W189: Biorational Methods for Insect Pest Management (IPM): Bioorganic and Molecular Approaches

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[09/01/2001] [09/22/2003]

Date of Annual Report: 09/01/2001

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 07/04/2001 - 07/07/2001
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2000 - 06/01/2001

Participants

William Bowers - U. Arizona;
Gary Felton - Pennsylvania State University;
Michael Haverty - USDA Forest Service, Berkeley, CA;
Jocelyn Millar - U. California, Riverside;
Marion Page - USDA Forest Service, Berkeley, CA;
Ron Pardini - U. Nevada, Reno;
David Schooley - U. Nevada, Reno;
Steve Seybold - U. Minnesota;
Claus Tittiger - U. Nevada, Reno;
David Weaver - Montana State University
William Welch - U. Nevada, Reno

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

The past year saw significant progress in the three objectives of the W-189 regional project, both at basic and applied research levels. Most progress and collaborative efforts were found in Objective 1, though significant progress was made in all objective. Some of the progress doesnt neatly fit any particular objective, yet is still useful and germane to biorational methods of insect pest management. Those projects are summarized with others in Objective to which they are most closely related. Specific progress is briefly outlined for each Objective below. Objective 1: To determine the chemistry, biology, biochemistry, physiology, and the neurophysiological mechanisms of perception of specific semiochemicals potentially useful for control of pest insects, and to study semiochemicals in model insect systems for later application to target pest insects. Collaborative efforts among M. Haverty, L. Nelson, and M. Page (USDA Forest Service, Berkeley) lead to ground breaking discoveries on the population structures of Reticulotermes termites. Studies of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles revealed 26 distinct chemical phenotypes across North America that grouped into three distinct lineages or clades, suggesting what had been thought to be a single species may in fact be three different species. Similarly, hydrocarbon profiles segregate with swarming flight times for populations in northern and southern California, suggesting reproductive isolation and distinct taxa. This knowledge has facilitated the study of the foraging ecology of subterranean termites in California, which has, in turn, helped to understand the difficulties of using wooden baits for termite control. We now know that houses can be infested by numerous termite colonies made up of different species, instead of just one species. This information is integral in developing new strategies to bait and control these pests. Related studies on termite preferences for different types of wood by L. Bjostads group (Colorado St. U.) has resulted in patent application by the Colorado St. University Research Foundation Tech. concerning feeding stimulants found in wood. Various flea beetles (Phyllotreta and Aphthona spp.) are serious pests of canola crops and rangeland flora. While it was known that males release a pheromone, the various components were unknown. Collaborative efforts of R. Bartelt and A. Cossi (USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL) have revealed the structures of seven sesquiterpenes, all found in each of the species they studied, yet some of which are novel or rare in nature. These preliminary results are the first step to understanding the pheromone composition of flea beetles and the future development of semiochemical-based control strategies. Similarly, Cossi and Bartelt have made preliminary identification of a female-specific volatile and likely pheromone component [(Z)-9-octadecen-4-olide] from the currant stem girdler (Janus integer). Since this serious pest of red currant, poplar and willow trees appears unaffected by current pesticide applications, an understanding of their chemical ecology may lead to more effective control practices. D. Weaver (Montana St. U.) is continuing to characterize wheat sawfly (Cephus cinctus) pheromone components in collaboration with A. Cossi and R. Bartelt (USDA-ARS-NCAUR, IL) in order to understand chemical communication in this notable wheat pest. Field studies showed that light, in addition to semiochemicals, has an effect on behavior, implying that the insects may have evolved a system of leks for breeding. Additional work has led to an increased understanding of host plant compound composition and feeding preferences: the wheat sawfly develops in cultivated wheat, but not in wild oats, even though females will lay eggs in both plants (see Objective 2, below). New control strategies using the concept of toxic buffer zones to protect crops are likely to be developed using this information. Communication among agriculturally important stink bugs (Thyanta, Chlorochroa, and Acrosternum spp.) also involves two components. While a long-range pheromone was identified and used to improve trap designs, this past year saw the discovery that the insects use species-specific substrate-borne vibrational signals for short range attraction (J. Millar and workers, U. California, Riverside). This has crucial implications for the design of traps and methods for monitoring stink bug populations. J. Millars group also identified the sex pheromone of the vine mealy bug, a worldwide pest of grapes that has recently invaded California, and will have a commercial trap using the pheromone available to growers by Spring 2002. The trap will be used initially to monitor the spread of populations, with efforts to use the information for more direct control in progress. Similarly, the grape leaf folder sex pheromone was also identified by Millar, in collaboration with R. Bartelt (USDA, IL). A monitoring system based on this pheromone is scheduled to be available to vineyards by Spring 2002. New monitoring systems for