W173: Stress Factors of Farm Animals and Their Effects on Performance

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

Project Menu

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[02/16/2004] [04/08/2003] [11/24/2004] [10/24/2005] [09/13/2006]

Date of Annual Report: 02/16/2004

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/08/2003 - 08/09/2003
Period the Report Covers: 08/01/2002 - 08/01/2003

Participants

C. Kaltenbach AZ W-173 Administrative Advisor
D. Hamernick USDA-CSREES USDA-CSREES Representative
A. Parkhurst NE W-173 2002-2003 Chair
J. Arthington Fl W-173 2002-2003 Secretary
H. Cheng USDA-ARS B. Salfen USDA-ARS
T. Strauch USDA-ARS T. Mader NE
J. Carroll USDA-ARS T. Brandl USDA-MARC
P. Hillman NY C. Lee HI
H. Lin NE J. Wu NE
D. Spiers MO J. Davis KY
J. Bicudo KY H. Kattesh TN
J. Nienaber USDA-MARC E. Antoniou MO
T. Walsh TX S. Bhusari MO
E. Minton KS S. Eicher USDA-ARS

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting began at 8:30 on August 8th with self-introductions by the meeting participants. C. Kaltenbach brought the group up-to-date on the administrative status of the project. D. Hamernick (USDA-CSREES) then made a presentation on current USDA activities. Presentations of the W-173 members were made to apprise participants of the current research and multi-state collaborative activities. At 6:30pm the W-173 business meeting was called to order. The previous years minutes were approved. J. Bicudo (KY) was named secretary and J. Arthington (FL) Chair of W-173 for 2003-2004. A decision was made to meet next year in Orlando. J. Arthington will investigate opportunities to hold the meeting on the Walt Disney property during July 13 and 14 or 20 and 21. On August 9th a tour of the Henry Doorley Zoo was conducted at 8:30. The group met with Douglas Armstrong, DVM, senior veterinarian to discuss the shelter and well-being of the zoo animals. The meeting adjourned at 12:00 pm on August 9th

Accomplishments

Note that the principal participants are indicated in relation to the stated accomplishment and subsequent impact. However, in almost all cases these are multi-state collaborative projects that involve one or more W-173 participants. Objective I: Identify appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being and characterize factors affecting the biology of the stress response *Accomplishment: NE-USDA-MARC Results of a study of relative heat tolerance among cattle of different genetics indicated dark-hided cattle were more stressed than light-hided cattle. Heat stress more than doubled drinking behavior, increased standing, and decreased eating, lying, and agonistic behaviors. Impact: It was found that dark-hided cattle with higher condition scores were more adversely affected by heat stress. *Accomplishment: TN Studies showed the free cortisol index can be used as a surrogate marker for plasma free cortisol in the pigs since it correlates well with plasma free cortisol, which is the biologically active component. Impact: The free cortisol index provides a simple, less time consuming assessment of situations resulting in significant changes in plasma total cortisol levels by taking into account shifts in CBG concentration. *Accomplishment: NE The bi-logistic model followed the dynamics of the handling process. The predictions for time to reach maximum body temperature were closer to the observed value than either the or hormetic estimates and the prediction of maximum body temperature was better than the bi-logistic and as good as the hormetic estimate. Moreover, the segmented model was robust to different definitions of recovery time. Impact: Results of this work will improve our ability to characterize thermal stress in livestock and enable us to compare breeds, management strategies and to identify cattle that are resistant or sensitive to thermal stress. *Accomplishment: AL and KS collaborated on a study designed to evaluate gene expression in various immune and endocrine tissues at 6 and 24 hr after i.p. LPS injection. Tissues were collected at sacrifice and total RNA was later extracted for evaluation utilizing differential display PCR. Differential display procedures are currently in progress. Additionally, KS evaluated expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) and chemokines in cultured porcine jejunal epithelial cells infected with Salmonella serovars. Salmonella infection increased TLR-2 and ?5, as well as CCL-20 and IL-8. Impact: Results suggest the gastrointestinal epithelium is an important regulator of immune cell function. *Accomplishment: AZ Heat shock proteins (HSP) were assessed by western blot analysis in semen samples from normal and cryptorchid stallions. HSP?s were not detected in any semen samples indicating that ejaculated sperm do not express HSP?s. Samples to testicular tissue from normal and crytorchid stallions were then assessed for HSP profiles. HSP40 and HSP70 were detected in both normal and retained testes. However, HSP 70 expression levels were 2-fold higher in retained than normal testes tissue. Impact: Results suggest a possible association of HSP70 in sperm from abdominally retained (heated) stallion testes. *Accomplishment: MO-USDA Investigated the immunological and physiological responses of young pigs to a live bacterial challenge by determining the acute immune response in pigs challenged with E. coli. Impact: An understanding of the immunological and physiological responses associated with live bacterial challenges is necessary before novel approaches for preventing E. coli outbreaks in swine herds can be effectively implemented. *Accomplishment: MO conducted an experiment to determine the effect of successively higher levels of heat challenge on thermal status of cattle. Hysteresis loops for Tcore showed distinct time-of-day differences in response to air temperature change. These loops were different for low and high heat stress periods. Likewise, these loops showed downward shifts during the first week of adaptation, with little change after this time. Impact: These results show that hysteresis loops can be used to characterize core body temperature response of cattle to heat stress in the field. It appears that cattle adapt to heat in this environment by delaying the change in core body temperature with the daily shift in air temperature. Objective II: Evaluate management strategies that minimize the detrimental effects of animal stress *Accomplishment: UF completed additional studies aimed at characterizing the influence of copper nutrition on the health and productivity of beef cattle. Impact: These findings indicate that copper nutrition is an important contributor to early responses to inflammatory signals. Applications for improving copper nutrition will likely increase the effectiveness of vaccines containing adjuvant carriers. *Accomplishment: UF completed a transportation stress/feedlot receiving study to investigate the effects of early calf weaning on the stressors associated with weaning and transportation. Impact: These findings indicate that early calf weaning has a significant effect on lessening physiological characteristics associated with the stress of calf weaning. This effect translated into nearly a 25% improvement in feed efficiency during the feedlot receiving and growing period. *Accomplishment: NY, MS and HI tested a vaginal temperature logger for dairy cows and determined it can effectively measure body temperature. The logger is comprised of a commercial waterproof temperature logger encased in a specially constructed, soft plastic anchor with 8 fingerlike projections to keep it from being discharged from the vagina. Impact: Taking spot measurements of body temperature with a rectal thermometer cannot be done frequently enough to explore the dynamics of thermoregulation and it disrupts the behavior of the cows. The vaginal temperature logger overcomes these limitations with an easy to use, non-disruptive, low cost, continuous record of body temperature. *Accomplishment: NY, HI and MS observed the thermoregulatory responses of heat-stressed dairy cows in a freestall barn in a hot-humid environment. When cows are laying in freestalls, their body temperatures rises under fan cooling. Spray cooling reduces the rate of this rise by one-half. When their body temperature reaches about 39°C, the cows stand up in their stalls. Upon standing cows can cool with fans alone. They cool twice as fast when fans are supplemented with feedline spray. Impact: Heat-stress in dairy cows causes great economic losses to the dairy industry as well as adversely affecting the well-being of cows, where successful management requires an understanding the dynamics thermal responses within a freestall barn. *Accomplishment: NY, HI and AZ compared the evaporation rates of black and white heat-stressed dairy cows under simulated direct solar radiation in a hot-dry environment. Black hair coats absorb more solar radiation and are warmer and have higher sweating rates than white hair coats. Impact: Solar radiation imposes a severe thermal load on cows where the impact of black hair coats and high sweating rates must be included in management strategies. *Accomplishment: MO-USDA assessed endocrine and tissue responses to 72 h feed deprivation in weaned pigs and also determined the effects of exogenous ghrelin on endocrine, behavioral, feed intake and weight gain responses in pigs that are undergoing the post-weaning transition to a solid diet. Impact: This work on appetite regulation as it relates to the weaning process will be valuable in the search for methods which can be utilized to prevent weigh loss associated with the naturally occurring feed deprivation during this period. Decreasing the time pigs go without feed during the postweaning period will enhance growth and performance, as well as reduce the incidence of early postweaning morbidity and mortality. *Accomplishment: MO-USDA determined the effects of an estrogenic compound (Ralgro; R) on maternal and piglet performance and components of the somatotrophic axis. Impact: This work supports theory that prenatal and perinatal treatments can be utilized to enhance pig productivity during the postnatal period. *Accomplishment: MO Further evaluation of the effect of fescue toxicosis on cattle performance showed that a dietary seaweed product will produce a temporary reduction in core body temperature during heat stress in both chamber and field environments. A higher level of dietary iodide is not responsible for this reduction. Impact: Seaweed-derived feed additives can be used to reduce heat strain in cattle. *Accomplishment: KY showed air temperatures within the trailer during transport were significantly higher than the ambient air temperatures, and varied with position in the trailer. The air temperature was lowest at the rear of the trailer, and was significantly higher at the front stall. Impact: Determining the ventilation rate within the trailer will allow for better understanding of the thermal environment horses are subjected to during transport. *Accomplishment: KY and IA developed and tested algorithms for determining individual bird feeding statistics and stereotyped pecking behavior from time-series recordings of feed weight. Impact: By scientifically characterizing the feeding behavior of laying hens, baseline information will result that may help better quantify the welfare of birds. *Accomplishment: NE-USDA-MARC Heat stress response of cattle to climate variables of temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation have been collected and an algorithm developed to represent animal response in the form of RR. The response was then compared to response of animals in various categories of stress: alert, danger, and emergency. Impact: This tool uses current weather measurements at the feedlot and will assist feedlot operators and cattle producers in management decisions involving heat waves. Plans for the Coming Year-W-173 Collaborations (2003-2004)

