines (13.6 vs avg 12.9, respectively). LB6 steers had greater (P = 0.03) in vivo DMD than steers fed the parent lines (74.7 vs avg 73.2%). Steers fed LB6 had lower (P = 0.06) marbling scores (small 40 vs avg small 75) than steers fed parent lines. No other differences (P > 0.10) were found in carcass traits. Results indicate that experimental barley line LB6 had improved feed efficiency and in vivo DMD compared with the parent cultivars, Baronesse and Lewis. Surber, L.M.M., J.G.P. Bowman, T. K. Blake, D. D. Hinman, D. L. Boss, and T. C. Blackhurst. 2000. Prediction of barley feed quality for beef cattle from laboratory analyses. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 51:454-457. ABSTRACT: The objectives of this research were to determine if feedlot performance by cattle fed barley-based diets could be predicted from barley feed quality characteristics as measured by laboratory procedures. Fifty-six observations (each observation was a diet mean in a feedlot study) of animal performance used for these analyses were from 18 feedlot trials conducted in Montana and Idaho, during 1993 through 2000. Dry rolled barley diets fed were based on 21 different barley genotypes, including 14 cultivars and 7 experimental lines. Dry rolled barley samples from each of the diets fed were evaluated for starch, ADF, 3 h in situ DMD (ISDMD), and particle size as measured by dry sieving. Barley NEm and NEg (Mcal/kg) contents were calculated using NRC equations, and in vivo DMI, average BW, and ADG. Correlations and regressions were made using SAS. There was a negative correlation between ISDMD and ADG (r = -0.36, P = 0.007), ISDMD and barley NEm and NEg (r = -0.59, P < 0.001), and ISDMD and gain/feed (r = -0.37, P = 0.007). Barley starch content was positively correlated with NEm and NEg (r = 0.34, P = 0.02), and with gain/feed (r = 0.33, P = 0.02). Barley NEm could be predicted from starch and ISDMD (R2 = 0.42, P < 0.001). ADG could be predicted from NEm, ADF, starch and particle size (R2 = 0.75, P < 0.001). Feed efficiency could be predicted from NEm, starch and ISDMD (R2 = 0.66, P < 0.001). Selection of barley grain for low ISDMD, low ADF, high starch and large particle size could be used to improve feed quality characteristics. Surber, L.M.M., J.G.P. Bowman, T. K. Blake, V. E. Nettles, A. L. Grindeland, M. T. Stowe, R. L. Endecott, K.N. Robison, B. L. Robinson, and D. R. See. 2000. Determination of genetic markers associated with forage quality of barley for beef cattle. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 51:295-298. ABSTRACT: Despite the importance of forage quality to animal performance, barley forage quality has not been used as a selection criterion in barley breeding programs. Our objectives were to evaluate the Steptoe/Morex doubled haploid (DH) population for forage quality, identify Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for forage quality, and determine if there is a genetic basis for nitrate accumulation. The 145 DH lines were grown in a replicated field trial under irrigated conditions in Bozeman, MT. Forage samples were collected at plant anthesis. A 0.15 m clip sample of one row was cut at stubble height and dried at 600C for 48 h. Dry matter forage yield (FY) was determined. Forage samples were ground to pass a 5-mm screen. In situ DM digestibility (ISDMD) at 48 h was determined. A sub-sample of each line was evaluated for NDF, ADF, N, and NO3-N. Data was analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Genetic variation was present between lines for NDF, ADF, ISDMD, N and NO3-N (P < 0.04). Population ISDMD ranged from 68.6 to 84.2% (CV = 3.2%), ADF ranged from 21.3 to 35.1% (CV = 6.3%), N ranged from 2.3 to 4.1% (CV = 9.3%), and NO3-N ranged from 0.22 to 1.1% (CV = 22.2%). Correlation analysis indicated that ISDMD was positively correlated (r = 0.70, P < 0.001) with N and negatively correlated with ADF (r = -0.57, P < 0.001) and NDF (r = -0.69, P < 0.001). Nitrogen was positively correlated (r = 0.52, P < 0.001) with NO3-N and negatively correlated (r = -0.69, P < 0.001) with ADF. Forage ISDMD could be predicted from ADF, NDF and N (R2 = 0.54, P < 0.001). Major QTL markers were identified for all traits. Molecular markers associated with ISDMD, ADF and N were identified on chromosome 2, 4, and 5. Results suggest that genetic differences among Steptoe/Morex DH lines have an impact on forage digestion in the rumen, and this information could be used to select improved forage-quality barley varieties. North Dakota State University. The following are barley-related activities conducted by NDSU scientists during 2000. Project 1. Development of Barley Feeding Bulletins. A. Objective Develop scientifically based bulletins detailing the latest in barley feeding research and recommendations for beef cattle, dairy, sheep, swine, and poultry. B. Personnel Contributing to the Project Greg Lardy, Marc Bauer, Vern Anderson, J.W. Schroeder, Bob Harrold. C. Summary Copies of each bulletin are attached. Project 2. North Dakota Barley Feeders, LLLP, Proposes to Add Value to North Dakota Commodities. A. Objective Develop a means by which farmers, ranchers, and others in local communities can invest in the feeding industry in North Dakota. Provide a means to place cattle on feed at local feedlots. B. Personnel Contributing to the Project Vern Anderson, Carrington Research Extension Center, and Audie Baca, Butts Feedyard. C. Summary Most grain farmers and many cattlemen are aware of the abundance of under-valued feeds in North Dakota from increased acres of crops (corn, wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets), grains infected with disease (barley and wheat), increased processing capability for some crops (corn, wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets), and new crops grown in sustainable rotations (field peas, hulless oats, and grain sorghum). There are also significant amounts of several different oilseed meals (canola, sunflower, soybean, crambe, linseed, and safflower) from a number of processing plants. In addition, abundant and inexpensive forages from legumes (alfalfa), residues (small grain and corn), and rotation crops are available. The five-year price outlook for grains is not very exciting according to predictions published by FAPRI, an agricultural economics organization at Iowa State University. North Dakota is known for its progressive beef breeding programs and the high quality feeder cattle produced. Currently, we export a high percentage of our feeder cattle and sell our feed at discounted prices. Substantial research by North Dakota State University (NDSU) at several sites (Carrington, Fargo, Dickinson, Streeter) and commercial experience across the state support the fact that North Dakota feedlots can compete biologically and economically with commercial feedyards in other states. We have the opportunity and the resources to feed more calves from weaning to market weight in North Dakota in spite of past impressions, weather considerations, and other previous limitations. The North Dakota Barley Council and other agencies are supporting the development of a large-scale investor organization to add value to North Dakota commodities by feeding North Dakota cattle in the state. The North Dakota Barley