sap beetles (Colopterus truncatus) can now be developed due to work by Seybolds group (U. Minnesota) in collaboration with R. Bartelt (USDA-ARS) involving compounds that can cheaply and efficiently attract these oak wilt disease vectors to traps. A pheromone-based monitoring system will be useful for land managers to monitor beetle activity and time pruning to avoid peak beetle flight periods. Further work has also determined that wood chips themselves are not attractive to the beetles, thus correcting the misconception that wood chips near an uninfected tree may pose the risk of attracting oak wilt vectors. Continuing efforts by Blomquist and Tittiger (U. Nevada, Reno) to understand the regulation and biosynthesis of monoterpenoid pheromone components in pine bark beetles have yielded a putative cDNA clone for a geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS). Computer modeling (in collaboration with W. Welch, U. Nevada, Reno) confirms that the putative GPPS is structurally similar to other isoprenyl diphosphate synthases, but with some minor, though potentially important, differences. Since most animals, with the exception of a few pest bark beetles, do not have this enzyme activity, disrupting GPPS would be a highly specific method of pest control. Similar research on the cotton boll weevil, one of Americas most economically important agricultural pests, indicates that those insects may not use the same regulatory and biosynthetic mechanisms as the bark beetles, even though their pheromone components are chemically similar. Tittigers group is establishing an expressed sequence tag (EST) database of active genes in pheromone producing bark beetle (Ips pini) tissue, with nearly 700 clones identified so far. This resource will be extremely useful to identify and isolate pheromone biosynthetic enzymes as well as components of the juvenile hormone regulatory apparatus. The mechanism by which juvenile hormone affects gene expression is one of entomologys long standing mysteries. The combination of a genomics-based approach, a strongly responding tissue, and a readily identifiable metabolic pathway, should yield advances that will be broadly applicable to all insects. Objective 2: To discover, identify, and determine the physiological mode of action of plant metabolites toxic to insects, for development into biorational pesticides. D. Weavers group (Montana State U.) observation that stem saw fly eggs laid in wild oats do not develop suggests those plants contain an inhibitory compound or toxin that, when identified, would have promising uses for pest control. Some plants can be induced to produce photoecdystyeroids in response to different stresses, and these chemicals have been shown by W. Bowerss group (U. Arizona) to inhibit insect and nematode development. Further work by this group shows that induction of the photoecdysteroids in spinach and sugar beet is localized to the root, resulting in protection of the plant from herbivorous insects and nematodes. These studies suggest that inducing plants to produce these chemicals could be a viable method of pest control, and the responses of insects to the chemicals may allow the development of simple diagnostic tests for photoecdysteroid induction. Such a tool would be useful at a basic research level in studies of signaling pathways that regulate this phenomenon in plants. Ryanodine is a natural plant chemical that inhibits the ryanodime receptor (RyR) - a calcium channel protein that has important roles in cell signaling. Since insect RyR is strongly sensitive to ryanodine, while mammalian RyR is not, ryanodine is a very strong candidate as a highly specific pesticide. B. Welch (U. Nevada, Reno) has been pursuing physical chemical and molecular modeling studies of RyR and its various ligands. Studies of how ryanodine and various nucleotides alter the structure of the receptor and its function through binding provide important leads regarding binding sites and their potential roles as targets for natural products in pest control. While toxic plant chemicals have the greatest potential as pesticides, other plant chemicals that may affect insect behavior have potential uses, and thus also deserve attention. Work on these areas includes the recent filing of a patent regarding stimulants found in wood that affect termite feeding (L. Bjostads group, Colardo State U.), and the discovery by Seybolds group (U. Minnesota) that oak volatiles are not significantly attractive to nitidulid vectors of oak wilt disease. These are data that, while not necessarily leading to new insecticides, are useful to pest controllers, land managers and forest health professionals. Objective 3: To develop peptides and proteins as novel agents for plant protection, and increase our understanding of the roles that peptides and proteins can play in pest control. Schooley (U. Nevada, Reno), in continuing his work on insect diuretic and antidiuretic peptide hormones, has discovered novel peptides from two significant pests: the tobacco horn worm (Manduca sexta) and the common meal worm (Tenebrio molitor). Two antidiuretic peptides from Tenebrio molitor are currently being characterized, one of which is effective at extremely low doses. Disruption of the activity of any of these peptides, with the resulting loss of control of diuresis, would be a highly specific method of pest control. The saliva of the cotton boll worm, Helicoverpa zea can inhibit natural plant responses to predation. Gary Feltons group (Pennsylvania State) has characterized various glucose oxidase genes expressed in larvae and studied their effects on plant defenses. Because the enzymes effect different aspects of the plant defense system, this exciting preliminary work is leading to further studies of how expressing these genes in plants may trigger disease resistance and tolerance to adverse abiotic conditions, with the long term benefit being the development of more robust crops.

