Annual/Termination Reports:

[12/01/2003] [05/19/2004] [03/03/2005] [12/22/2005]

Report Information

Participants

Les Domier l.domier@uiuc.edu
Anne Dorrance dorrance.1@osu.edu
John Hill johnhill@iastate.edu
James Kurle kurle001@umn.edu
Les Lane llane/@unl.edu
Marie A.C. Langham marie_langham@sdstate.edu
Roberto Micheletti micheluttir@agr.gc.ca
Berlin Nelson Berlin.Nelson@ndsu.nodak.edu
Jim Schoelz schoelzj@missouri.edu
Steve Slack (AA) oardc@osu.edu
Albert Tenuta albert.tenuta@omaf.gov.on.Ca
Sue Tolin stolin@vt.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

Chair John Hill called the meeting to order, and introductions of all members and quests were made. The first order of business was to elect new officers. Marie Langham was nominated and elected by majority vote to serve as Secretary for the committee. Les Lane was nominated and unanimously elected to serve as Vice Chair and to become the next chair. A suggestion was made to have two e-mail listings: one with official members only and a second one with members and other interested parties.



Chair Hill (Iowa) started the meeting by discussing the two principal soybean viruses, bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) and soybean mosaic virus (SMV). BPMV, an approach for a short-term control measure, may be found by looking for reduced antigen load in the seed as opposed to looking at the foliar antigen load. Craig Grau (Wisconsin) and Chair Hill have been studying an approach to determine the antigen load in the seed. Companies favor selection of high yielding and low mottling soybean lines. However, this could favor the selection of a Typhoid Mary. Development of a virus index number might prevent this. For SMV, the RSV1 resistance gene is affective; however, this gene has a two tiered mode of action of with extreme resistance and hypersensitive reaction. Selection pressure on virus isolates has produced isolates with modified responses to this resistance. Les Domier (Illinois) inquired about experiments that were underway on BPMV transgenic resistance. Some research that was effective against BPMV (#2) was cited as being done at Pioneer and Monsanto. However, the history of companies dropping projects was cited as a problem to the control of these viruses. Chair Hill stated that the companies would have to play a role in the control of these viruses due to the problem of seed infection or contamination.



Les Domier began his report by reminding everyone of Glen Hartmans presentation the previous day and their collaboration with the Illinois Natural History Survey. Through this program, they surveyed for bean leaf beetles and soybean aphids and collected plant samples for testing. Samples taken from every county with high BPMV incidence had not demonstrated a connection between Green stem and BPMV. Crosses are being done with low and high green stem incidence lines. Cage studies to evaluate the soybean aphid resistance of soybean cultivars are underway. Surveys were also done for Luetoviruses in soybean and legumes, but soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) has not been found. Discussion of the vectors for SbDV in the US and Japan followed. Les continued with a summary of their work with tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) including seed to seed passage to promote seed transmissibility. Les Lane (Nebraska) inquired about old varieties with green stem. Was the rate the same or is this the result of a new susceptibility, cultural practices, or chemicals? Would older varieties that seemed to have lower green stem have the same level of green stem if they were planted today under todays practices? Discussion followed on the impact of environmental stresses on virus and on the publication of data from environmental stresses research in on-line journals where the publication of climate-based research could be received favorably.



Les Lane discussed the research in Nebraska that Loren Geisler and he had in progress. Lorens research included date of planting studies, field-testing of common soybean breeding lines and the top ten commercial varieties, and levels of insecticide. Les had been focusing on TRSV that had been found in Nebraska. Its symptomalogy varied from the classical bud blight. It will skip local lesions and become systemic. He intends to inoculate this strain to different soybean varieties. Chair Hill reminded everyone of the Plant Health Initiative website that would have space for the posting of evaluation research and the ability to indicate how it was done.



Berlin Nelson (North Dakota) contributed that during the past two years, they had surveyed 150 fields for BPMV, SMV, alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and tobacco streak virus (TSV). There were no positives found.



