WCC77: Biology and Control of Winter Annual Grass Weeds in Winter Wheat

(Multistate Research Coordinating Committee and Information Exchange Group)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[10/25/2002] [12/28/2002] [12/19/2003]

Date of Annual Report: 10/25/2002

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/14/2001 - 06/15/2001
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2001 - 12/01/2001

Participants

Ball, Dan (Daniel.Ball@orst.edu )-Oregon State University; Bussan, Alvin J.-Montana State University; Evans, Jack (jevans@mendel.usu.edu)Utah State University; Lyons, Drew (agro0139@unlvm.unl.edu)-Univ. of Nebraska-Scottsbluff; Mallory-Smith, Carol (carol.Mallory-smith@orst.edu)-Oregon State University; Nissen, Scott (snissen@lamar.colostate.edu) Colorado State University; Thill, Donn(dthill@uidaho.edu) University of Idaho; Yenish, Joe (yenish@wsu.edu)-Washington State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

The annual meeting was held at the Red Lion Hotel, Pendleton, Oregon. Discussion topics included, Clearfield technology in conjunction with several representatives from BASF. Discussion focused on recommended stewardship practices, and prevention of herbicide resistance. Drew Lyon proposed a weed science position manuscript on Roundup-Ready technology. WCC-77 should prepare a manuscript discussing pros and cons for submission to Weed Science. Alex Ogg‘s survey results may serve as a good starting point. Issues include: volunteer management, species shifts, Roundup resistant weeds, market acceptance, segregation of GMO crops, IP preservation, cost/benefit, managing resistant weeds, and crossing with conventional wheat. Several individuals volunteered or were suggested to provide regional perspectives, including Intermountain, Jack Evans; Northern Plains, A.J. Bussan; Central Plains, Drew Lyon; Southern Plains. Tom Peeper; PNW, Carol Mallory Smith.

Other topics discussed included jointed goatgrass research needs, fallow weed management, and pest management centers for grant funding. The current WCC-77 proposal is funded through 2004-05. A site for the 2002 meeting was discussed. Ideas: alternate meetings between WSWS and summer site, WCC-77‘s future existence is dependent on success of this meeting; in particular attendance by participating state members. Poor attendance since 1998 has raised discussion about the importance/future of WCC-77. The Committee agreed to help organize this resistance meeting. Issues for discussion by WCC-77 in 2002 could include rattail fescue, and feral rye. Current WCC-77 listserv was reviewed.

It was decided for a meeting location for 2002 in Elk River, ID. Officers include: chairman for 2002, Joe Yenish; secretary for 2002, Dan Ball; local arrangements, Donn Thill. Meeting date to be around the end of July or August, on a Thursday. A WSWS Herbicide Resistance Committee meeting was proposed for the preceding Wednesday. Carol Mallory-Smith and Drew Lyon will proceed with planning for a position paper on Roundup-Ready technology for eventual submission to Weed Science/Technology.

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 12/28/2002

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/24/2002 - 10/25/2002
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2002 - 12/01/2002

Participants

Randy Anderson, USDA-ARS, randerson@ngirl.ars.usda.gov;Dan Ball , Oregon State University, daniel.ball@orst.edu;Paul Baumann, Texas A&M University, p-baumann@tamu.edu;Joan Campbell , University of Idaho, jcampbel@uidaho.edu;Jack Evans, Utah State University, jevans@mendel.usu.edu;Darrel Hanavan, Colorado Wheat Administrative Committee, dhanavan@uswest.net;Mark Hodges, Oklahoma Wheat Commission, mark.hodges@wheat.state.ok.us;Drew Lyons, University of Nebraska, dlyon@unlnotes.unl.edu;Carol Mallory-Smith, Oregon State University, carol.mallory-smith@orst.edu;Steven Miller, University of Wyoming, sdmiller@uwyo.edu;Alex Ogg, University of Wyoming, ogga@tctwest.net;Tom Peeper, Oklahoma State University, tfp@soilwater.agr.okstate.edu;Doug Schmale, Nebraska Wheat Board, ustoll@eudoramail.com;Lee Sommers, Colorado State University, lsommers@lamar.colostate.edu;Phil Stahlman, Kansas State University, stahlman@ksu.edu;Phil Westra, Colorado State University, pwestra@lamar.colostate.edu;Tony White, Kansas State University, twhite@oznet.ksu.edu;Ralph Whitesides, Utah State University, ralphw@ext.usu.edu;Gail Wicks, University of Nebraska, gwicks@unlnotes.unl.edu;Joe Yenish , Washington State University, yenish@wsu.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting was called to order by Joe Yenish at 1:00 p.m. at the Comfort Suites, Denver, Colorado. Following introductions, the topic of discussion was developing a new initiative to serve as a central focus of the WCC-077 project. Representatives of the wheat industry, both farmers and commission officers, from Colorado, Nebraska, and Oklahoma were present and participated in the discussion

