NE60: Genetic Bases for Resistance and Immunity to Avian Diseases

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[12/16/2002]

Date of Annual Report: 12/16/2002

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/19/2002 - 10/20/2002
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2001 - 10/01/2002

Participants

Dr. Mary E. Delany,Department of Animal Science
University of California;

Dr. Gisela Erf,
Dept. of Poultry Science
University of Arkansas;

Dr. Sandra Ewald, Department of Pathobiology
Auburn University;

Dr. Henry Hunt,
USDA-ARS-ADOL, MI;

Dr. Kirklyn Kerr,
Storrs Agricultural Exp. Station, CT;

Dr. Kirk Klasing,
Department of Animal Science
University of California;

Dr. Susan J. Lamont,
Department of Animal Science
Iowa State University;

Dr. Muquarrab A. Qureshi,
Department of Poultry Science
N. C. State University;

Dr. Karel A. Schat,
College of Vet. Med.,
Cornell University;

Dr. Tom Scott,
Dept. of Animal & Veterinary Sciences
Clemson University;

Dr. Robert L. Taylor, Jr.,
University of New Hampshire;

Dr. Pat Wakenell,
Dept. of Population Health & Reprod.
University of California;

Others in attendance (Affiliation):
Livant, Emily (AL),
Vicky van Santen (AL),
Harlado Toro (AL),
Kellye Bessinger (AL),
Luc Berghman (TAMU)
Maria Siwek (WAU-NL),
B. N. Hangalapura (WAU-NL),
H. K. Parmentier (WUN-NL),
J. J. van der Poel (WAU-NL).;

Technical Committee Members Not in Attendance but Submitting Reports:

Dr. W. Elwood Briles,
Department of Biological Sciences
Northern Illinois University,

Dr. Paul F. Cotter,
Department of Biology
Framingham (MA) State College,

Dr. Rodney R. Dietert,
Dept. of Microbiology & Immunology
Cornell University,

Dr. Marlene Emara,
Dept. of Animal & Food Sciences
University of Delaware,

Dr. Richard R. Frahm,
USDA-CSREES
Washington, D.C. 20250-2220,

Dr. Hyun Lillehoj,
USDA - Immunology & Disease
Resistance Lab., LPSI
Beltsville, MD 20705,

Dr. James Marsh,
Dept. of Microbiology & Immunology
Cornell University,

Dr. Marcia M. Miller,
Beckman Research Institute
Duarte, CA 91010-3000,

Brief Summary of Minutes

NE 60 meeting, Auburn University, October 19 - 20, 2002

Computer Laboratory, Conference Center, Auburn University

Day 1, Saturday October 19, 2002 - Station Reports:

Opening remarks were made by Dr. Don Conner, Department Head, Poultry Science, Auburn University and Dr. John Jensen, Dean of the College of Agriculture, Auburn University. The opening remarks were followed by a welcome from the host, Dr. Sandra Ewald, and announcements from the meeting chair, Dr. Gisela Erf. The chair reminded guests and all, that the work presented in this meeting is "in progress" and not to be cited. All reports are proprietary in nature.

Day 2, Sunday October 20, 2002

- Station reports,

- Guest reports,

- Business Meeting

Business Meeting Minutes:

Present: Sandy Ewald, Sue Lamont, Gisela Erf, Pat Wakenell, Kirk Klasing, Ton Schat, Tom Scott, M. Qureshi, Bob Taylor, Mary Delany, Kirklyn Kerr.

1: Approval of the 2001 meeting minutes:

Motion: Sue Lamont, seconded by Bob Taylor: Approve the minutes as circulated electronically.

Action: Approved unanimously.

2: Issue of inviting guests to the meeting: NE 60 meetings may be advertised to the non-members. However, the list of the invited guests should be made available to the technical committee members prior to the meeting.

Motion: Sue Lamont, seconded by Bob Taylor: The host of the meeting would be the person responsible to communicate with the members and the invitation process.

Action: Approved unanimously.

3. Role of Associates of the project: It was suggested to defer the discussion on this issue until the time when the project renewal is discussed.

4. Dr. Kerr‘ comments:

i) Dr. Fraham regretted not be able to come due to other meeting conflicts.

ii) Project rewrite and approval is the priority for this coming year. The project needs to be submitted by January, 2003. The review process is done electronically by the reviewers appointed by a committee, which consists of Department Heads. Members should be very accurate regarding which objective(s) he/she is participating on behalf of his/her experiment station. This information is entered electronically by the participating stations. The details of NIMSS (National Information Management and Support System) can be accessed at www.lgu.umd.edu . An email can be sent to Ms. Ruby Mize for any clarification.

iii) U Conn will host the 2003 meeting from October 10 to 12. Dr. Kerr‘s Administrative Assistant Larisa Hull [Larisa.Hull@UConn.Edu] will communicate meeting details with the group. The meeting will be held in an on-campus hotel (www.NathanHaleInn.com/meetings/index.html). Rooms are blocked under NE60 name. You can plan to arrive on Friday for meetings on Saturday and Sunday. You can fly in either at the Hartford airport (40 - 45 minutes from campus) or at Providence airport (an hour away). Transportation will be provided for those who would communicate their flight schedule in advance.

iv) A 3% increase in formula funds is being considered at the federal level.

v) U Conn has 18 chicken genetic lines. The University may recruit a faculty member to continue the work with these lines. The line numbers may be reduced to 6 if not utilized.