Publications

Bartelt, R.J., A.A. Cosse, B.W. Zilkowski, D. Weisleder, and F.A. Momany. J. Chem. Ecol. Male-specific sesquiterpenes from Phyllotreta and Aphthona flea beetles. 2001. Caldersn, J. S., C. L. Cispedes, R. Rosas, F. Gomez-Garibay, S. Federico, J. R. Salazar, L. Lina, E. Aranda and I. Kubo. Acetylcholinesterase and insect growth inhibitory activities of Gutierrerda microcephala on fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. Z. Naturforsch. C: J. Biosci. 56, 382-394 (2001). Campbell, P.M., R.L. Harcourt, E.J. Crone, C. Claudianos, B.D. Hammock, R.J. Russell and J.G. Oakeshott. 2001. Identification of a juvenile hormone esterase gene by matching its peptide mass fingerprint with a sequence from the Drosophila genome project. Insect Biochem. Molec. 31:513-520. Cervenka, V.J., Skalbeck, T.C., Kyhl, J.F., Blackford, D.C., Juzwik, J.J., and Seybold, S.J. 2001. How to identify common nitidulid beetles associated with oak wilt mats in Minnesota. USDA Forest Service North Central Research Station, 12 pp. Chan, W.-M., W. Welch, and R. Sitsapesan, The role of phosphate groups in ATP-medicated activation of the sheep cardiac RyR2. Biophys, J., 80 (2001) 382a Cokl, A., H. L. McBrien, and J. G. Millar. 2001. Comparison of substrate-borne vibrational signals of two stink bug species, Acrosternum hilare (Say) and Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Annals of the Ent. Soc. of America 94:471-479. Getty, Gail M., Michael I. Haverty, Kirsten A. Copren, and Vernard R. Lewis. 2000. Response of Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in northern California to baiting with hexaflumuron with Sentricon Termite Colony Elimination System. Journal of Economic Entomology 93(5): 1498-1507. Getty, G.M., Michael I. Haverty, and Vernard R. Lewis. 2000. Agonistic behavior between recently collected and laboratory cultured Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) from northern California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 76(4): 243-250. Hammond, D. G., S. Rangel and I. Kubo. Volatile aldehydes are promising broad-spectrum postharvest insecticide. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 4410-4417 (2000). Haverty, Michael I. 2001. The role of toilet paper in studies of desert subterranean termites (Isoptera) in Arizona, USA: A substrate for nondestructive observations of foraging activity. Sociobiology 37(2): 245-252. Hinkens, D.M., J.S. McElfresh, and J.G. Millar. 2001. Identification and synthesis of the sex attractant pheromone of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus. Tetrahedron Letters 42:1619-1621. Hinton, A.C. and B.D. Hammock. Purification of juvenile hormone esterase and molecular cloning of thecDNA from Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. Ho, H.-Y. and J.G. Millar. 2001. Identification and synthesis of a male produced sex pheromone from the stink bug Chlorochroa sayi. J. Chem. Ecol. 27:1177-1201. Huang, Q., Q.L. Deveraux, S. Maeda, H.R. Stennicke, B.D. Hammock and J.C. Reed. 2001. Cloning and characterization of an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) from Bombyx mori. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1499:191-198. Inceoglu, A.B., S.G. Kamita, A.C. Hinton, Q. Huang, T.F. Severson, K-d. Kang, and B.D. Hammock. 2001. Recombinant baculoviruses for insect control. Pest. Manag. Sci. 57:981-987. Inceoglu, B., J.Lango, J. Wu, P. Hawkins, J, Southern and B.D. Hammock. (2001) Isolation and characterization of a novel type of neurotoxic peptide from the venom of South African scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus (Buthidae). Euro. J. Biochem. 268(20):5407-13. Juarez, P. G.J. Blomquist and C.J. Schofield. Hydrocarbons of Rhodnius prolixus, a Chagas disease vector. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 129B:733-746 (2001). Kamita, S.G., A.I.S. Samra, N. Fukushima, M.E. Gershwin and B.D. Hammock. 2001. Insect factory: Present status and possible development. In: Prospects for the Development of Insect Factories, Proceedings from a Joint International Symposium of Insect COE Research Program and Insect Factory Research Project, Tsukuba, Japan, October 22-23, 2001. Lee, Y., J.R. Fuxa, A.B. Inceoglu, S.A. Alaniz, A.R. Richter, L.M. Reilly and B.D. Hammock. 2001. Competition between wild-type and recombinant nucleopolyhedroviruses in a greenhouse microcosm. Biol.Control. 