Initial discussion focused on a review of the Jointed Goatgrass Initiative and it‘s effectiveness for the various groups. Those in the wheat industry generally felt there was a lot of information generated not just on jointed goatgrass, but also on wheat production, genetics, herbicide resistance, and other topics. Also, it was noted that outreach and extension efforts could be improved or intensified. Researchers found the initiative to be useful in securing funding for research on weed or crop ecology, which has been difficult to obtain. Researchers also felt initiative funding was not sufficient to support the research conducted without supplemental funding. However, all present agreed that the Jointed Goatgrass Initiative was extremely successful and there was a need to continue funding initiatives that focus on one or a few species of weeds in wheat production systems. The effectiveness of the Jointed Goatgrass Initiative Steering Committee was mentioned as key to its development and success.

A long discussion ensued with the participants listing current production problems that are obstacles to keeping wheat production systems sustainable. The discussion focused on management of diseases, insects, and weeds. Several different weed species including jointed goatgrass, feral rye, Italian ryegrass, Bromus sp., wild oats, Setaria sp. were discussed. It was decided that jointed goatgrass would not be listed as a justification for a new initiative, but research and extension efforts dealing with that species need not be excluded from a new initiative. Throughout the session it became apparent that it was important to keep the topics within a new initiative fairly broad. It was of an opinion that the steering committee format of the Jointed Goatgrass Initiative was an important reason for that program‘s success. The steering committee was able to provide solid decisions on funding and set direction in which to take research and extension programs. Rather than devote discussion time to specifics, it became apparent that the group should take a "broad brush" approach. The afternoon session of October 24 concluded with the agreement that a new initiative would be developed that would be titled, "Managing Invasive Weeds in Wheat." The group adjourned until the following morning.

Joe Yenish called the group to order on the morning of October 25. Discussion continued on which species to list in the proposed initiative. After a lengthy discussion and a poll of those present to determine which winter annual grass species were problems in the attendees states, it was decided that the Managing Invasive Weeds in Wheat Initiative should focus on, but not be limited to feral rye and Italian ryegrass. Again, it was pointed out that the success of the initiative would depend on a strong steering committee. It was felt that the new initiative should focus primarily on the Southern Great Plains, Northern Great Plains, Inter-mountain West, and Pacific Northwest Wheat production areas. Decisions to fund research or extension efforts outside of those geographic areas would rest with the steering committee. It was also noted that with the current Jointed Goatgrass Initiative ending in fiscal year 2005, a proposal to the National Association of Wheat Growers needed to be made at that organization‘s 2003 meeting in order to ensure no lapse period between initiatives. Arrangements were made to ensure the successful presentation of the Managing Invasive Weeds in Wheat Initiative to the National Association of Wheat Growers meeting in 2003.

It was decided that the next meeting of the WCC-077 project would be in Denver in 2003 as some time during the meeting of the American Society of Agronomy in that city. Phil Westra was elected chair of the WCC-077 project for 2003, Joe Yenish will take the position of Secretary.

Accomplishments

Project has focused on management of winter annual grass weeds in wheat production. Several different weed species including jointed goatgrass, feral rye, Italian ryegrass, Bromus sp., wild oats, Setaria sp. are being studied. Significant progress has been made in developing weed control approaches for jointed goatgrass