5. Potential new members: New members may be incorporated into the new project.

6. Station reports submission: Members should send a brief paragraph representing the work reported in 2002 to Dr. Gisela Erf electronically by November 15th, 2002. Gisela would compile the report and submit through her experimental station to NIMSS. The NIMSS format needs to be followed. The report submission must be completed within 60 days of the annual meeting.

7. Appointment of Secretary for the 2003: Dr. Tom Scott from SC was nominated and approved as the secretary.

8. Appointment of Chair for the 2003 meeting: Based on the NE60 policy, the secretary of the existing year will serve as the chair for the following year‘s meeting. Therefore, M. A. Qureshi (NC) will serve as the chair for 2003 annual meeting.

9. Location of 2004 meeting: Clemson invited the group to meet at Clemson, South Carolina in early October.

10. Other business:

i) Ton Schat informed that the next AIRG meeting will be held in Munich, Germany in 1st or 2nd week of September, 2004.

ii) Sue Lamont moved to record the group‘s appreciation to Dr. Sandy Ewald for hosting 2002 meeting at Auburn University. The motion was seconded by Bob Taylor and approved unanimously by all in attendance.

Meeting adjourned by Dr. Lamont‘s motion, which was seconded by Dr. Schat.

Accomplishments

The following are summary statements on research accomplishments prepared by each investigator and modified and assembled for the purpose of the annual report by the chair. AL, EWALD-OBJECTIVE 1. AL reported nucleotide sequences of additional B-F and B-L sequences, providing further insight into the polymorphism of the chicken MHC. The pattern of polymorphism is strikingly different between the two class I loci in chicken, B-FI and B-FIV. By comparison with human class I genes, B-FI polymorphism resembles the HLA-C locus whereas B-FIV polymorphism is similar to HLA-A or -B loci, suggesting that chicken B-FI molecules resemble HLA-C molecules in binding a restricted set of antigenic peptides, and in functioning as killer inhibitory receptors. AR, ERF-OBJECTIVE 2. AR reported on the role of herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) vaccination in autoimmune vitiligo (V) in Smyth line (SL) chickens. It was found that only live HVT could trigger SLV above control levels. Additionally, the vitiligo-inducing effect of HVT in SL chickens was higher in females than in males. A gender effect in SLV was also observed following prolonged treatment with IFN-g where the incidence of vitiligo was 87.5 % and 0% in females and males, respectively. AR also reported that dietary supplementation with E. coli bacterial cell wall powder had beneficial effects on S. enteritidis infection by reducing organ invasion and/or enhancing clearance of SE. CA, DELANEY-OBJECTIVE 1. CA-Delaney studied telomerase activity profiles of transformed avian (chicken and quail) cells cultured in vitro. Telomerase activity was detected in all transformed cells examined (10 lines) whereas non-transformed cells cultured in vitro showed no or down-regulated activity over time. CA-D completed the molecular characterization of the 5S rDNA array and continues studies on cell surface expression of MHC-encoded antigens (BF, BL, B-G) in chicken embryos (whole or organs) from Stage X (0hr) through day 15 of incubation and on fine-mapping of microchromosome 16 (with CA-Miller) CA, KLASING-OBJECTIVE 2. CA-Klasing evaluated the role of avidin in limiting the growth of the chicken pathogen S. typhimurium by withholding biotin. Macrophages stimulated with S. typhimurium LPS expressed avidin mRNA and their conditioned medium inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium. This inhibition was reversed by biotin. Acute phase response serum from S. typhimurium LPS injected chickens inhibited S. typhimurium growth and this bacteriostatic property was reversed by biotin. The addition of iron did not increase the proliferation of S. typhimurium in chicken acute phase serum in the absence of biotin. Iron significantly increased proliferation in the presence of biotin. CA, MILLER-OBJ1. CA-Miller continues to contribute to the physical map of the chicken MHC and to more closely define the gene region(s) that provide resistance to tumor growth following infection with Marek‘s disease virus. CA-M is building BAC contigs for the Rfp-Y and B regions using the Jungle Fowl BAC libraries made available by Jerry Dodgson as part of the US Poultry Genome Project. One 116kb clone from the Rfp-Y region has been sequenced and analyzed in collaboration with Tokai University. CA-M is completing an analysis of MHC B recombinant haplotypes with the goal defining the crossover points. OBJECTIVE 3: CA-M is completing publication of the proposed standard for MHC nomenclature adopted by the ISAG Avian Immunogenetics Standing Committee. CA, UCD, WAKENELL-OBJECTIVE 1. To date, CA-Wakenell has not observed the same clinical signs and/or lesions in the scleroderma birds maintained at UCD compared to NIU. Extensive explorative testing is underway to determine whether the skin condition in NIU is scleroderma or may be the result of an environmentally induced condition, perhaps fungal. CA-W conducted 2 Marek‘s disease (MD, RB1B) pathogenicity trials to further investigate the role of the Y system on MD in chickens with a moderately resistant B background (B2B2, B2B5, B5B5). In Trial 1 12/15 SPF and 25/84 test birds were pos for MD. In Trial 2, 2/15 SPF and 0/59 test birds were pos. Histopathology and Y haplotyping are pending. In addition to MD pathology, CA- initiated clinical chemistry analysis in these trials. OBJECTIVE 3: CA-W continues to conduct serum chemistry analysis with a Kodak DT-60 clinical chemistry analyzer. DE, EMARA-OBJECTIVE 1. DE has identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various candidate chicken genes that affect immune response and disease resistance and constructed a SNP database (http://chicksnps.afs.udel.edu/). The SNPs in the MHC class II-associated invariant chain and ovotransferrin genes were confirmed by PCR and sequencing. The SNPs for both of these genes are segregating in MD-challenged experimental populations and their association with MD is being determined. A new growth hormone polymorphism (SNP) was also identified and is being tested in the MD-challenged resource population. IL, BRILES-OBJECTIVE 1. IL reported the development of cross-line chicks displaying simultaneous segregation of eight alloantigen systems. They are to be made available to interested collaborators to facilitate functional comparisons between heterozygous