Publications

Arizona Peer-reviewed: Suchyta, S.P., S. Sipkovsky, R. Kruska, A. Jeffers, A. McNulty, R.J. Templeman, R.G.Halgren, P.M. Samma, D.E. Bauman, Y.R. Boisclair, J.L. Burton, R.J. Collier, E.J. DePeters, T.A. Ferris, M.C. Lucy, M.A. McGuire, J.F. Medrano, T.R. Overton, T.P. Smith, G.W. Smith, T.S. Sonstegard, J.N.Spain, D.E. Spiers, J.Yao and P.M. Coussens. 2003. Development and Testing of a High-Density cDNA Microarray resource for Cattle. Physiol.Genom. (In Press). Kajimura, S., K. Uchida, T. Yada, L.G. Riley, J.C. Byatt, R.J. Collier, K. Aida, T. Hirano and E.G. Grau. 2002. Stimulation of insulin-like growth factor-I production by recombinant bovine growth hormone in Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Physiol Biochem. 25:221-230. Kelsey, J.A., B.A. Corl, R.J. Collier and D.E. Bauman. 2003. The effect of breed, parity and stage of lactation on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat from dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci (In Press) Collier, R.J., Y, Kobayashi and P. Gentry. 2003. The use of genomics in genetic selection programs for environmental stress tolerance in domestic animals. Proceedings 15th Conf. Biometeorol. And Aerobiol.pp 54-58. American Meteorol. Soc. Press. Abstracts: Collier, R.J., E.L. Annen , D.E. Armstrong and A.L. Wolfgram. 2003. Evaluation of two evaporative cooling systems for dairy cattle under semi-arid conditions. J. Anim Sci. vol 81, Suppl 1:18 (abstract) Florida Peer-reviewed: Arthington, J.D., F. Blecha, and F.G. Martin. 2003. Effect of molybdenum and sulfur feeding on the acute phase protein response to inflammatory challenge in beef heifers. Prof. Anim. Sci. 19:221-226. Arthington, J.D., F.M. Pate, and J.W. Spears. 2003. Effect of copper source and level on performance and copper status of cattle consuming molasses supplements. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1357-1362. Arthington, J.D., and R.S. Kalmbacher. 2003. Effect of early weaning on beef cow and calf performance in the subtropics. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1136-1141. Arthington, J.D., S.D. Eicher, W.E. Kunkle, and F.G. Martin. 2003. Effect of transportation and commingling on the acute phase protein response, growth and feed intake of newly weaned beef calves. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1136-1141. Abstracts: Arthington, J.D., F.M. Pate, and J.W. Spears. 2003. Effect of copper source and level on performance and copper status of cattle consuming molasses-based supplements. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):79 (abstract) Arthington, J.D., and J.W. Spears. 2003. The effect of early calf weaning on performance and measures of stress during the feedlot receiving period. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):169 (abstract). Arthington, J.D., and R.S. Kalmbacher. 2003. The effect of early calf weaning followed by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) grazing on performance of fall-born calves in Florida. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):1 (abstract). Vendramini, J.M.B., J.D. Arthington, L.E. Sollenberger, R.S. Kalmbacher, and P. Mislevy. 2003. Performance of early-weaned calves grazing stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) and Atra paspalum (Paspalum atratum) pastures during summer. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):1 (abstract). Arthington, J.D. 2003. Utilization of early weaning for improving the productivity of beef heifers. Proc. 7th Annual Curso Novos Enfoques Na Producao E Reproducao De Bovinos. Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. p. 230 (conference proceedings). Kansas State Peer-reviewed: Arthington, J.D., F. Martin, and F. Blecha. 2003. Effect of molybdenum and sulfur feeding on acute phase protein response to inflammatory challenge in beef heifers. Prof. Anim. Scientist. 19:221-226. Daniel, J.A., M.S. Abrams, L. de Souza, C.G. Wagner, B.K. Whitlock, and J.L. Sartin. 2003. Endotoxin inhibition of luteinizing hormone in sheep. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 25:13-19. Davis, E.G., B.R. Rush, and F. Blecha. 2003. Increases in cytokine and antimicrobial peptide gene expression in horses by immunomodulation with Propionibacterium acnes. Vet. Therapeutics. 4:5-11. Lu, N., Y. Wang, F. Blecha, R.J. Fels, H.P. Hoch, and M.J. Kenney. 2003. Central interleukin-1 beta antibody increases renal and splenic sympathetic nerve discharge. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 284:H1536 H1541. Ropp J.K., R. H. Raub, and J. E. Minton. 2003. The effect of dietary energy source on serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I growth hormone, insulin, glucose, and fat metabolites in weanling horses. J. Anim Sci. 81:1581-1589. Sartin, J.L., T.H. Elsasser, S. Kahl, J. Baker, J.A. Daniel, D.D. Schwartz, B. Steele, B.K. Whitlock. 2003. Estradiol and progesterone treatment modulates select elements of the proinflammatory cytokine cascade: Attenuated nitric oxide and thromboxane B2 production in endotoxemia. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1546-1551. Turner, J. L., M.J. Arns, and J. E. Minton. 2003. Case study: Effects of non-specific immunostimulation of prepartum mares on colostral quality and foal immune function. Prof. Anim. Sci. 19: 62-67. Turner, J. L., M.J. Arns, J. E. Minton, and J. A. Pruitt. 2003. Effect of abrupt vs gradual weaning on cortisol and immune function responses of foals. Prof. Anim. Sci. 19: 55-61. Wu, H., C.R. Ross, and F. Blecha. 2002. Characterization of an upstream open reading frame in the 5‘‘‘‘ untranslated region of PR-39, a cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide. Mol. Immunol. 39:9-18. Abstracts: Burkey, T.E., K.A. Skjolaas and J.E. Minton. 2003. Early expression of toll-like receptors in porcine jejunal epithelial cells following treatment with lipopolysaccharide, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Choleraesuis. 84th Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, p. Abstr.. Chicago, IL. Elsasser, T.H, S. Kahl, J.L. Sartin, A. Martinez, F. Cuttitta, R. Fayer, and J. Hinson. 2003. Muscle protein tyrosine nitration patterns during chronic subclinical intramuscular parasitism: Co-localization to fiber type and ubiquitin. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2): Skjolaas, K.A., T. E. Burkey J.E. Minton. 2003. Time course of expression of interleukin 8 (IL-8), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and osteopontin (OST) mRNA in swine jejunal epithelial cells following apical lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Choleraesuis. 84th Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, p. Abstr.. Chicago, IL. Balaji, R., J. E. Minton, C. R. Ross, and F. Blecha. 2003. TREM-1, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily: Cloning and expression studies. 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Immunologists, Abstr. 79.15. Denver, CO. Burkey, T.E., S.S. Dritz, J.C. Nietfeld, B.J. Johnson and J.E. Minton. 2003. Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharide and sodium chlorate on bacterial shedding in weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (ST). J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):38. Skjolaas, K. A., T. E. Burkey, M. R. Barker, S. S. Dritz, and J. E. Minton. 2003. Carbadox does not alter immune cell phenotypes in mesenteric lymph nodes of pigs challenged with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):192. Turner, J. L., S. S. Dritz, and J. E. Minton. 2003. Feeding seaweed extract to nursery pigs alters circulating thyroid hormones. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):205. Kentucky Peer-reviewed: Brown-Brandl, T., Y. Yanagi, X. Xin, R.S. Gates, R. Bucklin and G. Ross. 2003. Telemetry system for measuring core body temperature in livestock and poultry. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. In press. Chepete, H.J., H. Xin, M. Puma, and R.S. Gates. 2003. Heat and moisture production of pullets and layers with or without the contribution of feces. ASHRAE Transactions. Accepted for publication. Yanagi, T., H. Xin and R.S. Gates. 2002. A research facility for studying poultry responses to heat stress and its relief. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 18(2): 255-260. Yanagi, T., H. Xin and R.S. Gates. 2002. Optimization of partial surface wetting to cool caged laying hens. Transactions of the ASAE 45(4): 1091-1100. Xin, H., R.S. Gates, M.C. Puma and D.U. Ahn. 2002. Drinking water temperature effects on laying hens subjected to warm cyclic environments. Poultry Science 81:608-617. Conferences and Proceedings Bicudo, J.R. and Gates, R.S. (2002). Water consumption, air and water temperature issues related to portable water systems for grazing cattle. Presented at 2002 ASAE Annual International Meeting / CIGR XV World Congress, July 28-31, Chicago, IL, Paper No. 024052, ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI. Bicudo, J.R., Agouridis, C.T., Workman, S.R., Gates, R.S., and Vanzant, E.S. (2003). Effects of air and water temperature, and stream access on grazing cattle water intake rates. Presented at 2003 ASAE Annual International Meeting, July 27-30, Las Vegas,NV. Paper No. 034034, ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI Davis, J.D., Vanzant, E.S., Purswell, J.L., Green, A.R., Bicudo, J.R., Gates, R.S., Holloway, L., and Smith, W. (2003). Methods of remote, continuous temperature detection in beef cattle. Presented at 2003 ASAE Annual International Meeting, July 27-30, Las Vegas, NV, Paper No. 0340008, ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI. Green, A.R., J.L. Purswell, J.D. Davis, R.S. Gates, L. Lawrence R. Coleman and E.F.Wheeler. 2003. Methods for assessing horse well being during transport. Presented at 2003 ASAE Annual International Meeting, July 27-30, Las Vegas, NV, Paper No. 034092, ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI. Persyn, K.E., H. Xin, A. Ikeguchi and R.S. Gates. 2003. Feeding behaviors and pecking force of chicks with or without beak trimming. 2003. Presented at 2003 ASAE Annual International Meeting, July 27-30, Las Vegas, NV, Paper No. 034005, ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI. Purswell, J.L., A.R. Green, J.D. Davis, R.S. Gates, L. Lawrence R. Coleman. 2003. Measuring ventilation of a horse trailer during transport. Presented at 2003 ASAE Annual International Meeting, July 27-30, Las Vegas, NV, Paper No. 034091, ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI. Missouri USDA Peer-reviewed: Gaines, A.M., J.A. Carroll, and G.L. Allee. 2003. Nursery performance of pigs injected with exogenous glucocorticoids at weaning. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 2(1):22-26. Willard, S.T., J.A. Carroll, M.A. Lammoglia, C.N. Kemper-Green, T.H. Welsh, Jr., and R.D. Randel. 2003. Plasma concentrations of growth hormone, growth hormone secretory dynamics and changes in follicular development during the bovine estrous cycle. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 2(2):102-109. Sterle, J.A., T.C. Cantley, R.L. Matteri, J.A. Carroll, M.C. Lucy and W.R. Lamberson. 2003. Effect of recombinant porcine somatotropin on fetal and placental growth in gilts with reduced uterine capacity. Journal of Animal Science 81:765-771. Seaman-Bridges, J.S., J.A. Carroll, T.J. Safranski and E.P. Berg. 2003. Short- and long-term influence of perinatal dexamethasone treatment on swine growth. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 24(3):193-208. Carroll, J.A., A.M. Gaines, J.D. Spencer, G.L. Allee, H.G. Kattesh, and M.E. Zannelli. 2003. Effect of menhaden fish oil supplementation and lipopolysaccharide exposure on nursery pigs: I. Effects on the immune axis when fed diets containing spray-dried plasma. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 24:341-351. Gaines, A.M., J.A. Carroll, G.F. Yi, G.L. Allee, and M.E. Zannelli. 2003. Effect of menhaden fish oil supplementation and lipopolysaccharide exposure on nursery pigs: II. Effects on the immune axis when fed simple or complex diets containing no spray-dried plasma. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 24:353-365. Frank, J.W., J.A. Carroll, G.L. Allee, and M.E. Zannelli. 2003. The effect of thermal environment and spray-dried plasma on the acute-phase response of pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Animal Science 81:1166-1176. Liu, Y.L., D.F. Li, L.M. Gong, G.F. Yi, A.M. Gaines, and J.A. Carroll. Effects of fish oil supplementation on performance as well as immunological, adrenal and somatotrophic responses of weaned pigs after Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge. Journal of Animal Science (Accepted 3/11/03) Turk, J.R., J.A. Carroll, M.H. Laughlin, T.R. Thomas, M. Sturek, D.K. Bowles, and J. Casati. C-reactive protein correlates with macrophage accumulation in coronary arteries of pigs fed a high fat and cholesterol diet. Journal of Applied Physiology (Accepted 5/7/03). Carroll, J.A., T.J. Fangman, A.K. Hambach and C.E. Wiedmeyer. The acute phase response in pigs experimentally infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and treated with systemic bactericidal antibiotics. Livestock Production Science (In Press) Salfen, B.E., J.A. Carroll, and D.H. Keisler. Endocrine responses to short-term feed deprivation in weanling pigs. Journal of Endocrinology (In Press) Abstracts: Frank, J.W., J.A. Carroll, G.L. Allee, and M.E. Zannelli. 2003. Impact of thermal environment and spray-dried plasma on the acute phase response of pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Journal of Animal Science 81 (Supp. 2):63 (Abstract #255). Gaines, A.M., J.A. Carroll, G.L. Allee, J. Connor, and D.C. Kendall. 2003. Evaluation of dexamethasone injection on preweaning growth performance of neonatal pigs under commercial conditions. Journal of Animal Science 81 (Supp. 2):30 (Abstract #119). Strauch, T.A., J.A. Carroll, T.J. Fangman, C.E. Wiedmeyer, and A.K. Hambach. 2003. Immune response in Escherichia coli challenged pigs exhibiting a febrile response in absence of elevated TNF-alpha. Journal of Animal Science 81 (Supp. 2):64 (Abstract #256). Salfen, B.E. and J.A. Carroll. 2003. Endocrine responses to short-term feed deprivation in weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81 (Supp. 2):63 (Abstract #252). Yi, G.F., J.A. Carroll, G.L. Allee, A.M. Gaines, D.C. Kendall, Y. Toride, and I. Izuru. 2003. Impact of glutamine and spray-dried plasma on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and immune responses in Escherichia coli K88+ challenged pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81 (Supp. 2):38 (Abstract #150). Strauch, T.A., J.A. Carroll, E.L. Berg, and B.E. Salfen. 2003. Effects of Ralgro implantation to gestating sows on sow and piglet performance and components of the somatotrophic axis. Journal of Animal Science 81 (Supp. 1):94 (Abstract #374). Salfen, B.E., J.A. Carroll, and D.H. Keisler. 2003. Endocrine responses to 72h feed deprivation in weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81 (Supp. 1):101 (Abstract #402). Salfen, B.E., J.A. Carroll, and D.H. Keisler. 2003. Endocrine responses to short-term feed deprivation in weanling pigs. University of Missouri?s Life Sciences Week. Turk, J.R., J.A. Carroll, M.H. Laughlin, T.R. Thomas, and D.K. Bowles. 2003. C-reactive protein correlates with coronary artery disease in pigs fed high fat and cholesterol diets. University of Missouri?s Life Sciences Week. University of Missouri-Columbia Peer-reviewed: Roberts, C.A., Spiers, D.E., Karr, A.L., Benedict, H.R., Sleper, D.A., Eichen, P.A., West, C.P., Piper, E.L. and Rottinghaus, G.E. 2002. Use of a Rat Model to Evaluate Tall Fescue Seed Infected with Introduced Strains of Neotyphodium coenophialum. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 5742. Al-Tamimi, H., Rottinghaus, G.E., Spiers, D.E., Spain, J., Chatman, D., Eichen, P.A., Carson, T.L. and Hill, N.S. 2003. Thermoregulatory response of dairy cows fed ergotized barley during summer heat stress. J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 15: 355. Mader, T.L., Holt, S.M., Hahn, G.L., Davis, M.S. and Spiers, D.E. 2002. Feeding strategies for managing heat load in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 80: 2373 Gadberry, M.S., Denard, T.M., Spiers, D.E. and Piper,E.L. 2003. Effects of feeding ergovaline on lamb performance in a heat stress environment. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 1538. Abstracts: Spurlin, K.M.., D. E. Spiers, M. Ellersieck, and J.N. Spain. 2002. Effects of simultaneous evaluation of cooling strategies on production responses and intake behavior during heat challenge in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci.85(Suppl. 1):206. Oetting, E., J. Spain, and J. Sampson. 2002. The effects of strategic cooling on thermal balance of late gestation dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1):309. Spurlin, K.M.., J. Porter, M. Ellersieck, and J.N. Spain. 2002. Effects of mild heat challenge on rate of passage and rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1):183. Spain, J.N., M. Lucy, and D. Spiers. 2002. The effects of environmental stress on the performance of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1):56. Kolath, S.J., P.M. Coussens, S. Sipkovsky, S.J. Wilson, D.E. Spiers, J.N. Spain, and M.C. Lucy. 2003. Microarray analysis of gene expression in dominant ovarian follicles (DF) from heat stress (HS) and thermoneutral (TN) heifers. 36th Annual Meeting Midwestern Section American Society of Animal Science. Des Moines, Iowa. McVicker, L.E., D.E. Spiers, J.E. Williams, K.J. Barnhart, L.N. Thompson, A. Al_Haidary, and D.P. Colling. 2003. Use of dietary seaweed treatment to reduce heat strain in cattle. 36th Annual Meeting Midwestern Section American Society of Animal Science. Des Moines, Iowa. Thompson, L.N., J.E. Williams, K.J. Barnhart, L.E. McVicker, D.E. Spiers, and D.P. Colling. 36th Annual Meeting Midwestern Section American Society of Animal Science. Des Moines, Iowa. Williams, J.E., L. Thompson, K.J. Barnhart, D.E. Spiers, and D.P. Colling. 2002. Use of Ascophyllum nodosum for alleviation of heat stress in cattle. 16th International Congress on Biometeorology, October 28 - November 1; Kansas City, Missouri. Al-Haidary, A., M.J. Leonard, and D.E. Spiers. 2002, The effect of progressively higher levels of heat challenge on temperature control of cattle. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress on Biometeorology, October 28 - November 1; Kansas City, Missouri, pg. 94-97. McVicker, L.E., M.J. Leonard, and D.E. Spiers. 2002. Evaluation of feedlot cattle response to summer heat in open or shaded pens. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress on Biometeorology, October 28 - November 1; Kansas City, Missouri, pg. 104-108. Al-Tamimi, H.A., D.E. Spiers, J. Lakritz, M. Ellersieck, and G. Rottinghaus. 2002. Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on thermoregulatory characteristics of cattle experiencing fescue toxicosis and cyclical heat stress. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress on Biometeorology, October 28 - November 1; Kansas City, Missouri, pg. 109-115. Spain, J., D.E. Spiers, J. Sampson, and K. Spurlin. 2002. Effect of ambient conditions on thermal balance of dairy cattle. 16th International Congress on Biometeorology, October 28 - November 1; Kansas City, Missouri. Parkhurst, A.M., D.E. Spiers, T.L. Mader, and G.L. Hahn. 2002. What is the definition of heat stress threshold? Proceedings of the 16th International Congress on Biometeorology, October 28 - November 1; Kansas City, Missouri, pg. 162-165. Eichen, P.A., M.J. Leonard, M.A. Kozma, B.M. Kronk, L.E. McVicker, D.E. Spiers, and D.P. Colling. 2003. Is iodide responsible for the heat-relief effects of Ascophyllum nodosum? J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1): 155. Spiers, D.E., L.E. McVicker, J.E. Williams, P.A. Eichen, L. Thompson, G. Rottinghaus, and D.P. Colling. 2003. Monitoring fescue toxicosis in a pasture environment and evaluating the effect of prior treatment with Ascophyllum nodosum . J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1): 156. Invited Presentations: Heat Stress and the Associated Effects on Thermal Balance of the Dairy Cow. Concordia Annual Dairy Day, MO, November 2002. Spiers, D.E., Nuevas alternativas para medir y reducir el estres calorico en ranado bovino. Reunion Internacional Sobre Produccion de Carne y Leche en Climas Calidos. Mexicali, Baja California, October 3-4, pg. 57-64. Nebraska USDA Brown-Brandl, T.M., D.D. Jones, and W.E. Woldt. 2003. Evaluating modeling techniques for livestock heat stress prediction. ASAE Paper #034009. St. Joseph, MI. Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, G.L. Hahn, R.A. Eigenberg, and A.M. Parkhurst. 2003. Dynamic responses of feeder cattle to simulated heat waves. Proc. Int?l. Symp on Energy and Protein Metabolism. Sept 13-18, 2003. Rostock-Warnemunde, Germany. Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, H. Xin, and R.S. Gates. 2003. A literature review of swine heat and moisture production. Proc. Swine Housing Conference, Oct 11-14, 2003. Raleigh, NC. Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, R.A. Eigenberg, G.L. Hahn, and H. Freetly. 2003. Thermoregulatory responses of feeder cattle. J. Thermal Biology 28:149-157. Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, R.A. Eigenberg, T.L. Mader, J.L. Morrow, and J.W. Dailey. 2003. Relative heat tolerance among cattle of different genetics. ASAE Paper 034035. St. Joseph, MI. Brown-Brandl, T.M., T. Yanagi, H. Xin, R.S. Gates, R. Bucklin, and R.S. Gates. 2003. A new telemetry system for measuring core body temperature in livestock and poultry. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (Accepted 4/10/03) Eigenberg, R.A., J.A. Nienaber, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2003.Development of a livestock safety monitor for cattle. ASAE Paper 032338. St. Joseph, MI. Eigenberg, R.A., T. Brown-Brandl, and J.A. Nienaber. 2002. Development of a respiration rate monitor for swine. Transactions of the ASAE 45(5):1599-1603. Freetly, H.C., J.A. Nienaber, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2003. Relationship between aging and nutritionally controlled growth rate on heat production of heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1847-1852. Freetly, H.C., J.A. Nienaber, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2003. Heat production of growing heifers that differ in proportions of Bos indicus and Bos Taurus genetics. Proc. Int.l Symp on Energy and Protein Metabolism. Sept 13-18, 2003 Rostock-Warnemunde, Germany. Hahn, G.L., T.L. Mader, J.A. Harrington, J.A. Nienaber, and K.L. Frank. 2002. Living with climatic variability and potential global change: climatological analyses of impacts on livestock performance. Proc., 16th Int?l Congress on Biometeorology, 45-49. Kansas City, MO. Kerr, B.J., J.T. Yen, J.A. Nienaber, and R.A. Easter. 2003. Influences of dietary protein level, amino acid supplementation and environmental temperature on performance, body composition, organ weights and total heat production of growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1998-2007. Nienaber, J.A. and G.L. Hahn. 2002. Effects of high environmental temperatures on growing-finishing swine. Proc., 16th Int?l. Congress on Biometeorology, 116-121. Kansas City, MO Nienaber, J.A., G.L. Hahn, T.M. Brown-Brandl and R.A. Eigenberg. 2003. Heat stress climatic conditions and the physiological responses of cattle. Fifth Int?l Dairy Housing Conference, 255-262. Ft. Worth, TX University of Nebraska-Lincoln Peer-reviewed: Davis, M.S., T. L. Mader, S. M. Holt, and A.M. Parkhurst, 2003. ?Strategies to reduce feedlot cattle heat stress effects on tympanic temperature?, Journal of Animal Science. (in review), Yen, J.T., B.J.Kerr, R.A.Easter, A.M. Parkhurst 2003. ?Difference in rates of portal absorption between crystalline and protein-bound lysine and threonine in growing pigs fed once daily? Journal of Animal Science.( in review) Mader, T. L., S. M. Holt, G. L. Hahn, M. S. Davis and D. E. Spiers. 2002. Feeding strategies for managing heat load in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. (in press). Peer-Reviewed Proceedings Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, G.L. Hahn, R.A. Eigenberg, and A.M. Parkhurst. 2003. Dynamic responses of feeder cattle to simulated heat waves. Proc. Int?l. Symp on Energy and Protein Metabolism. Sept 13-18, 2003. Rostock-Warnemunde, Germany. Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, R.A. Eigenberg, T.L. Mader, J.L. Morrow, and J.W. Dailey. 2003. Relative heat tolerance among cattle of different genetics. ASAE Paper 034035. St. Joseph, MI. Parkhurst, A. M., D.A.Spiers, T.L.Mader, and G. L. Hahn,2002 " Spline models fro estimating heat stress thresholds in cattle", Proc. 14th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. 137_148 Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS Lan, L., A. M. Parkhurst, D. A. Spiers, K. M. Eskridge, and G. L. Hahn. 2002. "Using Nonlinear Fixed and Mixed Models to Study Acclimation to Heat Stress in Cattle" Proc. 14th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. 149_163 Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS Parkhurst, A. M., D. A. Spiers, T. L. Mader, and G. L. Hahn, 2002. " What is the Definition of Heat Stress Threshold?? Proceedings of 15th Conference on Biometeorology and Aerobiology 162-165 co-sponsored by American Meteorological Society and International Society of Biometry, Kansas City KS New York Peer-reviewed: Hillman, Peter, CN Lee and S. Willard. 2003. Thermal responses of dairy cows to heat stress with and without freestall cooling. Presented at the July 28-July 30, 2003, ASAE Annual International Meeting at Las Vegas, NV. Paper No. 034036, ASAE, 2950 Niles Rd., St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659, USA Hillman, Peter, S. Willard, CN Lee and SD Kennedy. 2003. Efficacy of a vaginal temperature logger to record body temperatures of dairy cows. Presented at the July 28-July 30, 2003, ASAE Annual International Meeting at Las Vegas, NV. Paper No. 034011, ASAE, 2950 Niles Rd., St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659, USA Tennesee Peer-reviewed: Heo, J., H. G. Kattesh, R. L. Matteri, J. D. Grizzle, and J. D. Godkin. 2003. Partial nucleotide sequence of the porcine corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) cDNA and specification of CBG expression sites in postnatal pigs. Dom. Anim. Endo. 24(3):257-64. Roberts, M. P., H. G. Kattesh, G. A. Baumbach, B. B. Gillespie, J. D. Godkin, J. F. Schneider, and A. M. Saxton. 2003. Age-related changes in porcine corticosteroid-binding globulin (pCBG) as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Dom. Anim. Endo. 24(4):323-39. Carroll, J. A., A. M. Gaines, J. D. Spencer, G. L. Allee, H. G. Kattesh, M. P. Roberts, and M. E. Zannelli. 2003. Effect of menhaden fish oil supplementation and lipopolysaccharide exposure on nursery pigs: I. Effects on the immune axis when fed diets containing spray-dried plasma. Dom. Anim. Endo. 24(4):341-51. Heo, J., H. G. Kattesh, J. J. E. Doré, M. P. Roberts, and J. D. Godkin. 2003. In vitro liver synthesis and plasma levels of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in the piglet. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2(2):82-4. Heo, J., H. G. Kattesh, M. P. Roberts, and J. F. Schneider. 2003. Plasma levels of cortisol and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and hepatic CBG mRNA in pre- and postnatal pigs. Dom. Anim. Endo. Accepted.