Publications

Anderson, R. and T. White. 2002. Jointed goatgrass management strategies. 4 p. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org/Publications/Handouts/Handouts.htm. Anderson, R., E. Zakarison, D. Ball, G. Wicks, D. Lyon, W. Donald, S. Miller, F. Young, T. White. 2002 Jointed goatgrass: Ecology. National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program. Wash. State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. EB1932. Campbell,J. and D. Thill. 2002. Downy brome control in reduced tillage winter wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 141. Campbell,J. and D. Thill. 2002. Weed control in fallow with herbicides applied in the fall and spring. 2002. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 94-95. Campbell,J. and D. Thill. 2002. Weed control in fallow with spring applied herbicides in northern Idaho. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 96-97. Campbell,J.M., M.J. Wille, and D.C. Thill. 2002. Rotation, seeding rate, and herbicide intensity effects on weed populations in wheat, barley, and pea. Proc. Western Society of Weed Science. 75. Crumley,L.J. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Wild oat control in spring wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 120. Geier, P. W., P. W. Stahlman, D. E. Peterson and S. D. Miller. Application timing affects BAYMKH 6561 and MON 37500 efficacy and crop response in winter wheat. Weed Tech 16:800-806 Hanavan, D., T. White, E. Zakarison, and R. Anderson. Jointed goatgrass: Introduction. National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program. Published by Wash. State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. EB1931. Hanson, D. E., D. A. Ball, and C. A. Mallory-Smith. 2002. Herbicide resistance in jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica): simulated responses to agronomic practices. Weed Technology. 16: 156-163. Hanson,B., L. Crumley, and D. Thill. 2002. Wild oat control in spring wheat. Idaho Grain. Spring 8-9. Hanson,B.D. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Effect of dicamba formulation on wild oat herbicide efficacy in winter wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 134. Hanson,B.D. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Grass weed control in winter wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 133. Hanson,B.D. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Wild oat control in spring wheat with combinations of clodinafop plus thifensulfuron and other broadleaf herbicides. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 121-122. Hanson,B.D. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Wild oat herbicide antagonism in winter wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 139-140. Ireland,T.M. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Control of annual grasses with glyphosate-containing herbicides plus ammonium sulfate or Class Act NG. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 88-90. Ireland,T.M. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Vegetation management with herbicides during fallow periods in direct seed, dry land winter wheat cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 91-93. Ireland, T. M., D. C. Thill, J. Yenish, and D. A. Ball. 2002. Annual grass weed control in stubble in the inland northwest: A comparison of glyphosate-containing herbicides. Proceedings West. Soc. Weed Sci. 55:3. Johnson, J, S. Haley, and P. Westra CLEARFIELD* Wheat - CSU Fact Sheet, Cooperative Extension, CSU, Ft. Collins, CO Kappler, B.F., D. J. Lyon, P. W. Stahlman, S. D. Miller, and K. M. Estridge. Wheat plant density influences jointed goatgrass competitiveness. Weed Tech. 16:102-108 Klein, R.N, D.J. Lyon, and G.A. Wicks.2002. Downy Brome Control. NebGuide G-422. Revised 2002. Lyon, D.J., D.N. Klein, and G.A. Wicks. 2002. Rye Control in Winter Wheat. NebGuide G02-1483. 2002. Park, K., C. A. Mallory-Smith, D. A. Ball, and G. W. Mueller-Warrant. 2002. Point mutation confers sulfonylurea resistance to one downy brome (Bromus tectorum) biotype but not in another. Proceedings West. Soc. Weed Sci. 55:11. Parrish,S.K., J. Daniel, P. Westra, D. Thill, A.J. Bussan, L.J. Wrage, and B. Klien. 2002. Engame herbicide, a glyphosate acid formulation was compared to Roundup Ultra and Roundup Original when applied to wheat fallow agronomic systems. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer. 42: 151. Rainbolt,C.R. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Control of volunteer herbicide resistant wheat and canola. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 77-79. Rainbolt,C.R. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Control of volunteer wheat with graminicides. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 86-87. Rainbolt,C.R. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Control of over-wintered volunteer glyphosate-resistant spring wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 112-113. Rainbolt,C.R. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Control of volunteer glyphosate resistant wheat with graminicides. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 114. Rainbolt,C.R. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Control of volunteer spring, winter, and imidazolinone resistant wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 111. Rainbolt,C.R. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Time of wild oat and common lambsquarters removal in glyphosate resistant spring wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 115. Rainbolt,C.R. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Wild oat and common lambsquarters control in glyphosate resistant spring wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 116-117. Rainbolt, C. ,D. C. Thill, D. A. Ball, J. P. Yenish, and F. Young, 2002. Managing Volunteer after Herbicide-Resistant Crops. Proceedings 2001 PNW Direct Seed Conference. pg 115. Rainbolt,C.R., D.C. Thill, and F.L. Young. 2002. Control of volunteer herbicide resistant crops with herbicides. Proc. Western Society of Weed Science. 3. Rainbolt,C.R., D.C. Thill, and F.L. Young. 2002. Managing volunteer crops following herbicide-resistant crops. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer. 42:228. Rauch,T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Downy brome control in winter wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 137-138. Rauch,T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Grass weed control in winter wheat with triallate and various sulfosulfuron timings. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 147. Rauch,T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Italian ryegrass control in imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 127-128. Rauch,T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Italian ryegrass control in winter wheat. Proc. Western Society of Weed Science. 71. Rauch,T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2002. The effect of application timing on wild oat control with different grass herbicides in winter wheat. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 125. Rauch,T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Tolerance of imidazolinone-resistant wheat to imazapyr and imazapic in a fallow-winter wheat rotation. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 152-153 Rauch,T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Weed control in imiazolinone-resistant winter wheat with imazamox. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 130. Rauch,T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Weed control and crop response in imidazolinone-resistant spring wheat with imazamox and BAS 63500 H. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 123-124. Rauch,T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Weed control in imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat with imazamox and other grass herbicides. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 131-132. Schiess,B.L. and D.C. Thill. 2002. Wild oat control in spring wheat with herbicide combinations. Western Soc. Weed Science Prog. Report. 118-119. Walenta, D. L., J. P. Yenish, F. L. Young, and D. A. Ball. 2002. Vernalization response of plants grown from spikelets of spring and fall cohorts of jointed goatgrass. Weed Science. 50: 461-465. Wicks, G.A., D.J. Lyon, and R.N. Klein. 2002. Controlling Jointed Goatgrass. NebGuide 1252 Revised 2002. White, T. 2002. Clearfield wheat in Kansas. Wheat Scoop (Kansas Wheat Commission). August 28. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org/Publications/Popular%20Press/Poppress.htm. White, T. 2002. Got jointed goatgrass? Management strategies for increased control. Wheat Scoop (Kansas Wheat Commission) and Oregon Wheat Growers League Newsletter. August 28. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org/Publications/Popular%20Press/Poppress.htm. White, T. 2002. Jointed goatgrass: A problem in winter wheat. Successful Farming Magazine. In press. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org/Publications/Popular%20Press/Poppress.htm. White, T. 2002. Jointed goatgrass seed: What do we know? Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org/Publications/Popular%20Press/Poppress.htm. White, T. 2002. National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program: Overview. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org/Acrobat%20Files/3I%20handouts.pdf. White, T. 2002. Weed identification: Is it important in Clearfield wheat? Western Farmer-Stockman Magazine. December. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org/Publications/Popular%20Press/Poppress.htm.