types. Additionally, SSCP (single stranded conformation polymorphism) assays are being used to establish Rfp-Y haplotypes in NIU chickens. Primers for BF, BL and YF genes produced for chicken have been successfully applied to bobwhite quail DNA for preliminary study of MHC haplotypes in the population. IA, LAMONT-OBJECTIVE 1. Twenty highly inbred lines of chickens were reproduced, and line purity was verified by serological typing. A F1 outbred broiler X inbred resource population was studied for identification of molecular markers for early vaccine antibody response and for resistance to S. enteritidis colonization in broilers. Associations of INOS, TRAIL, TGFb2, TGFb3, and IgL genes with response to S. enteritiditis in poultry were identified. An F2 Fayoumi X Leghorn resource population was used to investigate associations between genetic markers and antibody production kinetics. A three-step genotype strategy (DNA pooling, selective genotyping, and whole population genotyping) was used to identify microsatellite markers that are associated with the immune response. A third set of resource populations is being produced as advanced intercross lines of broiler by layer and broiler by Fayoumi. MA, COTTER-OBJECTIVE 2. MA continues to investigate naturally occurring antibody especially the significance of antibody to the galactose epitope (anti-Gal) measured by the agglutination of rabbit erythrocytes. BSA antibodies found by MA and others in unimmunized chickens were not due to diluents used in vaccines. MA is also investigating whether exposure to animal (mouse) feces plays a role in the development of naturally occurring agglutinins. MA also studied the beneficial effects of mannanoligosaccharides on immunity and as growth promoters. MD, LILLEHOJ-OBJECTIVE 1. In collaboration with DE-Emara, MD identified a quantitative trait Loci (QTL) microsatellite marker associated with coccidiosis disease resistance in commercial broiler chickens. These QTL were detected by a genome wide scan (200 markers) of F2 families consisting of approximately 850 individuals and located to the genomic regions with highly significant associations to specific economically important traits. OBJECTIVE 3: MD cloned and expressed chicken cytokines including IL-15, IL-16 and IL-17 and developed monoclonal antibodies detecting chicken IL-15 and IL-15 receptor alpha to identify chicken cytokine production in serum. These reagents will be used to assess host immune response to coccidia and salmonella. NH, TAYLOR-OBJECTIVE 1. Among chickens segregating for B and L haplotype combinations, NH found alloantigen L affected ME-resistant secondary antibody titers to BA in B2B5 chickens, but did not affect weight gain or lesion score 6 days post E. tenella challenge. Testing the 1st and 2nd SRBC antibody response using 6 congenic lines containing B complex recombinants (R1-R6) on the Line UCD 003 (B17B17) background revealed differences attributable to the B complex recombinant haplotypes. The SRBC antibody response in B2B2 chickens that had either Y1.2Y4 or Y4Y6 genotypes and 75% of the Line 6 background was not affected by Rfp-Y genotype, however, ME-resistant 2nd antibody titers were higher in Y1.2Y4 than Y4Y6 birds. NH continues production and maintenance of specialized research chickens (6.B congenic lines 6.6-2 (B2B2) and 6.15-5 (B5B5) on the line 61 background; 003.R congenic recombinant chickens containing B complex recombinants (R1-R6) on the Line UCD 003 (B17B17) background; Rfp-Y congenic chickens (Y1.2 and Y6) on Line 6.6-2 and UCD 003; and Line UNH 193 trisomic chickens (B19B19B19)). NY, DIETERT-OBJECTIVE 2. NY-Dietert used a double injection in ovo model in which testosterone was first injected into the embryo followed later in development by either lead acetate or acetate as a control and found no effects of treatments on hatchability or body weight. Comparison of lead glutamate toxicity on different Marek‘s disease virus transformed chicken T lymphocyte cell lines (CU 91, CU 94 CU 210 and CU 211) revealed that, unlike in HD11 cells, the highest concentration of lead glutamate used (45.00 mM) failed to produce significant necrosis or apoptosis in the T cell lines. NY, MARSH (M)-OBJECTIVE 2. NY-Marsh reported that in vivo thymulin treatments given either before or after IBV infection enhanced NK cell activity of the cells recovered by lung lavage. This was a dose-dependent effect. Thymulin treatments made the harvested cells much more responsive to IFN-gamma, resulting in their elevated activation. This is interpreted as an upregulation of IFN receptors on the NK cell population. NY, SCHAT (S)-OBJECTIVE 1. NY-Schat continued to maintain N2a and P2a flocks and to monitor them for CIAV, which is important if offspring will be used for CMI studies. OBJECTIVE 2: NY-S found that in birds infected with CIAV and a second pathogen, immunosuppression is due to a failure to generate antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The presence of maternal antibodies prevents the immunosuppressive effects. OBJECTIVE 3: NY-S continued the characterization of MDV glycoproteins that are recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In addition to gB, other glycoproteins were also recognized to different degrees by CTL from N2a (B21B21 and MD resistant) and P2a (B19B19 and MD susceptible) chickens. NC, QURESHI-OBJECTIVE 1. NC reported modern day broilers have reduced adaptive immune responses but normal innate immune responses. To further examine genetic-based differences in immune responses, high (B15B15 Cornell K-strain) and low (B13B13,GB-1; B6B6, GB-2) responders for iNOS gene expression and activity were tested for differences in monocyte/macrophage, T and B lymphocyte functions. The response profiles for these parameters were consistent with that for iNOS expression and activity. OBJECTIVE 2: NC reported that immunizations of breeders with PEMS-associated reovirus (ARV-U98) might protect progeny poults from PEMS-associated liver atrophy. Dietary Beta-1,3/1,6-glucan (b-glucan) was found to upregulate several immune endpoints in chickens. SC, SCOTT-OBJECTIVE 2. SC reported detection of cytokine activity, both inhibitory and stimulatory in supernatants of homogenized Haderian glands. Electrophoresis and chromatofocusing of the supernatant revealed three major components of the supernatants at 13.5, 14 and 28 kDa with approximate pIs around pH 8.0. Immunization of mice with the supernatant components produced two hybridomas; one producing antibodies to the 13.5 and the other to the 28 kDa component. These antibodies can block the activity in the supernatant.