Impact Statements

See accomplishment section for impacts.

Date of Annual Report: 04/08/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/16/2002 - 08/17/2002
Period the Report Covers: 08/01/2001 - 08/01/2002

Participants

C. Kaltenbach AZ W-173 Administrative Advisor
D. Beerman NE NCR-131 Administrative Advisor
R. Reynells USDA-CSREES NCR-131 USDA-CSREES Representative
D. Hamernik USDA-CSREES W-173 USDA-CSREES Representative
B. Collier AZ W-173 2001-2002 Chair
E. Pajor USDA-IN NCR-131 2001-2002 Chair
A. Parkhurst NE W-173 Secretar

R. Johnson Ill
E. Minton KS T. Brown-Brandl USDA-MARC
C. Lee HI D. Spiers MO
J. Marchant USDA-Purdue
P. Hillman NY K.Gebremedhin NY
J. Arthington Fl
S. Eicher(Pruiett) IN S. Willard Miss
R. Gates KY
A. Green KY
J. Davis KY
J. Purswell KY R. Reynells USDA-CSREES

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting began at 8:00 a.m. on August 16th with self-introductions by the meeting participants. Presentations of the W-173 and NCR-131 members were made to apprise participants of the current research and multistate collaborative activities. D. Hamernik and R. Rennells (USDA-CSREES) then made presentations on current USDA activities. At 4:00 the W-173 and NCR-131 groups split to conduct their business meetings. In the W-173 business meeting the previous years minutes were approved, J. Arthington (FL) was named secretary and A. Parkhurst (NE) Chair of W-173 for 2002-2003. A decision was made to meet next year in Omaha. This was followed by a reception and dinner. On August 17th a tour of the new Agricultural Research Complex was conducted at 8:00 a.m. followed by a return to the meeting to conclude presentations. The meeting adjourned at 12:00 pm on August 17th

Accomplishments

Note that the principal reporting investigator and their location is indicated in relation to the stated accomplishment and subsequent impact. However, in almost all cases these are multistate collaborative projects that involve one or more W-173 participants. This is reflected in the List of Publications and Plans for the Coming Year sections that follow the Accomplishments and Impacts. Objective I: Identify appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being and characterize factors affecting the biology of the stress response *Accomplishment: Cornell University (Hillman, Gebremedhin) developed sensitive equipment for accurately measuring heat transfer across hair coats in cattle. Impact: Accurate measure of heat transfer will provide us with the information needed to design effective shelters and recommend appropriate husbandry to maximize the well-being and productivity of dairy cows. *Accomplishment: The USDA-MARC (Brown-Brandl) and University of Kentucky (Gates) have collaborated with others to evaluate a telemetry system for measuring core body temperature in livestock and poultry Impact: Successful adoption of a body temperature monitoring system for livestock will greatly improve ability to manage livestock during periods of thermal stress *Accomplishment: The University of Kentucky (Gates) successfully monitored water consumption by grazing cattle in central Kentucky during warm summer months. Impact: The findings from this research are directly applicable for design of portable seasonal water systems used in rotational grazing of livestock. *Accomplishment: The University of Nebraska (Parkhurst, Mader) University of Missouri (Spiers) and USDA-MARC collaborated on studies to define the heat stress threshold. Analysis of a number of data sets indicated the presence of hysteresis that calls into question the meaning of threshold-biologically and management wise. *Accomplishment: The University of Kentucky (Gates) successfully monitored water consumption by grazing cattle in central Kentucky during warm summer months. Impact: The findings from this research are directly applicable for design of portable seasonal water systems used in rotational grazing of livestock. *Accomplishment: The University of Nebraska (Parkhurst, Mader) University of Missouri (Spiers) and USDA-MARC collaborated on studies to define the heat stress threshold. Analysis of a number of data sets indicated the presence of hysteresis that calls into question the meaning of threshold-biologically and management wise. A number of criteria were identified for further evaluation including the transition threshold, challenge threshold, initial and terminal recovery thresholds. Impact: Results of this work will improve our ability to define the presence or absence of thermal stress in livestock. *Accomplishment: The University of Missouri (Spiers) and the University of Arizona (Collier) are collaborating to produce gene expression array data from a variety of tissues in dairy cattle subjected to thermal stress. Impact: Results of this work will identify genes associated with sensitivity to and/or resistance to thermal stress in livestock. These results can then be used to identify cattle that are resistant or sensitive to thermal stress. *Accomplishment: The University of Arizona (Collier) has evaluated use of infrared thermography by infrared camera and gun for evaluation of thermal stress in cattle. Impact: Data indicate that an infrared thermography gun is a low cost tool that successfully identifies animals in need of additional cooling. These results can be directly applied to management of dairy cows during periods of thermal stress. *Accomplishment: The University of Nebraska (Mader) and USDA-MARC have collaborated to model effects of environmental stressors on thermoregulatory responses and feed intake patterns in beef cattle. Data was utilized from studies conducted in environmental chambers t USDA-MARC. Impact: Results of this research will be directly applicable to management of feedlot cattle during periods of thermal stress. 1. Kentucky-water estimates in grazing cattle 2. Missouri-seaweed extract 3. Missouri-fescue toxicosis 4. Nebraska-Maeder estimates of heat loss 5. Indiana and Mississippi-pre-milking Objective II: Evaluate management strategies that minimize the detrimental effects of animal stress *Accomplishment: Cornell University (Hillman,Gebremedhin) in collaboration with the University of Hawaii (Lee) and Mississippi State University (Willard) have developed a new cooling system for lactating dairy cows in free stalls. Results demonstrated improved cooling of cows and cows spent a greater time in the stalls lying down. Impact: A new strategy has been developed for reducing heat stress in cattle housed in free stalls. *Accomplishment: Kentucky (Gates) and Iowa (Xin) collaborated to evaluate effects of partial surface wetting to relieve heat stress of poultry. During this research the investigators also developed thermal discomfort index for laying hens subjected to acute thermal stress. Impact: Results of this research are directly applicable to improved management of poultry during periods of thermal stress. *Accomplishment: The University of Missouri (Spiers) evaluated use of a seaweed extract to reduce impact of fescue toxicosis during periods of heat stress Impact: The results are potentially useful in management of cattle in areas were fescue toxicosis is a summer management issue.