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 12/19/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/30/2003 - 10/30/2003
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2003 - 12/01/2003

Participants

Dan Ball, Oregon State University, daniel.ball@oregonstate.edu;Ed Davis, Montana State Univ., edavis@montana.edu;Darrel Hanavan, Colorado Wheat Administrative Committee, dhanavan@uswest.net;Mike Harrington, WAAESD, wdal@lamar.colostate.edu;Drew Lyons, University of Nebraska, dlyon@unlnotes.unl.edu;Case Medlin, Oklahoma State Univ. mcase@okstate.edu;Steven Miller, University of Wyoming, sdmiller@uwyo.edu;Gaylon Morgan, Texas A & M Univ., gmorgan@ag.tamu.edu;Jim Parochetti, , USDA-CSREES, jparochetti@reeusda.gov;Lee Sommers, Colorado State University, lsommers@lamar.colostate.edu;Phil Stahlman, Kansas State University, stahlman@ksu.edu;
Phil Westra, Colorado State University, pwestra@lamar.colostate.edu;Tony White, Kansas State University, twhite@oznet.ksu.edu;Ralph Whitesides, Utah State University, ralphw@ext.usu.edu
Joe Yenish, Washington State University, yenish@wsu.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

Jim Parochetti presented a CSREES update. Future of Jointed Goatgrass special project is not certain until final federal appropriations are made. Jim handed out an update for activities in CSREES. The size of NRI grants will increase from $300,000 to $500,000 for the plant science program. This means fewer grants funded, those that are funded are eligible for more funding.

It was suggested that Carol Mallory-Smith be asked to present the new wheat weed research initiative to the research committee at NAWG. Steve Miller suggested Drew Lyon as an alternate. A discussion followed about how to finance the travel. It was suggested that each state could contribute a portion of their technology transfer to fund the travel. It would be necessary for her to give an educational presentation. During a break, Carol was contacted and she agreed to represent WCC-77 at the NAWG to support the new initiative.

Lee Sommers provided an administrative advisor update. There is now a National Information Management and Support System (NIMSS) a database on the web, it is available to provide information for multi-state project and coordinating committee activity. A renewal proposal for WCC-77 project was discussed. For a new proposal we need: a new project number (may request the same number), duration 3-5 years, project title, statement of issue and justification, objectives, expected outcomes and impact. Federal funds from CSREES can only be used for travel to coordinating committees, but regional research projects can get funding for actual research expenses (grad students, equipment, etc.). Proposal deadlines are January 15th and May 15th and are reviewed in March and July, respectively. New projects are initiated in October. The proposal development process using the NIMSS was discussed. All participants must file Appendix E through their Experiment Station Director to renew participation. Mike Harrington, Western Region Executive Director, gave a presentation on efforts to develop impact statements for multi-state projects among Western Experiment Station Directors.