Publications

BOOK CHAPTERS Delany, M.E. Genetic diversity and conservation of poultry. In Poultry Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology (editors: W.E. Muir and S.E. Aggrey). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. (in press) Dietert, R.R. and J-E. Lee, 2002. Toxicity of lead on the developing immune system. In: Holladay, S. Ed. Developmental immunotoxicology. Wiley-Liss. NY. (in press). Erf, G. F. 2002. Smyth line autoimmune vitiligo - similar to human autoimmune vitiligo. Pages 316-332 in Modern Concepts of Immunology in Veterinary Medicine-Poultry Immunology. Mathew, T., editor. Advances in Medical and Veterinary Virology, Immunology and Epidemiology, Thajema Publishers, Vineland, NJ. Lamont, S. J., Pinard-van der Laan, M.-H., Cahaner, A., van der Poel, J.J. and Parmentier, H.K. 2002. Selection for disease resistance: direct selection on the immune response. In: Poultry Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology. Muir, W.M. and Aggrey, S.E. (eds.). CABI Publishing (in press). REFEREED MANUSCRPITS Barnes, D. M., Z. Song, K. C. Klasing, and W. Bottje. 2002. Protein metabolism during an acute phase response in chickens. Amino Acids 22:15-26 Bunn, T.L., Dietert, R.R., Lee, J.E., Chen, S., Marsh, J.A., 2001. In ovo lead exposure to probe function-linked development of the avian immune system. Current Progress on Avian Immunology Research. Ed. K.A. Schat pp. 293-298. Dietert, R.R., J-E. Lee and T.L. Bunn, 2001. Developmental immunotoxicology: emerging issues. Proceedings, ILSI Workshop on Developmental Immunotoxicology. Human Exp. Toxicol. (in press). Dil, N. and M. A. Qureshi. 2002. Involvement of LPS related receptors and nuclear factor Kappa-B in differential expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in chicken macrophages from different geneticbackgrounds. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 88:149-161. Dil, N. and M. A. Qureshi. 2002. Interleukin-1b does not contribute to genetic strain-based differences in iNOS expression and activity in chicken macrophages. Develop. Comp. Immunol. (in press). Dil, N., and M. A. Qureshi. 2002. Differential expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is associated with differential Toll-like receptor-4 expression in chicken macrophages from different genetic backgrounds. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 84:191-207. Emara, M. G., H. Kim, R. R. Lapierre, N. Lakshmanan, J. Zhu, D. L. Pollock, M. Sadjadi, and H. S. Lillehoj. 2002. Genetic diversity at the MHC and microsatellite loci in three commercial broiler pure lines. Poultry Sci. 81:1609-1617. Emara, M. G., R. L. Lapierre, G. M. Greene, M. Knieriem, J. K. Rosenberger, C. Kim and H. S. Lillehoj. 2002. Phenotypic variation among three broiler pure lines for Garner, J.P., C. Falcone, P. Wakenell, M. Martin, and J.A. Mench. 2002. Reliability and validity of a modified gait scoring system and its use in assessing tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 43:355-363. Goto, R .M, M. Afanassieff, J. Ha, G. M. Iglesias, S. J. Ewald, W. E. Briles, and M. M. Miller. Single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) assays for major histocompatibility complex B genotyping in chickens. Poult. Sci. (in press). Guangxing Li, Lillehoj, Hyun S. and Min, Wongi. 2001. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Detecting the Chicken Interleukin-15 Receptor Alpha Chain. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 82: 215-227. Guangxing, Li, Lillehoj, Erik, and Lillehoj, H. S. 2002. Interleukin-2 production in SC and TK chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Avian Diseases. 46:2-9. Guo, Y., R. A. Ali, and M. A. Qureshi. 2002. The influence of b-Glucan on immune responses in broiler chicks. Immunopharm. Immunotox., (in press). Heggan-Peay, C. L., M. A. Qureshi, F. W. Edens, B. Sherry, P. S. Wakenell, P. H. O‘Connell, and K.A. Schat. 2002. Isolation of a reovirus from poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) and its pathogenicity in turkey poults. Avian Dis 46:32-47. Heggen-Peay, C. L., M. A. Cheema, R. A. Ali, K. A. Schat, M. A. Qureshi. 2002. Interactions of Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome-associated reovirus with various cell types in vitro. Poult. Sci 81:1661-1667. Humphrey, B. D., N. Huang, and K. C. Klasing. 