WERA_OLD66: Integrated Management of Russian Wheat Aphid and Other Cereal Aphids

(Multistate Research Coordinating Committee and Information Exchange Group)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[09/15/2003] [06/23/2005] [01/23/2006] [01/01/2007]

Date of Annual Report: 09/15/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 09/09/2002 - 09/10/2002
Period the Report Covers: 09/01/2002 - 09/01/2003

Participants

Participants:
Nilsa Bosque-Perez, Chair (absent)
Sue Blodgett, Secretary
Gerald Wilde, KSU
John Burd, USDA,ARS,
Frank Peairs, CSU
Tom Holzer, CSU
Gary Hein, UNL
Kevin Shufran, USDA,ARS,PSWCRL
Dave Foster, USDA,ARS,PSWCRL
Louis Hesler, USDA,ARS, NGIRL
John Reese, KSU
Gerry Michels, Texas A&M
Roxanne Shufran,
Norm Elliott, USDA,ARS,PSWCRL
JP Michaud, KSU
Keith Pike, WSU
Debi Owing
Phil Sloderbeck, KSU
Gerrit Cuperus, OSU
Do Mornhinweg, USDA,ARS,PSWCRL
C. Mike Smith, KSU
Mark Lazer
Dave Porter, USDA,ARS,PSWCRL
Cheryl Baker, USDA, ARS, PSWCRL
Bonnie Pendelton

Brief Summary of Minutes

Tom Holtzer called the meeting to order and welcomed attendees

Blodgett assumed the responsibilities of the Chair, as Nilsa Bosque-Perez was unable to attend.

Discussion of standardization needs for maintaining colonies of different aphid biotypes for host-plant testing and other research needs.

Presentation by Kris Giles and Tom Royer of the aphid sequential sampling program developed and implemented in Oklahoma. Score Sheets were distributed and are being used by County Extension faculty and consultants to track infestations.

Discussion of soybean aphid, current distribution needs for research including development of thresholds, host range and biological control. Coordination of efforts was mentioned as this pest emerges.

Final Business Meeting

Meeting date set for Sept 29-30th for next meeting to be held in Fort Collins. Discussion of other sites, but Fort Collins was agreed upon because it is centrally located and therefore more economical for travel.

Louis Hesler was nominated and elected unanimously as the Secretary-elect.

New Business:

It was suggested that we offer a training/workshop session in conjunction with WCC66 meetings. Two suggestions were offered for the 2003 meeting. Keith Pike offered to provide training on aphidids including specimen preparation. Jerry Michels offered to provide training on coccinellids. If this training was offered on Sunday classrooms/labs equipped with microscopes would be available at CSU.

Meeting was adjorned at 11:45am

Accomplishments

Subcommittee Minutes: Biocontrol subcommittee, 09-Sep-2002 Summary by Kevin A. Shufran Lysiphlebus testaceipes is the driving force of greenbug population dynamics. - Kris Giles. Whether true or not, this statement testifies to the importance of this Aphidiidae species in cereal aphid biological control. Lysiphlebus testaceipes was a major topic of discussion of the group. Important research questions and/or areas warranting research identified by the group. 1. Understand how to augment parasitoid (esp. Lysiphlebus testaceipes) populations in fall wheat to give consistent control of Schizaphis graminum. 2. Understand the ecological biology of L. testaceipes. 3. Determine if, and to what extent, L. testaceipes is a species complex. 4. Understand the nutritional ecology of parasitized aphids in terms of affecting coccinellid predators that feed upon them. Is there an antagonism by parasitized aphids on predators, which consume them? 5. Assess and describe the aphid parasitoid guild in wheat/small grains at present date. Especially in light of releases for Diuraphis noxia, and on a regional basis. 6. Evaluate parasitoid releases made for D. noxia, not only in targeted pest/crops, but also in other systems and aphid species. For example Aphidius matricariae has proven ineffective for D. noxia, but now readily attacks Myzus persicae. 7. Virtually nothing is known about predatory Diptera and their impact on cereal aphids in North America. 8. Identifying non-pest aphids which are hosts to parasitoids attacking cereal aphids, and using these as bridges or reservoirs to augment parasitoid populations in wheat. 9. Determine the spatial dynamics of parasitoids. Panel Members: Kevin Shufran Gerry Wilde Norm Elliott JP Michaud Keith Pike Kris Giles Debi Owing Jerry Michels Aphid-Plant Interaction and Ecology Subcommittee, 09-Sep-2002 Summary by Roxanne Shufran The discussion centered around the current problems with establishing criteria for biotypes and standardized procedures for biotyping. Colonies of Greenbug biotypes H and J have been lost. There is a need by members of this working group for a biotyping service. Standardized procedures would include plant differentials and established protocols for checking biotypes of unknown, submitted aphids and maintaining colonies of biotypes that would be periodically tested. The Aphid-Plant Interaction and Ecology Subcommittee will be putting together a one page proposal that will include: Biotyping service Maintenance of biotype cultures Research component for biotypes. Other news: First report of a RWA biotype came from Beatrice, Nebraska Soybean aphid findings include Kansas, North Dakota, Nebraska Reports on Bird cherry-oat aphid activity. Attending: Louis Hesler John Burd Gerrit Cuperus Do Mornhinweg Mike Smith Mark Lazer Dave Porter Frank Peairs Sue Blodgett Phil Sloderbeck John Reese Cheryl Baker Roxanne Shufran Bonnie Pendelton

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 06/23/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 09/26/2004 - 09/28/2004
Period the Report Covers: 09/01/2003 - 09/01/2004

Participants

Sue Blodgett, Montana St. Univ.
Louis Hesler, Chair, USDA-ARS, Brookings, SD
Frank Peairs, Colorado St. Univ.
Keith Pike, Washington St. Univ.
David Porter, USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK
Sean Keenan, Oklahoma St. Univ.
J.P. Michaud, Kansas St. Univ.
Do Mornhinweg, USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK
Cheryl Baker, USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK
John Reese, Kansas St. Univ.
Marion Harris, North Dakota St. Univ.
Juan Manuel Alvarez, University of Idaho
Norman Elliott, USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK
Allan Fritz, Kansas St. Univ.
John Burd, USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK
Michael Roberts, Kansas St. Univ.
Amanda Schroeder, Kansas St. Univ.
Gerald Wilde, Kansas St. Univ.
Gary Hein, University of Nebraska
Yiqun Weng, Texas Ag. Exper. Station-Amarillo
Kris Giles, Oklahoma St. Univ.
Tom Royer, Oklahoma St. Univ.
Mpho Phoofolo, Oklahoma St. Univ.
Mike Smith, Kansas St. Univ.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Sept. 27.

8:30 AM - Louis Hesler, WCC-66 chair, opened the meeting. Kevin Shufran (secretary/chair elect) was not in attendance due to an injury. Do Mornhinweg acted as secretary for the meeting. Dr. Hesler thanked Mike Smith, John Reese, and Gerald Wilde for the local arrangements and welcomed participants to the meeting. A sign up sheet was passed around for attendance and to update professional information. A brief discussion of the schedule followed and Louis introduced our unscheduled guest speaker, Rick Meyers form CSREES.

8:40 AM Tom Holtzer, administrative co-advisor, encouraged the group to keep up the good work and pointed out the importance of documenting our accomplishments and impact in WCC-66 reports. He encouraged attendees who were not official members to consider becoming members by applying at the WCC-66 website.

9:00 AM- Rick Meyers, National Program Leader for entomology, gave us a budget update for CSREES. He discussed the status of funds available for NRI grants and indicated that 25% of that funding would go to integrated IFAFS-like projects. He encouraged us all to continue to submit and resubmit grants.

9:10 AM Louis introduced J. P Michaud to present data and lead a discussion on RWA biotypes - Field biology and Cultivar development.

J.P. presented information on the performance of a novel strain of RWA (RWA2), on 3 wheat cultivars, Trego (susceptible to RWA1), and Stanton and Halt (both resistant to RWA1). He reported the reproductive rate of RWA2 was high for all 3 cultivars whereas RWA1 had a high reproductive rate only on Trego and low reproductive rate on Stanton and Halt. Although RWA 2 damaged all three cultivars, that damage was not as high as the damage of RWA1 on Trego. Trego had the most leaf rolling from RWA2, but there was also more leaf rolling on Stanton and Halt than with RWA1. J.P. next reported results on the benefits of group feeding in Diuraphis noxia as affected by variety and temperature. For RWA1, at 20oC, there was significantly greater survival of young aphids feeding in a group compared to young aphids alone. At 24oC, the benefits of group feeding were negated. For RWA2, the reverse was true with better survival of singles at 20oC and better survival of group feeding aphids at 24oC. He concluded that there are different thermal optimums for the two biotypes.

Frank Peairs - Test environment is critical especially temperature but also photoperiod length.

A discussion ensued concerning rearing techniques for biological studies centering on the host effect. Traditionally aphids are reared on susceptible.

Frank Peairs - In a controlled study you usually rear on the cultivar it will be tested on for several generations before the test. Rearing for screening one usually rears on a mixture of resistant and susceptible. Rearing on Halt resulted in 10% reduction in aphid weight compared to TAM107. Perhaps it is best to rear on a mix based on acreage in the state.

John Burd began discussion on determination of biotypes based on plant response and suggested the necessity of a matrix of designated Dn genes.

Marion Harris There are currently 31 genes for Hessian fly resistance and 31 differentials.