It was agreed that Joe Yenish would act as secretary for 2004. Case Medlin, Oklahoma State University was nominated by Phil Stahlman and seconded by Dan Ball for 2004 chairman. All agreed by voice vote. The next meeting of the WCC-77 will in Denver on November 18, 2004. The motion was seconded by Steve Miller and passed unanimously by voice vote.

Renewal of WCC-77 as a coordinating committee was discussed. It was suggested that the WCC-77 be continued, especially in light of the pending new research initiative. Steve Miller suggested leaving the group as a coordinating committee rather than a regional research project, and structure the new coordinating committee around the new initiative. Steve moved that the group should continue as a coordinating committee. The motion was seconded by Phil Stahlman, and the motion passed by voice vote. If the new Invasive Weeds in Wheat initiative is approved then the coordinating committee (WCC-77) could petition to change to a regional research program, if so desired. The renewal for continuation of the coordinating committee is due by January 15, 2004. A subcommittee was selected by the group to rewrite the project. This committee consists of: Drew Lyon, Gaylon Morgan, Phil Westra, Tony White, and Joe Yenish. All WCC-77 participants will need to petition their respective Experiment Station Directors for membership in the new coordinating committee.

It was moved by Tony White to name the renewal WCC Invasive Weeds in Wheat and it was determined by group discussion to try and keep the number WCC-77. We need a letter of justification to keep the same number.