Feeders, LLLP (NDBF) has been formed, and during the summer of 2000 will be raising investment capital. The operational scenario is to initially feed cattle in existing yards across the state. NDBF will be a customer at commercial yards and work with existing management to insure optimum performance of the animals. Least cost rations will be used irrespective of barley, as the objective is to maximize profit. There are a number of yards that have expressed interest in participating in the NDBF program. These yards will be expected to meet certain criteria for management and nutrition of feedlot cattle. Cattle will be sold using current terminal markets with payment based on carcass quality grids employed when it is advantageous. Risk will be managed for cattle and feed by forward pricing, using options and futures, and taking opportunity if high profit windows occur. The NDBF has completed its business plan and legal requirements with the assistance of the accounting firm of Eide Bailly and attorney Steve Noack. Using the new limited liability, limited partnership structure, producers and non-producers can invest at their own comfort level. The minimum initial investment is $5,000. By combining the resources of many investors, economies of scale can be achieved and professional results obtained, with limited risk to individuals. Markets cycle up and down, so this organization will provide professional risk management to take maximum advantage of profit windows and limit downside exposure. A major feature of this concept is that there will be no capital investment in facilities and equipment at the outset. With feeding experience and accumulated resources, leasing, purchasing, or constructing a new feedyard may be considered. The investment objective is $2 million which will be leveraged to $6 million with lenders. A number of lenders are interested in servicing this partnership. Return on investment is predicted for the next five years to be between 10 and 30% with cattle cycles and feed prices the primary sources of variation. This type of an organization is unique and new to North Dakota in that, previously, all livestock enterprises were developed by individuals, families, or formal partners who shouldered substantial individual risk. Investing in the NDBF will give many individuals a knowledge base and real world experience in cattle feeding at minimal risk. With positive results, investors may choose to expand their own cattle feeding operations or develop a new feeding enterprise. Others may increase their investment in existing cattle feeding enterprises. The NDBF will be operated by a Board of Directors elected from the investor members. Mr. Audie Baca will manage the feeding operations. He has extensive feedlot management experience from yards in Texas, Kansas, and most recently, North Dakota. Members of the interim board include Louis Arnold, Esmond, Chair; Jim Broten, Dazey, General Partner; Stu Richter, New Rockford; Rod Bachmeier, Mandan; and Dr. Vern Anderson, Carrington. Offerings are currently available and can be obtained by contacting Dr. Anderson, 663 Highway 281 North, Carrington, ND 58421, Phone 701.652.2951, email vanderso@ndsuext.nodak.edu. Objective 3. To identify critical new research issues, including new and/or improved products and processes, for the use of barley as feed and food. North Dakota State University. The following are results of studies conducted by NDSU scientists during 2000 that pertain to Objective 3. Project 1. Effects of tempering and a yeast/enzyme mixture on intake, ruminal fermentation, and in situ disappearance in steers fed barley-based finishing diets. A. Objective Evaluate two methods of processing (dry-rolled vs. tempered-rolled) and yeast/enzyme mixture (YEM) on intake, ruminal fermentation, and in situ disappearance of barley. B. Personnel Contributing to the Project Staff Members: G.P. Lardy, V.L. Anderson, J.S. Caton, and M.L. Bauer. Graduate Students: A.E. Radunz. C. Summary Introduction The perceived benefits of tempering include reduction of fines and dust, more uniform particle size and a more optimal dietary moisture content. Research in Idaho indicated tempering barley in finishing feedlot diets resulted in an 8% increase in feed intake, 5% increase in average daily gain, and 6% improvement in feed efficiency. Yeast supplementation to high-barley diets was reported to increase feed intake. Yeast‘s proposed action is to increase lactate utilization in the rumen of high-concentrate diets, therefore, decreasing acidosis. Fibrolytic enzymes may provide additional fiber digestion which can become depressed in high-concentrate diets. Material and Methods Four ruminal cannulated steers (1465 + 57 lbs initial weight) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate tempering barley and a yeast/enzyme mixture (YEM) on intake, fermentation and in situ digestion of a barley-finishing diet. Two forms of processing (tempered-rolled barley and dry-rolled barley) and YEM (with or without) were compared. The four treatments were: 1) TRB without YEM, 2) TRB with YEM, 3) DRB without YEM, and 4) DRB with YEM. Diets were offered ad libitum twice daily and consisted of 80% barley, 10% corn silage, 5% wheat straw, and 5% supplement. Diets were formulated to contain at least 12% CP, 0.70% Ca, 0.34% P, and 200 mg/kg Monensin. The YEM contained Yea-Sacc 8417 (9 g/d) and Fibrozyme (15 g/d), both marketed by Alltech, Inc., hand-mixed into the diet at each feeding. The experimental periods were 14 days in length which included a 9-day adaptation phase. Daily intake was measured the last 5 days of each period. Starting on day 12, in situ bags containing either DRB or TRB were inserted into the rumen of each steer for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 hours. Ruminal fluid samples were collected and pH recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours post feeding on day 13. Ruminal evacuations, conducted on day 14, were taken prior to feeding to estimate dry matter and organic matter fill. Ruminal fluid was also taken from all treatments and incubated with DRB, TRB and barley hulls to estimate IVDMD. Results and Discussion No difference was observed in DM intake, DM ruminal fill, or mean ruminal pH (P > .20) among the treatments (Table 1). Processing did not affect ammonia level, however with the addition of YEM ammonia was greater (P < .01). For substrate effects, TRB had a greater IVDMD (Table 2) than DRB, and both were much greater than barley hulls (P < .001). YEM tended to decrease IVDMD (P < .09) for ruminal fluid, but processing was not different among treatments. In situ DM disappearance rate (Table 3) was greater (P < .05) for TRB than DRB, 10.7%/hr and 9.2% /hr, respectively, however, no difference was observed in DM disappearance with addition of YEM. An interaction existed between processing and YEM (P < .001) with in situ disappearance rate of ADF. Processing did not affect ADF disappearance rate without YEM; however, ADF disappearance was faster for DRB than TRB with the addition of YEM. Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate two methods of processing (dry-rolled vs. tempered-rolled) and yeast/enzyme mixture (YEM) on intake, ruminal fermentation, and in situ disappearance of barley. No difference was observed in DM intake or ruminal pH (P > .20) among the treatments. The addition of YEM increased ruminal ammonia (NH3-N) level (P < .01). In vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD) was different among substrates (P < .001), TRB was greater than DRB and both were much greater than barley hulls. The addition of YEM tended to decrease IVDMD (P < .09) for ruminal fluid but processing was not different among treatments. In situ DM disappearance rate was greater (P < .05) for TRB than DRB. Processing did not affect ADF disappearance rate without YEM; however, ADF disappearance was faster for DRB than TRB with the addition of YEM. Tempering improved DM digestion of barley; however, with the addition of YEM, tempering resulted in slower ADF disappearance. Conclusion Tempering may improve dry matter digestion of barley and, with the addition of yeast/enzyme mixture to tempered barley, may slow ADF disappearance. Table 1. Effect of treatment on intake, fill, and ruminal fluid. Treatments Processing YEM Item TRB DRB - + SEM DMI, lbs 30.7 30.8 31.4 30.0 1 DM fill, lbs 30.3 27.0 29.7 27.6 1 pH 6.19 6.22 6.24 6.17 .04 NH3-N, mg/dL 14.09 13.72 12.66 15.15 .58 Table 2. Effect of treatment on IVDMD. Treatments Processing YEM Item TRB DRB - + SEM TRB, % 80.7 80.2 81.1 79.7 .7 DRB, % 77.7 76.9 78.0 76.7 .8 Barley hulls, % 59.5 59.5 60.5 58.5 .7 Table 3. Effect of treatment on in situ disappearance. Treatments - YEM + YEM Item TRB DRB TRB DRB SEM DM, %/hr 10.6 9.3 10.7 9.1 .2 ADF, %/hr 3.7 3.6 2.0 3.2 .1 Project 2. Malting barley co-products or wheat midds in corn based diets for growing yearling steers. A. Objective Compare malting barley co-products or wheat midds in growing diets for feedlot steers when fed in combination with corn. B. Personnel Contributing to the Project Vern Anderson and Eric Bock, Carrington Research Extension Center. C. Summary Introduction Wheat and barley are the most common feed grains in the Northern Plains states. Value added processing of these grains is increasing in order to generate more income for grain growers who cooperatively own some of the processing plants. Barley is used to produce malt resulting in a palatable and nutritious co-product called sprouts. Wheat is milled for flour or semolina resulting in an abundant supply of wheat middlings or midds. Both feeds are useful for a wide range of livestock diets. This trial compared these two co-product feeds in growing diets for feedlot steers when fed in combination with corn. Materials and Methods Forty-two steer calves were allotted to four pens at the Carrington Research Extension Center Livestock Unit and blocked by weight. Steers were fed either barley malt sprout pellets and corn, or wheat midds and corn, with the rest of the diet consisting of alfalfa hay, corn silage, and an ionophore/mineral supplement. Barley malt sprouts were included at 50, 60, and 80% of the pellet formulation for Periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with barley screenings making up the remainder. Diets were balanced to meet the nutrient requirements of the growing steers (NRC, 1996) and had a concentrate to roughage ratio of 61/39. Steers were weighed on consecutive days at the beginning and end of the trial, as well as every 28 days during the trial. Steers were fed a totally mixed diet once per day in a fenceline bunk. Steers were implanted with Ralgro prior to trial. Table 1. Nutrient content of barley pellets with 50, 60, and 80% malt sprouts and wheat midds. Item 50% MaltSprouts 60% MaltSprouts 80% MaltSprouts WheatMidds Dry matter, % 94.84 92.34 92.28 87.38 ----------------------- Dry Matter Basis ----------------------- Crude protein, % 19.74 13.20 16.96 16.39 Acid detergent fiber, % 21.96 20.88 20.44 9.80 Neutral detergent fiber, % 52.52 49.58 49.11 35.91 Ash, % 6.46 8.42 6.16 4.41 Calcium, % .19 .21 .15 .10 Phosphorus, % .46 .33 .43 .75 Results and Discussion Overall, steers fed the two different diets had similar dry matter intake. However, the steers fed wheat midds had an 11% advantage in ADG, as well as 10% better feed efficiency, and a cost of gain that was $0.02 less than the steers fed barley malt sprouts. In period 3, the steers fed barley malt sprouts most closely matched the performance of the steers fed wheat midds. Barley malt sprouts and wheat midds are priced similarly at $64 and $60/ton, respectively. They are also comparable in price on a protein basis with barley malt sprouts equivalent to $0.18/lb of protein and wheat midds at $0.195/lb protein. However, on the average, barley malt sprouts are higher in fiber, ash, and calcium, and lower in phosphorus and protein. The higher fiber fraction suggests lower digestibility, which would explain the lower feed efficiency. This, coupled with a slightly higher cost, leads to the increased cost/lb of gain. Table 2. Performance of steers fed barley pellets with 50, 60, and 80% malt sprouts and wheat midds. Item Period 1 Period 2 50% Sprouts Wheat Midds 60% Sprouts Wheat Midds Initial weight, lbs 571.83 567.08 655.65 668.35 DMI, lbs 17.12 17.32 18.84 18.93 ADG, lbs 3.00 3.62 3.41 3.71 Feed/gain, lbs 5.71 4.79 5.52 5.11 Cost/lb gain, $ 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.14 Period 3 Overall 80% Sprouts Wheat Midds Malt Sprouts Wheat Midds Initial weight, lbs 751.13 772.1 --- --- DMI, lbs 19.41 19.36 18.57 18.71 ADG, lbs 2.75 2.85 3.09 3.43 Feed/gain, lbs 7.06 6.79 6.02 5.45 Cost/lb gaina 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.15 aCalculated with average feed prices: barley malt sprouts $65/ton, wheat midds $60/ton, corn $2/bushel, Monensin/supplement $280/ton, alfalfa hay $60/ton, and corn silage $20/ton. Implications Barley malt sprouts appear to be a palatable, low-cost feedstuff that can be readily utilized in growing diets. Performance and cost of gain were not as attractive as wheat midds, but it is still useful as a cost-effective energy and protein source. Overall, both diets yielded results that were satisfactory for steers fed a growing diet. More research may be needed in the area of the nutrient content of the barley pellets at various levels of malt sprouts to be able to match this feed component to the nutrient requirement of the animal. Project 3. A comparison of corn, corn/midds, and barley, as the grain source with potato co-product in finishing steer diets. A. Objective Determine the effect of three different grain sources (corn, corn/wheat midds, or barley) in potato waste-based finishing diets on finishing performance of beef steers. B. Project Personnel E.J. Bock and V.L. Anderson, Carrington Research Extension Center. C. Summary Introduction The North Dakota potato industry has developed to a point where the disposal of its co-products is a serious problem. The disposal options are landfill, land application, or livestock. Ruminant livestock have the capacity to consume relatively large amounts of potato co-product in a variety of forms and moisture levels. Potato co-products contain substantial amounts of energy in the form of starch, but are low in fiber. Current potato processing methods employ steaming versus alkali peeling which yields a nutritionally different co-product than was available before. Barley has been an under-utilized energy so