Mike Smith CI 2401 which is resistant to RWA2 has Dn4 as well as another gene for resistance.

Gary Puterka how many aphid populations exist in the field now? Colorado is looking at several beyond RWA2 and John Burd suspects he has at least 3 new biotypes. The discussion turned to uniformity in testing for biotype. Do you test on vernalized or nonvernalized seedlings? The kind of cage may affect test results.

Phil - CI and PIs used for testing will they all be the same genetically? Temperature is important as well as what cultivar or mix the aphids were reared on. Do we have enough knowledge to standardize? What rating scale would we use? We need to identify and define certain givens or set up parameters for standardized biotyping.

Sue Blodgett we need to set up the best standard conditions we can at this meeting including the proposal of a matrix of plant differentials to characterize new populations. A formal paper needs to be submitted to JEE. Seed purity and sources for Dn resistance genes need to be discussed. This discussion was tabled to the Aphid-Ecology and Plant Insect Interactions subcommittee meeting scheduled for 3:00.

1:00 PM State reports from Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Stillwater USDA-ARS, South Dakota, Texas, and Washington. See appendix (p. 6) for written reports.

3:00 PM Breakout into Subcommittee Discussions

4:30 PM- Recess

4:30 -5:30 PM -Greenbug consortium meeting.

Sept. 28

8:15 AM- Subcommittee Reports

Aphid Ecology and Plant- Insect Interactions Subcommittee Report

Chair: David Porter
Secretary: Do Mornhinweg

Discussion began with an outline from Frank Peairs on important points concerning screening for biotypes:

1. differentials
2. test conditions
a. pre-vernalized plants
b. photoperiod 16D/8N
3. aphid parameters
a. infestation rate sieve to one aphid size, put on leaf pieces at bottom of each plant
b. culture on blend of field cultivars (susceptible and resistant)

Next discussed naming of biotypes and agreed on the following:

CO A = RWA1
CO B = RWA2
TX1 = RWA3
WY1 = RWA4
TX2 = RWA5
CO C = RWA6

A discussion on differentials followed and it was proposed by Dave that Cheryl Baker would raise and maintain founders seed which would be available soon for all interested in screening or biotyping to begin their seed increases. We would all start on the same page. The following differential list was proposed:

Dn4 - Yumar
Dny - Stanton
Dn7 - Gamtoos R
Susceptible - Yuma

Some discussion followed the presentation of the report to the whole membership and it was proposed that Gary Puterka would maintain cultures of all RWA biotypes and would send these aphids on request to those wishing to screen. Again we would all be on the same page. Dave thanked the group for their role in obtaining Garys position at Stillwater. It was further decided that field collections in all states would be tested against Dn4 and Dn7. If a reaction to Dn7 was found, the aphids would be sent to Gary for further biotyping and maintenance. It is hoped that this would become a world wide effort to assess global diversity for virulence.

Biological Control Subcommittee Report

Chair: Not recorded
Secretary: Not recorded

Discussion following:

Can predict control with parasitoids. Sorghum lady beetle larvae hard to find eaten by fist hatched larvae plus other cannibals out there too. Sibling egg cannibalism 40%.

Kris Giles planting of canola acreage has potential for major harboring of parasitoids. Cabbage aphids bad problem sprayed several times for control in experimental plots.

Suggested workshops for next meeting Lady beetle or carabids identification problem suggested workshop organizers: Lady beetles Jerry Michels Carabids Frank or Sue

Discussion on Rice Root Aphid Dean will soon have another paper out. Do we want to sample other states such as ND or TX? Counties in each state with confirmed RRA can be sent to Chris or Dean for identification - circulation of a sampling protocol involving sending soil sample through a Bulazie funnel

Keith Pike when sampling for RRA may find other aphids on the roots of wheat and grasses send Keith adults and he will identify them the biggest aphid you find a better chance of it being and adult. 70% alcohol and send to Keith.

9:15 AM Nomination and election of officers. Kevin Shufran, current Vice Chair and Secretary, will assume duties as Chair and Do Mornhinweg was nominated and confirmed by vote as incoming Vice Chair and Secretary.

9:20AM Site Selection. Ft. Collins was unanimously voted as the site for the next meeting with a tentative date of Sept. 18-20. A workshop is proposed for Sunday the 18.

9:25 AM Other business. Send a list of members and information on membership to all attendees. Chair, Chair elect and Vice-chair elect will draft a renewal document and send to members for comments and suggestions sometime after the first of the year.

9:30 AM- Meeting adjourned

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

A standardized naming system for Russian wheat aphid biotypes was proposed and agreed upon. The extant Dn4 non-injurious population (CO A) was agreed to be called biotype 1 and the new (discovered in 2003) Dn4 injurious population (CO B) was agreed to be called biotype 2. Clones/biotypes identified and named by various people and institutions are to follow this convention and are now referred to as: CO A = RWA1; CO B = RWA2; TX1 = RWA3; WY1 = RWA4; TX2 = RWA5; and CO C = RWA6. This is significant because it will allow clear communication within and among scientists and extension personnel. It eliminates confusion and ambiguity. In relation to the naming of biotypes, it was agreed upon that four wheat varieties, each carrying different genes for Russian wheat aphid resistant would be used for biotype screening and founder seed made available. The plant differentials for biotype screening are: Dn4 - Yumar; Dny - Stanton; Dn7 - Gamtoos R; and susceptible - Yuma. This standardization will also eliminate confusion and ambiguity in the reporting of biotypes when done by different individuals, at different institutions, and at different geographic locations.