Accomplishments

University of Idaho researchers continued to evaluate wild oat control in winter and spring wheat and spring barley with herbicides. Several Idaho projects focused on herbicide-resistant wheat i.e. Clearfield winter wheat including weed control efficacy with imazamox compared to other herbicides, such as sulfosulfuron, MKH6561, MKH6562, flufenacet/metribuzin, clodinafop, etc. - annual bromes, wild oat, , Italian ryegrass; rotational crop studies with imazamox in Clearfield winter wheat - rotational crops will be barley and yellow mustard; pollen flow from Clearfield winter wheat to jointed goatgrass (Cooperatively with Carol Mallory-Smith and Bob Zemetra); and variety tolerance (Cooperatively with Bob Zemetra, Ed Souza, Jim Peterson, Dale Shaner). A cooperative study was initiated on control of rattail fescue in conservation tillage systems with Ball, Yenish, and Mallory-Smith. Idaho also is conducting studies to determine effective of quizalofop, compared to glyphosate on green bridge in conservation tillage systems. Kansas State University researchers focused on several projects including effect of nitrogen concentration on Beyond herbicide efficacy and crop tolerance in Clearfield wheat; Clearfield wheat tolerance as affected by herbicide and growth stage; Comparison of Beyond rates and adjuvant systems in Clearfield wheat; sequence of sulfonylurea and Beyond herbicide split applications in clearfield wheat; downy brome control as affected by herbicide, UAN concentration, and time of application; fall-applied mixtures of Finesse or Glean with Maverick, Olympus, or Everest; winter annual grass control in Clearfield wheat with Beyond and competitive treatments; simulated herbicide drift in wheat; row crop response to fall- and spring-applied Olympus in wheat in normal crop rotation; integrated management of jointed goatgrass using cultural practices ; Clearfield winter wheat risk; prolonging clearfield technology with certified seed and crop rotation ; and characterization of post-dispersal jointed goatgrass seed predation. University of Nebraska studies focused on determining best management practices for using Clearfield wheat technology to control jointed goatgrass and minimize the development of imazomox-resistant goatgrass populations. A field study near Sidney, NE evaluated the interaction of various nitrogen fertilizer rates on the efficacy of Beyond herbicide applied in the fall and spring to Clearfield wheat for feral rye control. A study was initiated at four sites in western Nebraska, in cooperation with Stephen Miller at the University of Wyoming, to quantify jointed goatgrass seed decline in the soil. In a winter wheat variety susceptible to imazamox damage, imazamox was sprayed at low rates to control winter annual grasses; including jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), downy brome (Bromus tectorum), and field brome (Bromus arvensis). Imazamox (1 oz and 2 oz rates) was combined with shallow rotary hoe tillage and cold or warm temperature at spraying time and compared to untreated checks. Several treatments provided partial control of jointed goatgrass (32% to 69%) and field brome (59% to 89%) compared to the checks. Winter wheat yields were 17% to 36% higher in treated plots. A field study initiated in 1996 looked at the effect of wheat varieties, crop rotations, and tillage vs no-till on jointed goatgrass densities. This project will soon enter its final phases. Corn did poorly both years with no grain harvested in 2002 or in the no-till plots in 2003. A field study initiated in 1997 looked at the effects of five different tillage timings after wheat harvest on jointed goatgrass density in winter wheat compared to a no-tillage treatment. This study was completed in 2003 with the harvest of the final winter wheat crop. Oregon State University researchers are studying the dormancy and germination of jointed goatgrass; the impact of wheat cytoplasm on the % seed set on hybrids between jointed goatgrass and wheat; outcrossing rates between jointed goatgrass plants; and outcrossing from wheat to wheat and from wheat to jointed goatgrass. Kee-Woong Park finished his PhD dissertation on ALS resistant downy brome biotypes. One biotype was resistant due to metabolism and the other had site based resistance. Italian ryegrass control with mesosulfuron was evaluated in several studies with mixed results. Evaluations are continuing on ACCase resistance in Italian ryegrass. Some populations are also resistant to SU herbicides. Evaluations continued of downy brome control in winter wheat with propoxycarbazone, mesosulfuron, and with PRE applications of flufenacet. Adjuvants were evaluated for enhanced activity of imazamox in Clearfield wheat. Addition of UAN solution increased wheat crop injury and slightly increased downy brome control. Tolerance of advanced Clearfield wheat lines to imazamox was evaluated at two locations in eastern Oregon. Advanced lines for proposed release in the PNW had tolerance similar to FS-4 (Fidel). Evaluations continued to develop glyphosate alternatives for management of WAG weeds and volunteer wheat. A cooperative study with Gail Wicks and Jack Evans evaluated post-harvest tillage for management of JGG. Oregon results indicate little/no impact of post-harvest tillage on JGG in subsequent wheat plantings. Utah State University studies have taken place to evaluate promising candidate herbicides to control wild oat, feral rye, and jointed goatgrass. Compounds previously evaluated include fenoxaprop, clodinafop, tralkoxydim, sulfosulfuron, flucarbazone sodium, and propoxycarbazone sodium. Current studies include, in addition to the above herbicides, imazamox combined with herbicide-resistant wheat to provide increased levels of weed control as well as a broader spectrum of species that can be managed. Ongoing investigations to manage feral rye in winter wheat using selective herbicides and cultural practices have been disappointing and largely unsuccessful. Consequently, another approach using imidazolinone-resistant wheat cultivars combined with appropriate applications of imazamox have been the main focus of recent feral rye studies. In the fall of 2002 a field trial was initiated to evaluate the efficacy of imazamox to control a mixed stand of downy brome and feral rye in a field of ClearfieldR winter wheat. Texas A&M University conducted the following studies involving winter annual grass weeds in winter wheat in Texas: Evaluation of a broad spectrum of labeled and experimental herbicides for managing ryegrass in HRWW in Central Texas. The standard herbicides for the area are Amber, Glean, and Finesse. Hoelon use is minimal in this area partially due to the grazing restrictions and high price. Evaluation of Osprey for both wild oat and ryegrass were evaluated at numerous locations across Texas. A ryegrass survey of from 10 counties in Central Texas identified as much as 70% ALS resistant ryegrass. Ryegrass samples were taken from wheat fields with a history of ryegrass problems. A three-year research project evaluating the economics of the Clearfield system and conventional grass weed management (wild oat, ryegrass, and jointed goatgrass) in wheat was initiated in the fall of 2003. Measuring the impact wheat seed size has on its competitive ability with annual ryegrass was initiated in the fall of 2002. The second season of research was initiated in the fall of 2003 and the study will conclude in June 2004. Washington State University and USDA-ARS researchers conducted experiments in eastern Washington in 2003 to evaluate various aspects of winter annual grass control in winter wheat, including: Jointed Goatgrass Integrated Management for the Pacific Northwest; a jointed goatgrass seed longevity study; a Clearfield wheat crop rotation study evaluating 2 and 3 year rotations with Clearfield wheat at varying intervals to determine risk of developing imazamox resistant populations of jointed goatgrass; Volunteer wheat control with glyphosate and glyphosate alternatives; and studies evaluating various herbicides for winter annual grass control in winter wheat. Studies evaluate control of jointed goatgrass, downy brome, and Italian ryegrass.