20:84-93. Lewis, V.R., Cabrera, B.J., and Seybold, S.J. 2001. Update on wood-destroying beetle study: New discoveries. PCOC - The Voice of Pest Control Operators of California, Spring Issue, pp. 12-15. Liang, D., G.J. Blomquist and J. Silverman. Hydrocarbon-induced nestmate aggression in the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, following encounter with insect prey. Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. 129B:871-882 (2001). Loret, E. and B.D. Hammock. 2001. Structure and neurotoxicity of venoms. In: Scorpion Biology and Research, (Brownell, P. and G. Polis, eds.), pp. 204-233. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. McElfresh, J. S. and J. G. Millar. 2001. E4,Z9-tetradecadienal, a sex pheromone component for the three New World species in the genus Saturnia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). J. Chem. Ecol., 27:791-806. McElfresh, J.S., A. M. Hammond and J.G. Millar. 2001. Sex pheromone components of the buck moth Hemileuca maia. J. Chem. Ecology, accepted March 22/01; 26 ms pages. an Meer, M.M.M.M., B.C. Bonning, V.K. Ward, J.M. Vlak and B.D. Hammock. 2000. Recombinant, catalytically inactive juvenile hormone esterase enhances efficacy of baculovirus insecticides. Biol. Control 19(2):191-199. Nelson, Dennis R., Madeleine Tissot, Lori J. Nelson, Charlotte L. Fatland, and Debora M. Gordon. 2001. Novel wax esters and hydrocarbons in the cuticular surface lipids of the red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 128: 575-595. Nural, A.H., C. Tittiger, W. Welch and G. Blomquist. Isolation and characterization of isoprenyl diphosphate synthase from cotton boll weevil. 18th Annual meeting of the International Society of Chemical Ecology, July 7-12, 2001, Lake Tahoe Schal, C., V. Sevala, M. De L. Capurro, T. Snyder, G.J. Blomquist, A.-G. Bagnhhres. Tissue distribution and lipophorin transport of hydrocarbons and sex pheromones in the house fly, Musca domestica. J. Insect Science 1:12 (11 pages) (2001). Seybold, S.J. 2001. Ernobius mollis (L.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae): An exotic beetle colonizes Monterey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don, in northern California. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 77:51-54. Seybold, S.J. 2001. A new and unusual host record for Hemicoelus gibbicollis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 77: 123-125. Strom, B.L., R.A. Goyer, and P.J. Shea. 2001. Visual and olfactory disruption of orientation by the western pine beetle to attractant-baited traps. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 100: 63-67. Tanna, B., W. Welch, L. Ruest, J. L. Sutko and A. J. Williams, The influence of voltage on the interaction of ryanodol with purified sheep cardiac ryanodine receptor channels. Physiological Society, Imperial College, London, UK, April 2000. Tanna, B., W. Welch, L. Ruest, J. L. Sutko, and A. J. Williams, Ryanoid modification of the cardiac muscle ryanodine receptor channel results in relocation of the tetraethylammonium binding site. J. Gen. Physiol. 117:385-94 (2001). Tanna, B., W. Welch, L. Ruest. J. Stuko, and A. Williams, Further characterization of the 8 -amino-9 -hydroxyryanodine (8 -amino)-induced subconductance state of sheep cardiac RyR. Biophys, J., 80 (2001) 459a Taverner, P.D., R.V. Gunning, P. Kolesik, P.T. Bailey, A.B. Inceoglu, B. Hammock and R.T. Roush. 2001. Evidence for direct neural toxicity of a light oil on the peripheral nerves of lightbrown apple moth. Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 69:153-165. Wood, W. F. F. J. Hanke, I. Kubo, J. A. Carroll and P. Crews. Buzonamine, a new alkaloid from the defensive secretion of the millipede, Buzonium crassipes. Biochem. System. Ecol. 28, 305-312 (2000). Woodrow, R.J., J.K. Grace, L.J. Nelson, and M.I. Haverty. 2000. Modification of cuticular hydrocarbons of Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in response to temperature and relative humidity. Environmental Entomology 29(6): 1100-1107. Young, A., C. Tittiger, W. Welch, and G. Blomquist, Monoterpenoid pheromone biosynthesis: fishing for the elusive geranyl diphosphate synthase in bark beetles. 18th Annual meeting of the International Society of Chemical Ecology, July 7-12, 2001, Lake Tahoe