Publications

Arizona Collier, R.J., J.C. Byatt, S.C. Denham, P.J. Eppard, A.C. Fabellar, R.L. Hintz, M. F. McGrath, C.L. McLaughlin, J.K. Shearer, J.J. Veenhuizen, and J.L. Vicini. 2001. Effects of sustained release bovine somatotropin, (Sometribove) on Animal Health in Commercial Dairy Herds. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1098-1108. Keister, Z.O., K.D. Moss, R.A. Edling, R.J. Collier and R.L. Ax. 2001.Physiological responses in thermal stressed Jersey cows subjected to different environmental modifications. J. Dairy Sci. (In Press) Keister, Z., R. Collier and R. Ax. 2001. Follicular growth in lactating cows receiving recombinant bovine somatotropin, gonadotropin releasing hormone and prostaglandins: contrasts between winter and summer months. J. Dairy Sci. 84:Suppl. 1., p. 268. (abstract) Collier, R.J., and D.E. Bauman, 2001. Role of the insulin-like growth factors in cancer development and progression. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 93:876 Leedom, T.A., K. Uchida, T. Yada, N. H. Richman III, J.C. Byatt, R.J. Collier, T Hirano and G. Grau. 2001. Growth-promoting effects of recombinant bovine growth hormone in juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Aquaculture (In Press). Collier, R.J. 2001. Developments in reproductive biotechnology that will improve the weaned calf crop. In: Factors Affecting Calf Crop: Biotechnology of Reproduction. M.J. Fields, J.V. Yelich, and R.S. Sand Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl. (In Press) Urban, T. N., P. J. Barry, F. F. Busta, M. D. Chilton, D. E. Chubin, R. J. Collier, N. T. Keen, M. R. Ladisch, G.P. Robertson, R. 0R. Sederoff, W. W. Simpkins, R. E. Smith and A. K. Vidavar. 2000 NATIONAL RESEARCH INITIATIVE: A Vital Competitive Grants Program in Food, Fiber and National-Resources Research. G. H. Symmes, Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 1-90 Florida Abstracts Arthington, J.D., and R.S. Kalmbacher. 2002. Effect of early calf weaning on cow and calf performance in Florida. J. Anim. Sci. 80 (Suppl.1):101. Arthington, J.D., F. Blecha, and C.K. Swensen. 2002. Effect of copper deficiency on the acute phase protein response to inflammatory challenge in beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 80 (Suppl.1):109. Arthington, J.D., W.E. Kunkle, L.B. Davis, and S.D. Eicher. 2000. Effect of transportation and commingling on the acute phase protein response of newly weaned calves. J. Anim. Sci. 78 (Suppl.1):36. Arthington, J.D. 2002. Early weaning A management alternative for Florida. Proc. 51st Annual Beef Cattle Short Course. Gainesville, Florida. p. 87. Arthington, J.D. 2000. Optimizing immune competence through nutrition. Proc. 11th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium. Gainesville, Florida. p 134. Kansas State Abstracts Main, R., J.E. Minton, S. Dritz, M. Tokach, R. Goodband and J. Nelssen. 2002. Evaluating cloves as an antimicrobial substitute in nursery pig diets. Internat, Vet. Pig Soc. (abstract in press). Burkey, T.E., S.S. Dritz, J.C. Nietfeld, B.J. Johnson and J.E. Minton. 2002. Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and sodium chlorate (CHL) on growth performance of weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (ST). J. Anim. Sci. 80 (Suppl.2):68. Burkey, T.E., S.S. Dritz, J.C. Nietfeld, B.J. Johnson and J.E. Minton. 2002. Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and sodium chlorate (CHL) on insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (ST). FASEB J. 16:A970. Turner, J.L., E.G. Davis, and J.E. Minton. 2001. Prostaglandin E2 response of alveolar macrophages to lipopolysaccharide differs between foals and mares. 82nd Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, p. Abstr. 106P. St. Louis, MO. Refereed Journals Skjolaas, K. A. D. M. Grieger, C.M. Hill and J. E. Minton. 2002. Glucocorticoid regulation of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in cultured pig splenocytes. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 87:79-87. Skjolaas, K. A. and J. E. Minton. 2002. Does cortisol bias cytokine production in cultured porcine splenocytes to a Th2 phenotype? Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 87:451-458. Turner, J. L., S. S. Dritz, J. J. Higgins, and J. E. Minton. 2002 Effects of Ascophyllum nodosum extract on growth performance and immune function of weanling pigs challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1947-1953. Turner, J. L., S. S. Dritz, J. J. Higgins, K. L. Herkelman, and J. E. Minton. 2002 Effects of a Quillaja saponaria extract on growth performance and immune function of weanling pigs challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1939-1946. Balaji, R., K. J. Wright, J. L. Turner, C. M. Hill, S. S. Dritz, B. Fenwick, J. A. Carroll, M. E. Zannelli, L. A. Beausang, and J. E. Minton. 2002. Circulating cortisol, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interferon gamma in pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. J. Anim Sci. 80:202-207. Turner, J. L., S. S. Dritz, and J. E. Minton. 2001. Review: Alternatives to conventional antimicrobials in swine diets. Prof. Anim. Sci. 17: 217-226. Kentucky Refereed Xin, H., R.S. Gates, M.C. Puma and D.U. Ahn. 2002. Drinking water temperature effects on laying hens subjected to warm cyclic environments. Poultry Science. 81:608-617 Brown-Brandl, T., Y. Yanagi, X. Xin, R.S. Gates, R. Bucklin and G. Ross. 2002. Telemetry system for measuring core body temperature in livestock and poultry. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (in review). Yanagi, T. Jr., H. Xin, and R. S. Gates. 2002. A Research Facility for Studying Poultry Responses to Heat Stress and its Relief. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (in press) Puma, M.C., H. Xin, R.S. Gates and D.J. Burnham. 2001. An instrumentation system for studying feeding and drinking behavior of individual poultry. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 17(3): 365-374. Conferences and Proceedings Gates, R.S. 2002. Static pressure and temperature controlled ventilation system for a caged broiler research facility. World Congress of Computers in Agriculture and Natural Resources, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. March Persyn, K.E., H. Xin and R.S. Gates. 2002. Effects of beak trimming on poultry ingestion behavior. ASAE Paper No 024070 Yanagi, Jr.,T, H. Xin, and R.S. Gates. 2002. A measurement and control system for studying animal-environment interactions. World Congress of Computers in Agriculture and Natural Resources, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. March Bridges, T.C., L.W. Turner, R.S. Gates and D.G. Overhults. 2001. Assessing the benefits of misting-cooling systems for growing/finishing swine as affected by environment and starting date . Paper No. 014027 ASAE International Mtg, Sacramento CA. July-August. Brown-Brandl, T.M., T. Yanagi, Jr.,H. Xin, R.S. Gates, R. Bucklin, G. Ross. 2001. Telemetry system for measuring core body temperature in livestock. Paper No 014032, ASAE International Mtg, Sacramento CA. July-August Gates, R.S., L.W. Turner, J. Zulovich and J. Wurm. 2001. Potential for heat stress relief using desiccant systems in swine breeding facilities. Building Systems 2001. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. September. Gates, R.S. 2001. Dietary Protein and Ammonia Production in Broiler Facilities (Invited Lecture), Midwest Poultry Federation: Nutrition Symposia-2001. St. Paul, MN, Mar 13-15, 2001. Gates, R.S. and H. Xin. 2001. Comparative analysis of measurement techniques of feeding and drinking behavior of individual poultry subjected to warm environmental condition. ASAE International Mtg, Sacramento CA. July-August. Yanagi Jr., T., H. Xin and R.S. Gates. 2001. Modeling partial surface evaporative cooling of chickens. Paper No 013011, Paper No 013011, ASAE International Mtg, Sacramento CA. July-August. Yanagi Jr., T. H. Xin and R.S. Gates. 2001. Optimization of intermittent partial surface cooling for heat stress relief of laying hens. Paper No 014110, ASAE International Mtg, Sacramento CA. July-August. sol, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interferon gamma in pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Journal of Animal Science 80:202-207. Carroll, J.A. 2002. Survival, performance, and productivity in swine as influenced by adverse environmental temperatures. Journal of Animal Science 80 (Supp. 1):56 (Abstract #221). Carroll, J.A. and T.J. Fangman. 2002. Influence of glucocorticoids on postnatal growth and development. Proceedings of the Academy of Veterinary Consultants, v. 30 (1): 33-38. Carroll, J.A., K. J. Touchette, R. L. Matteri, C. J. Dyer, and G. L. Allee. 2002. Effect of spray-dried plasma and lipopolysaccharide exposure on weaned pigs: II. Effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80:502-509. Eicher, S.D., C.A. McKee, J.A. Carroll and T.R. Johnson. 2001. Oral ascorbic acid and beta-glucan affect cytokine expression differently after an LPS challenge. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 70 (Suppl.):85. Fangman, T.J., J.A. Carroll, C.E. Wiedmeyer and M.E. Zannelli. 2002. Serum concentrations of cortisol, acute phase proteins and rectal temperatures of E. coli challenged pigs treated with antibiotics. International Pig Veterinarian Society, v. 2, page 255. Gaines, A.M., G.L. Allee, J.A. Carroll, J.W. Frank, D.C. Kendall, J.D. Spencer, and G.F. Yi. 2002. Effect of menhaden fish oil supplementation and starter diet complexity on the performance and immune response of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80 (Supp. 1):197 (Abstract #787). Gaines, A.M., J.A. Carroll, G.L. Allee, and G.F. Yi. 2002. Pre- and postweaning performance of pigs injected with dexamethasone at birth. Journal of Animal Science (Accepted April 10, 2002). Gaines, A.M., J.A. Carroll, G.L. Allee, G.F. Yi, J.D. Spencer, J.W. Frank and D.C. Kendall. 2002. Pre- and postweaning performance of pigs injected with dexamethasone at birth. American Society of Animal Science, Midwestern Section Meeting Abstract Supplement, page 19, Abstract #74. Grellner, G.F., T.J. Fangman, J.A. Carroll and C.E. Wiedmeyer. Using serology in combination with acute phase proteins and cortisol to determine stress and immune function of early-weaned pigs. Journal of Swine Health and Production (Accepted January 10, 2002). Hambach, A.K., T.J. Fangman and J.A. Carroll. 2002. Serum concentrations of cortisol, acute phase proteins and rectal temperatures of E. coli challenged pigs treated with antibiotics. American Association of Swine Veterinarians Annual Conference, Kansas City, Missouri, March 2-5, 2002. Hambach, A.K., T.J. Fangman, J.A. Carroll and C.E. Wiedmeyer. 2002. The acute phase response in E. coli challenge pigs treated with systemic antibiotics. Proceedings of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, v. 1:43-47. Lay Jr., D.C., R.L. Matteri, J.A. Carroll, T.J. Fangman, and T.J. Safranski. Preweaning survival in swine. 2001. Journal of Animal Science 80(E. Suppl 1):1-13. Touchette, K.J., J. A. Carroll, G. L. Allee, R. L. Matteri, C. J. Dyer, L. A. Beausang, and M. E. Zannelli. 2002. Effect of spray-dried plasma and lipopolysaccharide exposure on weaned pigs: I. Effects on the immune axis of weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80:494-501. Nebraska Bridges, T.C., T.M. Brown-Brandl, L.W. Turner, and J.A. Nienaber. 2002 Modeling the Changing genetics of swine growth. Applied Engineering in Agricultural 18(4):497-502 Brown-Brandl, T., Y. Yanagi, X. Xin, R.S. Gates, R. Bucklin and G. Ross. 2002. Telemetry system for measuring core body temperature in livestock and poultry. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (in review). Brown-Brandl, T. M., J. A. Nienaber, R. A. Eigenberg, G. L. Hahn, and H. C. Freetly. Thermoregulatory responses of feeder cattle. (Submitted to Journal of Thermobiology, 6/02) Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl and J.A. Nienaber. 2002 Development of a respiration rate monitor for swine. Transactions of the ASAE 45(5):1599-1603 Eigenberg, R.A., J.A. Nienaber, T.M. Brown-Brandl and G.L. Hahn. 2002 Development of environmental monitoring units for temperature and humidity. Applied Engineering in Agricultural 18(4):493-496 Eigenberg, R.A., J.A. Nienaber, G.L. Hahn, and S.D. Kachman. 2002. Swine response to misting synchronized with meal events. Applied Engineering Technical Notes 18(3):347-350. Freetly, H.C., J.A. Nienaber, T.M. Brown-Brandl, 2002. Relationship among heat productions, body weight, and age in Finnsheep and Rambouillet ewes. Journal of Animal Science. 80:825-832. Freetly, H.C., J.A. Nienaber, T.M. Brown-Brandl, 2002. Relationship between aging and nutritional controlled growth rate on heat production of ewe lambs. Journal of Animal Science. 80:2759-2763. Freetly, H.C., J.A. Nienaber, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. Relationship between aging and nutritional controlled growth rate on heat production of heifers. Submitted to the Journal of Animal Science Conference Proceedings Brown-Brandl, T. M., R. A. Eigenberg, G. L. Hahn, J. A. Nienaber, T. L. Mader, D. E. Spiers, and A. M. Parkhurst. 2002a. Dynamic responses of feeder cattle to simulated heat waves. 024051. St. Joseph, MI, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. An ASAE Meeting Presentation. Brown-Brandl, T. M., J. A. Nienaber, R. A. Eigenberg, G. L. Hahn, and H. C. Freetly. 2002b. Thermoregulatory responses of feeder cattle. 024180. St. Joseph, MI, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. An ASAE Meeting Presentation. Eigenberg, R. A., T. M. Brown-Brandl, J. A. Nienaber, and G. L. Hahn. 2002. Dynamic response of feedlot cattle to shade and no-shade. 024050. St. Joseph, MI, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. An ASAE Meeting Presentation. Eigenberg, R.A., G.L. Hahn, T.M. Brown-Brandl, J.A. Nienaber. 2002. Weather Data Processor using Commercial Weather Station system to generate cattle livestock safety index. Proceedings of the 16th Intl Congress on Biometeorology. Kansas City, MO Oct. 2002. (Abstract) Hahn, G.L., T.L. Mader, J.A. Harrington, J.A. Nienaber and K.L. Frank. 2002. Living with climatic variability and potential global change: climatolotical analyses of impacts on livestock performance. Proc., 16th Intl Congress on Biometerology, P. 45-49. Kansas City, MO. Nienaber, J. A., T. M. Brown-Brandl, J. T. Yen, J. M. Klindt, L. W. Turner, and J. L. Usry. 2002. Nutrient requirements of high-lean gain swine at a high environmental temperature. 024048. 2002. St. Joseph, MI, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. An ASAE Meeting Presentation. Nienaber, J.A. and G.L. Hahn. 2002. Effects of high environmental temperatures on growing-finishing swine. Proc., 16th Intl Congress on Biometerology, P. 116-121. Kansas City, MO. Yen, J.T., Nyachoti, C.M., de Lange, C.F.M., Nienaber, J.A., Brown-Brandl, T.M. 2001. Effect of diet compisiton on organ size and energy expenditure in growing pigs. Lindberg, J.E., Ogle, B. editors. CABI Publishing, New York, NY. Diges tive Physiolgoy of Pigs, Proceedings of the 8th Sympoium. Chapter 23. pg. 98-1000. Tennesee Toscano, M. J., K. A. Scott, H. K. Smith, H. G. Kattesh, M. P. Roberts, and D. C. Lay. 2002. Effect of gestational stress of sow behavior and subsequent pig response to weaning. J. Anim. Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1):26. Accepted Full Length Articles Scroggs, L. V., H. G. Kattesh, J. L. Morrow, K. J. Stalder, J. W. Dailey, M. P. Roberts, J. F. Schneider, and A. M. Saxton. 2002. The effects of split marketing on the physiology, behavior, and performance of finishing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 80:338-345. Heo, J., H. G. Kattesh, R. L. Matteri, J. D. Grizzle, and J. D. Godkin. 2002. Development of porcine corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) cDNA probe and specification of CBG expression sites in postnatal pigs. GenBank accession number X73615 Brown-Crutchfield, M. E., H. G. Kattesh, S. P. Oliver, and J. F. Schneider. 2002. Mitogen induced lymphocyte blastogenic response in piglets weaned at different ages. JAVA 1(3):127-128.

Impact Statements

Impact statements are incorporated into the accomplishment section

Date of Annual Report: 11/24/2004

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/13/2004 - 08/14/2004
Period the Report Covers: 08/01/2003 - 08/01/2004

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting was called to order at 8:30 AM on August 13. D. Hamernick (USDA-CSREES Representative) provided handouts and gave an update on CSREES activities in Washington as well as the current USDA-ARS funding situation. C. Kaltenbach ((AZ, W-173 Administrative Advisor) provided the groups administrative report. Specific points of consideration were, 1) outcomes are important within individual station reports, 2) final report is due within 90 d of the annual meeting, 3) W-173 renewal is due 1, January 2006 and the rewrite needs to begin early next year. An explanation of distribution of the multistate project funds was requested. C. Kaltenbach provided an explanation to the group. Individual station reports were provided by participating members (USDA-ARS, IN, MS, NE, TX, FL, KY, and USDA-MARC, KS). The annual business meeting was called to order at 3:00 PM. The 2003-2004 minutes were approved. J. Bicudo was elected in-coming Chair for 2004-2005, but will be unable to fulfill this commitment. S. Eicher agreed to fill this responsibility. The group unanimously agreed with thanks to Susan for offering her service. The group nominated and unanimously agreed to appoint J. Carroll (USDA-ARS, Lubbock) as incoming secretary (2004-2005). It was determined that meeting in conjunction with the ASAS/ADSA annual meeting in 2005 would be logical (Cincinnati; July 24-28). R. Gates (KY) agreed to provide a tour of the University of KY research facilities. The meeting would begin in the morning of Friday, July 22 in Cincinnati. A tour of the University of KY research facilities will be provided on Saturday (July 23). Final business would continue back in Cincinnati on Sunday morning (July 24), finishing prior to the start of the ASAS/ADSA annual meeting. S. Eicher and R. Gates will collaborate together to create the final agenda, meeting location, and travel arrangements to the University of KY facilities. The meeting was adjourned at 5:15 PM (August 13).

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

See Accomplishments

Date of Annual Report: 10/24/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 07/22/2005 - 07/24/2005
Period the Report Covers: 07/01/2004 - 07/01/2005

Participants

E. Minton KS S. Willard MS
R. Gates KY J. Purswell KY
P. Hillman NY D. Spiers MO
R. Collier AZ J. Davis IA
H. Kattesh TN C. Lee HI
J. Nienaber NE J. Carroll USDA-ARS, TX
J. Arthington FL H. Cheng USDA-ARS, IN
A. Parkhurst NE

Non-members participating:

Jessica Williams, Graduate Student (MS) with Susan Eicher, USDA-ARS, IN.
Stuart Qiu, Postdoctoral Fellow with John Arthington, FL.

Brief Summary of Minutes

The W-173 Regional Meeting was called to order by the Chair, Susan Eicher (IN), at 8:25 a.m. on July 22, 2005 in Conference Room 140 of the Cincinnati Convention Center, Cincinnati, OH. Susan welcomed all the regional project participants to Cincinnati and briefly outlined the agenda of the meeting.

The official meeting convened at 8:30 a.m. with the self-introductions of all participants, followed by reports from Deb Hamernick, USDA/CSREES Representative, and Colin Kaltenbach, W-173 Administrative Advisor. Deb presented a packet of handouts to the group and discussed several issues covered in the handouts including changes in personnel within the USDA, an update on competitive grants, the livestock genome sequencing projects, changes associated with National Program Leaders and Program Specialist and NRI National Program Leaders and Program Specialists, and issues pertaining to the CSREES Budget projection for FY06. There was a brief discussion within the group regarding the potential cuts which could affect HATCH funds and the impact on scientific research groups such as the W-173 group. Following Debs presentation, Colin addressed the group to discuss renewal of the W-173 Regional Project. Colin asked the group to be thinking about revision of the objectives, and volunteers for writing the new project. Further discussion pertaining to writing the new W-173 Regional Project was scheduled for Sunday, July 24, 2005.

From 9:00 a.m. until 5:30 p.m., individual station reports were presented to the group. The floor was open for questions and discussion following the presentation of each station report. Thirteen individual station reports were presented to the group. At 5:30 p.m., the meeting was adjourned for the day.

On Saturday, July, 23, 2005, the group traveled to Lexington, Kentucky via a van provided by Rich Gates (KY) for a tour of the Woodford Animal Research Center, and Keenland, Engineering facilities and Equine facilities at the University of Kentucky, Lexington.

On Sunday, July 24, 2005, Chair, Susan Eicher (IN), reconvened the meeting at 8:25 a.m. in Conference Room 140 of the Cincinnati Convention Center, Cincinnati, OH. The first order of business was to the revise the objectives for the W-173 Regional Project. Following input and discussion from participating members, the following three objectives were agreed upon by the group:

1. Identify strategies for developing and monitoring appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being.
2. Assessing genetic components, including genomics and proteomics, of animal stress and well-being.
3. Develop alternative management practices to reduce stress and improve animal well-being and performance.

Following the development of the new project objectives, Colin as the group for names of potential reviewers. The following names were proposed by the group: Bob Wetteman, Pete Hansen, Dale Balsi, and Jeremy Maerchant Forde.

The next order of business was to identify individuals willing to participate in the writing of the new W-173 Regional Project. The following four individuals graciously volunteered for the tasks identified:

1. Don Spiers volunteered to be the initial compiler of information for Objective 1.
2. Bob Collier volunteered to be the initial compiler of information for Objective 2.
3. Richard Gates volunteered to be the initial compiler of information for Objective 3.
4. John Arthington volunteered to collect all of the information from each group and to write the overall project.

(Note: Rich requested that all e-mails to him have a subject line of: W-173 rewrite information. Additionally, everyone should utilize an MSWord document format for information pertaining to the new W-173 Regional Project.)

The following deadlines were established for the project writing process:

September 1, 2005: All information needs to be to Don, Bob and Rich from the committee members.

Scott Willard volunteered to summarize the current project.

October 15, 2005: Individual objective reports for future plans for the next five years need to be sent to the John Arthington.

November 15, 2005: John will send out overall project rewrite to committee for review.

December 15, 2005: The final project rewrite needs to be to Colin by this date.

Additional information associated with the W-173 Regional Project rewrite:
New NIMSS project number for W-173: W_TEMP1622: Stress Factors of Farm Animals and Their Effects on Performance. The web address for the NIMMS System is www.lgu.umd.edu

Following the business associated with writing the new W-173 Regional Project, there was a breakout session from 10:00 a.m. until 10:45 a.m. for the group to discuss and establish collaborations for the upcoming year. Identified collaborations within the group for the upcoming year are as follows:

Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX):
Three collaborative studies with Arthington (FL) to evaluate the effect of early weaning of beef calves on subsequent development of the stress axis, to develop a model of acute versus chronic immune challenges in beef steers, and the use of citrus pulp as an antimicrobial to enhance performance in beef cattle. Two collaborative studies with Willard (MS) to evaluate the feasibility of using thermography to identify sick animals and the use of temperament scores to predict productivity in steers. Collaboration with Parkhurst (NE) to develop statistical models to fit endocrine data associated with appetite regulation in pigs.

Kattesh (TN):
Collaboration with Parkhurst (NE) to determine how to design studies to evaluate the genetic regulation of CBG. Kattesh will also share data with Parkhurst for the development of dynamic models for free cortisol index and free cortisol.

Gates (KY):
Collaborative studies with scientists from Iowa State and the USDA-ARS Meat Animal Research Center in Clay Center, NE for continued development of appropriate methods for modeling animals in their environments.

Minton (KS):
Collaboration with Eicher (USDA-ARS, IN) to evaluate the impact of transportation on subsequent regulation of the immune system in domestic animals, specifically the Toll-like receptors in whole blood and intestine. A collaborative effort with Jim Sartin (AL) to evaluate gene expression via microarray technology in the pig hypothalamus following a lipopolysaccharide challenge LPS.

Lee (HI):
Collaborative study with Hillman (NY) to evaluate hair coat and its interaction with the environment.

Hillman (NY):
Collaborative study with Willard (MS) to measure reflectance, absorptance, and transmittance in Holstein, Jersey and Gir hair coat samples. Collaborative study with Lee (HI) to track body temperature and behavior of dairy cattle on pastures with shade screens available. A multi-station study with scientists from HI, NE, and the USDA-ARS Meat Animal Research Center to evaluate the dynamic responses of lying dairy cows and feed lot heifers. Collaborative studies with scientists from KY, MO to evaluate hair coat properties of summer cows exposed to Fescue Toxicosis.