Publications

Daugovish, O., D.C. Thill, and B. Shafii. 2003. Modeling competion between wild oat (Avena fatua) and yellow mustard or canola. Weed Sci. 51:102-109. Hansen, B.D., C.A. Mallory-Smith, D.C. Thill, and R.L. Zemetra. 2003. Potential for pollen-mediated gene flow from wheat to other wheat cultivars. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer. 3. Ball, D.A., C. Rainbolt, D.C. Thill, and J.P. Yenish. 2003. Weed management strategies for Clearfield wheat systems across PNW precipitation zones. Proc. Northwest Direct Seed Cropping Systems Conf., Pasco, Washington. 90-96. Ireland, T.M., D.C. Thill, J.P. Yenish, and D.A. Ball. 2003. Evaluation of glyphosate for burndown in direct seed systems. Proc. Northwest Direct Seed Croppings Systems Conf., Pasco, Washington, 97-104. Rainbolt, C., D.C. Thill, J.P. Yenish, and D.A. Ball. 2003. Alternatives to glyphosate as part of a resistance management strategy in direct seed systems. Proc. Northwest Direct Seed Croppings Systems Conf., Pasco, Washington, 105-118. Rainbolt, C.R., D.C. Thill, J.P. Yenish, and D.A. Ball. 2003. The effect of weed seed biology and selection pressure on the evolution of resistant weed populations in imidazolinone-resistant wheat production systems: A Pacific Northwest extension bulletin. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer. 53. Ball, D.A., D.C. Thill, M. Ensminger, K. Howatt, S. Seefledt, P. Banks, and R. Anderson. 2003. Development of weed resistance as affected by frequency of herbicide application. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 30. Ireland, T.M., D.C. Thill, D. Ball, and J. Yenish. 2003. Annual grass control with glyphosate formulations and application timings in direct seed dryland winter wheat cropping systems in the Inland Northwest. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 61. Campbell, J.M. and D.C. Thill. 2003. Fenoxaprop and tralkoxydim reduced split rates for wild oat control in barley. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 100. Rauch, T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2003. Rotational crop response to imazamax, flucarbazone, propropcarbazone and sulfosulfuron. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 112. Campbell, J. and D. Thill. 2003. Quizalofop preplant to wheat and barley. West Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 135. Campbell, J. and D. Thill. 2003. Wild oat control in spring wheat. West. Soc. Weed Science Progress Report. 151. Rainbolt, C.R. and D.C. Thill. 2003. Control of over-wintered glyphosate-resistant spring wheat with quizalofop. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 154. Rauch, T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2003. Tolerance of imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat varieties to imazamox. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 155-156. Rauch, T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2003. Downy brome control in winter wheat. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 157-160. Campbell, J. and D. Thill. 2003. Imidazolinone resistant wheat and canola weed control. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 163-164. Campbell J. and D. Thill. 2003. Wild oat control in winter wheat. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 165-167. Rauch, T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2003. Italian ryegrass control in winter wheat with various grass herbicides. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 168-170. Rauch, T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2003. Italian ryegrass control in imazamox in winter wheat. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 171-173. Rauch T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2003. Italian ryegrass and ventenata control in winter wheat with mesosulfuron. West Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 175. Campbell, J. and D. Thill. 2003. Interrupted windgrass control in winter wheat. West Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 190-191. Rauch, T.A. and D.C. Thill. 2003. Rotational crop response to imazamox persistence. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 197-198. Claassen, M.M. and D.E. Peterson. 2002. Weed control in imidazolinone resistant wheat with imazamox. Proc. N. Centr. Weed Sci. Soc. 57:9. Deeds, Z.A., D.E. Peterson, K. Al-Khatib, B.L. Olson, and P.W. Stahlman. 2002. Volunteer or failed winter wheat control in the spring with clethodim, glyphosate, or atrazine plus paraquat. Proc. N. Centr. Weed Sci. Soc. 57:8. Peterson, D.E. and D.L. Regehr. 2002. Cheatgrass control in winter wheat. N. Centr. Weed Sci. Soc. Res. Rep. 59:37. Peterson, D.E. and D.L. Regehr. 2002. Japanese brome control in winter wheat. N. Centr. Weed Sci. Soc. Res. Rep. 59:41. Peterson, D.E. and D.L. Regehr. 2002. Weed control and crop tolerance with imidazolinone resistant wheat. N. Centr. Weed Sci. Soc. Res. Rep. 59:51. Stahlman, P.W., A.D. White, T.J. Martin, and V. Martin. 2003. Clearfield Winter Wheat Risk Assessment. Annual Progress Report to National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program. Stahlman, P.W. and T. White. 2003. Jointed Goatgrass Research Program Extension Coordinator. Annual Progress Report to National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program. Stahlman, P.W., P.W. Geier, A.D. White, D. Lyon, S.D. Miller, and P. Westra. 2003. Performance of Beyond herbicide in Clearfield wheat in the central Great Plains. The 6th Annual National Wheat Industry Research Forum Proceedings, p. 18-19. Albuquerque, NM. National Association of Wheat Growers Wheat Industry Resource Committee. Web site: http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/weedmanagement. Includes general information, weed control updates, and research summaries. White, A.D. and P.W. Stahlman. 