Publications

Bowman, J.G.P., T. K. Blake, and L.M.M. Surber. 2000. Barley Feed Quality for Ruminants. Proc. 8th International Barley Genetics Symposium, 22-27 October, 2000, Adelaide, South Australia. Blackhurst, Travis Craig. 2000. Feed Quality of Two Recombinant Inbred Barley Lines, LB6 and LB57, from a Lewis X Baronesse Cross. M.S. Thesis, Montana State University. Milner, Timothy James. 2000. Influence of Starch Digestion Rate on Feedlot Performance and Site of Starch Digestion in Beef Steers Fed High Concentrate Diets of Corn or Barley. M.S. Thesis, Montana State University. Blackhurst, T. C., J.G.P. Bowman, L.M.M. Surber, T. K. Daniels, and T. K. Blake. 2000. Improving the feed value of barley for finishing steers. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 51:30-33. Surber, L.M.M., J.G.P. Bowman, T. K. Blake, D. D. Hinman, D. L. Boss, and T. C. Blackhurst. 2000. Prediction of barley feed quality for beef cattle from laboratory analyses. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 51:454-457. Surber, L.M.M., J.G.P. Bowman, T. K. Blake, V. E. Nettles, A. L. Grindeland, M. T. Stowe, R. L. Endecott, K.N. Robison, B. L. Robinson, and D. R. See. 2000. Determination of genetic markers associated with forage quality of barley for beef cattle. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 51:295-298.

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 05/28/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 05/19/2003 - 05/20/2003
Period the Report Covers: 05/01/2002 - 05/01/2003

Participants

Members Present:

Vern Anderson, North Dakota State University-Carrington, Chairperson

Thayne Dutson, Oregon State University-Corvallis
John Froseth, Washington State University-Pullman
Carl Hunt, University of Idaho-Moscow
Greg Lardy, North Dakota State University-Fargo
Dominique Roche, Utah State University-Logan
Henry Tyrell, USDA- Washington D.C.
Wayne Gipp - Montana State University

Other participants:
Leif Anderson, North Dakota State University-Hettinger Research Center
Marc Bauer, North Dakota State University-Fargo
Weston Dvorak, North Dakota Barley Council
Doug Landblon, North Dakota State University-Dickinson Research Center
Vance Owens, South Dakota State University-Brookings

Brief Summary of Minutes

Vern Anderson called the meeting to order at 9AM at the Holiday Inn in Fargo. The agenda was reviewed and approved as follows,

Agenda:

Convene annual meeting

Introductions

Welcome: Dr. Ken Grafton, Director, Ag. Experiment Station, NDSU

Approval of agenda

Approval of minutes from 2002 meeting

Administrative Advisors Report and Update: Thayne Dutson

CSREES Update: Henry Tyrell-USDA

Station Reports

Plan 2004 meeting date and location

Discuss future extension activities related to WCC-201

Elect officer(s)

Adjourn

Approval of minutes of 2003 meeting

Minutes compiled and presented by Vern Anderson were unanimously approved.

Members present were particularly impressed by the number of new participants from North Dakota and other regions.

Members of the WCC-201 are making significant progress on the different objectives set forth by this committee. Use of barley for feed is being enhanced by emerging new research information regarding the incorporation of barley grain in alfalfa cubes (University of Idaho), the incorporation of malted sprouts in feed cubes (North Dakota State university), barley processing and its bulk density (Montana State University). Use of barley hay is being intensively tested at Montana State University in a multi-pronged research program where stage of maturity/at harvest, drying processes, barley genetics, ear morphology and nitrate concentration are all taken into consideration. Extension of the fall grazing period by direct planting of barley into corn stands is being investigated at South Dakota State University. New approaches such as proteomics are being developed at Utah State University and may have applications in the identification of barley seed proteins for animal feed or human food.

Administrative Advisor Report and Update: Thayne Dutson, Oregon State University

At OSU, the past year has been marked by deep funding cuts especially at the service level (minus 50%). More cuts in extension have also occurred (-25%). And, in general no vacant positions were refilled. At the federal level while unrealistic spending continues, we could see a possible increase in Hatch funding.

One major positive accomplishment of the last year has been the setting of the NIMSS web database to allow us to file on line the annual report.

Regarding barley utilization Thayne considers there are still further opportunities in feed rations for barley. Thayne outlined the process to get new committee members.

Steps: 1- Exp. Sta. Director fills out the web form

2- Allocation of $750 per meeting. Check with each exp. Stations. Fill a form.

New membership is subject to the approval by the whole committee.

CSREES Update: Henry Tyrell-USDA

Due to upcoming retirement Henry assisted to his last meeting with this committee. At this occasion he took the opportunity to make a few predictions for the evolution of the U.S. Agricultural Research. First, he thinks that eventually Ag. Production research will be cut very significantly since it is presently taking a back seat in funding priorities. Second, as general extension has not kept up with Production Agriculture more and more private consulting firms have been -and will be- doing its job. Third, he believes that they are fundamental problems with the present Extension Service. It has progressively become a social educational program to urban constituents. As it is becoming irrelevant Extension may collapse as it did in Virginia.

Presently at the Federal Level we assist to a spiral of more spending creating more deficits. As a potential opportunity for this committee funding increases are foreseen due to Homeland security. The House of Representatives killed APHIS funding though it was originally authorized. Consequently, some funding opportunities through competitive process have been lost. NRI programs benefited from this situation by an extra $40 millions. With a trend towards more funding of multi-state projects on a competitive basis, we may prevent the emergence of innovative research. CSREES reason to be is to allocate funds from the federal level to the local level. However, these days all CSREES new funding resources go to competitive projects!

Directed funds from Congress are still growing. North Dakota and Montana remains significant recipients of such funding. These specific projects (?pork barrel?) are not as bad as they are often presented. They are actually aimed at resolving problems. This funding generally comes from the industry to try to solve current problems.