Parkhurst (NE):
Collaborations with Arthington (FL) and Eicher (USDA-ARS, IN) on compartmental modeling. Collaborations with Spiers (MO) and Collier (AZ) on developing statistical modeling for evaluating cattle body temperatures.

Collier (AZ):
Collaboration with Spiers (MO) focused on re-evaluation of the THI formulas in cattle. Collaboration with Arthington (FL) to evaluate gene expression within mammary tissue of Romosinuano cattle in response to thermal stress.

Spiers (MO):
Collaborative work with scientists from FL in the environmental chambers at MO to evaluate the Romosinuano breed and to utilize microarray technology to evaluate the differences in gene expression between heat resistant and non-resistant animals. Development of an acute immune challenge model with Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX) which could be used to test animals with fescue challenge and heat stress. Collaboration with Kattesh (TN) on the expression and regulation of CBG in rats experiencing fescue toxicosis. Collaboration with Gates (KY) to continue testing of devices which can be utilized for remote data collection.

Willard (MS):
Collaboration with Lay (USDA-ARS, IN) to develop novel models for monitoring/tracking salmonella in swine. Collaboration with Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX) and Welsh (TX) to assess the relationships among temperament, measures of stress, and production performance in beef cattle. Collaboration with Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX) to investigate the potential use of thermography images to identify swine experiencing an immune challenge. Collaborations with Hillman (NY) and Lee (HI) to evaluate cooling strategies, behavior and measures of thermal stress in dairy cattle.

Cheng (USDA-ARS, IN)
Collaborations with scientist from Maryland University, University of California-Davis, and Purdue University on genetic selection of chickens, beak trimming and molting of laying hens.

At 11:15 a.m. the group began discussion of new business items. The following actions were approved by the group:

1. Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX) and Chin Lee (HI) will serve as Co-Chairs for the W-173 Regional Project Meeting next year which will be held August 4, 5, and 6, 2006. The meeting will be hosted by Chin Lee in Oahu, Hawaii.
2. Don Lay (USDA-ARS, IN) was nominated as the incoming secretary for the W-173 Regional Project. The motion was seconded and passed unanimously be the group.

The meeting adjourned at 11:25 a.m. on Sunday, July 24, 2005.

Submitted by:

Jeffery A. Carroll
W-173 Regional Project
Secretary

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Identify appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being and characterize factors affecting the biology of the stress response. Accomplishment: (HI, NE, and NY) A nonlinear model to characterize the thermoregulatory responses of lying heat stressed dairy cows was developed. Impact: The model provides insight into how the thermoregulatory responses of the sprayed cows differ from the cows that were not sprayed. Accomplishment: (NE) Tympanic, vaginal, and ruminal temperatures were all found to be acceptable measures of BT in free-roaming cattle, however ruminal temperatures would over estimate core BT. Impact: Cattle consuming diets with greater ME are likely to have greater core BT, which will likely influence there susceptibility to health and climatic heat stress. Accomplishment: (NE) Ten years of calving records showed that temperature and THI can reduce 30 and 60 day PR in beef cows that are pasture bred, particularly during years of above average temperature. Impact: Cattle producers using a breeding season of 60 days or less may need to consider influences of environmental conditions on reproductive processes. Accomplishment (AZ) Sweating rate in cattle is influenced by rbST and suggests GH and PRL have important roles in the regulation of physiological parameters related to heat stress. These data indicated that rbST does not increase stress load in dairy cattle under semi-arid conditions. Impact: There is no evidence that use of bST to enhance milk yield in cattle should be suspended during periods of heat stress. Accomplishment: (AZ) It is apparent that non-lactating heifers are more heat tolerant than lactating cows and that during period of the day when heat stress is maximized, there were no differences between parities associated with adaptation to season or rbST supplementation. Impact: Because serum PRL levels did change with adaptation to environment and it may be an important indicator in adaptation to heat stress. Accomplishment: (AZ) Several parameters of the cellular response to thermal stress were evaluated during this study using the BMEC collagen gel culture system, microarray analysis, and quantitative PCR. Seventeen of the 19 demonstrated a consistent trend in expression pattern between the two technologies. Impact: These results provided some confirmation of the expression profiles revealed by the microarray hybridization. Accomplishment: (MO and AZ) Work continues between AZ and MO on an environmental physiology book and resource manual for workers in environmental physiology entitled THERMAL BIOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Impact: Once completed in late 2006, this will be the most comprehensive compilation of research to date in this area. Accomplishment: (ARS-IN, AL) Both TLR2 and TLR4 RNA expression was greater in the lung tissues, but not blood or hypothalamus of heat stressed pigs by 12 and 24 h. Impact: Altered pathogen recognition during heat stress may lead to disease, adding an additional reason to control acute heat stress in swine. Accomplishment: (IN-ARS) Rough handling of sows caused their offspring to have lower free cortisol and lower peripheral blood mononuclear cells and decreased ano-genital distance in barrows indicating that prenatal stress feminized them. Impact: Prenatal stress influences stress axis, immune cell, and sexual development of offspring and should be avoided. Accomplishment: (NY, NE-MARC, HI) A mechanistic coupled heat and mass transfer model using environmental parameters and physical and optical properties of hair and hair coat predicted no difference between breeds for heifers in shade or sunlight at 36°C, but showed that sensible heat gain increases with increasing air temperature, hair thickness, and wind velocity. Impacts: This knowledge may help prevent losses such as the heat wave in Iowa resulting in the loss of 3,750 cattle. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, FL, and OR) A cattle microarray was constructed to study the liver, muscle and skin samples of steers exposed to thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Impact: These long oligo arrays will be made available to outside researchers early in 2006 (contact Dr. Antoniou at Antonioue@missouri.edu). Accomplishment: (MO, AZ, and MI) Liver biopsies of dairy cattle were obtained after one week of thermal neutral and again after two weeks of heat stress. Microarray analysis revealed differential expression of over 50 genes with approximately equal up and down-regulated genes. Impact: Chronic heat stress alters hepatic gene expression which may be important for liver function and adaptation to heat stress. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Fescue toxicity with heat stress did not alter testes morphology with ongoing spermatogenesis. Total sperm motility decreased with heat stress and reduced feed intake tended to decrease total sperm motility. Impact: The interaction of fescue toxicosis and heat stress alter male fertility and therefore potentially reproductive performance. Accomplishment: (TN and TX ) Porcine CBG levels decreased following ACTH, and increased following dexamethasone administration in an inverse but delayed fashion relative to total cortisol. Impact: These changes were reflected in the free cortisol index which may serve as a more informative measure of adrenal function as well as assessing free cortisol. Accomplishment: (MS) Studies investigating the role of adrenal progesterone production during the estrous cycle and early/late pregnancy on reproductive processes are in progress. Impact: Understanding the role of the adrenal gland in reproductive processes may shed new light on ways to modulate the effects of stress on reproductive processes. Accomplishment: (MS and USDA-ARS-IN) Thermography (DITI) was shown to be useful as a diagnostic tool to monitor mammary health and lameness in dairy cattle. Impact: Early detection of diseases or physiological anomalies in livestock using DITI may allow earlier treatment or management changes. Accomplishment: (MS and TX-ARS) The relationship between beef cattle temperament and production was evaluated using temperament scoring and exit velocity measures in conjunction with thermography, gene expression profiles and measures of production performance. Impact: Establishment of indices of animal temperament in relation to genotype could provide an additional tool for animal selection. Accomplishment: (MS and IN-ARS) An in vivo model was developed to address the kinetics and pathogenesis of Salmonella in neonatal pigs. Impact: Real-time imaging and bacterial tracking technologies in swine will lead to a greater understanding of bacterial pathogenesis, ways to target therapeutic interventions, and more sensitive screening technologies to enhance food safety. Accomplishment: (HI) A 23kd protein in the CL was found, sequenced and identified as an antioxidant superoxide dismutase and confirmed by western blot. The concentrations of SOD varied with the stage of the estrous cycle. Impact: Further study of SOD and its physiological roles in the CL function under heat stress conditions is needed. Accomplishment: (NE-MARC) Respiration rate/panting score was impacted by genotype or color, a history of respiration illness, temperament, and degree of fatness. ADG were also altered by genotype or color, a history of respiration illness, and temperament. Impact: These results illustrate the sensitivity of respiration rate as an indicator of stress. Accomplishment: (NE-MARC) Shade was found to impact the physiological responses in all THI categories, with the largest impacts in the Danger and Emergency categories and lowered respiration rate (RR ) and core temperature during the peak temperature hours. Impact: RR is the most appropriate indicator of thermal stress to monitor. Accomplishment: (NE-MARC) Daytime breaths/min (bpm) were lower for shade (SA) than no shade (NS) and the slope for bpm for NS was greater per C° than for SA. Thresholds for humidity and treatment of SA/NS were at 25 C°. Impact: Linear regression equations were developed for RR including effects of temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation for SA and NS feedlot pens. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Core temperature response and feed intake are independent of each other, with feed intake being more sensitive to whole versus ground fescue seed. Ground fescue seed elicits a robust temperature response, once the large effect on feed intake is overcome. Impact: Improved management for fescue toxicity may result from this research. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Although intake of rats fed an endophyte-infected diet are similar to their pair-fed counterparts under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions, the utilization of the food and corresponding thermoregulatory ability are very different. Impact: This information may be transferable to cattle with fescue toxicity. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Rats were fed endophyte positive diets delivering low, medium, or high ergovaline levels for 7 days at 21°C and 7 days at 31°C. Impact: The results indicate that feed intake and Tc responses associated with fescue toxicosis are separate events. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Rats fed endophyte-infected diets under thermoneutral condition, with short-term exposure to the toxins, produced physiological and genomic changes. Impact: This research provides evidence regarding sites of toxin action. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Differentially expressed genes were identified in mice fed endophyte-infected fescue seeds. Mice exposed to heat stress alone increased activity of genes involved in general cellular stress responses, glucose utilization, and synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Impact: Changes in gene expression could explain some of the reproductive abnormalities and increased number of genes involved in oxidative stress response suggest that long term heat stress induces a general stress response. Objective 2: Develop systems or methods to overcome the adverse effect of climatic and management stressors and their interaction on the growth and lactation, reproduction, and health of cattle, sheep, and swine. Accomplishment: (NE-MARC) A new four chamber calorimetry system was designed and constructed. Impact: Temperature control was excellent but humidity control, while constant, was unable to reach setpoint conditionsatory. Accomplishment: (NE-MARC) An existing building was modified to provide equivalent penning of animals both with and without shade. In addition to the shade factor, pond ash was used on the 50% of the surface on ½ of the pens having shade or no shade. Impact: There appears to be an impact of shade on summer performance but not winter. Accomplishment: (AZ) Surface temperature and respiration rate at 80 ° was higher for Advanced Dairy System Fan plus Misters Shade Tracker compared to Korral Kool for both primiparous and multiparous cows. Impact: We concluded that KK improved cow comfort over ADS-ST, but this did not result in a milk yield difference. Accomplishment: (IN-ARS) In a winter replication of a lairage study WBC and granulocytes were greater for rested pigs on d 1, but by d 14 CD18 (adhesion molecule) tended to be greater and CD14 (LPS receptor) was greater in the continuous transport pigs. Impact: These results will help producers determine if a lairage is beneficial during long transports of this age of pig. Accomplishment: (IN-ARS, NE, FL) Behavioral, endocrine, neuroendocrine, immune and health measures will be used to assess the value of the rubber flooring for 1st and 2nd lactation cows. Impact: This study will determine the benefits and potential risks associated with using rubber mats in confinement dairies. Accomplishment: (IN-ARS) Piglet processing practices have been evaluated with behavior, endocrine, and health measures will be used assess best management practices. Impact: This study will determine the best methods and the cumulative effects of these methods. Accomplishment: (IN-ARS) Behavioral, endocrine, neuroendocrine, immune and health measures were used to examine improvement of bird well-being through genetic selection, beak trimming, and alternative molting. Impact: Genetic selection can be used to improve animal well-being, and several neurotransmitters could be used as selective indicators. Accomplishment: (AL and KS) Three mesenteric lymph node gene products, identified by microarry and verified by real-time PCR, were upregulated at 6 h post-LPS, and one gene was upregulated at 24 h. Impact: Novel gene products associated with LPS-stimulated immunoregulation in pig mesenteric lymph node have been identified. Accomplishment: (KY) Three temperature-sensing techniques were developed and compared for use in horses; venal blood temperature, gastro-intestinal temperature from an active telemetry sensor administered nasally (GT), and rectal temperature. Impact: The telemetry system used to acquire GT is a viable method to determine core body temperature. Accomplishment: (KY) Two algorithms, termed AL1 and AL2 were capable of predicting chick time at feeder with good agreement with observed video recordings and discriminated eating at the feeder from stereotyped pecking. Impact: Researchers using this methodology are freed from using video analysis. Accomplishments: (KY) THI was in Danger or Alert category in 33 of 45 trips in horse trailers. A scale model wind tunnel confirmed that air enters the back of a trailer and that horse presence significantly alters the flow field. Impact: This information can be used to create horse trailers with adequate ventilation. Accomplishment: (NY, HI, MS) Behavior, vaginal temperatures with spray cooling located away from the feed line on the other side of the barn and production data were collected. Impacts: Continuous monitoring of the body temperature and behavior of cattle can be used for better management in feed lots to reduce the $900 million annual economic loss. Accomplishment: (MO) Market hogs from a temperate harvest group had heavier hot carcass weights, greater loin muscle depths, greater external fat depth than hogs from a cold stress group. Impact: This research will determine some environmental influence on meat quality. Accomplishment: (MO, AR, and OR) Treatment with a yeast cell-wall extract reduced increased hyperthermia under heat stress conditions by more than 50%, with the level being maintained for the duration of exposure to heat stress. Impact: Mechanism(s) of action and treatment routines need to be determined. Accomplishment: (MS, NY, HI) Novel methods for free stall cooling in dairy cattle changed cow activity patterns in relation to cooling systems, and addressed factors related to measures of heat stress in dairy cattle and the impact of spray-fan cooling paradigms on cow heat load and heat dissipation. Impact: Knowing the dynamics of heat stress and cooling regimes in dairy cattle can be used for improved cooling and increased production during heat stress. Accomplishment: (HI) The most effective cooling system for dairy cattle was fans and misters. Vaccinated dams had higher serum and colostrum IgG and IgM. IgG and IgM increased up to the third lactation and plateau for subsequent lactations, but older cows transferred less IgG and IgM to their colostrum but their calf Ig concentrations were not different. The calves from the non-vaccinated herd grew faster. We observed higher respiration rates in the vaccinated groups calves where shade for the calves was minimal. Impact: In the sub-tropics, the most efficient manner to cool cows was the use of fans and misters. Calf housing and orientation may be important to ensure maximum performance. Accomplishment: (FL) Early-weaned, but not pre-weaned or creep fed calves, had greater feed efficiency compared to control calves, which appears to be related to a decrease pro-inflammatory response following transport and feedlot entry. Impact: Early calf weaning may improve stress tolerance in beef calves, and thus decrease illness and improve performance.