Publications

Alvarez, J.M. 2004. Trionymus haancheni McKenzie: a new pest of barley in Idaho. Plant Health Progress http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/management/2004/barley/ Berzonsky, W.A., T.G. Shanower, R.J. Lamb, R.I. McKenzie, H. Ding, M.O. Harris, R.H. Ratcliffe, H.W. Ohm, F.L. Patterson, F.B. Peairs, S.D. Haley, and D.R. Porter. 2003. Breeding wheat for resistance to insects. Plant Breeding Reviews 22: 221-296. Birkett, M.A., T.J.A. Bruce, J.L. Martin, L.E. Smart, J. Oakley, and L.J. Wadhams. 2004. responses of female orange wheat blossom midge to wheat panicle volatiles. Journal of Chemical Ecology 30: 1319-1328. Boina, D., S. Prabhakar. C. M. Smith, S. Starkey, L. Zhu, E. Boyko, and J. C. Reese. 200#. Categories of resistance to greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotype I in wheats expressing the Gby and Gbz genes. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. (accepted). Boyko, E. V. and C. M. Smith. 2004. Expression of Pto and Pti-like genes is involved in wheat resistance response to aphid attack. In: Plant & Animal Genome XII. Final Abstracts Guide. Workshop abstracts. January 10-14, 2004, San Diego, CA, W200. Boyko, E. V., S. R. Starkey, and C. M. Smith. 2003. Genetic mapping of genes expressing resistance to greenbug and Russian wheat aphid in bread wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109:1230-1236. Bregitzer, P., D.W. Mornhinweg, and B.L. Jones. 2003. Resistance to Russian wheat aphid damage derived from STARS 9301B protects agronomic performance and malting quality when transferred to adapted barley germplasm. Crop Sci. 43:2050-2057. Brewer, M.J., and N.C. Elliott. 2004. Biological control of cereal aphids in North America and mediating effects of host plant and habitat manipulations. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 49:219-242. Bullock, D. G, N. A. Bosque-Pérez, J. B. Johnson and F. W. Merickel. 2004. Species composition and distribution of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) parasitoids in northern Idaho. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 77 (3):174-180. Burd, J.D., Z.B. Mayo, G.J. Michels, L.S. Hesler, T.L. Harvey, and G.E. Wilde. 2004. Occurrence of the greenbug (Schizaphis graminum) holocycle in the Great Plains of the United States. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. (In press). Burd, J.D., Z.B. Mayo, G.J. Michels, L.S. Hesler, T.L. Harvey, and G.E. Wilde. 2004. Regional assessment of the greenbug holocycle in the Great Plains of the United States. Southwest. Entomol. (In press). Burd, J.D., D.R. Porter, J.A. Webster, and G.L. Teetes. 2004. Evidence for non-cultivated grasses as a source of greenbug biotypic variation. Southwest. Entomol. (In press). Carver, B.F., E.G. Krenzer, R.M. Hunger, D.R. Porter, E.L. Smith, A.R. Klatt J. Verchot-Lubicz, P. Rayas-Durate, A.C. Guenzi, G. Bai, and B.C. Martin. 2004. Carver, B.F., E.G. Krenzer, R.M. Hunger, A.R. Klatt, D.R. Porter, J. Verchot, P. Rayas-Durate, A.C. Guenzi, B.C. Martin, and G. Bai. 2003. Registration of 'Intrada' wheat. Crop Sci. 43:1135-1136. Carver, B.F., E.L. Smith, E.G. Krenzer, R.M. Hunger, D.R. Porter, A.R. Klatt, J. Verchot, P. Rayas-Durate, A.C. Guenzi, B.C. Martin, and G. Bai. 2003. Registration of 'Ok 101' wheat. Crop Sci. 43:2298-2299. Registration of 'Ok 102' wheat. Crop Sci. 44:1468-1469. Chen, J.W., C.G. Tauer, G.H. Bai, and Y. Huang. Biodirectional genetic introgression between Pinus taeda and Pinus echinata: Evidence from morphological and molecular data. American Journal of Botany. (Submitted 8/19/2003). Chen, J.W., C.G. Tauer, and Y. Huang. 2004. Mitochondrial DNA inheritance and variation among three Pinus species. Journal of Forest Genet. (In press). Chen, Y. K. S. Pike, M. H. Greenstone, and K. A. Shufran. Molecular markers for detection of the hyperparasitoids Dendrocerus carpenteri (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) and Alloxysta xanthopsis (Hymenoptera: Charipidae) in Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) parasitizing cereal aphids. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. (submitted) Elliott, N. C., K. L. Giles, T. A. Royer, S. D. Kindler, D. B. Jones, and F. L. Tao. 2003. The negative binomial as a probability distribution for describing counts of Schizaphis graminum on wheat. Southwest. Entomol. 28: 131-136. Elliott, N. C., K. L. Giles, T. A. Royer, S. D. Kindler, F. L. Tao, D. B. Jones, and G. W. Cuperus. 2003. Fixed precision sequential sampling plans for the greenbug and birdcherry-oat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in winter wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1585-1593. Elliott, N.C., T.A. Royer, K. L. Giles, S. D. Kindler, D. R. Porter, D. T. Elliott, and D. A. Waits. 2004. A web-based management decision support system for greenbugs in winter wheat. Crop Management. (In press). Giles, K. L., D. B. Jones, T. A. Royer, N. C. Elliott, and S. D. Kindler. 2003. Development of a sampling plan in winter wheat that estimates cereal aphid parasitism levels and predicts population suppression. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 975-982. Graybosch, R.A., C.J. Peterson, D.R. Porter, and O.K. Chung. 2004. Registration of N96L9970 greenbug resistant wheat. Crop Sci. 44:1492-1493. Haley, S. D., M. D. Lazar, J. S. Quick, J. J. Johnson, G. L. Peterson, J. A. Stromberger, S. R. Clayshulte, B. L. Clifford, T. A. Pester, S. J. Nissen, P. H. Westra, F. B. Peairs, and J. B. Rudolph. 2003. Above winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 83:107-108. Haley, S., J. Johnson, and F. Peairs. 2003. Hard white wheat breeding at CSU. Pp. 49 - 52 in, Haley, S., ed. Colorado Wheat Production Handbook: Clearfield Wheat and Hard White Wheat. Colorado Association of Wheat Growers, Lakewood, CO. 56 pp. Haley, S., J. Johnson, F. Peairs, and P. Westra. 2003. Clearfield wheat breeding at CSU. Pp. 17 - 20 in, Haley, S., ed. Colorado Wheat Production Handbook: Clearfield Wheat and Hard White Wheat. Colorado Association of Wheat Growers, Lakewood, CO. 56 pp. Haley, S. D., J. S. Quick, T. J. Martin, J. J. Johnson, F. B. Peairs, J. A. Stromberger, S. R. Clayshulte, B. L. Clifford, and J. B. Rudolph. 2003. Registration of 'Avalanche' wheat. Crop Sci. 43:432. Haley, S. D., J. S. Quick, J. J. Johnson, F. B. Peairs, J. A. Stromberger, S. R. Clayshulte, B. L. Clifford, J. B. Rudolph, O.K Chung, and B. W. Seabourn. 2004. Registration of 'Ankor' wheat. Crop Sci. 44: 1025 - 1026. Harris, M.O., J.J. Stuart, M. Mohan, S. Nair, R.J. Lamb, and O. Rohfritsch. 2003. Grasses and gall midges: Plant defense and insect adaptation. Annual Review of Entomology 48: 549-577. Hawley, C. J., F. B. Peairs, and T. L. Randolph. 2003. Categories of resistance at different growth stages in Halt, a winter wheat resistant to the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 214 - 219. Haley, S. D., F. B. Peairs, C. B. Walker, J. B. Rudolph and T. L. Randolph. 2004. Occurrence of a new Russian wheat aphid biotype in Colorado. Crop Sci. 44:1589-1592. Haley, S. D., F. B. Peairs, C. B. Walker, J. B. Rudolph and T. L. Randolph. 2004. Occurrence of a new Russian wheat aphid biotype in Colorado. Crop Sci. 44:1589-1592. Hesler, L.S. 2003. Large summer population of multicolored Asian lady beetle in North Dakota. The Prairie Naturalist 35:287-289. Hesler, L.S. and R.K. Berg. 2003. Tillage impacts cereal-aphid infestations in spring small grains. J. Econ. Entomol. 96:1792-1797. Hesler, L.S., R.W. Kieckhefer & M.A. Catangui. 2004. Surveys and field observations of Harmonia axyridis and other Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in eastern and central South Dakota. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 130:113-133. Huang, Y. 2004. Examining plant defense responses to greenbug attack in sorghum using DNA microarray technology. Intl. Sorghum and Millets Newsl. (In press). Huang, Y., N. Jin, A. Diner, C.G. Tauer, Y. Zhang, and J. Damicone. 2004. Genetic analysis of a disease resistance gene from loblolly pine. SFTIC proceedings. (In press). Huang, Y., C.G. Tauer, and S. Zhan. Production of fertile transgenic sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). Plant Cell Report. (Submitted 10/20/2002). Ismail, E. A., K. L. Giles, L. Coburn, T. A. Royer, R. M. Hunger, J. Verchot, G. W. Horn, E. G. Krenzer, T. F. Peeper, M. E. Payton, G. J. Michels, and D. A. Owings. 2003. Effects of Aphids, Barley Yellow Dwarf, and Grassy Weeds in Grazed Winter Wheat. Southwest. Entomol. 28: 121-130. Jiménez-Martínez, E. S. and N. A. Bosque-Pérez. 2005. Variation in Barley yellow dwarf virus transmission efficiency by Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) following acquisition on transgenic and untransformed wheat genotypes. Journal of Economic Entomology (In press). Jiménez-Martínez, E. S., N. A. Bosque-Pérez, P. H. Berger, and R. S. Zemetra. 2004. Life history of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) on transgenic and untransformed wheat challenged with Barley yellow dwarf virus. Journal of Economic Entomology 97:203-212. Jiménez-Martínez, E. S., N. A. Bosque-Pérez, P. H. Berger, R. S. Zemetra, H. Ding, and S. D. Eigenbrode. 2004. Volatile cues influence the response of Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) to Barley yellow dwarf virus-infected transgenic and untransformed wheat. Environmental Entomology. 33: (5)(In press). Jones, D. B, K. L. Giles, R. C. Berberet, T. A. Royer, N. C. Elliott, and M. E. Payton. 2003. Functional responses of an introduced parasitoid and an indigenous parasitoid on greenbug at four temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 32: 425-432. Jones, D. B., K. L. Giles, Y. Chen, and K. Shufran. 2004 Estimation of Hymenopteran parasitism in cereal aphids using molecular markers. J. Econ. Entomol. (in press). Kidwell, K. K., G. B. Shelton, V. L. DeMacon, J. W. Burns, B. P. Carter, C. F. Morris, X. Chen, and N. A. Bosque-Pérez. 2004. Registration of Hollis Wheat. Crop Science. 44(5): 1871-1872. Kindler, S.D., N.C. Elliott, K.L. Giles, and T.R. Royer. 2003. Economic injury level for the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, in Oklahoma winter wheat. Southwest. Entomol. 28:163-166. Kindler, D., L.S. Hesler, N.C. Elliott, T.A. Royer, and K.L. Giles. Seasonal abundance of rice root aphid in wheat and effects on forage and grain yields. Southwest Entomol. (In press) Kindler, S.D., L.S. Hesler, N.C. Elliott, K.A. Shufran, and T.L. Springer. 2004. Cereal and grass host of the rice root aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki), and description of an efficient greenhouse rearing technique. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. (In press). Lazar, M. D., S. D. Haley, J. S. Quick, J. J. Johnson, G. L. Peterson, J. A. Stromberger, S. R. Clayshulte, B. L. Clifford, T. A. Pester, S. J. Nissen, P. H. Westra, F. B. Peairs, and J. B. Rudolph. 2003. AP502 CL winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 83:109-110. Lee, J.H., N.C. Elliott, D. Kindler, F.B. Wade, C.B. Walker, and R.D. Eikenbary. Natural enemy impact on the Russian wheat aphid southeastern Colorado. Environ. Entomol. (In press). Liu, X. M., C. M. Smith and B. S. Gill. 200#. Allelic relationships among Russian wheat aphid resistance genes. Crop Sci. (submitted). Menalled, F., J.M. Alvarez, and D. Landis. 2004. Molecular techniques, habitat management and parasitoid conservation in annual cropping systems. In: G. Gurr, S. Wratten and M.A. Altieri (Eds) Ecological Engineering: Advances in habitat manipulation for arthropods. 6: 103-117. Mornhinweg, D.W., L.H. Edwards, E.L. Smith, G.H. Morgan, J.A. Webster, D.R. Porter, and B.F. Carver. 2004. Registration of 'Post 90' barley. Crop Sci. (In press). Miller, H. R., T. L. Randolph, and F. B. Peairs. 2003. Categories of resistance at four growth stages in three wheats resistant to the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 673 - 9. Nagaraj, N., J. C. Reese, M. R. Tuinstra, P. St. Amand, M. B. Kirkham, K. D. Kofoid, L. R. Campbell, C. M. Smith, and G. E. Wilde. 2004. Molecular mapping of sorghum genes expressing tolerance to damage by the greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. (In Press). Peairs, F. B. 2004. Wheat pests and their management. Pp. 2529 - 2545 in J. L. Capinera, ed. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. Pike, K. S., L. L. Boydston, and D. W. Allison. 2003. Aphids of Western North America North of Mexico with Keys to Subfamilies and Genera for Female Alatae. Washington State University, Cooperative Extension MISC0523, Pullman, Washington, pp. 282. Porter, D.R., and D.W. Mornhinweg. 2004. New sources of resistance to greenbug in barley. Crop Sci. 44:1245-1247. Porter, D.R., and D.W. Mornhinweg. 2004. Characterization of greenbug resistance in barley. Plant Breed. (In press). Randolph, T. L., F. B. Peairs, M. K. Kroening, J. S. Armstrong, R. W. Hammon, C. B. Walker, and J. S. Quick. 2003. Plant damage and yield response to the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on susceptible and resistant winter wheats in Colorado. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 352 - 61. Royer, T.A., K.L. Giles, and N.C. Elliott. 2004. The Cereal aphid expert system and Glance n Go Sampling, questions and answers. CR-7191. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, OK Royer, T.A., K.L. Giles, and N.C. Elliott. 2004. Common insect and mite pests of small grains. F-7176. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, OK Royer, T.A., K.L. Giles, T. Nyamanzi, R. Hunger, E.G. Krenzer, N.C. Elliott, S.D. Kindler, and M. Payton. 2004. Economic evaluation of the effects of planting date and application dosage of imidacloprid for management of cereal aphids and barley yellow dwarf in dual-purpose wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. (in press). Shufran, K. A., A. A. Weathersbee III, D. B. Jones, and N. C. Elliott. 2004. Genetic similarity of three geographic isolates of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) differing in cold temperature tolerance. Environ. Entomol. 33: 776-778. Sloderbeck, P., J. C. Reese, R. J. Whitworth, C. Michael Smith, R. A. Higgins, W. T. Schapaugh, R. E. Wolf, and D. J. Jardine. 2003. The soybean aphid: A new pest in Kansas soybeans. Kansas State University Agr. Expt. Station and Cooperative Extension Service. MF-2582. Sloderbeck, P., R. A. Higgins, J. C. Reese. 2003. Soybean aphid and soybean stem borer. Kansas State University. November 2003. Smith, C. M., T. Belay, C. Stauffer, P. Stary, I. Kubeckova, and S. Starkey. 2004. Identification of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes virulent to the Dn4 resistance gene. J. Econ. Entomol. 97:1112 - 1117. Smith, C. M. and S. Starkey. 2003. Resistance to greenbug (Heteroptera: Aphididae) biotype I in Aegilops tauschii synthetic wheats. J. Econ. Entomol. 96:1571-1576. Smith, C. M., H. Havlickova, S. Starkey, B. S. Gill, and V. Holubec. 2004. Identification of Aegilops germplasm with multiple aphid resistance. Euphytica. 135:265-273. Walters, S. M., F. B. Peairs & A. Gebre-Amlak. 2003. 2003 Colorado field crop insect management research and demonstration trials. Colorado State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. LTB03-3, 37 pp. Wang, X., Y. Huang. C.G. Tauer. Variation of taxol content in needles of Taxus x media cultivars with different growth characteristics. Journal of Phytochem. (Submitted 9/26/2003). Wang, X., Y. Huang, and C.G. Tauer. Increased taxol production by overexpressing taxadiene synthase in Taxus x media. Nature Biotechnology. (Submitted 12/2003). Weathersbee A. A., III, K. A. Shufran, T. D. Panchal, P. M. Dang and G. A. Evans. 2004. Detection and differentiation of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae and Aphelinidae) of the brown citrus aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Species-specific PCR amplification of 18S rDNA. Annals Entomol. Soc. Amer. 97:286-292. Wu, L., S. Hallgren, Y. Huang, K. Conway, and C.G. Tauer. 2004. Storage protein mobilization and thiol protease up-regulation by solid matrix priming in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seed embryos. Seed Science and Technology. (In press). Yang, Z., M.N. Rao, N.C. Elliott, S.D. Kindler, and T.W. Popham. Using ground-based multispectral radiometry to detect stress in wheat caused by greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) infestation: A review. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. (Submitted 7/2004). Yang, Z., M.N. Rao, S.D. Kindler, and N.C. Elliott. 2004. Remote sensing to detect plant injury, with particular reference to injury caused by the greenbug: A review. Southwest. Entomol. (In press). Zhu, L., C. M. Smith, E. V. Boyko, A. Fritz, and M.B. Flinn. 2004. Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of a wheat gene conferring tolerance to the greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani). Theor. Appl. Genet. 109: 289-293.