2002. Rice expressing lactoferrin and lysozyme has antibiotic-like properties when fed to chicks. J. Nutr. 132:1214-8. Iglesias, G. M., Soria, L. A., Goto, R. M., Jar, A., Miquel, M. C., Lopez, O. J., and Miller, M. M. 2002. Genotypic variability at the major histocompatibility complex (B and Rfp-Y) in Camperos broiler chickens. Animal Genetics (in press). Iqbal, M., J. D. Freiburger, G. F. Erf, and W. G. Bottje. 2002. Immunohistochemical evidence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II involvement in pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) in broilers. Poult. Sci. 81:1231-1235. Jarosinski, K.W., R. Yunis, P.H. O‘Connell, C.J. Markowski-Grimsrud, and K.A. Schat. 2002. Influence of genetic resistance of the chicken and virulence of Marek‘s disease virus (MDV) on nitric oxide responses after MDV infection. Avian Dis. 46:636-649. Kaiser, M. G. and Lamont, S. J. 2002. Microsatellites linked to Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis burden in spleen and cecal content of young F1 broiler-cross chicks. Poult. Sci. 81:657-663. Kaiser, M. G., Deeb, N., and Lamont, S. J. 2002. Microsatellite markers linked to Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis vaccine response in young F1 broiler-cross chicks. Poult. Sci. 81:193-201. Kaiser, M.G., Lakshmanan, N., Wing, T., and Lamont, S. J. 2001. Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Burden in Broiler Breeder Chicks is Genetically Associated with Vaccine Antibody Response. Avian Disease 46:25-31. Klasing, K. C., K. L. Adler, J. C. Remus, and C. C. Calvert. 2002. Dietary betaine increases intraepithelial lymphocytes in the duodenum of coccidia-infected chicks and increases functional properties of phagocytes. J. Nutr. 132:2274-82. Koutsos, E. A., and K. C. Klasing. 2001. The acute phase response in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology 128C:255-263 Kwak, H.R.A. Austic and R.R. Dietert, 2001. Arginine-genotype interactions and immune status. Nutrition Res. 21 (7): 1035-1044. Lamont, S. J. and Malek, M. 2002. Association of INOS, TRAIL, TGFb2, TGFb, and IgL genes with response to Salmonella enteritidis in poultry. Genet. Selec. Eval. (in press). Lamont, S. J., Kaiser, M.G., and Liu, W. 2001. Candidate genes for resistance to Salmonella enteritidis colonization in chickens as detected in a novel genetic cross. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 87:423-438. Lee, J., S. Chen, K.A. Golemboski, P.J. Parsons and R.R. Dietert, 2001. Developmental windows of differential lead-induced immunotoxicity in chickens. Toxicology 156 (2/3): 161-170. Lee, J.L., S.A. Naqi, E. Kao and R.R. Dietert, 2002. Embryonic exposure to lead: comparison of immune and cellular responses in unchallenged and virally stressed chickens. Arch. Toxicol. 75: 717-734. Lee, J-E., R.E. Austic, S.A. Naqi, K.A. Golemboski and R.R. Dietert, 2001. Dietary arginine intake alters avian leukocyte population distribution during infectious bronchitis challenge. Poult. Sci. (in press). Leshchinsky, T. V., and K. C. Klasing. 2001. Divergence of the inflammatory response in two types of chickens. Developmental & Comparative Immunology 25:629-638 Liu W., Miller M. M, and Lamont S. J. 2002 Association of MHC class I and class II gene polymorphisms with vaccine or challenge response to Salmonella enteritidis in young chicks. Immunogenetics, in press (published online October 9, 2002). Liu, W., Kaiser, M.G., and Lamont, S. J. 2002. Effect of NRAMP1 gene on vaccine and challenge response to Salmonella enteritidis in young chicks. Poultry Sci. (in press). Livant, E. J., Zheng, D., Johnson, L. W., Shi, W., and Ewald, S. J. 2001. Three new MHC haplotypes in broiler breeder chickens. Animal Genetics 32: 123-131. Markowski-Grimsrud, C.J., and K.A. Schat. 2002. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to Marek‘s disease herpesvirus-encoded glycoproteins. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 90: 133-144. Markowski-Grimsrud, C.J., M.M. Miller, and K.A. Schat. 2002. Development of strain-specific real-time PCR and RT-PCR assays for quantitation of chicken anemia virus. J Virol Meth 101:135-147. Marsh, J. A., P. Merlino, and P. Staeheli, 2001. Effect of triiodothyronine and thymulin on avian NK cytolytic activity. Intl. Immunopharmacol. 1:1823-1830. Medarova, Z., W. E. Briles and R. L. Taylor, Jr., 2002. Alloantigen system L affects the outcome of Rous sarcomas. Exp. Biol. Med. 227:158-163. Merlino, P., and J. A. Marsh, 2001. Evidence for the direct action of thymulin on avian NK cells. Develop. Comp. Immunol. 