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 09/22/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/19/2002 - 10/19/2002
Period the Report Covers: 07/01/2001 - 06/01/2002

Participants

Loring, Steven - New Mexico State University Agricultural Experiment Station
Seybold, Steve - USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station
Wood, Dave - University of California (Berkeley) Division of Insect Biology
Millar, Jocelyn - University of California (Riverside) Department of Entomology
Bonello, Enrico - Ohio State University Department of Plant Pathology
Keeling, Chris - University of Nevada Department of Biochemistry
Bentz, Barb - USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station
Felton, Gary - Pennsylvania State University Department of Entomology
Welch, Bill - University of Nevada Department of Biochemistry

Brief Summary of Minutes

Regional research project W-189 met in joint session with Regional research project W-187 (Interactions Among Bark Beetles, Pathogens, and Conifers in North American Forests). The meeting was located at the Sagebrush Inn, Taos, New Mexico on October 19, 2002. Steve Seybold opened the meeting at 8:30 AM in the Piqon Room of the Sagebrush Inn Conference Center. Dave Wood (W-187, Division of Insect Biology, Univ. of California, Berkeley) spoke on the origin, goals and accomplishments of Multistate Research Project W-187. Jocelyn Millar (W-189, Department of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside) spoke on the origin, goals and accomplishments of Multistate Research Project W-189.