Publications

Journal Articles: Arthington, J.D., and J.W. Spears. 2005. The effect of early weaning on feedlot performance and measures of stress in beef calves. J. Anim. Sci. 83:933-939. Brown-Brandl, T.M., R.A. Eigenberg, G.L. Hahn, J.A. Nienaber, T.L. Mader, D.E. Spiers, and A.M. Parkhurst. 2005. Analyses of thermoregulatory responses of feeder cattle exposed to simulated heat waves. Int. J. Biometeorol. 49:285 296. Brown-Brandl, T.M., R.A. Eigenberg, J.A. Nienaber, and G.L. Hahn. 2005. Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, part 1: analyses of indicators. Biosystems Engineering 90:451-462. Daniel JA, TH Elsasser, A Martinez, B Steele, BK Whitlock, JL Sartin. Interleukin-1b and Tumor Necrosis Factor-a Mediation of Endotoxin Action on Growth Hormone. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 289: E650-E657, 2005. Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, J.A. Nienaber, and G.L. Hahn. 2005. Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, part 2: predictive relationships. Biosystems Engineering 91:111-118. Elsasser TH, S Kahl , C MacLeod, B Nicholson, JL Sartin, C Li. 2004. Mechanisms Underlying Growth Hormone Effects In Augmenting Nitric Oxide Production and Protein Tyrosine Nitration During Endotoxin Challenge. Endocrinology 145:3413-3423. Gates, R.S., K.D. Casey, H. Xin and E.F. Wheeler. 2004. Fan Assessment Numeration System (FANS) design and calibration specifications. Transactions of the ASAE, 47:1709-1715. Green, A.R., R.S. Gates and L.M. Lawrence. 2005. Measurement of horse core body temperature. J. Thermal Biol. 30(1):370-377. Heo, J., H. G. Kattesh, M. P. Roberts, J. L. Morrow, J. W. Dailey, and A. M. Saxton. 2005. Hepatic corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) mRNA expression and plasma CBG concentrations in young pigs in response to heat and social stress. J. Anim. Sci. 83:208-215. Hillman, P.E., C.N. Lee and S.T. Willard. 2005. Thermoregulatory responses associated with lying and standing in heat-stressed dairy cows. Trans. ASAE 48:795-801. Persyn, K.E., H. Xin, D. Nettleton, A. Ikeguchi and R.S. Gates. 2004. Feeding behaviors of laying hens with or without beak trimming. Trans ASAE, 47:591-596. Ramanathan B, Minton JE, Ross CR, Blecha F. 2004. Characterization of bovine cDNA encoding triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1). Vet Immunol Immunopathol.;102:85-89. Ramanathan B, Minton JE, Ross CR, Blecha F. 2005. Cloning of porcine triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) and its induction by lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Dev Comp Immunol.;29:1-7. Ramanathan B, Minton JE, Ross CR, Blecha F. 2005. PU.1-mediated transcriptional regulation of prophenin-2 in primary bone marrow ells. Gene. ;352:1-9. Sang Y, Ramanathan, B, Minton JE, Ross CR, Blecha F. 2005. Porcine liver-expressed antimicrobial peptides, hepcidin and LEAP-2: cloning and induction by bacterial infection. Develop. Comp. Immunol. Page #???(accepted, in press). Vanderpool, A. M., R. J. Strange, A. E. Smith, H. G. Kattesh, and M. Roberts. 2005. Using salt-enriched diets to reduce stress in trout. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 4:22-27. Wagner CG, CD McMahon, DL Marks, JA Daniel, JL Sartin. 2004. A Role for AGRP in Appetite Regulation in a Species with Continuous Nutrient Delivery. Neuroendocrinology 80:210-218. Whitlock BK, JA Daniel, CD McMahon, FC Buonomo, CG Wagner, B Steele, JL Sartin. 2005. Intracerebroventricular Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Stimulates Food Intake in Sheep. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 28:224-232. Abstracts: Annen, E.L., C.M. Stiening, M.E. Dwyer, B.A. Crooker, A.C. Fitzgerald and R.J. Collier 2004. Effects of continuous milking and prostaglandin E2 on milk yield and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 87: (Suppl 1):132. (Abstr.) Bhusari, S., D.E Spiers, W.R Lamberson and E. Antoniou. 2004. Effects of fescue toxins and heat stress on gene expression in mice liver. ASAS Midwest Annual Meeting, 15-17 March 2004, Des Moines, IA Bhusari, S., L. B. Hearne, D. E. Spiers, W. R. Lamberson, E. Antoniou. Effect of Fescue Toxicosis On Hepatic Gene Expression in Mice. 2005. 35th Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. San Diego. March 31 - April 5. Brown-Brandl, T.M., R.A. Eigenberg, and J.A. Nienaber. 2005. Heat stress risk factors for feedlot heifers. Proc., 7th Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium:559-565. Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, and R.A. Eigenberg. 2005. Indirect calorimeter temperature and humidity control. ASAE Paper 054018. ASAE Int'l. Meeting, Tampa, Florida. Carr, C.C., D.J. Newman, M.M. Brandt, E.K. Burger, G.K. Rentfrow, and E.P Berg. 2005. Effects of seasonal environment, on-farm handling, transport stocking density, and time in lairage On Core body temperature and pork Lean quality of market weight pigs. In: Proc. 51st International Congress of Meat Science & Technology, Baltimore. 51:28. Davis, J.D., M.J. Darr, H. Xin, J.D. Harmon, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2005. Development of a low-cost GPS herd activity and welfare kit (HAWK) for livestock monitoring. Proc., 7th Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium: 607-612. Duncan, G.A., R.S. Gates and M. Montross. 2005. Measuring relative humidity in agricultural environments. AEN-87. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Page 1-4. Eichen, P.A., T.J. Evans, B.C. Wray, L.E. Wax, L.T. King, E.M. Walters, J. Critser, D.E. Spiers, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2005. Is male fertility in postpubertal animals affected by fescue toxicosis? J. Animal Sci. 83 (Suppl 1.):261. (Abstr) Eicher, S. D.*, J. L. Sartin*, D. D. Schwartz*, D. C. Lay*, Jr., and H. W. Cheng. 2004. Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4) of porcine blood leukocytes during heat stress. Proceedings of the International Veterinary Immunological Society, Quebec City, Canada:240. Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, and J.A. Nienaber. 2005. Development of a cattle ID monitoring system. Proc., 7th Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium, pg. 600-606. Hillman, P.E., K.G. Gebremedhin, T.M. Brown-Brandl, and C.N. Lee. 2005. Thermal analysis and behavioral activity of heifers in shade or sunlight. Proc., 7th Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium:151-161. El-Orabi N, Rogers CB, JS Collins, DC Lay, H-W Cheng, JL Sartin, DD Schwartz. 2005. Effect of heat stress on gene expression in porcine hippocampus. FASEB J 19: A1106. El-Orabi N, Rogers CB, JS Collins, DC Lay, H-W Cheng, JL Sartin, DD Schwartz. 2005. Effect of heat stress on gene expression in porcine hippocampus. FASEB J 19: A1106. Hillman, P.E., K.G. Gebremedhin, T.M. Brown-Brandl, and C.N. Lee. 2005. Thermal analysis and behavioral activity of heifers in shade or sunlight. In: Livestock Environment VII, Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, 18-20 May 2005 (Beijing, China).Publication Date 18 May 2005, ASAE Publication Number 701P0205. Ed. T. Brown-Brandl. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan USA. #701P0205 :151-161. Lee, C.N. and M. Watson. 2005. Environmental effects of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM) in dairy cattle and subsequent calf development in the sub-tropics. Joint ADSA-ASAS-CSAS meeting, July 24-28, Cincinnati, OH. # 10098. J. . Dairy Sci. 88(Suppl. 1) :W177, p. 302.. Lee, C.N. and N. Keala. 2005. Evaluation of cooling systems to improve lactating Holstein cows comfort in the sub-tropics. Joint ADSA-ASAS-CSAS meeting, July 24-28, Cincinnati, OH. #10448. J. Dairy Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):M141, p.43. (Abstr) Mader, T.L., J. Davis, J.B. Gaughan, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2005. Wind speed and solar radiation correction for the Temperature Humidity Index. Proc., 16th Biometeorology and Aerobiology. Vancouver, Canada. 2005, CD ROM 6B.3. Moore, C.E., H.C. Hafliger III., O.B. Mendivil, R.J. Collier and L.H. Baumgard. 2004. Effects of dietary CLA on production parameters and milk fatty acid variables in Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl 1):307. (Abstr) Pollard, B.C. P.C. Gentry and R.J. Collier. 2005. Use of physiological measures as predictors of heat dissipation during heat stress in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88(Suppl 1.):339. (Abstr) Pollard, B.C., E.L. Annen, L. H. Baumgard, R.C. Cheatham, M.D. Estheimer, M.E. Dwyer, A.C. Fitzgerald, H.C. Hafliger III, C.E. Moore, J.K. Kay, O.B. Mendivil, P.C. Gentry, D. A. Henderson, C.M. Stiening and R.J. Collier. J. Dairy Sci 87 (Suppl 1.): 461. (Abstr) Pollard, B.C., M. D. Estheimer, M. E. Dwyer, P.C. Gentry, W.J. Weber, E. Lemke, L. H. Baumgard, D.A. Henderson, B.A. Crooker, and R.J. Collier. 2005. The influence of parity, acclimatization to season, and Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on diurnal patterns of prolactin and growth hormone in Holsteins Exposed to heat stress. J. Anim. Sci. 83 (Suppl 1.): 121. (Abstr) Pollard, B.C., M. D. Estheimer, M.E. Dwyer, P.C. Gentry, E. L. Annen, D.A. Henderson, C.M. Stiening and R.J. Collier. 2005. Influence of parity, seasonal acclimatization, and recombinative bovine somatotropin (rbST), on diurnal patterns of physiological responses to thermal stress in cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1.):120-121. (Abstr) Pollard, B.C., M.E. Dwyer, A.C. Fitzgerald, P.C. Gentry, D.A. Henderson and R.J. Collier. 2004. Effects of ambient temperature and solar radiation on skin evaporative water loss in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci 87 (Suppl 1):198. (Abstr) Purswell, J.L., R.S. Gates, L.M. Lawrence, T.S. Stombaugh, R.J. Coleman and W.C. Adams. 2005. Air exchange rate in a horse trailer during transport. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Livestock Environment VII, May 18-20, Beijing China. ASAE Publications, St. Joseph MI. Page 13-20. Putluru , R.K., Y.S. Kim and C.N. Lee. 2005. Differential expression of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in bovine corpus luteum during estrous cycle and pregnancy. J. Dairy Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):119. (Abstr) Ravi K. Putluru, Y.S. Kim and C.N. Lee. 2005. Differential expression of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in bovine corpus luteum during estrous cycle and pregnancy. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1.):119. (Abstr) Rhoads, M., R. Rhoads, L. Odens, R. Burgos, S. Baker, B. Pollard, C. Moore, J. Kay, M. VanBaale, R. Collier and L. Baumgard. 2005. Effects of dietary CLA on thermogenesis and body temperature indices in lactating dairy cows J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1.):211. (Abstr) Rhoads, R.P., J.D. Sampson, R.J. Tempelman, S. Sipkovsky, P.M. Coussens, M.C. Lucy, J.N. Spain, and D.E. Spiers. 2005. Hepatic gene expression profiling during adaptation to a period of chronic heat stress in lactating dairy cows. FASEB J. 19(5): A1673. 35th Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. San Diego. March 31 - April 5. Rogers CB, JS Collins, DC Lay, H-W Cheng, JL Sartin, DD Schwartz. Reduced expression of proteosome 26S in hypothalamus of heat stressed pigs and hypothalamic cells. FASEB J 19: A1106, 2005. Sartin JL, C McMahon, F Jeanplong, R Kambadur, M Sharma, C. Wagner*. Myostatin (MSTN) acts via hypothalamic mechanisms to alter plasma endocrine and metabolite concentrations. Proceedings of the Endocrine Society, p. 206, 2004. Settivari, R.S, T.J. Evans, E.B. Rucker, and D.E. Spiers. 2005. Effects of ergot alkaloids on hepatic detoxification. FASEB J. 19(5): A1209-A1210. 35th Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. San Diego, March 31 - April 5. Stiening, C. J. Hoying, M. Ben Abdallah, P. Coussens, and R. Collier. 2005. Effects of heat stress on morphology and gene expression of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) in collagen gel culture. J Dairy Sci.88 (Suppl 1.):365. (Abstr) Vanbaale, M., D. Ledwith, R. Burgos, R Collier, D. Armstrong, J. Smith, M. Brouk and L. Baumgard. 2005. Evaluation of advanced dairy systems shade tracker fans and korral kool coolers on a commercial dairy in Buckeye, Arizona. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1.):42-43. (Abstr) Wagner CG, CD McMahon, DL Marks, JA Daniel, JL Sartin. Anorectic Effects of Lipopolysaccharide are Prevented by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Agouti Related Protein. Proceedings of the Endocrine Society p. 324, 2004. Wax, L.E., P.A. Eichen, D.E. Spiers, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2005. Does Reduced Caloric Intake Contribute to Symptoms Associate With Fescue Toxicosis? J. Anim. Sci. 83 (Suppl 1.):261. (Abstr) Zhou, M, A. M. Parkhurst, P. E. Hillman, and C. N. Lee. 2005.Modeling the Body Temperature of Heat Stressed Lying Cows Under Two Different Cooling Processes, Paper presented at Proc. 17th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS Zhou, M., A.M. Parkhurst, P.E. Hillman and C.N. Lee. 2005. Body temperatures of heat stressed recumbent cows under two different cooling processes. Proc. 17th Annual Kansas State University Conf. on Applied Statistics in Agriculture , Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS. (being reviewed). Handbooks, Technical Bulletins, Theses, Dissertations, and Circulars Purswell, 2005. Characterizing Ventilation and Thermal Environment in a Horse Trailer during Transport. Ph.D. Dissertation. Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Reviews: Collier, R.J., G.E. Dahl and M.J. VanBaale. 2006. Major Advances Associated with EnvironmentalEffects on Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci. Centenial Issue (In Press) Sartin JL, CG Wagner, DL Marks, J Daniels, CD McMahon, FY Obese, C Partridge. 2005. Appetite Regulation in Sheep: A Potential Site for Therapeutic Intervention in Disease Models. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29:446-455. Book Chapters: Collier, R.J., L. H. Baumgard ,A. L. Lock and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Physiological Limitations, Nutrient Partitioning, In: Yields of farmed species: constraints and opportunities in the 21st Century. J. Wiseman and R. Sylvestor, eds. Nottingham Univ. Press. Nottingham, UK. Pp. 351-378 Spiers, D.E., T.J. Evans, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2005. Interaction between thermal stress and fescue toxicosis: Animal Models. In: Neotyphodium in Cool-Season Grasses. C.A. Roberts, C.P. West, and D.E. Spiers, Eds, Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA. Pp. 243 270. Book Roberts, C.A., C.P. West, and D.E. Spiers. (Eds) 2005. Neotyphodium in Cool-Season Grasses. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA. 379 pgs.

Impact Statements

See Accomplishments Section

Date of Annual Report: 09/13/2006

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/04/2006 - 08/06/2006
Period the Report Covers: 08/01/2005 - 08/01/2006

Participants

C. Kaltenbach, AZ, W-173, Administrative Advisor; D. Hamernick, USDA-CSREES, W-173 USDA-CSREES Representative; J. Carroll, USDA-ARS, TX, W-173, 2005-2006 Chair, J. Sartin, AL; D. Lay, USDA-ARS, IN; J. Gaughan, Australia; T. Engle, CO; A. Parkhurst, NE; B. Collier, AZ; S. Eicher, USDA-ARS, IN; J. Arthington, FL; J. Davis, IA; K. Gebremedhin, NY; D. Spiers, MO; T. Mader, NE; R. Gates, KY; H. Kattesh, TN; G. Aiken, KY; T. Friend, TX; C.N. Lee, HI; P. Hillman, NY.

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting was called to order by Jeff Carroll (TX) at 8:00 a.m. on August 4th, 2006 in the conference room of the Radisson Waikiki, in Honolulu, HI. Jeff Carroll welcomed all the regional project participants to Hawaii and briefly outlined the agenda of the meeting and arrangements that had been made for lunch and dinner during the meeting. Chin Lee was recognized for organizing the meeting and the educational tour to the marine research station. Twenty-one regional project scientists were present representing, 14 states, 3 federal labs, 2 administrative units and 1 international laboratory. The official meeting convened at 8:00 a.m. with the introduction of all personnel. The remainder of the day was devoted to individual station reports and discussion. In total 19 station reports were delivered. The reports ended at 4:30. The next day at 8 am the group met to board a bus that took them to the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology. The group toured the island and its facilities. At the end of the tour the group met with researchers that presented their projects.

At 8 am, on August 6th the Business meeting was called to order at the Radisson, Waikiki. The following items and actions were taken:

1) Jeff Carroll led the group in a moment of silence to remember Don Johnson, Colorado State University and former W-173 member who died unexpectedly.

2) Colin Kaltenbach addressed the group and indicated that the final report for the group would be due within 60 days.

3) John Arthington agreed to lead on writing the report with the help of Don Lay. Each member of the group was asked to submit a one-page document of their Accomplishments and Impact.

4) Deb Hamernik then addressed the group and gave an update of the changes in DC. She discussed the changes in the NRI programs and application processes. CSREES budget information was discussed. She lead further discussions on the USDA Strategic Plan, and the importance of writing clear objectives, approach and non-technical summaries for Hatch Projects. She also informed the group of issues in the animal science area of which we should be aware.

5) Don Spiers polled the group as to their interest in attending an International Stress meeting to be held in Budapest in 2007.

6) Discussion was held as to the best format for our meeting. In particular, the question was raised as to whether we should have half days for presentations and the remainder for discussion. No decisions were made at this time.

7) Nominations were taken for secretary and chair. Terry Engle was nominated and approved unanimously to act as secretary for 2006-2007. Don Lay was nominated and approved unanimously to act as chair for 2006-2007.