25:337-343. Merlino, P., and J. A. Marsh. 2002. The enhancement of avian NK cell cytotoxicity by thymulin is not mediated by the regulation IFN-? production. Develop. Comp. Immunol. 26:103-110. Miyamoto, T., Lillehoj, H. S., Sohn, E. J. and W. Min. 2001. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies detecting chicken interleukin-2 and the development of an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 80:245-257. Miyamoto, T., Min, W. and Lillehoj, H. 2002. Kinetics of interleukin-2 production in chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 25:149-158. Miyamoto, T., Min, Wongi, and Lillehoj, H. S. 2002. Lymphocyte proliferation response during Eimeria tenella infection assessed by a new, reliable, non-radioactive colorimetric assay. Avian Diseases 46:10-16. Orringer, D. A., Staeheli, P., and Marsh, J. A. 2002. The effects of thymulin on macrophage responsiveness to interferon?. Develop. Comp. Immunol. 26:95-102. Roy, R. D., F. W. Edens, C. R. Parkhurst, M. A. Qureshi, and G. B. Havenstein. 2002. Influence of a propionic acid feed additive on performance of turkey poults with experimentally-induced poult enteritis and mortality syndrome. Poult. Sci. (in press). Ruble, R. P., P. S. Wakenell, and J. S. Cullor. 2002. Seroprevalence of antibodies specific for gram-negative core antigens in chickens on the basis of an Escherichia coli J5 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Dis 46:453-460. Sijben, J. W., J. W. Schrama, H. K. Parmentier, J. J. van der Poel, and K. C. Klasing. 2001. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on in vivo splenic cytokine mRNA expression in layer chicks immunized with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide. Poult. Sci 80:1164-70. Smith, S. C., E. C. Smith, and R. L. Taylor, Jr., 2001. Susceptibility to spontaneous aortic lesions in pigeons: An autosomal recessive trait. J. Hered. 92:439-442. Swamy, H. V. L. N., T. K. Smith, P. F. Cotter, H. J. Boermans, and A. E. Sefton, 2002. Effects of feeding blends of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on production and metabolism in broilers. Poult. Sci. 81: 966-975. Wakenell, P. S., T. Bryan, J. Schaeffer, A. Avakian, C. Williams, and C. Whitfill. 2002. Effect of in ovo vaccine delivery route on herpesvirus of turkeys / SB-1 efficacy and viremia. Avian Dis 46:274-280. Wang, W., G. F. Erf, and R. F. Wideman. 2002. Effect of cage vs floor litter environments on the pulmonary hypertensive response to intravenous endotoxin and on blood-gas values in broilers. Poult. Sci. (in press). Wang, W., R. F. Wideman, and G. F. Erf. 2002. Pulmonary hypertensive response to endotoxin in cellulose-primed and unprimed broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 81:1224-1230. Warr, G.W., Chapman, R.C., Smith, L.C. et al. (including M.M. Miller). 2002. Evolutionary Immunobiology: New Approaches, New Paradigms. Developmental and Comparative Immunology (in press). Wideman R. F., G. F. Erf, M. E. Chapman, W. Wang, N. B. Anthony, and L. Xiaofang. 2002. Intravenous micro-particle injections and pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens: acute post-injection mortality and ascites susceptibility. Poult. Sci. 81:1203-1217. Wideman, R. F., and G. F. Erf. 2002. Intravenous microparticle injection and pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens: Cardio-pulmonary hemodynamic responses. Poult. Sci. 81:877-886. Wideman, R. F., G. F. Erf, and M. E. Chapman. 2001. Intravenous endotoxin triggers pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 80:647-655. Zhou, H., Buitenhuis, A.J., Weigend, S., and Lamont, S. J. 2001. Candidate Gene Promoter Polymorphisms and Antibody Response Kinetics in Chickens: Interferon-g, Interleukin-2, and Immunoglobulin Light Chain. Poultry Sci. 80:1679-1689. Zhou, H., Lillehoj, H. S., and Lamont, S. J. 2002. Associations of interferon gamma genotype and protein level with antibody response kinetics in chickens. Avian Dis. (in press). Zhu, J. J., H. S. Lillehoj, P. C. Allen, W. Min, C. P. Van Tassell, T. S. Sonstegard, H. H. Cheng, D. L. Pollock, M. Sadjadi, and M. G. Emara. 2002. Detection of QTL associated with Eimeria-oocyst shedding in chickens. Poultry Sci., in press. Zhu, J., Lillehoj, H. S., Cheng, H. H., Pollock, D., Sadjadi M. and Emara, M. 2001. Screening for highly heterozygous chickens in outbred commercial broiler lines to increase detection power for mapping quantitative trait loci. Poult. Sci. 80:6-21. MANUSCRIPTS Daniels, L.M. and M.E. Delany. 