Impact Statements

Recent development of new RWA biotypes that can overcome host plant resistance in wheat and barley has greatly increased the potential economic impact of RWA. This factor makes the work of WERA66 to improve RWA management all the more critical.

Date of Annual Report: 01/23/2006

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 09/19/2005 - 09/20/2005
Period the Report Covers: 09/01/2004 - 09/01/2005

Participants

Shufran, Kevin, USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK; Sloderbeck, Phil, Kansas State University; Mornhinweg, Do, USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK; Mirik, Mustafa, Texas Ag. Exper. Station, Amarillo, TX; Meyer, Rick, USDA, CSREES; Weng, Yiqun, Texas Ag. Exper. Station, Amarillo, TX; Peairs, Frank, Colorado State University; Hesler, Louis, USDA-ARS, Brookings, SD; Baker, Cheryl, USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK; Smith, Mike, Kansas State University; Elliot, Norm, USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK; Blodgett, Sue, Montana State University; Brown, Judith, University of Arizona; Hein, Gary, University of Nebraska; Royer, Tom, Oklahoma State University; Holtzer, Tom, Colorado State University; Michaud, J.P., Kansas State University; Cuperus, Garrett, Oklahoma State University.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please see attached pdf file.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

One of the most significant accomplishments of WERA-066 is the development of guidelines for identifying biotic variation and designating biotypes of the Russian wheat aphid. These guidelines are provided below and in the pdf file accompanying the Summary of Minutes. Guidelines for Identifying Biotypic Variation and Designation of Diuraphis noxia Biotypes. Rationale: In order to achieve the goals set forth by the WERA-066 concerning research and management of Diuraphis noxia and its biotypes, the members came to agreement as to what a biotype is and how it is identified and designated. Without such agreement, it would be extremely difficult to coordinate research efforts and achieve the objectives of the project. This agreement pertains to D. noxia only, and was based on lessons learned from designating greenbug, brown planthopper, Hessian fly and biotypes of other species. In addition, these guidelines are specifically for use in attaining the objectives set forth by this committee. Most importantly, we have strived for our decisions to be based on reputable science and facts, not hypothesis, theories, traditions or dogmatic views. A primary objective for the future coordination of WERA-066 will be the development and deployment of new resistant wheat and barley to mitigate the injury caused by the population of D. noxia which is now injurious to Dn4 wheat (Haley et al. 2004), as well as other unpublished and yet to be described populations injurious to other wheat and barley resistance genes. The following guidelines for the identifying and naming of D. noxia biotypes were established at the September 2005 WERA-066 meeting in Fort Collins, CO. Our challenge as members of WERA-066 was to develop a structured system which, is most applicable and useful for attaining this objective of delivering D. noxia resistant crops to the producer, for characterization and designation of D. noxia biotypes. Input into this document was from both entomologists and plant breeders. What is a D. noxia biotype? A population (independent of geographic location) that is able to injure a cultivated plant containing a specific gene(s) which was previously resistant to known aphid populations. The above definition prescribes that the biotypic status of D. noxia be solely based on the phenotypic response of the plant as a result of the aphids feeding. In the above definition of D. noxia biotypes, there is no presumption of the genetic basis within the aphid for the ability to cause injury, nor is any evolutionary or taxonomic status implied. Certainly, there are genetic differences among, and even within, biotypes that affect the phenotypic response of the plant. However, the term biotype does not describe those differences. The biotype classification does not require knowledge of the specific biological traits of the aphid that cause the observable symptoms of the plant. Characters measurable or observable in the aphid can be used to further characterize biotype-plant interactions, but not to designate biotype status. Again, biotype is not an evolutionary or taxonomic classification. It is merely, a convenient and very applicable way to describe an array of resistant and susceptible plant responses, or the insect-plant interaction that leads to the injury of a plant resistant source. The guidelines for naming and testing D. noxia biotypes are: 1. Biotypes will be named sequentially beginning with RWA1, RWA2, RWA3 etc. a. RWA1 will be the laboratory colony maintained at the USDA-ARS in Stillwater, OK; this colony was founded in 1987. Dn4 wheat is resistant to this colony. It is the base line that all other biotypes will be compared/contrasted to. b. RWA2 has been used to describe the Dn4 injurious population first reported by Haley et al. (2004). This name was agreed upon at the WERA-066 meeting in 2004. A reference that has utilized this designation is Porter et al. (2005). Biotype designations will be independent of the crops upon which they are virulent. 2. The designation of biotypes will be done using publicly available plant genotypes, including designated Dn genes or defined genotypes of interest. Source seed of all of the differential Dn genes will be available from Stillwater-ARS. Additional differentials may be added as they are identified and become available in sufficient quantity. a. For the purposes of the matrix, using genotypes with a similar background should decrease the likelihood of differences in plant reaction occurring for other reasons. Current Dn wheat genes that meet the current criteria and are currently available in a Yuma background include: i. Dn1 (CO03797), resistance originally derived from PI137739; ii. Dn2 (CO03804), resistance originally derived from PI262660; iii. dn3 (CO03811), resistance originally derived from Triticum tauschii line SQ24, and iv. Dn4 (Yumar), resistance originally derived from PI372129. b. Other Dn genes that meet the current criteria are: i. Dn5 (tentatively available in Colorado breeding line CO950043), resistance originally derived from PI294994; ii. Dn6 (currently available in RWA Matrix-6501 and Colorado breeding line CO960223), this gene was originally identified in PI243781, iii. The first published source of Dn7 RWA Matrix-Dn7; purified for RWA1 resistance (at Colorado State University) from 94M370 (a wheat-rye translocation line developed in South Africa by G. Marais), iv. Dn8 (available in a selection from a South African wheat germplasm line, Karee-Dn8 (PI634775)), resistance originally derived from PI294994; v. Dn9 (available in a selection from a South African wheat germplasm line, Betta-Dn9 (PI634770)), resistance originally derived from PI294994; vi. Dny (available in Stanton wheat, developed at Kansas State University; RWA resistance originally derived from PI220350). c. Other differentials that are currently being purified for future use include: i. RWA Matrix-2401 (a Stillwater ARS selection from CItr2401), ii. RWA Matrix-2414-11-2 and RWA Matrix 2414-11-5 (from a Stillwater ARS breeding line derived from a cross with PI366515, with further selection done at Colorado State University), and iii. Dnx (tentatively available in two Kansas State University breeding lines; KS041149, and KS00HW152-2-6, both derived from crosses with PI220127). d. Currently available Dn genes in crops other than wheat include: i. The barley genes that meet the criterion in #2 above are Dnb1 and Dnb2, available together in STARS-9301B (Mornhinweg et al. 1995). 3. Where newly discovered differences exist in the resistance of plant genotypes, results will be reported to the WERA-066 for discussion and potential addition to the existing biotype test matrix. 4. New putative biotypes will be tested against the full array of the above plant genotypes. An aphid clone causing a differential reaction in plants with at least one resistance gene will be considered a new biotype. 5. Rating Scale and testing conditions a. A 1-9 rating scale for chlorosis similar to that described by Webster et al (1991) shall be adapted. b. A 1-3 rating scale for leaf rolling shall be used. c. A chlorosis rating of greater than 5 and/or a rolling rating of 2-3 will be designated as susceptible for biotype designations. d. A susceptible check (Yuma wheat and Morex barley) is used. Tests will be rated when the susceptible variety is rated 8-9 for chlorosis and 3 for rolling. e. A resistant check is used as long as all resistance genes have not been overcome. f. Appropriate controls are used and environmental conditions standardized: i. Lighting conditions are adequate to support healthy plant growth (full sunlight or supplemental light may be needed). Daylength is best maintained at 16L:8D to minimize alate development and maximize plant growth. ii. Temperature conditions will be recorded for the test duration (daily max/min). The target range should be approximately 20-26oC. iii. Plants should be infested when 1-2 tall. iv. A demonstrated ability to reproduce results obtained in multiple locations is vital. A second confirmation test should be conducted prior to a new biotype designation.