Next years meeting location was discussed. Options were discussed as to whether the meeting should be in conjunction with the International Society of Applied Ethology (ISAE) meeting, the American Society of Animal Science meeting or to meet with Bob Godfrey's group and possibly the S1020 regional project that specializes in heat stress research. The group voted to meet Bob Godfreys Heat Stress Group at the University of St. Croix. Don Lay will contact Bob and make arrangements. The proposed dates were August 3-5th. If this location did not work out, then the second choice that was approved by the group was to meet with the ISAE at the international meeting in Merida, Mexico. The meeting was adjourned at 11:30 am. Respectfully submitted, Donald C. Lay Jr. Secretary, W-173

Accomplishments

Accomplishments and Impacts: Note that the principal participants are indicated in relation to the stated accomplishment and subsequent impact. However, in almost all cases these are multistate collaborative projects that involve one or more W-173 participants. This is reflected in the List of Publications and Planned Collaborations for the Coming Year sections that follow the Accomplishments and Impacts. Objective I: Identify appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being and characterize factors affecting the biology of the stress response Accomplishment: (AZ) Production parameters and glucose homeostatic variables were evaluated in rbST-treated lactating dairy cattle during short-term heat stress (HS) or in pair fed animals (UF). Impact: The is the first study which indicates heat stressed cattle might increase their oxidation of glucose and reduce oxidation of fatty acids. Accomplishment: (AZ and NE) The relationship between sweating rate and surface temperature in Holstein Cattle during thermal stress in winter and summer was evaluated by plotting the Log of the Sweat Rate against the Surface Temperature. Impact: These data indicate that seasonal differences in sweating rate are apparent in cattle and should be taken into consideration when designing studies. Accomplishment: (AZ and FL) Effects of the slick hair gene on skin and rectal temperatures, respiration rate and sweating rate in Holstein cows was evaluated. Impact: This data indicate that a major reason for the difference in heat tolerance in slick cattle lies in their increased sweating ability and may provide some insight into genetic selection opportunities for improving heat tolerance Accomplishment: (HI, NY, MS, and NE) Measures of breed differences (Jersey vs. Holstein) under heat stress in free stall settings was investigated. Impact: These data suggest that cows that are more heat tolerant would have finer hair coat, more hairs per sq. centimeter. Accomplishment: (MS) Studies investigating the role of adrenal progesterone production during the estrous cycle and early/late pregnancy on reproductive processes are in progress. Impact: Understanding the role of the adrenal gland in reproductive processes may shed new light on ways to alleviate the effects of stress on reproductive processes, or, alternatively, ways in which the adrenal gland might be enlisted to support reproductive function during times of acute or chronic stress to enhance reproductive performance. Accomplishment: (MS and USDA-ARS-IN) Studies are addressing the use of thermography to monitor mammary health in dairy cattle, lameness in dairy cattle, thermal signatures of the eye as a correlate to body temperature, and thermal assessments of environmental influences (e.g., heat stress) on production performance. Impact: Early screening and detection of diseases or physiological anomalies in livestock using thermography (DITI) may lead to earlier treatment of diseases or an enhanced understanding of environmental management needs, thus reducing profit losses as a result of production losses due to illness, injury or environmental influences (e.g., heat stress). Accomplishment: (MS and USDA-ARS-TX) Relationships between beef cattle temperament and production performance are being evaluated. Studies are addressing the use of temperament scoring and exit velocity measures in conjunction with thermography, gene expression profiles and measures of production performance (ADG, live animal body composition, reproductive function) to establish indices for selection based on temperament in relation to genotype. Impact: Establishment of selection criteria and indices of animal temperament in relation to genotype could provide an additional tool for selection of animals for optimal growth and reproductive performance in relation to their production-management environment. Accomplishment: (MS and USDA-ARS-IN) An experimental in vivo model has been developed which addresses the time-course and pathogenesis of Salmonella in the living neonatal pig. This real-time imaging model enables multiple measurements of bacterial invasion in the GI tract of the pig to be monitored over time, and will be used to assess targeted therapies to control Salmonella infections in swine, and understand the interactions between handling or other management-related stressors on bacterial invasiveness. Impact: The development of relevant pre-harvest food safety models, such as real-time imaging and bacterial tracking technologies in swine, will lead to a greater understanding of bacterial pathogenesis, ways to target therapeutic interventions, and more sensitive screening technologies pre-harvest to prevent post-harvest food safety problems. Accomplishment: (MARC, NE): Evaluating linear and nonlinear models for the response rate of four breeds of heat stressed feedlot heifers were evaluated. Descriptions of the relationship between respiration and ambient temperature improve when curvature is built-into the model. Impact: A useful statistical model for describing a physiological response to heat stress and parameters that quantify the level of heat stress have been provided. Accomplishment: (MARC, NE): Nonlinear crossed random effects models for comparing temperature of eating pigs under different thermal environments was evaluated. This study provides a nonlinear mixed-effects compartmental model to describe the thermoregulatory responses of pigs during an eating event and to compare those responses for three thermal environmental treatments applied in a Latin Square design. Impact: We have characterized the thermoregulatory responses of eating pigs which is very helpful for model building and comparing management practices. Accomplishment: (AZ and NE) The sweating rate and surface temperature relationship in Holstein Cattle during thermal stress in winter and summer was evaluated. A segmented linear-plateau model was used to depict the relationship between sweating rate and surface temperature in Holstein cattle and establish the cut-off surface temperature at which the relationship changes. Impact: These data indicate that season and parity affects the relationship between sweating rate and surface temperature in Holstein cattle and should be taken into consideration when designing studies and formulating measures of heat stress. Accomplishment: (USDA-ARS, NE) Heat tolerance of feedlot heifers of different breeds was evaluated throughout two summers using 256 feedlot heifers of four different breeds. Impact: This study helped demonstrate the impact of hot weather on breeds of different hide colors of heifers. Accomplishment: (USDA-ARS, NE) Risk Factors related to heat stress in feedlot heifers were evaluated over two consecutive summers using 256 feedlot heifers (32/ breed/ year) of four breeds were observed. Impact: Anecdotal evidence suggested that there were animals that were more vulnerable to heat related deaths than other. However, there was little scientific evidence to suggest possible risk factors. This study identified 4 risk factors, and provided a basis for precision animal management. Accomplishment: (TN) A preliminary experiment was performed to assess physiological measures of health and well-being in weaned pigs with or without subsequent transport, and to examine the effects of exogenous porcine somatotropin on those measures. Impact: Treatment with somatotropin altered immune and hormonal profiles in weanling pigs, which may improve their overall well-being. Accomplishment: (Australia) Studies evaluating a heat stress index for feedlot cattle were conducted. The objectives of this study were to: (i) develop and validate a new heat load index (HLI) for cattle that is based on respiratory dynamics, tympanic temperature, behavior and feed intake of feedlot cattle. (ii) Develop heat load thresholds (using the HLI) for various cattle genotypes, and (iii) Develop an accumulated heat load value that accurately predicts the heat balance of cattle during periods of hot weather. Impact: The HLI is currently being used on the majority of Australian feedlots. A Risk Assessment Program (RAP) has been developed using the HLI as the basis. It will be mandatory for all feedlots to complete the RAP this summer. Accomplishment: (IA) A study is being conducted to develop a novel method to determine drinking behavior in ruminant livestock. Reticulum temperature was monitored along with water consumption, water temperature, feeding and environmental parameters in six rumen-cannulated steers. Impact: The ability to remotely monitor individual water consumption using the change in reticulum temperature will provide researchers a tool to monitor individual water consumption within a herd in production studies as well as studies where water consumption is impossible to quantify such as drinking from a stream. Accomplishments: (KY) Studies on the development and comparison of bioinstrumentation techniques for core body temperature were conducted. Impact: These results allow for improved data acquisition capabilities, and to develop a core body temperature prediction from these readings, as influenced by external environment. Accomplishments: (KY) Studies investigating the dynamics of doppler ultrasound measures for heifers fed toxic tall fescue seed were conducted. Doppler and B-Mode ultrasonography were used to compare blood flow characteristics between beef heifers fed mixtures of alfalfa hay, soybean hulls, and tall fescue seed that were either infected or non-infected with the Neotyphodium endophyte. Impact: These results confirm the sensitivity that blood flow characteristics of cattle have to ergot alkaloids. Accomplishment: (NY, MS, and HI) The impact of solar load between 800 and 1000 watts/m2 on the thermoregulatory responses of three breeds of diary cows was investigated. The breeds represented four hair coat colors: black (Holstein), white (Holstein), tan (Jersey) and mixed (Gir-Holstein F1 cross). Impact: The heat wave in California this past summer was devastating to the dairy industry. An estimated 25,000 dairy cows died because of heat stress since July 14, 2006. This loss is equivalent to $1,500 to $2,500 per head or between 37.5 to 62.5 million dollars. A better understanding thermal responses related to dairy breeds may improve animal well-being and performance. Accomplishment: (MO) A feeding trial was performed to further examine which ergot alkaloid found in endophyte-infected fescue is involved in the reduction in feed intake typically seen in our rat studies. Impact: Identification of the toxin(s) that contribute to fescue toxicosis-induced reduction in feed intake will allow researchers to target specific treatments in the future to reduce this part of the problem. Accomplishment: (MO, KY) Previous rat feeding trials have indicated that feed intake is very sensitive to ergovaline (EV) concentrations in the diet. Rats were tested to determine threshold level of EV needed to reduce feed intake. Impact: Identification of a threshold level of EV in the diet will allow producers to know the lower limit of exposure that might affect production. Accomplishment: (MO, KY) Most studies of heat stress and/or fescue toxicosis are conducted under short-term, controlled or long-term, field situations. This study will combine both situations by utilizing the controlled conditions in the Brody Environmental Center and the summer field environment under fescue toxicosis and non-fescue toxicosis conditions. Impact: The results of this study will provide researchers with a clearer understanding of long-term impact of heat stress and fescue toxicosis on cattle performance. Accomplishment: (MO, FL, TX) Angus (heat intolerant) and Romosinuano (heat tolerant) steers (both Bos taurus) were tested under long-term heat stress conditions in the Brody Environmental Center to determine differences in heat stress response. Impact: Specific physiological mechanisms and genomics changes that impart heat tolerance will be identified for use in future studies. Accomplishment: (MO) A study was performed using steers exposed to cycling heat stress to determine reliable changes in core body temperature and feed intake using ground fescue seed administered directly into the rumen while using different doses of ergovaline. Impact: Separation of the feed intake and body temperature responses to fescue toxicosis in cattle will allow for the development of more effective treatments the improve each endpoint. Accomplishment: (MO) We have found in rats that fescue toxicants at thermoneutrality down regulate genes associated with antioxidant enzymes, energy metabolism, growth and development, transcriptional activity, apoptotic inhibition, mitochondrial activity, immune function, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and up regulate genes associated with hepatic cytochrome P450 system. Impact: This is the first step in allowing us to determine if fescue toxicants affect mitochondrial functions such as ATP production, electron transport, hydrogen peroxide production and superoxide generation. This would help us in identifying the specific pathways that are being affected by E+ toxicants under heat stress conditions at genomic level. Accomplishment: (MO) A study was performed to investigate the effects of long-term heat stress (31°C), combined with endophyte toxins (E+) on male rat reproductive function. Testes appear morphologically normal, but total sperm motility decreases with heat stress and tended to be less with reduced feed intake. Impact: These studies allow for the determination of the impact of fescue toxicosis on male reproduction, and identify specific pathways that include spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm maturation. Accomplishment: (MO) Mice were tested under thermoneutral conditions to determine the impact of fescue toxicosis on hepatic genomic activity. The E+ diet resulted in down regulation of genes involved in the sex-steroid metabolism pathway and genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Genes coding for ribosomes and protein synthesis were upregulated by the E+ diet. Impact: Genes identified in the present analysis indicate some of the mechanisms by which fescue toxicosis occurs in animals. Future treatments will target these sites. Objective II: Evaluate management strategies that minimize the detrimental effects of animal stress Accomplishment: (AZ) Advanced Dairy Systems Shade Tracker fans and Korral Kool coolers were evaluated on lactating heat stressed dairy cattle. Two independent trials were conducted. In each trial, 400 multiparous and 100 primiparous Holstein cows balanced for parity, stage of lactation, and milk yield were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 cooling treatments (Advanced Dairy System fan plus misters Shade Tracker (ADS-ST) vs. Korral Kool (KK)). Impact: This data indicate that the best cooling system in a semi-arid environment is the reverse chimney cooler built by Korral Kool. The severity of the heat stress plays a major role in the return on investment in this system Accomplishment: (CO) The effects of crystalline amino acids, ractopamine, and sodium bicarbonate on physiological pH in swine was investigated. Impact: Crystalline amino acid diets are being utilized in the swine industry to more closely meet the animals amino acid requirements thus decreasing nutrient excretion into the environment. Accomplishment: (CO) Effects of trace mineral supplementation, source, and growth implants on immune response of growing and finishing feedlot steers were evaluated using 375 steers. Impact: There are many factors that could potentially affect an animals response to a foreign antigen such as environmental factors, management, and stress. Further research is required to determine the effects of TM supplementation and growth implants on immunity in beef cattle. Accomplishment: Studies have previously evaluated novel methods for free stall cooling in dairy cattle (NY, HI, NE and MS). These studies have demonstrated changes in cow activity patterns in relation to cooling system, and addressed factors related to measures of heat stress in dairy cattle and the impact of spray-fan cooling paradigms on cow heat load and heat dissipation. Current studies are addressing the influence of prepartum cooling in dairy cattle on metabolic parameters and subsequent production performance characteristics (MS). Impact: Understanding the dynamics of heat stress in dairy cattle as related to different cooling regimes may lead to more efficient cooling methods and thus increased production performance (milk and reproduction) during summer heat stress. Accomplishment: (USDA-ARS, NE) The components of livestock stress were modeled for Precision Animal Management. An individual animals stress level is the summation of stresses from three areas: the environment, animal, and management. A model is being developed to summarize components of each of these three areas to determine the overall stress on the animal. Impact: Precision animal management is a scheme which would involve presorting animals to maximize product quality, minimize cost, and provide maximum animal comfort and well-being. This information will allow for the economic use of shades, or other management strategies to be employed. Accomplishment: (Australia) A Risk Assessment Program (RAP) has been developed using the HLI as the measure of heat load on the animal. A threshold at which cattle gain body heat was established. Impact: These data form the basis of the RAP which will be used by all feedlots this summer to assess their risk of heat stress. Accomplishment: (Australia) The effectiveness of evaporative cooling of beef cattle housed in confinement was evaluated. Impact: Live export vessels operating out of Australia now have guidelines on the use of water to cool heat stressed cattle. Accomplishment: (FL) The impact of age at weaning on measures of stress in both primi- and multiparous cows was investigated. Impact: These findings suggest that early calf weaning may improve stress tolerance in both beef calves and their dams. Accomplishment: (IA) The advent of tracking via global positioning system (GPS) and the recent use of differential GPS (DGPS) enabled researchers much improved accuracy (less than 3 meters with some devices) and reliability. Impact: The information gained from the GPS HAWK units will provide a better understanding of cattle behavior and new techniques for acquiring GPS-based data. Ultimately the GPS HAWK unit could lead to a suite of Precision Livestock management tools for cattle producers to continuously monitor herd activity and well being, thereby increasing the productivity and security level of our food production chain. Accomplishment: (IA) An experiment is addressing the use of an array of blackglobe weather stations (blackglobe temperature, dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity) transecting a 180-acre grazing study (varying topography) to better describe the movement of cattle with changes in weather patterns, specifically wind speed. Impact: The information gathered from this experiment will help develop relationships between changes in animal behavior (standing versus grazing and the utilization of shade) and changes in environmental parameters. Accomplishments: (KY) Studies investigating the enhanced well-being of horses during transport were conducted. Impact: These data contribute to the improved well-being of transported horses. Accomplishment: (TX) Effects of feeding several components of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum on transported lambs was evaluated. Impact: Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism by which this minimal amount of salt is causing such physiological impacts. Accomplishment: (TX) The effects of density and water availability on the behavior, physiology, and weight loss of slaughter horses during transport was evaluated. Impact: Providing slaughter horses with on-board water is probably not necessary when the horses are being transported for periods of less than 20 hours. Density had little influence on aggression in groups of horses. Shipping horses at high densities is problematic because there appears to be something about high density that causes horses to lie down and risk being trampled. Accomplishment: (TX) Increased ventilation in commercial cattle trailers to decrease shrink, morbidity, and mortality was evaluated. A practical method of reducing heat stress, aerosolized pathogens and environmental contaminants during commercial transportation could prove beneficial to the health and value of cattle. Impact: The preliminary results indicate that increasing ventilation through the use of external air scoops has the potential to improve the health and well-being of cattle during transport. Reducing weight loss by 1% has the potential to save the cattle industry several thousand dollars per load on shrink alone, not including the health benefits. Accomplishment: (MO) Swine studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of three seasonal environments: temperate (TMP), cold stress (CS), and heat stress (HS), two on-farm handling intensities: conventional (CONV) and passive (PAS), two transport stocking densities: tight and loose, and two lairage lengths: 45min and 3h, on digestive tract temperature, pork quality, and blood serum cortisol levels. Impact: During times of heat stress, pigs should be kept in lairage less than 3h to improve animal welfare and lean quality. Plans for the Coming Year Established Collaborations: 1. Terry Mader (NE) will collaborate with John Gaughan (Australia) to study the effects of betain in feedlot cattle. 2. Anne Parkhurst (NE), John Gaughan (Australia), and Bob Collier (AZ) will be studying the effects of ignoring hysteresis in regards to respiration rate, body temperature and sweating rate when studying heat stress. 3. Don Spiers (MO) will be working with Bob Collier (AZ) to finish a textbook on Environmental Physiology in Domestic Animals. In addition, Don Spiers is working with Glenn Aiken (KY) to study fescue toxicosis and heat stress. 4. John Arthington (FL), Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX), and Don Spiers (MO) will be working together to study cattle breed differences in response to heat stress. 5. Ted Friend (TX) and John Arthington (FL) will work together to study heat stress in cattle transported between Texas and Florida. 6. Bob Collier (AZ) and Ted Friend (TX) will be conducting heat stress audits in dairy cattle. 7. Hank Kattesh (TN) will collaborate with Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX) to study physiological measures of stress in conjunction with behavioral measures. These two researchers in addition to Don Lay (USDA-ARS, IN) will finish their work on prenatal stress in swine. 8. Peter Hillman (NY) and Chin Lee (HI) will be working with Bob Collier (AZ) to study evaporative heat loss in heat-stressed dairy cows. 9. John Arthington (FL) will be collaborating with Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS, TX) to identify and characterize the effects of early calf weaning on responses to stress. In addition, John Arthington will be working with Susan Eicher (USDA-ARS, IN) to characterize acute phase protein responses and lameness in cattle. 10. Terry Engle (CO) will be collaborating with John Arthington (FL) to evaluate the stress response of Florida raised calves which are transported to Colorado receiving yards. 11. Glen Aiken (KY) will be working with Richard Gates (KY) to study heat stress during transport of cattle and horses. 12. Susan Eicher (USDA-ARS, IN) will be collaborating with Anne Parkhurst (NE) and John Arthington (FL) to determine an early detection method of lameness in dairy cattle. Susan Eicher will also be working with Hank Kattesh (TN) to investigate potential measures of chronic stress in calves by developing an ELISA to measure bovine cortisol-binding globulin.