Roberto Micheletti (Canada) reported that this was the second year of a continuing survey for plant viruses in soybean. SMV, BPMV, TRSV, and AMV were found. SMV, BPMV, and TRSV had been found previously in soybean in Canada, but this is the first identification of AMV. TRSV was found in sixteen samples, SMV was diagnosed in thirteen samples, and twenty plants were positive for BPMV. Seed testing for BPMV and SMV from various soybean lines found only one positive test for SMV. Ninety-three bean leaf beetles tested for BPMV were found not to be positive. Discussion on the location of BPMV, SMV, and TRSV in the seed suggested varied locations for the different viruses and in different plants.



Jim Schoelz (Missouri) discussed the work done with Laura Sweets. All soybean samples positive for virus this year were BPMV with the exception of one that was positive for TRSV. Heavy beetle populations were present. One sample of AMV-infected Medicago was found. Sue Tolin (Virginia) commented that inoculating clovers were different and sometimes difficult. Marie Langham (South Dakota) commented about spreader rows.



Sue Tolin (Virginia) reported on genes that were introduced into Essex, resistance breaking in Hutchinson, field inoculations of SMV and BPMV, and dual inoculations.



Marie Langham (South Dakota) summarized studies on trials of inoculation techniques, insecticide trials for control of BPMV through control of the bean leaf beetle, and evaluations of soybean experimental lines and cultivars.



Steve Slack (Ohio) joined the group to discuss the websites, requirements of the committee, mailing lists, Appendix E, and members. He also addressed his role as administrator of the committee. His e-mail address is oardc@osu.edu.



Suggestions were made about soliciting the contributions of others, and the meeting was closed.

Accomplishments

Viral diseases have rapidly developed into major threats to soybean production in the North Central Region. The predominant viruses found in the North Central Region are: Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tobacco streak virus (TSV) and Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). Variation in the virus incidence and the predominant virus changes across the region. For example, BPMV occurs at higher incidence in Nebraska and South Dakota than in Wisconsin. Virus incidence across the region also directly varies with the vector population required for transmission of the virus. For example, higher populations of bean leaf beetle in Wisconsin during this period led to a higher than average incidence of BPMV. Research continues on elucidating field epidemiology, determining seed transmission, increasing basic knowledge of the viruses, and developing methods of increasing host plant resistance through evaluation or transformation.<br /> <br>State reports are available as additional attachmenets in NIMSS.

Publications

Giesler, L. J., Ghabrial, S. A., Hunt, T. E., and Hill, J. H. 2002. Bean pod mottle virus. A threat to U.S. soybean production. Plant Disease 86:1280-1289. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Gu. H., Clark, A. J., de Sa, P. B., Pfeiffer, T. W., and Ghabrial, S. A. (2002). Genetic diversity among isolates of Bean pod mottle virus. Phytopathology 92:446-452.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Koning, G., TeKrony, D. M., Ghabrial, S. A., and Pfeiffer, T. W. (2002). Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and the SMV resistance gene (Rsv1): influence on Phomopsis Spp. seed infection in an aphid-free environment. Crop Sci. 42:178-185.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Giesler, L. J., Ghabrial, S. A., Hunt, T. E., and Hill, J. H. (2002). Bean pod mottle virus: A threat to U.S. soybean production. Plant Disease 86:in press. Feature Article<br /> <br><br /> <br>Wang, R. Y., and Ghabrial, S. A. (2002). Effect of aphid behavior on efficiency of transmission of Soybean mosaic virus by the soybean- colonizing aphid, Aphis glycines. Plant Disease 86: 1260-1264.