Publications

Peairs, F. 2005. Insect and mite pests of wheat. Pp. 63 - 78 in 2005 Colorado Wheat Handbook. Colorado Association of Wheat Growers, Centennial, CO. Peairs, F., T. Randolph, S. Haley, J. Johnson, J. Rudolph, T. Walker, M. Koch, and R. Hammon. 2005. Managing new Russian wheat aphid biotypes. Pp. 23 - 26 in Johnson, J. J., ed. 2005. Making better decisions: 2004 Colorado wheat variety performance trials. Colorado State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Rep. TR05-09, 28 pp. Haley, S. D., J. S. Quick, J. J. Johnson, F. B. Peairs, J. A. Stromberger, S. R. Clayshulte, B. L. Clifford, J. B. Rudolph, B. W. Seabourn, O. K. Chung, Y. Jin, and J. Kolmer. 2005. Registration of 'Hatcher' wheat. Crop Sci. Haley, S. D., J. J. Johnson, F. B. Peairs, J. S. Quick, P. H. Westra, J. A. Stromberger, S. R. Clayshulte, B. L. Clifford, J. B. Rudolph, A. Giura, B. W. Seabourn, O. K. Chung, Y. Jin, and J. Kolmer. 2005. Registration of 'Bond CL' wheat. Crop Sci. Haley, S. D., J. J. Johnson, F. B. Peairs, J. S. Quick, P. H. Westra, J. A. Stromberger, S. R. Clayshulte, B. L. Clifford, J. B. Rudolph, B. W. Seabourn, O. K. Chung, Y. Jin, and J. Kolmer. 2005. Registration of 'Protection' wheat. Crop Sci. Collins, M. B., S. D. Haley, F. B. Peairs, and J. B. Rudolph. 2005. Biotype 2 Russian wheat aphid resistance among wheat germplasm accessions. Crop Sci. 45: 1877 1880 Randolph, T. L., F. B. Peairs, M. Koch, C. B. Walker, and J. S. Quick. 2005. Influence of three resistance sources in winter wheat derived from TAM 107 on yield response to Russian wheat aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 389 - 394. Randolph, T. L., F. B. Peairs, M. Koch, C. B. Walker, J. R. Stubbs, J. S. Quick, and S. D. Haley. 2005. Yield response and categories of resistance to Russian wheat aphid in four Dn4 hard red winter wheat cultivars. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 588 - 594. Rudolph, J. B., T. L. Randolph, S. M. Walters, F. B. Peairs, and A. Gebre-Amlak. 2005. 2004 Colorado field crop insect management research and demonstration trials. Colorado State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Rep. TR03-01, 43 pp. Collins, M. B., S. D. Haley, T. L. Randolph, F. B. Peairs, and P. L. Chapman. 2004. Field reaction of Dn4 and Dn7 carrying spring wheat genotypes under artificial Russian wheat aphid biotype 1 infestation. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Collins, M. B., S. D. Haley, J. Rudolph, T. Randolph, and F. B. Peairs. 2004. Russian wheat aphid biotype B resistance among wheat germplasm accessions. Proc. National Wheat Workers Workshop, Kansas City, MO, 23 24 Feb. 2004. Lanier, W., F. B. Peairs, G. L. Hein, & S. L. Blodgett (eds). 2004. High Plains Integrated Pest Management Guide for Colorado, Western Nebraska, Montana, and Wyoming. Bull. No. 564A. http://www.highplainsipm.org/ Peterson, G. A., D. G. Westfall, F. B. Peairs, L. Sherrod, D. Poss, W. Gangloff, K. Larson, D. L. Thompson, L. R. Ahuja, M. D. Koch, and C. B. Walker. 2004. Sustainable dryland agroecosystem management. Colorado State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. TB04-05, 124 pp. Peairs, F. B., S. D. Haley, and J. J. Johnson. 2004. Managing the new Russian wheat aphid biotype. Pp. 22 - 24 in Johnson, J. J., ed. 2004. Making better decisions: 2003 Colorado wheat variety performance trials. Colorado State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Rep. TR04-03, 32 pp. Haley, S. D., F. B. Peairs, C. B. Walker, J. B. Rudolph and T. L. Randolph. 2004. Occurrence of a new Russian wheat aphid biotype in Colorado. Crop Sci. 44:1589 1592. Peairs, F. B. 2004. Wheat pests and their management. Pp. 2529 - 2545 in J. L. Capinera, ed. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. Haley, S. D., J. S. Quick, J. J. Johnson, F. B. Peairs, J. A. Stromberger, S. R. Clayshulte, B. L. Clifford, J. B. Rudolph, O.K Chung, and B. W. Seabourn. 2004. Registration of 'Ankor' wheat. Crop Sci. 44: 1025 - 1026. Castle del Conte, S.C., N.A. Bosque-Pérez, D.J. Schotzko, and S.O. Guy. 2005. Impact of tillage practices on Hessian fly-susceptible and resistant spring wheat cultivars. Journal of Economic Entomology. 98 (3): 805-813. Clement, S.L., L.R. Elberson, N.A. Bosque-Pérez, and D. Schotzko. 2005. Detrimental and neutral effects of wild barley-Neotyphodium endophyte associations on insect survival. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 114 (2): 119-125. Souza, E.J., N.A. Bosque-Pérez, M.J. Guttieri, D.J. Schotzko, S.O. Guy, B. Brown, and R. Zemetra. 2005. Registration of Jerome, hard red spring wheat. Crop Science. 45 (3): 1161-1162. Jiménez-Martínez, E.S. and N.A. Bosque-Pérez. 2004. Variation in Barley yellow dwarf virus transmission efficiency by Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) after acquisition on transgenic and nontransformed wheat genotypes. Journal of Economic Entomology. 97 (6): 1790-1796. Jiménez-Martínez, E.S., N.A. Bosque-Pérez, P.H. Berger, R.S. Zemetra, H. Ding, and S.D. Eigenbrode. 2004. Volatile cues influence the response of Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) to Barley yellow dwarf virus-infected transgenic and untransformed wheat. Environmental Entomology. 33(5): 1207-1216. Alvarez, J.M. 2004. Trionymus haancheni McKenzie: a new pest of barley in Idaho. Plant Health Progress http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/management/2004/barley/. Boina, D., S. Prabhakar. C. M. Smith, S. Starkey, L. Zhu, E. Boyko, and J. C. Reese. 2005. Categories of resistance to greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotype I in wheats expressing the Gby and Gbz genes. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 78: (in press). Jyoti, J.L. and J.P. Michaud. 2005. Comparative biology of a novel strain of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on three wheat varieties. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1032-1039. Jyoti, J.L., J.P. Michaud and J.A. Qureshi. Virulence of two Russian wheat aphid biotypes to eight wheat cultivars at two temperatures. Crop Sci. (accepted). Liu, X. M., C. M. Smith and B. S. Gill. 2005. Allelic relationships among Russian wheat aphid resistance genes. Crop Sci. 45: (In press). Michaud, J.P. and Qureshi, J.A. 2005. Induction of reproductive diapause in Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) hinges on prey quality and availability. Eur. J. Entomol. 102: 483-487. Michaud, J.P. and Phillip E. Sloderbeck, Russian Wheat Aphid, Publication MF2666, Kansas State University, May 2005. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/entml2/mf2666.pdf Michaud, J.P. and Phillip E. Sloderbeck, Russian Wheat Aphid a Potential Concern in Western Kansas this Spring, Kansas Insect Newsletter: April 21, 2005. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/entomology/extension/KIN/KIN_2005/kin2/05ksnew.2.htm#Russian_Wheat_Aphid Nagaraj, N., J. C. Reese, M. R. Tuinstra, P. St. Amand, M. B. Kirkham, K. D. Kofoid, L. R. Campbell, C. M. Smith, and G. E. Wilde. 2005. Molecular mapping of sorghum genes expressing tolerance to damage by the greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 595-602. Qureshi, J.A. and J.P. Michaud. 2005. Comparative biology of three cereal aphids on TAM 107 wheat. Environ. Entomol. 34: 27-36. Qureshi, J.A. and J.P. Michaud. 2005. Interactions among three species of cereal aphids simultaneously infesting wheat. J. Ins. Sci.5.13. Available online: http://insectscience.org/5.13/. Qureshi, J.A., Jyoti, J.L. and J.P. Michaud. Selection of wheat varieties by two biotypes of the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Ins. Sci. (accepted). Zhu, L. C., C. M. Smith, and J. C. Reese. 2005. Categories of resistance to greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotype K in wheat lines containing Aegilops tauschii genes. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: (Accepted). Zhu, L., C. M. Smith, A. Fritz, E. V. Boyko, and B. S. Gill. 2005. Inheritance and molecular mapping of new greenbug resistance genes in wheat germplasms derived from Aegilops tauschii. Theor. Appl. Genet. Online First: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-005-0003-6). Tharp, C.I., S. Blodgett and K. Kephart. 2004. Susceptibility of cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) in malting barley with various foliar insecticides, Huntley, MT 2004. In 2004 IPM Research at Montana State University, Department of Entomology. < http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/IPM/Crop%20Research%20Bulletin%2004.htm>. Tharp, C.I. and S. Blodgett. 2003. Control of various insect pests and predator response to chemical insecticides in malting barley, Huntley, MT 2003. In 2003 IPM Research at Montana State University, Department of Entomology. < http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/IPM/Crop%20Research%20Bulletin%2003.htm> Blodgett, S. and P.M. Denke. 2002. Control of insects in cereal grains with chemical insecticides, Gallatin County, MT 2002. In 2002 IPM Research at Montana State University, Department of Entomology. http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/IPM/Crop%20Research%20Bulletin%2002.htm Tharp, C., S. Blodgett and P. Denke. 2005. Aphids of Economic Importance in Montana. MSU-ES MontGuide MT 200503AG. <http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/pubs/mt200503.html> Mikkelson, M, Jack Riesselman, Don Mathre, Bob Johnston, and Sue Blodgett. Revised 2004. Small Grain Seed Treatment Guide. MSU-ES MontGuide MT 199603. <http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/pubs/mt9608.html> Berzonsky, W.A., T.G. Shanower, R.J. Lamb, R.I. McKenzie, H. Ding, M.O. Harris, R.H. Ratcliffe, H.W. Ohm, F.L. Patterson, F.B. Peairs, S.D. Haley, and D.R. Porter. 