2002. Molecular and cytogenetic organization of the 5S ribosomal DNA in chicken (Gallusgallus). Submitted to Chromosome Research Delany, M.E., L.M. Daniels, S.E. Swanberg, and H.A. Taylor. 2002. Telomeres in the chicken: Chromosome ends and genome stability. Submitted to Poultry Science Markowski-Grimsrud, C. J., and K. A. Schat. Infection with chicken anemia virus impairs the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Submitted for publication. Medarova, Z., W. E. Briles and R. L. Taylor, Jr. Alloantigen system L affects antibody responses. submitted to Poult. Sci. Medarova, Z., W. E. Briles and R. L. Taylor, Jr. Resistance, susceptibility, and immunity to cecal coccidiosis: B complex and alloantigen system L effects. submitted to Poult. Sci. Qureshi, M. A. and N. Dil. 2002. Role of CD14, TLR4, and IL-1 in LPS induced iNOS expression and activity in chicken macrophages. (submitted). Tupick, T. A., S. E. Bloom and R. L. Taylor, Jr. Major histocompatibility (B) complex gene dose effects on Rous sarcoma virus tumor growth. submitted to Poult. Sci. PROCEEDINGS Cotter, P. F., A. E. Sefton, M. S. Lilburn, 2002. Manipulating the immune system of layers and breeders: novel applications of mannanoligosaccharides. Pp. 21-27 in Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Proceedings of Alltech‘s 18th Annual Symposium, May 2002. T. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques Eds. Erf, G. F., J. C. Johnson, M.S. Parcells, X. Wang, and T. K. Bersi. 2001. A role of turkey herpesvirus in autoimmune Smyth line vitiligo. Pages 226-231 in Current Progress on Avian Immunology Research. Proceedings of the 6th Avian Immunology Research Group Meeting, Schat, K. A., editor. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc., Kennet Square, PA. Erf, G. F., T. K. Bersi, and H. S. Lillehoj. 2002. A role of interferon gamma in autoimmune vitiligo of Smyth line chickens. FEMS (in press). Ewald, S. J. 2001. MHC-determined polymorphism in the amount of class I molecules expressed on lymphocytes of broiler breeder chicken haplotypes. In Current Progress on Avian Immunology Research, K.A. Schat (ed.), pp. 197-200. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennet Square, PA. Kaiser, M.G., Deeb, N., and Lamont, S.J. 2001. Microsatellite markers linked to Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis vaccine response in F1 broiler-cross chicks. Pg. 236-239 in Proc. Avian Immunology Research Group Meeting. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennet Square, PA. Lamont, S. J. 2001. Immunity enhancement by the candidate gene approach. Pg. 128-136 in Proc. XII International Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association. Livant, E .J., Li, L., and Ewald, S. J. 2001. Differential expression of class I MHC (B-F) loci in broiler breeder haplotypes. In Current Progress on Avian Immunology Research, K.A. Schat (ed.), pp. 285-288. American Association of avian Pathologists, Kennet Square, PA. Marsh, J.A. 2001. The influence of selenium on the bidirectional interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Proceedings of the 2001 Cornell Nutrition Conference. 63rd Meeting. 92-100. Miller, M. M., Wendelien B. Oswald, J. S., K. A. Schat. 2001 (in press at last year‘s report). Patterns of chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) seroconversion in three Cornell SPF flocks. Proc. Second Symposium on Infectious Bursal Disease and Chicken Infectious Anemia. Rauischholzhausen, Germany, 2001. Pp 410-417. ABSTRACTS (not reported by everyone) Cotter P. F. and S. Halidi, 2001.Wattle swelling and antibody titers in BSA hypersensitive and naive hens. Poult. Sci. 80(Supp. 1): 129. Cotter P., A. Sefton, R. Miles, 2002. Modulation of serum and yolk antibody in commercial hens fed mannanoligosaccharide. Arch. Geflugelk.66: 69-70. Cotter, P. F., 2002. Changes in serum antibody associated with cutaneous PHA hypersensitivity. Poult. Sci. 81(Supp. 1): (insert page here) 33. Erf, G. F. 2002. Role of turkey herpesvirus and interferon gamma in the expression of vitiligo in vitiligo-susceptible Smyth line chickens. Pigm. Cell Res. 15 (9):26. Erf, G. F., X. Wang, and H. Lillehoj. 2002. Cell-mediated immunity in autoimmune vitiligo of Smyth line chickens. Avian Immunology Research Group (in press). Goto, R.M., W.E. Briles, and M.M. Miller. 