Finally, Henry reminded us that by statute 25% of Hatch funding should be dedicated to interstate activities. So each Experimental Station Director should have money for this kind of meeting.

Station Reports

(1) John Froseth, Washington State University:

Research: John has been working on a highly processed fish product. It is good for baby pigs and especially high in arginin. John believes that barley could be better used than corn due to its non starchy polysacharrides. He thinks that use of antibiotics will be completely phased out in the next few years in animal production. We may wonder if there is any advantage of barley when antibiotics are not being used.

General discussion: White fat for Asian markets is critical, especially for pork. Barley is much better than corn to avoid carotenoids in rations. As global feed barley acreage is decreasing. However, John believes there are still opportunities for specialized varieties for defined markets especially for winter barley in Oregon.

According to John, Agricultural Extension is almost a thing of the past in Washington State. The top producing wheat producing in the country has no longer a crop production extension specialist. 4H programs are the top business in WA for extension programs. Agricultural production is not emphasized anymore. Barley acreage is going down, corn is going up.

(2) Carl Hunt, Idaho State University:

The State lost more extension specialist positions in animal production. However, at the Caldwell Research and Extension Center, the position of Don Hinman who recently retired has been maintained. The Governor will not accept any further cut in research and education and vetoed three times attempts by the State legislature to do so. However revenues are still not back to what they should be and the future is uncertain.

In the Pacific Northwest dairy uses of barley seem to have reached saturation. However, we think there is potential for expansion as a substitute for hay with wintering beef cows. Furthermore cubing of alfalfa with 40% of barley seems to be a valid alternative to hay winterfeeding. Preliminary results indicate that barley incorporation in alfalfa cubes is beneficial. It merits further research.

(3) Vance Owens, South Dakota State University:

Research project in cooperation with the Montana Feed Barley Program. Experiments have been conducted to test the possibility for extension of the grazing season with planting of barley and other small grains in standing corn.

(4) Wayne Gipp, Montana State University:

We had initial cuts made to the 2000 level for all state institutions. Then some funding was restored to the 2002 level.

Montana remains a non-urban state with strong emphasis in agriculture. A new animal science facility is being built with new food processing entities. From a presently one-person meat lab the new facility will a new research lab with emphasis in food technology and value added product. This is an attempt at trying to tie things together from production through. A director position is envisaged for the new lab.

(5) Weston Dvorak, North Dakota Barley Council:

The council has the objective to get a renewed interest in feed barley in the state. Recent findings during trips in Alberta and California seem to indicate that there are problems in feedlots with extensive use of corn in rations. It seems there is more bloating with corn than with barley.

(6) Doug Landblon, North Dakota State University-Dickinson Research Center: At the center there is a barley evaluation in swine and cattle diets. There is another barley grant on the center.

Presentation from Wendy L. Bengochea, Masters student at NDSU entitled "Processing feed barley in backgrounding diets."

(7) Marc Bauer, Animal. & Range Sc. NDSU-Fargo:

Marcs research addresses primarily rates of protein degradation rates in rumen. He also studies the effects of added urea in the rations. A general discussion ensued on digestibility of saccharides and proteins.

(8) Vern Anderson:

It is noteworthy to indicate that each NDSU center is funded individually by the legislature.

At the Carrington Center a new facility was built there. There, research efforts are aimed at an increase of feedlots in the state. Barley is used in at least five research projects with evaluation of effects on meat quality. The addition of flax was found to increase the overall barley diet data. There is also collaboration on the protein supplementation of barley rations. Another collaboration with Cargill is addressing the use of malt sprouts in feed cubes. Finally we see an emerging trend for natural feeding systems with no antibiotics and no GMO?s plant varieties used in rations.

Four congressional delegations (MT, ND, SD, WY) were instrumental in the creation of a Four-State Consortium Program at the Hettinger Research Center to maintain development in these four corners especially in the areas of dry farming and the sheep industry.

(9) Dominique Roche, Utah State University:

Dominique discussed the potential of using proteomics for the analysis of barley seed proteins.

2004 Meeting date and location:

Should we merge meeting dates with North American Barley Workers meeting held every other year. Their next scheduled meeting is for July 2005 in Red Deer (Alberta).

At our next meeting we should discuss the re-writing of WCC-002 objectives by fall or spring 2004. Its submission will be due by March 15, 2005, in order to have a new charter by fall 2005.

Election of officers:

Nominations were taken for the position of Committee Chairperson. Carl Hunt nominated Dominique Roche. Dominique was elected as chairperson.

Carl Hunt nominated Jan Bowman for the position of secretary. Jan was elected as secretary.