Impact Statements

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Report Information

Participants

Glen Hartman (IL), John Hill (IA), Loren Giesler (NE), Marie A.C. Langham (SD), Roberto Micheletti (Ontario), Laura Sweets (MO), Berlin Nelson (ND), Craig Grau (WI), Marty Draper (SD), Erick DeWolf (PN), Kitty Cardwell (CSREES), Steve Slack (AA-OH)

Brief Summary of Minutes

The NCR-200 business meeting began on February 15, 2004 at 7:00 PM in the Geneva Room of the Sheraton Hotel in St. Louis, MO. Chair John Hill (IA) called the meeting to order and introduced the members of the committee The agenda for the meeting was distributed. Additions or changes to the agenda were called for by Chair Hill. No changes were offered, and the agenda was accepted by proclamation.



The first order of business was changes in the committee membership. These included the following: removal of Les Lane (NE), the removal of Larry Pedigo (IA), the addition of Said Gabrial (KY) whose paperwork to join the committee had been completed during the past year, and the addition of Loren Giesler (NE) to replace Les Lane.



Committee officers were considered as the next item. Les Land had been the current Vice Chair (Chair Elect) and was to assume the Chair position at the end of this meeting. Secretary Marie Langham (SD) offered the motion to have Loren Giesler replace Les Lane as Vice Chair since he was assuming his role on the committee. This was seconded by Glen Hartman (IL). The motion was approved by unanimous vote, and Loren will assume the role of Chair at the end of the 2004 meeting. The position of incoming Vice Chair (Chair Elect) remained to be filled. Glen Hartman volunteered for nomination to the Vice Chair position. No other nominations were offered, and Glen Hartman was elected Vice Chair by acclamation. Secretary Langham reminded everyone that the governance statement for NCR-200 (in accordance with current guidelines) states that all officers are elected to a minimum of a two year term for continuity and that this differs from some previously established committees. Election of officers was closed as the term of Secretary Langham ends with the 2005 meeting.



The next item for consideration was the time and location of the next meeting. Chair Hill stated that a suggestion had been made to move the annual meeting of the NCR-200 to coincide with the NCRSP meeting at Ames, Iowa. The following were listed as reason for moving the meeting:

? Joint attendance of both meetings by members of the committee and presentation of state reports for both

? Attendance of other researchers at the NCRSP meeting

? Conflict with the attendance of NCR-200, NCR-137, and NCR-504 meetings by members who are on both committees

? The need for development of the NCR-200 committee?s unique role and contributions



Administrator Steve Slack (OH) stated that this committee had needed to meet jointly with the NCR-137 in order to develop in its first years, but now, the NCR-200 needed to develop its individuality. He believed that moving the meeting would be a positive step towards its development. He also included that the committee now had its identity in place and was at a critical juncture in its further development. The issue of the next meeting falling in the same calendar year as this meeting was raised. Administrator Slack stated that the NC and NCR committees follow the same calendar year as the Federal budget. Thus, the next meeting occurring in November will place it the 2005 fiscal year. Vice Chair Giesler offered a motion to move the NCR-200 annual meeting to Ames, IA and coincide with the NCRSP meeting. The motion was seconded by Glen Hartman and was unanimously approved.



Discussion of the NCR-200 2002 report and review was the next item. Dr. John Andrews had written some suggestions to the committee for improving its state reports based on observations that he had made during the committee review. Discussion about state reports continued, and it was decided that the Chair would write the state reports and the Secretary would do the minutes rather than have one person responsible for all. In the discussion of state reports, the following items were highlighted:

? Pictures for the report were requested.

? A motion to replace the previous set of objectives with a new set written by Chair John Hill was made by Vice Chair Loren Giesler and seconded by Glen Hartman. The motion was approved.

? Publications from the NCR-200 group should be included in the state report. Production practice or extension based publications should be included, but under the subheading technology transfer.

? More discussion about outcomes, impacts, and accomplishments is needed in future reports.

? Evidence of collaboration should be highlighted.