2003. Control of jointed goatgrass using Best Management Practices. The 6th Annual National Wheat Industry Research Forum Proceedings, p. 22-24. Albuquerque, NM. National Association of Wheat Growers Wheat Industry Resource Committee. White, T. 2002. Jointed goatgrass: A threat to winter wheat production. Proc. N. Cent. Weed Sci. Soc. St. Louis, MO. White, T., P. Stahlman, and P. Geier. 2003. Imazamox rate and timing combinations in Clearfield wheat. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Kauai, HI. Lyon, D. J., A. J. Bussan, J. O. Evans, C. A. Mallory-Smith, and T. F. Peeper. 2002. Pest management implications of glyphosate-resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the western United States. Weed Technol. 16:680-690. Klein, R. N., and D. J. Lyon. 2003. Controlling winter annual grasses in winter wheat. Crop Watch No. 2003-24:229. Available online at cropwatch.unl.edu. Ball, D. A., J. P. Yenish, and T. Alby III. 2003. Effect of Imazamox Soil Persistence on Dryland Rotational Crops. Weed Technology. 17:161-165. Young, F. L., J. P. Yenish, D. L. Walenta, and D. A. Ball. 2003. Spring-germinating jointed goatgrass produces viable spikelets in spring seeded wheat. Weed Sci. 51:379-385. Evans, J.O. 2003. Downy brome and feral rye control in herbicide-resistant wheat. Nephi Agricultural Experiment Station Field Day. Nephi, UT. 1 July. Evans, J.O. 2003. Evaluation of imazamox with herbicide-resistant wheat to control annual grass weeds in Utah. Greenville Agricultural Experiment Station Field Day. North Logan, UT. 8 July. Evans, J.O., T.M. Osmond, and R.W. Mace. 2003 Evaluation of wild oat herbicides for spring wheat. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 149 Evans, J.O., E. Creech, and R.W. Mace. 2003. Evaluation of fenoxaprop for wild oat and wild buckwheat control in spring wheat. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Progress Report. 150 Popular Press Articles White, T. 2002. Clearfield Wheat in Kansas. Article published in Wheat Scoop-August 28 and National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program website. Internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2002. Got Jointed Goatgrass? Management Strategies for Increased Control. Article published in Wheat Scoop and Oregon Wheat Growers League Newsletters-August and National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program website. Internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2002. Jointed Goatgrass Seed: What Do We Know? National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program website. Internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2002. Weed Identification: Is it Important in Clearfield Wheat? Western-Farmer Stockman Magazine. December. p.28. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2003. Can Deep Plowing Help Control Jointed Goatgrass? April 2003. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2003. Give the boot to an old goat. (Jointed goatgrass: A problem in winter wheat). Successful Farming Magazine. February. p.38. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2003. Goatgrass Weapons. Western Farmer-Stockman. October. P.34. White, T. 2003. How are you going to control jointed goatgrass in your fields next year? July 2003. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2003. Non-GMO Herbicide Technology to Control Jointed Goatgrass and Other Weeds. The Wheat Farmer/Row Crop Farmer-Central Plains. April 2003. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2003. Researchers seek ways to eliminate jointed goatgrass in winter wheat. High Plains Journal. October 13. P.15-B. (Published article rewritten by staff writer from portions of article submitted earlier by T. White). White, T. 2003. Scientists Evaluate the Origin of Jointed Goatgrass. June 2003. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2003. Spring Control of Jointed Goatgrass. The Wheat Farmer/Row Crop Farmer-Central Plains. April 2003. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2003. Tackling goatgrass. Western Farmer-Stockman Magazine. July. p.M12. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2003. The Importance of Jointed Goatgrass Seed Biology. First posted in April. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org White, T. 2003. What is jointed goatgrass and why is it so difficult to control? July 2003. Current internet location: http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org

Impact Statements

Collective research among WCC-77 participants throughout the western U.S. has helped define the benefits and risks associated with the use of Clearfield wheat. Much of the research has identified optimum herbicide application methods for managing difficult weeds such as jointed goatgrass, Italian ryegrass, and feral rye. These weeds contribute to significant annual losses to wheat growers, and cause growers to intensify tillage for weed control, thereby increasing environmental problems associ
Best management practices (BMP) have been developed for managing grass weeds in wheat in the predominant wheat growing regions of the U.S. The WCC-77 project has allowed researchers to come together to discuss and design collaborative projects. BMPs in commercial use have improved fertilizer use efficiency to minimize weed problems, and reduce waste in fertilizer use. BMPs for alternative crop rotation practices have reduced grass weed problems and increased economic diversification of drylan
Collaboration between researchers participating in WCC-77 have allowed development of research on new weed problems such as rattail fescue in the Pacific Northwest. Other collaborations help identify and understand mechanisms for herbicide-resistance in weeds. These projects will lead to better weed management practices for dryland wheat producers in the western U.S