Accomplishments

IDAHO PROGRESSIVE REPORT WCC201, Barley Quality Evaluation Investigations of the practicality of substituting barley for hay to supply dietary energy for wintering beef cows Personnel: Carl W. Hunt, Professor Amin Ahmadzadeh, Assistant Professor Peter Szasz, Graduate Assistant Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, Abstract: Metabolizable energy can often be supplied more economically from grain than from forages, however logistics often preclude inclusion of grain in wintering beef cattle rations. Incorporation of grain into pressed alfalfa cubes may provide a means of delivering energy via processed grain. Four ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used to evaluate diets containing alfalfa fed coarsely chopped or as pressed cubes. These diets were fed with or without substituted barley. Results of this study indicate that isocaloric substitution of barley, either as a separate ingredient or as an ingredient of a pressed cube, is a feasible alternative strategy for meeting the energy requirements of wintering beef cattle Effect of added degradable intake protein on performance of cattle fed corn or barley-based finishing diets L. R. Kennington', C. W. Hunt1, D. D. Hinrnan', J. I. Szasz', and S. J. Sorensen2 1 University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 2 University of Idaho, Caldwell Research and Extension Center, Caldwell, ID Proceedings, Western Section, American Society of Animal Science, Vol. 53, 2002 Abstract: Two-hundred forty Angus x Salers steers to determine the effect of grain type (corn and barley) and level of DIP on performance of finishing cattle. Treatments included corn- or barley-based finishing diets balanced with 11.5, 12.75 or 14% CP using soybean meal and urea. No differences were detected (P > 0.05) between treatments for initial weight, days on feed, or internal fat. Corn-fed cattle had greater (P < 0.05) DMI, ADG, final weights and gainfeed than cattle fed barley-based finishing diets (9.89 versus 9.56 kg/d, 1.78 versus 1.52 kd/d, 602 versus 567 kg, and 179 vs 158, respectively). Cattle fed corn-based diets had greater (P < 0.05) hot carcass weight subcutaneous fat, ribeye area, quality grade and yield grade than cattle fed barley-based finishing diets (373 versus 352 kg, 1.17 versus 1.04 cm, 90.4 versus 87.9 cm2, 14.88 versus 13.35 [12-14 = low Choice, 15 = Choice] and 2.66 versus 2.45, respectively). Subcutaneous fat increased linearly as DIP level increased in the diets (P < 0.05). Growth performance variables of the grain type main effect were not interactive with DIP level, suggesting starch fermentability did not affect DIP requirement under the conditions of this experiment. WCC-201- Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Report 2003 Participants: Jan Bowman, Tom Blake Effects of barley processing and bulk density when fed to backgrounding calves. Abstract: A study was initiated to evaluate the effects of light or heavy bulk density (BD) barley fed whole or dry rolled to calves on a backgrounding diet. Bulk density did not affect (P = 0.57) DMI (average 8.7 kg/d), however, steers fed whole barley consumed less (P= 0.005) than steers fed dry rolled barley. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in final weight or ADG due to BD (average 381 kg and 1.1 kg/d, respectively). Feeding dry rolled barley resulted in heavier final weights (P = 0.06; 387 vs 375 kg) and increased ADG (P = 0.001; 1.2 vs 0.99 kg/d) compared with feeding whole barley. Bulk density did not affect steer performance in the trial. However, dry rolling barley before feeding to steers in a backgrounding diet increased performance by 17% when compared to feeding the barley whole. Effects of barley or corn on performance and digestibility in finishing diets. Abstract: Barley is an important feed grain in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, while corn is the predominant grain source in finishing diets throughout the United States. Limited comparisons are available evaluating differences between the feed value of corn and barley. Eighty steers (average initial weight 344 kg) were fed finishing diets for 112 d to determine the effects of corn and three barley varieties (H3, Harrington, and Valier) on feedlot performance, nutrient digestion, carcass characteristics, and grain energy content. There were no differences (P > 0.10) among diets for ADG (average 1.58 kg/d), feed efficiency (FE; average 16.31 kg gain/100 kg feed), DMI (average 9.62 kg), or starch digestibility (average 97%). Fat thickness was greatest (P = 0.03) for steers fed corn (average 1.2 cm), and least for steers fed H3 and Valier (average 0.93 cm). Steers fed corn had higher (P = 0.07) yield grades than steers fed barley (average 3.1 vs 2.8, respectively); however, there were no differences (P > 0.10) detected for any other carcass characteristic. Lack of differences in animal performance and grain energy values suggest that barley has equal feeding value to corn in finishing diets, and that the NRC may underestimate net energy values for barley. Effects of barley processing, bulk density, and oil type on feedlot performance and carcass of finishing beef steers. Abstract: Eighty crossbreed beef steers weighing 385 kg were fed a finishing diet (83% barley, 6% chopped straw, 3% oil and 8% supplement) in a study examining the effects of barley processing (who1e vs. dry rolled), barley bulk density (BD; heavy vs. light; 63.1 kg/hL and 50.8 kg/hL, respectively) and oil type (soybean vs. high linoleic acid safflower oil) on animal performance and carcass characteristics. Final weight was highest (P = 0.005) for steers-fed dry rolled heavy barley (RH) and dry rolled light barley (RL; avg. 573 kg), intermediate for steers fed whole light barley (WL; 505 kg) and least for steers fed whole heavy barley (WH; 468 kg). Average daily gain was highest (P = 0.001) for steers fed RH and RL (avg. 1.65 kg/d), intermediate for steers fed WL (1.06 kg/d), and least for steers fed WH (0.75 kg/d. Dry matter intake was greatest (P = 0.01) for steers fed RH and RL (avg. 11.6 kg/d), intermediate for steers fed WL (9.7 kg/d), and least for steers fed WH (8.1 kg/d). Feed efficiency (kg of gain/100 units of feed) was highest (P = 0.002) for steers fed RH (14.7), followed by RL (13.9), WL (9.7), and WH (8.1). No differences (P > 0.08) in carcass characteristics were detected for BD, processing or their interaction. No effects (P > 0.07) of oil on ending weights, ADG, or carcass characteristics were found. In summary, barleys with BD of 63.1 and 50.8 kg/hL had similar energy contents, while NEm and NEg for dry rolled barley were 22 and 30% higher, respectively, than for whole barley fed to finishing steers. Stage of maturity, time of sampling, and method of drying effects on forage quality of Haybet barley. Abstract: Approximately half of Montana grain hay production comes from barley. The objective of this research was to evaluate method of sample drying, stage of maturity and time of sampling effects on forage quality of 'Haybet' barley. Haybet barley was grown under irrigated conditions in 2002 near Bozeman, MT. Forage clip samples (5cm) were collected at the boot (B) and water early-milk stage (W) of maturity. At each stage of maturity samples were collected in the morning (AM) and evening (PM) of two consecutive days. Clip samples were divided into two aliquots that were either freeze-dried (FD) with liquid nitrogen or oven dried (OD) at 60°C in a forced air oven. Stage of maturity affected (P < 0.01) all forage quality parameters. Neutral detergent fiber was 4.8% greater (P < 0.01) at W stage of maturity when compared to B stage of maturity (54.43 vs. 51.95%, respectively). Nitrate concentration was 45% lower (P < 0.01) at the W stage of maturity when compared to B stage of maturity (0.140 vs. 0.253%, respectively), however it was unaffected (P> 0.10) by time of sampling or method of drying. Crude protein content was 53% lower (P <0.01) at W when compared to B stage of maturity (1 1.86 vs. 18.14%, respectively). Acid detergent fiber was 3.2% lower (P- 0.08) at PM than at AM (30.43 vs. 3 1.44%, respectively). In situ DMD tended to increase (P = 0.11) at PM compared to AM (76.45 vs. 75.21, respectively). Freeze drying decreased (P = 0.05) ADF content by 3.6% when compared to OD (30.36 vs. 31.51%, respectively). Stage of maturity greatly affected forage quality of Haybet forage barley. Haybet cut in the evening tended to yield hay that was lower in ADF and higher in digestibility. Nitrate concentration of cereal forage species at three stages of maturity. Abstract: Livestock producers need to be concerned with nitrate concentrations when feeding annual cereal forages. Six cereal forage species (18 varieties) were grown under irrigated conditions in Bozeman, MT, and were used to test the effects of cereal forage species and stage of maturity on forage nitrate concentration. The range in N03-N was from 0.01 to 0.55% (CV = 47.2%). There were significant (P < 0.05) cereal forage species, stage of maturity and species x maturity interaction effects on N03-N concentration. Nitrate-nitrogen concentration at the boot stage of maturity did not differ (P > 0.05) when compared to the anthesis stage of maturity (average 0.244 %). However, NO3- N concentration at harvest was 36 % lower than at anthesis (0.168 vs. 0.230 %). Barley forage N03-N concentration was highest (P < 0.05) at the boot stage, intermediate at anthesis and lowest at harvest (0.230, 0.195 and 0.13 I%, respectively). Oat forage maintained highN03-N concentrations at all growth stages (P > 0.05; average 0.341%). It appears that stage of maturity and cereal forage species greatly affect N03-N concentration. This implies that different harvest management must be implemented for oat when compared to other cereal forage species. Effect of barley varieties harvested for forage on backgrounding steer performance and diet digestibility Abstract: The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine the effects of four barley varieties on animal performance and diet digestibility, and 2) determine the effects of feeding awned vs. hooded head type barley. 'MT 981060J, 'Westford', and 'Haybet' are all hooded forage barley varieties, while 'Valier' is an awned feed barley variety. Steers fed MT981060 and Valier had 55% greater (P < 0.01) ADG when compared to steers fed Haybet and Westford barley (average 3.29 vs. average 2.75 kg/d, respectively). Dry matter intake was greatest (P < 0.01) for steers fed MT 981060 and Valier, intermediate for Haybet and least for Westford (average 10.06 vs. 9.61 and 8.08 kgld, respectively). Steers fed MT 981060, Valier, and Westford barley had 14.4% improvement (P < 0.01) in feed efficiency (FE) when compared to steers fed Haybet barley (average 15.07 vs. 12.9 kg gain1100 kg feed, respectively). Feeding an awned variety did not impact DMI, ADG, or FE. MT 981060 had superior feeding value for backgrounding steers and is scheduled for release by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. South Dakota/Montana Peed Barley Program Progress Report- WCC-201 I. Project Title: Extending the grazing season using spring small grains planted in the summer: A comparison of barley, oats, triticale, and wheat planted in various seedbed conditions 11. Project Leaders: Vance N. Owens, Forage Research Agronomist, South Dakota State University Richard J. Pruitt, Cow/calf Management, South Dakota State University 111. Project Personnel April Schultz, MS. Student IV. Objectives: 1. Determine establishment success of forage barley and other small grains planted into various types of seedbeds at different seeding dates. 2. Evaluate the potential of forage barley to extend the grazing season for weaned calves. V. Procedures Barley, wheat, oats, and triticale were no-till planted into oat stubble or broadcast seeded into standing corn on 1 and 15 August and 1 and 15 September 2002 planting date) at Brookings, SD. Plots were harvested on the following dates: 15 and 3 1 October, 15 November, and 2 December.. Crude protein concentration has been determined on all samples, NDF and ADF analysis are ongoing. VI. Results Objective I. Harvest date significantly affected yield and CP. Warmer than average temperatures during late fall allowed production to increase or be maintained through the middle of November. Production levels declined during the latter part of November and into December as a result of plant senescence and leaf loss. Forage yield was higher when small grains were planted on 1 August compared to 15 August. The two additional weeks growth provided about 800 kg DM ha.' of additional forage. Crude protein was higher in all species on the later planting date. However, CP was highest in barley planted on 1 August while CP was greatest in triticale when planting was delayed to 15 August. Wheat and oats ranked similarly on both planting dates. Objective 2. Forty-six Angus and Simmental x Angus heifers were allotted by breed and weight to two management treatments, the dry lot weaned group and the pasture weaned group. Calves were weighed (after being removed from feed and water overnight) at weaning and 14, 28 and 49 days post weaning. Blood samples were collected by jugular vein-puncture at weaning and 14 and 28 days post weaning to measure the development of immunity from vaccinations given on the day of weaning. Calves were scored daily for disease symptoms. Results shows that calves weaned on pasture gained more for 14 days post weaning than calves weaned in dry lot. Average daily gain of calves grazing forage barley was similar to calves fed in dry lot during the same period. Gains from the end of the grazing period to April 16 were similar for the two management treatments. Blood samples are being analyzed to determine if the less stressful pasture weaning resulted in greater acquisition of immunity from vaccinations. VII. Summary Utilization of barley, or other small grains, sown during late summer shows promise as a way of extending the grazing season for weaned calves. Grazing into the fall may potentially reduce calf stress, disease, labor, and cost of facilities for cow/calf producers compared to traditional weaning management. The study will be repeated a second year. Furthermore, this will help us determine whether or not this option is financially competitive with other traditional systems.