2003. Breeding wheat for resistance to insects. Plant Breeding Reviews 22: 221-296. Birkett, M.A., T.J.A. Bruce, J.L. Martin, L.E. Smart, J. Oakley, and L.J. Wadhams. 2004. Responses of female orange wheat blossom midge to wheat panicle volatiles. Journal of Chemical Ecology 30: 1319-1328. Dangl, J.L. and J.D.G. Jones. 2001. Plant pathogens and integrated defense responses to infection. Nature 411: 826-833. Gries, R., G. Gries, G. Khaskin, S. King, O. Olfert. 2000. Sex pheromone of the orange wheat blossom midge. Naturwissenschaften 87: 450-454. Harris, M.O. and S.P. Foster. 1999. Gall Midges. pp. 27-49. In: J. Hardie and A. Minks (eds). Pheromones of Non-lepidopteran Insects in Agriculture, CAB International, Oxford, U.K. Harris, M.O., J.J. Stuart, M. Mohan, S. Nair, R.J. Lamb, and O. Rohfritsch. 2003. Grasses and gall midges: Plant defense and insect adaptation. Annual Review of Entomology 48: 549-577. Elliott, N.C., T.A. Royer, K. L. Giles, S. D. Kindler, D. R. Porter, D. T. Elliott, and D. A. Waits. 2004. A web-based management decision support system for greenbugs in winter wheat. Crop Management. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/cm/ Jones, D. B., K. L. Giles, Y. Chen, and K. Shufran. 2005. Estimation of Hymenopteran parasitism in cereal aphids using molecular markers. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 217-221. Giles, K. L., J. W. Dillwith, R. C. Berberet, and N. C. Elliott. 2005. Survival, development, and growth of Coccinella septempunctata fed Schizaphis graminum from resistant and susceptible winter wheat. Southwest. Entomol. 30: 0-00. Giles, K. L., N. Elliott and T. A. Royer. Biological Control. In (Buntin et al. Eds.) ESA small grains. In press. Keenan, S. P., K. L. Giles, N. C. Elliott, T. A Royer, P. A. Burgener, and D. R. Porter. 2005. Producer perspectives on area-wide pest management for wheat in the southern U.S. great plains. In Opender K, and G. W. Cuperus (Eds.), Ecologically-Based Integrated Pest Management. Taylor & Francis, UK. In press. Kindler, S. D., L. Hesler, N. Elliott, T. Royer, and K. Giles. 2004. Seasonal abundance of rice root aphid in wheat and effects on forage and grain yields. Southwest. Entomol. 29: 245-252. Lebusa, M. 2005. Suitability of Lysiphlebus testaceipes-parasitized greenbugs (Schizaphis graminum) as a food source for predatory coccinellidae. M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. Royer, T.A., K.L. Giles, T. Nyamanzi, R. Hunger, E.G. Krenzer, N.C. Elliott, S.D Kindler, and M. Payton. 2005. Economic evaluation of the effects of planting date and application rate of imidacloprid for management of cereal aphids and barley yellow dwarf in winter wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 95-102. Royer, T.A., K.L. Giles and N.C. Elliott. 2005 (Revision). Glance n Go Sampling for Greenbugs in Winter Wheat, Spring Edition. L-306. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, OK. Royer, T.A., K.L. Giles and N.C. Elliott. 2005 (Revision). Glance n Go Sampling for Greenbugs in Winter Wheat, Fall Edition. L-307. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, OK. Hesler, L.S. and C.I. Tharp. 2005. Antibiosis and antixenosis to Rhopalosiphum padi among triticale accessions. Euphytica 143:153-160. Hesler, L.S., Z. Li, T.M. Cheesbrough and W.E. Riedell. 2005. Population growth of Rhopalosiphum padi on conventional and transgenic wheat. J. Entomol. Sci. 40:186-196. Hesler, L.S. 2005. Resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in three triticale accessions. J. Econ. Entomol. 98:603-611. Kindler, D., L. Hesler, N. Elliott, T. Royer, and K. Giles. 2004. Seasonal abundance of rice root aphid in wheat and effects on forage and grain yields. Southwest. Entomol. 29:245-252. Kindler, S.D., L.S. Hesler, N.C. Elliott, K.A. Shufran & T.L. Springer. 2003. Cereal and grass hosts of the rice root aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis, and a description of an efficient greenhouse rearing technique. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 20:51-59. Bregitzer, P., D.W. Mornhinweg, R. Hammon, M. Stack, D.D. Baltensperger, G.L. Hein, M.K. ONeill, J.C. Whitmore, and D.J. Fiedler. 2005. Registration of Burton barley. Crop Sci. 45: 1166-1167. Brewer, M.J., and N.C. Elliott. 2004. Biological control of cereal aphids in North America and mediating effects of host plant and habitat manipulations. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 49:219-242. Burd, J.D., Z.B. Mayo, G.J. Michels, L.S. Hesler, T.L. Harvey, and G.E. Wilde. 2004. Occurrence of the greenbug (Schizaphis graminum) holocycle in the Great Plains of the United States. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. (In press). Burd, J.D., Z.B. Mayo, G.J. Michels, L.S. Hesler, T.L. Harvey, and G.E. Wilde. 2004. Regional assessment of the greenbug holocycle in the Great Plains of the United States. Southwest. Entomol. (In press). Burd, J.D., D.R. Porter, J.A. Webster, and G.L. Teetes. 2004. Evidence for non-cultivated grasses as a source of greenbug biotypic variation. Southwest. Entomol. (In press). Chen, Y. K. S. Pike, M. H. Greenstone, and K. A. Shufran. Molecular markers for detection of the hyperparasitoids Dendrocerus carpenteri (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) and Alloxysta xanthopsis (Hymenoptera: Charipidae) in Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) parasitizing cereal aphids. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. (submitted) Elliott, N.C., T.A. Royer, K.L. Giles, D. Kindler, D.R. Porter, D.T. Elliott, and D.A. Waits. 2004. A web-based management decision support system for greenbugs in winter wheat. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2004-09XX-01-MG. Graybosch, R.A., C.J. Peterson, D.R. Porter, and O.K. Chung. 2004. Registration of N96L9970 greenbug resistant wheat. Crop Sci. 44:1492-1493. Huang, Y. 2004. Examining plant defense responses to greenbug attack in sorghum using DNA microarray technology. Intl. Sorghum and Millets Newsl. (In press). Jones, D.B., K.L. Giles, R.C. Berberet, T.A. Royer, N.C. Elliott, and M.E. Payton. 2003. Functional responses of an introduced parasitoid and an indigenous parasitoid on greenbug at four temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 32:425-432. Jones, D.B., K.L. Giles, Y. Chen, and K.A. Shufran. Estimation of Hymenopteran parasitism in cereal aphids using molecular markers. J. Econ. Entomol. (accepted) Kindler, S.D., L.S. Hesler, N.C. Elliott, K.A. Shufran, and T.L. Springer. 2004. Cereal and grass host of the rice root aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki), and description of an efficient greenhouse rearing technique. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 21: 51-59. Lee, J.H., N.C. Elliott, D. Kindler, F.B. Wade, C.B. Walker, and R.D. Eikenbary. Natural enemy impact on the Russian wheat aphid southeastern Colorado. Environ. Entomol. 34: 115-123. Mornhinweg, D.W., L.H. Edwards, E.L. Smith, G.H. Morgan, J.A. Webster, D.R. Porter, and B.F. Carver. 2004. Registration of 'Post 90' barley. Crop Sci. 44: 2263. Mornhinweg, D.W., M.J. Brewer, and D.R. Porter. 2005. Effect of Russian wheat aphid on yield and yield components of field grown susceptible and resistant spring barley. Crop Sci: (In press). Porter, D.R., C.A. Baker, and M. El-Bouhssini. 2005. Resistance in wheat to a new North American Russian wheat aphid biotype. Plant Breeding (In press). Porter, D.R., and D.W. Mornhinweg. 2004. New sources of resistance to greenbug in barley. Crop Sci. 44:1245-1247. Porter, D.R., and D.W. Mornhinweg. 2004. Characterization of greenbug resistance in barley. Plant Breed. 123: 493-494. Royer, T.A. K.L. Giles, T. Nyamanzi, R. Hunger, E.G. Krenzer, N.C. Elliott, D. Kindler, and M. Payton. Economic evaluation of planting date and application dosage of imidocloprid for management of cereal aphids and barley yellow dwarf diseases in dual purpose winter wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 95-102. Shufran, K.A., V. Rangaswamy, J.D. Burd, and D.R. Porter. 2006. Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis discriminates greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) mtDNA haplotypes. J. Agric Urban Entomol. (In press). Shufran, K. A., Y. Chen, and T. L. Payton. Lack of Genetic Variation Between Two Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Biotypes in the US. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. (submitted) Shufran, K. A., A. A. Weathersbee III, D. B. Jones, and N. C. Elliott. 2004. Genetic similarity of three geographic isolates of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) differing in cold temperature tolerance. Environ. Entomol. 33: 776-778. Weathersbee A. A., III, K. A. Shufran, T. D. Panchal, P. M. Dang and G. A. Evans. 2004. Detection and differentiation of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae and Aphelinidae) of the brown citrus aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Species-specific PCR amplification of 18S rDNA. Annals Entomol. Soc. Amer. 97:286-292. Wu, Y., Y. Huang, C.G. Tauer, and D.R. Porter. 2006. Genetic diversity of sorghum accessions resistant to greenbugs as assessed with AFLP markers. Genome. (In press). Yang, Z., M.N. Rao, N.C. Elliott, S.D. Kindler, and T.W. Popham. Using ground-based multispectral radiometry to detect stress in wheat caused by greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) infestation: A review. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 47: 121-135. Yang, Z., M.N. Rao, S.D. Kindler, and N.C. Elliott. 2004. Remote sensing to detect plant injury, with particular reference to injury caused by the greenbug: A review. Southwest. Entomol. 29:227-236.