2002. Molecular dissection of the major histocompatibility B complex in the chicken. Abstract presented at 28th International Conference on Animal Genetics. Gottingen, Germany. Iqbal, M., D. Cawthon, G. F. Erf, and W. G., Bottje. 2002. Immunohistochemical evidence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II involvement in pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) in broilers. Poult. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1): 79. Lillehoj, H. S. 2002. IFN-gamma and nitric oxide production reflect dynamic changes associated with genetic control of disease resistance against Eimeria tenella. The 11th International Congress of Mucosal Immunology. Mucosal Immunology Update Volume 10. 2834. Orlando, FL. June 16-20. Lillehoj, H. S. and Giangxing Li. 2002. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies detecting the chicken interleukin-15 receptor alpha chain.91st Annual Poultry Science meeting. Newark. DEL. August 11-14, 2002. P8. Medarova, Z. O., W. E. Briles and R. L. Taylor, Jr., 2002. Alloantigen system L affects antibody responses. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):7 Min Wongi, Lillehoj, H. S., Kim, S., Beard, H., Alkharouf. N., B. F. Matthew. 2002. Profiling gene expression changes associated with Eimeria infections using high-throughput cDNA microarray. Page 58. The Fifth Annual Conference on Vaccine Research. Baltimore, MD. May 6-8. Noblet, N., M. Owens, and T. Scott, 2002. B cell proliferation mediated by apparent soluble factor from Harderian gland of chickens. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):127. Swanberg, S.E., H.D. Hunt, W.S. Payne, J.B. Dodgson and M.E. Delany. 2002. Characterization and comparison of telomerase activity in transformed and non-transformed chicken cells in vitro. Plant, Animal and Microbial Genome X, San Diego, CA. (poster abstract 599).http://www.intl-pag.org/10/abstracts/posters.html Taylor, R. L., Jr. and T. A. Tupick, 2002. Combinations of tumor regressor and progressor major histocompatibility (B) complex haplotypes exhibit gene dose effects on Rous sarcomas. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):6 Wang, W., G. F. Erf, and R. F. Wideman. 2002. Effect of clean vs. dirty environments on the pulmonary hypertensive response to intravenous endotoxin and on blood-gas values in broilers. Poult. Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1):30. Wideman, R. F. and G. F. Erf. 2002. Intravenous particle injection and pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens: Cardio-pulmonary hemodynamic responses. Poult. Sci. 81 (Suppl.1):78. Wideman, R. F., G. F. Erf, and M. E. Chapman. 2002. Intravenous micro-particle injections and pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens: Acute post-injection mortality and ascites susceptibility. Poult. Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 78. Zhu, J., Lillehoj, H., Allen, P. C., Van Tassell, C., Sonstegard, T. S., Cheng, H. H., Emara, M. 2001.A locus significantly affecting disease resistance to avian coccidiosis identified with genome scan using microsatellite markers. The 12th annual BARC Poster Day, April, 24, Beltsville, MD. M.S. THESIS Halvorson, M.D. M.S. 2001. Lymphocyte profiles in blood and tumors of Rous sarcoma virus-injected Arkansas Regressor and Arkansas Progressor chickens. University of Arkansas, G. F. Erf, advisor Noblet, N. H., 2002. Determination of Cytokine Activity in Crude and Fractionated Supernatants from the Chicken Harderian Gland. M.S. Thesis. Clemson University. Clemson, SC. T. Scott, advisor PH.D. THESIS Liu, W. 2002. A Candidate Gene Analysis for Response to Salmonella Enteritidis Challenge or Vaccination in Young Chicks. Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.S. Lamont, advisor Konjufca, V. H. Ph.D. 2002. Modulation of immune system development and function in broilers by dietary vitamin E. University of Arkansas, G. F. Erf, advisor Markowski-Grimsrud, C.J. 2002. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to Marek‘s disease herpes virus-encoded glycoproteins and their impairment by chicken infectious anemia virus. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. K. A Schat, advisor Wang, X. Ph.D. 2001. The role of cell-mediated immunity in Smyth line autoimmune vitiligo. University of Arkansas, G. F. Erf, advisor

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