Publications

Boss, D. E., J.G.P. Bowman, L.M.M. Surber, D. G. Sattoriva, and T. K. Blake. 2003. Effects of barley processing and bulk density when fed to backgrounding calvesProc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 54:351-353. Kincheloe, J. J., J.G. P Bowman, L.M.M. Surber, D. L. Boss, K A. Anderson and T. K. Blake. 2003. Effects of barley or corn on performance and digestibility in finishing diets. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 54:362-365. McDonnell, M. F., J.G.P. Bowman, L.M.M Surber, J. J. Kincheloe, K.A. Anderson, and T. K.Blake. 2003. Effects of type on feedlot performance and carcass of finishing beef steers. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 54:49-52. Surber L.M.M., S. D. Cash, J.G.P. Bowman, and K.M Rolfe. 2003. Stage of maturity, time of sampling, and method of drying effects on forage quality of Haybet barley. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 54:206-209. Surber, L.M.M., S. D. Cash, J.G.P. Bowman, and M.C. Meuchel. 2003. Nitrate concentration of cereal forage species at three stages of maturity. Proc. West. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 54:203-205. Todd, A.L., J.G.B. Bowman, L.M.M. Surber, M.A. Thompson, J. J. Kincheloe, M.F. McDonnell, and P.F. Hensleigh. 2003. Effect of barley varieties harvested for forage on backgrounding steer performance and diet digestibility. Proc. West. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 54:389-392.