Impact Statements

Recent development of new RWA biotypes that can overcome host plant resistance in wheat and barley has greatly increased the potential economic impact of RWA. This factor makes the work of WERA66 to improve RWA management all the more critical.

Date of Annual Report: 01/01/2007

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 09/18/2006 - 09/20/2006
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2005 - 09/01/2006

Participants

Full Information on Participants is in the attached file which contains the complete minutes of the meeting.;
Below is a summary of participant information.;
;
Do Mornhinweg, USDA - ARS, Stillwater, OK;
Phil Sloderbeck, K-State Garden City;
Christie Williams, USDA at Purdue;
Tom Holtzer, Colorado State University;
Steve Ullrich, Washington State University;
Yigun Weng, Texas Agri Expt Station;
Mustafa Mirik, Texas Agri Expt Station;
Kevin Shufran, USDA - ARS, Stillwater, OK;
Juan Manuel Alvarez, University of Idaho;
Cheryl Baker, USDA - ARS, Stillwater, OK;
Sue Blodgett, Montana State University;
J. P. Michaud, K-State -- Hays;
Vasile Catana, Oklahoma State University;
Norman Elliott, USDA - ARS, Stillwater, OK;
Gerrit Cuperus, Oklahoma State University;
Frank Peairs, Colorado State University;
John Burd, USDA - ARS, Stillwater, OK;
Jerry Michels, Texas Ag Experiment Station, Bushland;
Dave Porter, USDA-ARS, Stillwater;
Gary Puterka, USDA-ARS, Stillwater;
Gerald Wilde, K-State;
Mike Smith, K-State;
Roxanne Bowling, Texas Cooperative Extension;
Jeff Stuart, Purdue University;
Sue Cambron, USDA-ARS, Purdue;
Ming Chen, USDA-ARS, Manhattan;
Gary Hein, University of Nebraska;
Radhika Ananth, K-State;
Laura Starkus, K-State;
Marion Harris, North Dakota State;
Sonia Lazzari, SU;
John Reese, K-State;
Tom Royer, Oklahoma State University;
Jeremy Marshall*, K-State;
Sharon Starkey*, K-State;

* Visitors that did not sign attendance sheet

Participants Attachment:

Attachment

Brief Summary of Minutes

September 19, 2006

8:05 AM Chair Do Mornhinweg, called the meeting to order and began the meeting with a round of introductions by those in attendance. Do then introduced administrative co-advisor Tom Holtzer to address the group.

8:30 AM Presentations

Progress toward understanding Hessian fly biotypes. Jeff Stuart, Purdue University, (in cooperation with Ming Shun-Chen, Sue Cambron, Rajat Aggarwal, and Thiago Benatti)

Increasing penetration of host plant resistance to insect pest in wheat cultivars: What breeders want. Ming Chen, Kansas State University.

Distribution of Russian wheat aphid biotypes in the Rocky Mountain region.
Gary Puterka, USDA-ARS Stillwater, OK.

10:10 AM State Reports -- Verbal reports were given by representatives from each state summarizing their written reports of recent insect activity and research results:

Colorado Frank Peairs
Idaho Juan Manuel Alvarez
Kansas Mike Smith (Phil Sloderbeck, JP Michaud and John Reese)
Montana Sue Blodgett
Nebraska- Gary Hein
North Dakota Marion Harris
Oklahoma Tom Royer
Texas Roxanne Bowling (Yiqun Weng and Jerry Michels)
USDA Gary Puterka
Washington Steve Ullrich

11:55 AM Break for Lunch

1:30 PM Group Discussion on biotype monitoring, biotype screening, host plant resistance.

3:20 PM Meeting of the Greenbug Consortium.