Publications

Refereed Journals and Peer-Reviewed Proceedings: Adcock, R.J., H. G. Kattesh, M. P. Roberts, A. M. Saxton, and J. A. Carroll. 2006. Relationships between plasma cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), and the free cortisol index (FCI) in pigs over a 24 h period. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 5(1):85-91. Bhusari, S., L.B. Hearne, D.E. Spiers, W.R. Lamberson, and E. Antoniou. 2006. Effect of fescue toxicosis on hepatic gene expression. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1600-1612. Bowers, S., Gandy, S., Graves, K., Eicher, S.D., Willard, S. 2006. The effects of prepartum milking on postpartum reproductive and production performance in first-calf dairy heifers. J. Dairy Res. 73(3):257-263. Bowers, S., S. Gandy, K. Graves, A. Moore and S. Willard. 2006. Relationships between measurements of vaginal electrical impedance, uterine involution and hormonal profiles in postpartum dairy cows. J. Anim. Vet. Advances 5(7): 552-558. Bowers, S., S. Gandy, K. Graves, S. Eicher and S.T. Willard. 2006. The effects of prepartum milking on postpartum reproductive and production performance in first-calf dairy heifers. J. Dairy Research 73(3): 257-263. Bridges, T.C., R.S. Gates, J. Nienaber. 2006. Animal modeling. Chapter in Monograph for ASABE, available at www.asabe.org. Brown-Brandl, T.M., R.A. Eigenberg, G.L. Hahn, J.A. Nienaber, T.L. Mader, D.E. Spiers, and A.M. Parkhurst. 2005. Analyses of thermoregulatory responses of feeder cattle exposed to simulated heat waves. Int. J. Biometeorol. 49 285-296. Cammack, K.M., D.E. Spiers, P.A. Eichen, and W.R. Lamberson. 2005. Relationships between body temperature and performance traits in heat-stressed rats. J. Therm. Biol. 30:467-477. Carroll, J.A., E.L. Berg, T.A. Strauch, M.P. Roberts, and H.G. Kattesh. 2006. Hormonal profiles, behavioral responses and short-term growth performance following castration of pigs at 3, 6, 9, or 12 days of age. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1271-1278. Collier, R.J., C. M. Stiening, B.C. Pollard, M.J. VanBaale, L.H. Baumgard and P.M. Coussens. 2006. Use of gene expression microarrays for evaluating environmental stress tolerance at the cellular level. J. Anim. Sci. 2006. 84(E. Suppl.):E1E13. Collier, R.J., G.E. Dahl and M.J. VanBaale. 2006. Major Advances Associated with Environmental Effects on Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci. Centenial Issue J. Dairy Sci. 89:1244-1253. Eicher, S.D., H.W. Cheng, A.D. Sorrells, and M.M. Schutz. 2006. Short Communications: Behavioral and Physiological Indicators of Sensitivity or Chronic Pain Following Tail-docking. J. Dairy Sci. 89:3047-3051. Green, A.R., R.S. Gates and L.M. Lawrence. 2005. Measurement of horse core body temperature. J. Thermal Biol. 30(1):370-377. Harris, M.J., E.A. Pajor, A.D. Sorrells, S.D. Eicher, B.T. Richert, and J.N. Marchant-Forde. 2006. Effects of stall or small group gestation housing on the production, health and behaviour of gilts. Livest. Prod. Sci. 102:171-179. Hillman, P.E., C.N. Lee and S.T. Willard. 2005. Body temperature versus microclimate selection in heat stressed dairy cows. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 48(2): 795-801. Koch, J.M., Moritz, J.S., Lay, Jr., D.C., Wilson, M.E. 2005. Melengestrol acetate in experimental diets as an effective alternative to induce a decline in egg production and reversible regression of the reproductive tract in laying hens i. Determining an effective concentration of MGA. Poult. Sci. 84:1750-1756. Koch, J.M., Mortiz, J.S., Smith, D.L., Lay, Jr., D.C., Wilson, M.E. 2005. Melengestrol acetate as an effective alternative to induce a decline in egg production and reversible regression of the reproductive tract in laying hens ii. Effects on post molt egg quality. Poult. Sci. 84:1757-1762. Krawczel, P.D., T.H. Friend, and A. Windom. 2006. Stereotypic behavior of circus tigers: Effects of performance. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 95:189-198. Mader, T. L., M.S. Davis, and T. Brown-Brandl. 2006. Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84:712-719. Mader, T.L. and W. M. Kreikemeier. 2006. Effects of growth-promoting agents and season on blood metabolites and body temperature in heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1030-1037. Montross, M. D., G.A. Duncan and R.S. Gates. 2006. Development and testing of a low-cost condensation testing system. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 22(4):603-608. Sang, Y., B. Ramanathan, J.E. Minton, C.R. Ross, and F. Blecha. 2006. Porcine liver-expressed antimicrobial peptides, hepcidin and LEAP-2: cloning and induction by bacterial infection. Dev. Comp Immunol. 30:357-366. Settivari, R.S., S. Bhusari, T. Evans, P.A. Eichen, L.B. Hearne, E. Antoniou, and D.E. Spiers. 2006. Genomic analysis of the impact of fescue toxicosis on hepatic function. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1279-1294. Sink, T.D., R.J. Strange, H.G. Kattesh, and A.G. Mathew. 2006. Linking stress to increased mortality of channel catfish at varying concentrations of Edwardsiella ictaluri. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 5(3):208-214. Skjolaas, K.A., T.E. Burkey, S.S. Dritz, and J.E. Minton. 2006. Effects of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium (ST) and Choleraesuis (SC) on chemokine and cytokine expression in swine ileum and jejunal epithelial cells. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath. 111:199-209. Sorrells, A.D., Eicher, S.D., Scott, K.A., Harris, M.J., Pajor, E.A., Lay Jr, D.C., Richert, B.T. 2006. Post-natal behavioral and physiological responses of piglets from gilts housed individually or in groups during gestation. J. Anim. Sci. 84:757-766. Spiers, D.E., P.A. Eichen, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2005. A model of fescue toxicosis: Responses of rats to intake of endophyte-infected tall fescue. J. Anim. Sci.. 83:1423-1434. Willard, S.T., T. Dickerson, R. Dodson, A. Weis and R.W. Godfrey. 2006. Administration of 6-Methoxybenzoxazolinone (MBOA) in conjunction with PMSG does not augment superovulatory responses in St. Croix White ewes. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 93: 280-291. Xiao C, J Sartin, JJ Mulchahey, T Segar, S Sheriff, JP Herman, JW Kasckow. 2006. Aging associated changes in amygdalar corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and CRH-binding protein in Fisher 344 rats. Brain Res. 1073-1074:325-331. Meeting Abstracts: Bhusari S., L. B. Hearne, D. E. Spiers, W. R. Lamberson and E. Antoniou. 2006. The added effects of heat stress on alterations in murine hepatic gene expression associated with fescue toxicosis. The Toxicologist 90 (1): 287. Brown, K.R., R.D. Goodband, M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz, J.L. Nelssen, J.E. Minton, D.M. Grieger, J.C. Woodworth, and B.J. Johnson. 2006. Effects of L-carnitine and gestation length on growth factor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in maternal tissues. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):50. Brown, K.R., R.D. Goodband, M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz, J.L. Nelssen, J.E. Minton, J.C. Woodworth, and B.J. Johnson. 2006. Influence of L-carnitine on gilt and fetal growth characteristics at three gestation lengths. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):74. Brown-Brandl, T.M., D.D. Jones, J.B. Gaughan. Modelling the Components of Livestock Stress for Precision Animal Management. ASABE Conference Paper #064204. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. Burgos, R. L.J. Odens, R.J. Collier, L.H. Baumgard and M.J. VanBaale. 2006. Evaluation of Advanced Dairy Systems shade tracker fans and Korral Kool coolers on lactating dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl.1):399. Carr, C. C., D. J. Newman, M. M. Brandt, E. K. Burger, M. H. Ryan, I. P. Shann, D. H. Keisler, and E. P. Berg. 2006. Effect of pre-harvest stressors on digestive tract temperature, lean quality and blood cortisol level of market pigs. 59th Reciprocal Meats Conference. Univ. Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Curley, K.O., J. Lyons, M.S. Brown, T.E. Lawence, J.A. Carroll, R.C. Vann, S.T. Willard, T.H. Welsh and R.D. Randel. 2006. Influence of breed type and temperament on anatomic and endocrinologic parameters of the bovine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):353. Davis, J.D. 2006. Watching Like a Hawk. Resource Magazine 13(3):12-16. Davis, J.D., H. Xin, J.D. Harmon. Development and Analysis of Novel Method to Remotely Monitor Water Consumption in Ruminant Livestock. Paper for the 2006 ASABE International Meeting, Paper #064011, July 9-12. Portland, OR. Davis, J.D., M.J. Darr, H. Xin and J.D. Harmon. Construction of a Low-Cost GPS Herd Activity and Welfare Kit (GPS HAWK) for Livestock Monitoring. Paper for the 2006 ASABE International Meeting, Paper #064010, July 9-12. Portland, OR. Dos Santos, A.R., S.T. Willard, R.C. Vann and B. Macoon. 2006. Relationships between endocrine status, temperament, growth and carcass traits in replacement beef heifers supplemented with dietary fat. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1):56. Eicher, S.D., Johnson, T.A., Marchant Forde, J.N. 2006. Age at transport effects on behavioral responses in dairy calves to novel stimuli. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):305. Haan, M., J. Russell, J.D. Davis, D. Morrical, D. Strohbehn, and W. Powers. 2006. Effect of grazing management on cattle distribution patterns and implications on water quality. Paper for the Third National Conference on Grazing Lands. Dec. 10-13. St. Louis, MO. Heilman, R.M., P.A. Eichen, L.E. Wax, T. Bramble, G.E. Rottinghaus, and D.E. Spiers. 2006. Partial reduction of fescue toxicosis during heat stress using a supplemental yeast cell wall polymer. 39th Midwestern Sectional Animal Science Meeting, Des Moines, IA. Hildabrand, B.M., T.E. Burkey, K. A. Skjolaas, S. S. Dritz, B. J. Johnson, and J. E. Minton. 2006. Growth performance of nursery pigs fed BIOSAF® yeast alone or in combination with in-feed antimicrobial. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):77. Hildabrand, B.M., T.E. Burkey, K. A. Skjolaas, S. S. Dritz, B. J. Johnson, and J. E. Minton. 2006. Growth performance of nursery pigs fed BIOSAF® in combination with in-feed antimicrobials. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):77. Huang, Q., A. M. Parkhurst, T.M. Brown-Brandl, R.A. Eigenberg, J.A. Nienaber. 2006. Evaluating linear and nonlinear models for the response rate of four breeds of heat stressed feedlot heifers, Paper presented at Proc. 18th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Kirch, B. H., G. E. Aiken, and D. E. Spiers. 2006. Temperature influences upon vascular dynamics as measured by Doppler ultrasonography. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl.1):212. Koch, J.M., Moritz, J.S., Lay Jr, D.C., Wilson, M.E. 2005. Effect of melengestrol acetate (mga) as an alternative to induce molting on egg quality. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 2):22. Koch, J.M., Moritz, J.S., Lay Jr, D.C., Wilson, M.E. 2005. Effect of melengestrol acetate (mga) on the production of yolk proteins by the liver. Poult. Sci. Assoc. Meeting Abst. 84(1):44. Kojima, C.J., P.E. Roberson, M.P. Roberts, T. Sun, and H.G. Kattesh. 2006. Effects of exogenous porcine somatotropin and transportation on physiological parameters in weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1):89. Lee, C.N., P. E. Hillman, R. Collier, and K. Gebremedhin. 2006. Physiological responses of Holstein cows (white or black hair coat) under different solar loads: An environmental chamber study. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 89(Suppl.1):212. McGee, M., K. Curley, R. Randel, D. Neuendorff, T. Welsh, A. Musselwhite, K. Kelly-Quagliana and S. Willard. 2006. Relationships between heifer temperament indices and fecal immunoreactive corticoid determinations. American Society of Animal Science Southern Section Meeting, Orlando, FL, February, 2006. Moulton, E. Williams, P. Ryan, D. Moore, S. Kim, D. Lay and S. Willard. 2006. Detection of photonic emissions with varying concentrations of Salmonella typhimurium-lux through porcine intestinal tissue: A comparison of two photonic imaging systems. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1):349. Moulton, K., E . Williams, F. Lovell, P. Ryan, D. Lay, D. Jansen and S. Willard. 2005. A comparison of optical clearing agents to enhance photonic detection of Salmonella through pig skin. American Society for Cell Biology, December, 10 14, 2005. Moulton, K., S. Willard, P. Ryan, D. Christiansen, C. Klauser and W. Bennett. 2006. Bioluminescence imaging and hormonal profiles in late gestation ewes following intrauterine inoculation with lux-modified Escherichia coli. American Society of Animal Science Southern Section Meeting, Orlando, FL, February, 2006. Obese FY, FC Buonomo, BK Whitlock, JL Sartin. Opioid agonist modulation of long term food intake in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl 1):31. Purswell, J.L., R.S. Gates, L.M. Lawrence, J.D. Jacob, T.S. Stombaugh and R.J. Coleman. 2006. Air exchange rate in a horse trailer during road transport. Transactions of the ASAE 49(1):193-201. Qiu, X., J.D. Arthington, D. Riley, C.C. Chase, Jr., W. Phillips, and S. Coleman. 2006. Effect of breed on acute phase protein response to weaning and transport in beef calves. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):13-14. Qiu, X., R. Cooke, E. Pereira, G. Marquezini, J. Vendramini, C. Chase, S. Coleman, and J.D. Arthington. 2005. Effects of pre-weaning management on the acute phase protein response of transported beef steers during a 30-d feedlot receiving period. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):172. Ryan, P., K. Moulton, S. Willard, J. Crouch, D. Sykes, D. Christiansen, and W. Bennett. 2005. Experimentally-Induced Placentitis in Late Gestation Ewes and Mares: Evaluation of Pathogen Progression using Lux-modified Bacteria and Bioluminescence Imaging. Havemeyer Workshop in Hilton Head, SC; November 9-11th, 2005. Ryan, P.L., Crouch J., Moulton K., Willard S.T., Christiansen D.L., Bennett, W.A., LeBlanc M,M. 2006. Evaluation of pathogen progression during experimentally-induced placentitis in the late gestation mare and ewe using lux-modified Escherichia coli and bioluminescence imaging technology. Proceedings 22nd Annual Alltech Symposium, Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industry, Lexington, KY. Sampson, J. D., D. E. Spiers, and J. N. Spain. 2006. Effect of feeding whole soybeans on thermal balance and fatty acid profiles on early lactation cows during heat stress. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1):68. Sampson, J. D., R. P. Rhoads, R. J. Tempelman, S. S. Sipkovsky, P. M. Coussens, M. C. Lucy, J. N. Spain, and D. E. Spiers. 2006. Effect of feeding whole soybeans on hepatic gene expression in lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl.1):71. Schenck, E.L., D.C. Lay Jr., H.G. Kattesh, J.E. Cunnick, M.J. Daniels, M.J. Toscano, and K.A. McMunn. 2006. The effects of prenatal stress on the ano-genital distance and growth hormone immuno-positive cells in the pituitary gland of the pig. J. 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Impact Statements

See accomplishment section.