Impact Statements

Barley is widely grown for malt production, animal feed and human food in the Northern Plains, Intermountain and Northwestern Regions of the USA. The total value of production was 0.6 billion of dollars in the period 2000-2002 (Agricultural Statistics, USDA-NASS, 2003). Barley remains the grain of choice for animal feed and is used extensively as hay for winter feeding. Our research findings have demonstrated the value of barley grain in animal rations over the use of corn.
We see an emerging trend for more natural feeding systems with no antibiotics and no GMOs plant varieties used in rations. Barley should become an important component to these feeding systems. With the recent decision by the Biotechnology Industry of abandoning some transgenic applications in wheat, it is likely that barley will not be a GMO-crop for at least the next ten years.

Date of Annual Report: 03/15/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/15/2004 - 06/15/2004
Period the Report Covers: 06/01/2003 - 06/01/2004

Participants

Dominique Roche, Chairperson, Plant Breeding-Utah State University
Vern Anderson - Beef cattle, North Dakota State University (Carrington Station)
Wayne Gipp - Swine production, Montana State University
Thayne Dutson - Administrative advisor- Oregon State University

Others present:
Wes Dvorak- North Dakota Barley Council

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Members of the WCC-201 are making significant progress on the different objectives set forth by this committee. Research on digestion of barley-based high-grain diets for beef cattle and steers is being completed (North Dakota State University). Research on digestion of barley-based high-grain diets for beef cattle and steers is being completed (North Dakota State University). Use of barley hay is being intensively tested at Montana State University in a multi-pronged research program where stage of maturity/at harvest, drying processes, barley genetics, ear morphology and nitrate concentration are all taken into consideration. Use of barley for feed is being enhanced by emerging new research information regarding the use of barley malt feeds (North Dakota State University), barley processing and its bulk density (Montana State University). Releases of feed barley cultivars of two-rowed type (North Dakota State University) and six-rowed type (Utah State University) remains an important emphasis of the group. Comparison of animal performances fed with barley grown under dryland or irrigated conditions, is yielding valuable research results at Montana State University. New approaches such as proteomics are being developed at Utah State University and may have applications in the identification of barley seed proteins for animal feed or human food. Finally, the active involvement of the North Dakota Barley Council in this group activity is remarkable and very much appreciated. North Dakota Station Report Vern Anderson (ND) distributed a 19 page report of barley related activities of the ND members of the committee. Reports were included on NDSU Feedlot schools for beef producers that included a discussion of barley-based growing and finishing diets and 8 research projects as follows: 1) Effects of Barley Processing for Backgrounding Diets on Performance of Beef Steers 2) Influence of Degree of Barley Processing on Digestive Functions in Steers 3) The Effect of Rumen Degradable and Undegradable Protein Supplementation in Barley-Based High-Grain Finishing Diets on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Traits of Beef Steers 4) Digestion of Barley-Based High-Grain Diets Supplemented with Rumen Degradable and Undegradable Protein in Steers-Digestion Trial 5) Barley Malt Feeds for Growing Beef Calves 6) Effect of Supplementing Ruminally Undegradable Fiber to Feedlot Steers on Fecal Nutrient Fractions and Fecal Ammonia Emissions 7) Research on Two-Rowed Feed Barley (note: this experimental variety will be released as Moose) 8) Barley Malt Feed Variations in Diets for Growing and Finishing Beef Steers Utah Station Report Dominique Roche (UT) distributed a registration description of a newly released spring 6-row feed variety named Aquila recommended for irrigated conditions. The main characteristics are an early heading date, a low propensity for lodging and a test weight equal or superior to that of two-rowed cultivars. Feed characteristics have not been characterized in depth and Dominique asked for suggestions for characterization. It was recommended he contact the ruminant nutritionists on the committee (Bowman, Hunt, Lardy) for recommendations and possible assistance in first laboratory analysis and than animal studies useful to determine nutrient value. Otherwise proteomic investigations on barley seed proteins are being pursued following outlines given at the last WCC meeting. Montana Station Report Wayne Gipp (MT) distributed a report prepared by Jan Bowman (MT) on her barley and other related research at Montana State University. The main trial (Effects of Barley Cultivar and Growing Environment on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Beef Cattle) summarized compared Valier (2 rowed malting) and Harrington (2 rowed feed) grown under dryland or irrigation on finishing beef cattle performance. There were no differences in animal performance or carcass characteristics between the two varieties. Dryland barley had lower NEm and NEg. Irrigated barleys had lower ADF and higher starch content, making irrigated barleys the more efficient feed source. Bowman (MT) reported 5 peer reviewed papers and 9 proceedings publications from her laboratory, 11 of which involved barley related research.

Publications

Escue, S.G., M. L. Bauer, S. A. Soto-Navarro, T. C. Gilberry, and G. P. Lardy. 2004. Effect of Supplementing Ruminally Undegradable Fiber To Feedlot Steers on Fecal Nutrient Fractions and Fecal. Ammonia Emissions. Proceedings, Western Section, Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci., Vol. 55. Kaiser, C.R., J.G.P. Bowman, L.M.M. Surber, et al. 2004. Variation in apparent component digestibility of barley in the rat from the core collection of the USDA National Small Grains Collection. Anim. Feed Sci. & Tech. 113(1-4): 97-112, March 5. Lardy, G.P., D.N. Ulmer, V.L. Anderson, et al. 2004. Effects of increasing level of supplemental barley on forage intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in steers fed medium-quality grass hay. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (12): 3662-3668. Reed J.J., G.P. Lardy, M.L. Bauer, et al. 2004. Effect of field pea level on intake, digestion, microbial efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and in situ disappearance in beef steers fed growing diets. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (7): 2123-2130. Soto-Navarro, S.A., G.J. Williams, M.L. Bauer, et al. 2004. Effect of field pea replacement level on intake and digestion in beef steers fed by-product-based medium-concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (6): 1855-1862. Schauer, C.S., G.P. Lardy, W.D. Slanger, et al. 2004. Self-limiting supplements fed to cattle grazing native mixed-grass prairie in the northern Great Plains. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (1): 298-306.

Impact Statements

Barley is widely grown for malt production, animal feed and human food in the Northern Plains, Intermountain and Northwestern Regions of the USA. The total value of production was 0.6 billion of dollars in the period 2000-2002 (Agricultural Statistics, USDA-NASS, 2003). Barley remains the grain of choice for animal feed and is used extensively as hay for winter feeding. Our research findings have demonstrated the value of barley grain in animal rations over the use of corn.
We see an emerging trend for more natural feeding systems with no antibiotics and no GMOs plant varieties used in rations. Barley should become an important component to these feeding systems. With the recent decision by the Biotechnology Industry of abandoning some transgenic applications in wheat, it is likely that barley will not be a GMO-crop for at least the next ten years.