September 20, 2006

8:30 AM The group reconvened with a short discussion on the future of subcommittees for the WERA066 meetings. Do announced that there was a proposal to have the next WERA066 meeting in conjunction with the International Plant Resistance to Insects meeting to be held in Fort Collins Colorado in February of 2008. Motion was made and passed to hold the next WERA066 meeting in conjunction with the IPRI meeting. It was decided to have a whole day meeting on February 13, 2008 with a business meeting, state reports and a topic of general interest to the group. In addition WERA066 members will develop a symposium for the IPRI meeting for the afternoon of the 12th. The next item of business was to elect the next secretary/chair of the group and Tom was elected to be the next secretary/chair of WERA066. Do thanked the local arrangement committee of John Reese and Mike Smith and adjourned the meeting at 9:10 AM.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Accomplishments: (Select Brief Statements from state reports) COLORADO Lines with multiple resistance genes were included again in preliminary yield tests. New genes are being combined and backcrossed with adapted wheat cultivars. Efforts continue to incorporate RWA resistance from goatgrass, rye and triticale into bread wheats. Resistant feed barley varieties were tested on-farm in 2006. Stoneham is resistant to known RWA biotypes and performed better than Otis, its recurrent parent, under very dry conditions. Surveys were conducted to determine the presence of Dn4-virulent Russian wheat aphids. 4/110 (3.6%) samples processed to date were categorized as RWA-1, compared to 22/124 (17.7%) in 2005. No virulence to 94M370 or 2414-11 was detected. Screening of 12,000 new accessions from the national collection was completed. Roughly 300 were identified as having useful resistance to both RWA-1 and RWA-2. Dryland cropping systems studies are ongoing at three locations in eastern Colorado. Stoneham, a RWA-resistant feed barley, has been added to some rotations. Generally, rotations have been modified to incorporate more forages, and sunflower has been eliminated. Aphid flights were monitored at four locations by means of suction traps. Nine foliar insecticide treatments were compared to commercial standard insecticide treatments for control of Russian wheat aphid in winter wheat. None were superior to what is currently available to Colorado wheat producers. Methomyl was compared to chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin for control of Russian wheat aphid in spring barley. Two applications of methomyl performed as well as the chlorpyrifos treatment, providing barley producers with another potential control option. IDAHO Suction trap network was established to monitor cereal aphid populations. The purpose these traps is to provide timely information to potato and cereal producers about risks of aphid pests and virus epidemics and to compare aphid composition and phenologies across suction trap localities. Immigration bioassays were performed to assess responses of Rhopalosiphum padi to Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)-induced volatiles during disease progression in wheat plants. Data are still being analyzed, but initial results suggest attraction rather than arrestment might be involved in the aphid response to virus-infected plants. ILLINOIS A suction trap network was set up in Illinois in 2001 to monitor movement and relative abundance of the soybean aphid. In 2005 and 2006 it was expanded and this Midwest suction trap network now has 40 traps located in 10 states. Although the trap was set up to document the relative abundance and flight phenology of the soybean aphid, identifications are provided for the common aphids of economic interest and all others that can be determined accurately in alcohol at dissecting scope magnification. It is our goal to soon have a web page dedicated for the deposition of this weekly data for some of these cereal aphid species such as R. padi and R. maidis. KANSAS Differential gene expression in D. noxia biotype 1-resistant wheat plants containing the Dnx gene and D. noxia biotype 1 feeding on Dnx plants was investigated using suppressive subtraction hybridization. The performance of biotype 2 was compared with that of biotype 1 on eight wheat cultivars at two constant temperatures and the plants evaluated for overall damage and leaf rolling. Colonies of biotype 2 grew an average of 2.3 and 24.9 times faster in the first and second generation, respectively, than did their biotype 1 counterparts at 20 °C, reaching 80-125 aphids per plant after 20 days, compared to 10-31. Susceptible and resistance wheat cultivars, Triticum aestivum L, were presented to two biotypes of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in multiple choice tests to assay their relative acceptability as host plants. Identified resistance to biotype 2 Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in two wheat lines. CI 2401 is a pure wheat line originating in the former USSR (Tajikistan), whereas 03GD1378027 is a USDA-ARS breeding line originally developed from crosses with a South African line that carried a large rye translocation conferring D. noxia resistance. Oviposition decisions by Hippodamia convergens Guerin were examined in semi-natural arenas in the laboratory and it was concluded that H. convergens oviposition decisions are shaped by the risks of both cannibalism and egg predation. Documented that the induction of reproductive diapause in Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) hinges on prey quality and availability. Changes in fitness parameters as a function of colony size (one vs. ten aphids) were measured in two biotypes (RWA1 and RWA2) of the Russian wheat aphid. Fitness of D. noxia was found to be positively correlated with group size during colony establishment, but the effects were sensitive to temperature, being more pronounced at 20 °C for RWA1 and at 24 °C for RWA2. Reproductive diapause in Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its life history consequences were investigated. The costs of reproductive diapause were evident as an increased risk of mortality prior to oviposition and declining fecundity and fertility with age. Our results suggest a variable number of overlapping generations can occur annually in western Kansas, potentially as many as five. Determined that at the onset of D. noxia biotype 1- Dnx plant interactions, aphid feeding results in the altered activation of peroxidases, intercellular chitinases, b-1,3-glucanases involved in the plant cell wall oligosaccharide release and sequences similar to Pto and Pti1 - genes involved in gene-for-gene recognition of and resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (L.). Determined that biotype 2 Russian wheat aphids are now present in Western Kansas. Registered seven Russian wheat aphid resistant near isogenic lines developed in South Africa. Categorized the resistance to D. noxia biotype 2, identified in a selection from wheat cereal introduction (CItr) 2401. Studied the inheritance of new greenbug resistance genes in A. tauschii germplasm. Determined the categories of resistance to greenbug biotype K in Aegilops tauschii wheat lines. Evaluated seed treatments (Cruiser and Gaucho) for their effect on Hessian fly, Russian wheat aphid, greenbugs and bird cherry oat aphid. MONTANA Haanchen mealybug (Trionymus haancheni McKenzie): Haanchen mealybug was verified for the first time this year from Teton County in June 2006. Foliar insecticides were tested for Haanchen mealybug efficacy. The orange wheat blossom midge (OWBM) was detected in northwestern Montana (Flathead County) at high population levels (100% crop loss). Hessian fly/Jointworm evaluations were conducted in August of 2005 on twenty spring wheat varieties and lines. NEBRASKA Evaluated diversified cropping systems incorporating aphid-resistant cultivars compared to the wheat-fallow systems with regard to economic, agronomic, and pest management parameters. Established demonstration trials of new resistant barely varieties. Starting a new project to determine the cost and benefits of two new RWA resistant barley varieties (Stoneham and Sidney) compared to existing production varieties and aphid management strategies. NORTH DAKOTA Tested a 5-component blend in semi-field conditions and believe that this five-component blend will be useful for monitoring Hessian fly in the field. Collaborating with Ming-shun Chen (USDA-ARS, Manhattan) and Jeff Stuart (Purdue) and studying mechanisms of Hessian fly virulence and mechanisms of R-gene-mediated resistance to Hessian fly. We have established that virulent Hessian fly larvae establish a gall-like nutritive tissue at the base of the plant. We believe that this tissue acts like a nutrient sink and is the cause of the growth deficits associated with Hessian fly attack. This gall-like tissue is absent from plants with an effective R gene but is present when a defeated R gene plant is attacked by virulent larvae. Experimental insecticides were evaluated for their efficacy at controlling aphids and protecting wheat, cultivar Alsen. Continuing research to construct a high resolution map of H26 for map-based cloning, to develop user-friendly molecular markers for marker-assisted selection in breeding, and to determine the physical and genetic relationships of H24, H26, and H32. OKLAHOMA Field and laboratory studies are nearly finished to evaluate the pest potential of Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis Sasaki in winter wheat. Sampling data demonstrated that the aphid is present throughout the Oklahoma, but has little to no impact on wheat forage and grain yields. Studies have been initiated to examine the colonizing ability of Carabidae into tilled and no-till fields. Conducted field evaluations of variety and insecticidal seed treatments for Hessian Fly management. Continued studies examining the management characteristics of wheat producers throughout the central plains. Continued research to develop a predictive model for the predatory impact of Coccinellidae on the greenbug. In conjunction with collaborators from the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and SST Development Group Inc. we are developing remote sensing technology to detect and monitor greenbug infestations in winter wheat. Approximately 370 RWA clones we collected from 70 sites in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, Nebraska and Wyoming in 2005 to study the distribution of Russian wheat aphid biotypes. Results of the survey indicate that RWA2 is now present in significant levels in the wheat and barley growing regions RWA infests. Tests were conducted on the genetic variation of Russian wheat aphid biotypes. Biotypic diversity of the greenbug, was assessed among populations collected from cultivated wheat and sorghum, and their associated noncultivated grass hosts. Stoneham and Sidney, RWA-resistant, drought hardy, 2-rowed, spring barley cultivars, were released jointly by USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK, USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, ID, Colorado State University, and University of Nebraska. SOUTH DAKOTA The effects of planting date on infestations of cereal aphids and other insects in winter wheat was determined at 2 sites in South Dakota over 3 years. Planting on Sep. 20 or later decreased damage from chewing insects, the abundance of cereal aphids, and resulting incidence of Barley yellow dwarf virus in wheat. Moderate levels of resistance to this aphid were found in several lines of triticale and low levels of resistance in two wheat accessions. Follow-up studies with triticale accessions are in progress. Studies continue on the host suitability, rearing, and economic impact of the rice root aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis, on small grains. Surveys show that Adalia bipunctata and Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni remain rare and Coccinella novemnotata continues to be absent from the area. TEXAS Work continues on the use of remote sensing of aphid populations on small grains. WASHINGTON Work continues on breeding for resistance to Russian wheat aphid and Hessian fly in barley germplasm adapted to the Pacific Northwest in general and specifically to dryland eastern Washington.

Publications

Please see attached file.

Publications Attachment:

Attachment

Impact Statements

Improved knowledge of cereal arthropods among scientists, producers and other interested clientele.
Developed new or improved management practices for cereal arthropods.
Monitored for newly introduced pests or the development and spread of new more damaging biotypes.