Accomplishments

The long-range goal of this project is to develop new and effective pest management tactics based on the chemistry, biology and biochemistry of insects and plants. Participants represent a wide range of expertise. The many accomplishments of this project are described in detail in the publications listed below. Some of the accomplishments and impacts of general interest (as identified by the participants themselves) are listed below. Jasmonic acid has been shown to induce systemic insect and nematode resistance in spinach. A commercial lure for Mexican fruit fly, other species of Anastrepha, and Mediterranean fruit fly, was developed and marketed with IPM Tech, Inc. (Portland, Oregon). A review of uses of attractants in management of exotic insect pests (Robacker and Landolt, 2002) was prepared as a book chapter. A 3-year study of host-finding strategies used by the Mexican fruit fly was completed. Bark beetle pheromone research was brought into the modern era through the use of Genomics technology. Uncovered several new potential molecular targets for pest control strategies. An extension document was completed and widely disseminated in 2002: Seybold, S.J., Albers, M.A., and Katovich, S.A. (2002) Eastern larch beetle, USDA Forest Service, Forest Insect Disease Leaflet No. 175, 12 pp. The document is also available in a web-based format at http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo Juvenile hormone is metabolized by a novel kinase which has an unique fold suggesting this enzyme may have potential as a target in insect control.

Publications

Bartelt, R.J., Cossi, A.A., Petroski, R.J., and Weaver, D.K. 2002. Cuticular hydrocarbons and novel alkenediol diacetates from wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus): Natural oxidation to pheromone components. J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 385﷓405. Cossi, A.A., Bartelt, R.J., Weaver, D.K., and Zilkowski, B.W. 2002. Pheromone components of the wheat stem sawfly: Identification, electrophysiology, and field bioassay. J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 407﷓423. Eigenheer, A., Young, S., Blomquist, G.J., Borgeson, C.E., Tittiger, C. 2002. Isolation and molecular characterization of Musca domestica delta-9 desaturase sequences. Insect Molec. Biol 11: 533-542. Fuxa, J.R., Richter, A.R., Ameen, A.O., Hammock, B.D. 2002. Vertical transmission of TnSNPV, TnCPV, AcMNPV, and possibly recombinant NPV in Trichoplusia ni. J. Invert. Pathol. 79: 4﷓50. Hall, G.M., Tittiger, C., Andrews, G.L., Mastick, G.S., Kuenzli, M., Luo, X., Seybold. S.J., Blomquist, G.J. 2002. Midgut tissue of male pine engraver, Ips pini, synthesizes monoterpenoid pheromone component ipsdienol de novo. Naturwissenschaften. 89: 79-83. Hall, G.M., Tittiger, C., Andrews, G.L., Mastick, G.S., Kuenzli, M., Seybold S.J., Blomqust, G.J. 2002. Male Jeffery pine beetles, Dendroctonus jeffreyi, synthesize the pheromone component frontalin de novo in anterior midgut tissue. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 32: 1525-1532. Inceoglu, A.B., Hayashida, Y., Lango, J., Ishida, A.T., Hammock. B.D. 2002. A single charged surface residue modifies the activity of ikitoxin, a beta﷓type Na+ channel toxin from Parabuthus transvaalicus. Eur. J. Biochem. 269:5369﷓5376. Ishida, Y., Chiang, V.P., Haverty, M.I., Leal, W.S. 2002. Odorant﷓binding proteins from a primitive termite. J Chem Ecol. 28:1887﷓93. Kyhl, J.F., Bartelt, R.J., Cossi, A., Juzwik, J., and Seybold, S.J. 2002. Semiochemical﷓mediated flight responses of sap beetle vectors of oak wilt, Ceratocystis fagacearum. J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 1527﷓1547. Maxwell, R.A.,Welch, W.H., Schooley, D. A. 2002. JH diol kinase: Part I, Purification, Characterization and Substrate Specificity of Juvenile Hormone Selective Diol Kinase from Manduca sexta. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 21874-21881. Maxwell, R.A., Welch, W.H., Horodyski, F. M., Schegg, K.M., Schooley, D.A.2002. JH diol kinase: part II, Sequencing, Cloning and Molecular Modeling of Juvenile Hormone Selective Diol Kinase from Manduca sexta. J. Biol. Chem. 277:21882-21890. Musser, R.O., Hum﷓Musser, S.M., Slaten﷓Bickford, S.E., Felton, G.W., Gergerich, R.C. 2002. Evidence that ribonuclease activity present in beetle regurgitant is found to stimulate virus resistance in plants. J. Chem. Ecol. 28:1691﷓1696. Musser, R.O., Hum﷓Musser, S.M., Eichenseer, H., Peiffer, M., Ervin, G., Murphy, J.B., Felton, G.W.. 2002. Herbivory: caterpillar saliva beats plant defences. Nature. 416: 599﷓600. Nardi, J.B., Young, A.G., Ujhelyi, E., Tittiger, C., Trehane, M.J., Blomquist, G.J. 2002. Specialization of midgut cells for synthesis of male aggregation pheromone in two scolytid beetles, Dendroctonus jeffreyi and Ips pini. Tissue and Cell. 34: 221-232. Nihei, K., Hanke, F. J., Asaka, Y., Matsumoto, T., Kubo, I. 2002. Insect Antifeedant limonoid: Structure of Zumsin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 5048﷓5052. Nihei, K., Shibata, K., Kubo, I. 2002. (+)﷓2,3﷓Dehydro﷓10﷓oxo﷓﷓isosparteine in Uresiphita reversali larvae fed on Cytisus monspessulanus leaves. Phytochemistry 2002, 61, 987﷓990. Page, M., Nelson, L.J., Forschler, B.T., Haverty, M.I.. 2002. Cuticular hydrocarbons suggest three lineages in Reticulitermes (Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae) from North America. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 131: 305﷓24. Robacker, D. C., and Fraser, I. 2002. Attraction of Mexican fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to grapefruit: Enhancement by mechanical wounding and experience with grapefruit. J. Insect Behav. 15: 399-413. Robacker, D. C., and Fraser, I. 2002. Do Mexican fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) prefer grapefruit to yellow chapote, a native host? Fla. Entomol. 85: 481-487. Robacker, D. C., and Landolt, P. J. 2002. The importance and use of attractants, pp. 169-205, in Hallman, G. J., and Schwalbe, C. P., eds., Invasive Arthropods in Agriculture: Problems and Solutions. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire. Robacker, D. C., and Lauzon, C. R. 2002. Purine metabolizing capability of Enterobacter agglomerans affects volatiles production and attractiveness to Mexican fruit flies. J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 1549-1563. Schmelz, E.A., Grebenok, R.J., Ohnmeiss, T.E., Bowers, W.S.. 2002. Interactions between Spinacia oleracea and Bradysia impatiens: a role for phytoecdysteroids. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 51: 204﷓21. Seybold, S.J., Albers, M.A., Katovich, S.A. 2002. Eastern larch beetle. USDA Forest Service, Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 175, 12 pp. Tanna, B.,Welch, W. Ruest, L., Sutko, J.L., Williams, A.J. 2002. Excess noise in modified conductance states following the interaction of ryanoids with cardiac ryanodine receptor channels. FEBS Lett. 516:35-39. Welch, W. 2002. Quantitative relationships between ryanoids, receptor affinity and channel conductance. Frontiers in Bioscience 7: D1727﷓42.

Impact Statements

A commercial lure for Mexican fruit fly, other species of Anastrepha, and Mediterranean fruit fly, was developed and marketed with IPM Tech, Inc. (Portland, Oregon).
Jasmonic acid has been shown to induce systemic insect and nematode resistance in spinach.
A pheromone monitoring tool was developed for the eastern larch beetle, Dendroctonus simplex. It is being marketed commercially by Phero Tech, Inc. (Delta, B.C.) and can be applied to detect this beetle in European or Asian ports or in tamarack stands in North America.