State reports were presented in written format in order to focus the remaining time on reports of a new virus from Wisconsin presented by Craig Grau (WI). Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) was identified from Wisconsin surveys. It was identified in five counties. The samples had been collected during summer surveys and were identified during testing of AgDia?s new soybean dwarf virus ELISA kit. The plants had been frozen and lost some of their visual characteristics. However, soybean dwarf virus is reported to resemble Banvel injury. There are two strains: dwarf and yellow. The samples were sent to Les Domier for further analysis using his PCR technique for SbDV. The GPS coordinates for the fields indicated that they were in the Southern third of Wisconsin and four were in counties on the border. Discussion followed on whether or not there should be a pest alert for state plant disease clinics. Kitty Cardwell stated that this could be handled as an emerging disease and could be handled in several ways. Discussion followed on whether or not this could be used as a pest alert until Chair Hill ended discussion by noting that the meeting time was over. A motion was made to close the meeting, seconded, and passed by acclamation.

Accomplishments

The objectives of the NCR200 committee as adopted at the annual meeting on February 15, 2004 are as follows.<br /> <br>1. Identify viruses that cause major economic loss of soybeans in the North Central States. Develop test methods for identification and determine distribution.<br /> <br>2. Develop approaches (classical and molecular) to evaluate/screen soybean cultivar/germplasm for resistance to diseases caused by significant viruses.<br /> <br>3. Study epidemiology of major soybean viruses in the North Central States.<br /> <br>4. Identify insect vectors of major soybean viruses in the North Central States and study the ecology of important insect vectors.<br /> <br>5. Develop management tactics for control of diseases caused by significant soybean viruses in the North Central States.<br /> <br>6. Communicate results of research to stakeholders.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Ongoing monitoring efforts on soybean virus incidence have resulted in specific viruses being identified as significant production problems for producers in the region. One major accomplishment of this committee is the exchange of viral incidence data and information on the occurrence of new viruses. An example of this is the discovery of Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) in Wisconsin and the development of ideas to survey for this disease when symptomatic plants are observed in the 2004 growing season. In 2004, symptomatic plant samples will be assayed for SbDV in the region.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Several cooperating states have soybean breeding programs as a part of their land-grant university. The discussion and presentation of data regarding germplasm evaluation is resulting in improvements in screening methods. As committee activities continue the development of standardized methods for germplasm evaluation for soybean viral disease tolerance/resistance will evolve.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Members of the NCR200 committee continue to coordinate research and extension efforts in managing soybean viral diseases. Cooperative projects with entomologist with many committee members and presentation/discussion of results is resulting is improving research efforts in cooperating states. Both identification of new vectors and ecological studies of said vectors have resulted for committee member projects.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Committee members also strive for excellence in the development of management programs for commonly encountered viral diseases in the region and effectively utilize technology transfer tools to educate soybean growers and commercial agricultural advisors. Sharing of the results of management studies also occurs at annual meetings and directly impacts the recommendation extension specialists make in cooperating states or results in the development of new approached to research on management of soybean viruses.<br /> <br><br /> <br>In addition to coordinated efforts by committee members, the following accomplishments were reported for individual states.<br /> <br>Illinois: Aphid resistance in soybean was identified. The resistant lines were characterized genetically and phenotypically. These sources of aphid resistance will be useful in developing soybean cultivars with reduced primary damage from aphid feeding and secondary effects from virus infection. <br /> <br>Iowa: Short term strategies, focused on the beetle vector, have been developed for management of Bean pod mottle virus in soybeans.<br /> <br>Nebraska: Study to determine the yield reduction of Bean pod mottle virus was performed with 33 of the top market share commercial varieties. The average reduction was 18% and varieties were found to respond differently. Management studies are ongoing to determine the appropriate action for Nebraska soybean producers.<br /> <br>Ohio: Bean pod mottle virus significantly decreased yield when it was inoculated on unifoliates of soybean lines in field studies during 2001 and 2003.<br /> <br>South Dakota: Spray inoculation of soybeans at high air pressures was not significantly different from hand inoculation in causing yield reduction. Yield losses up to 56.6% were identified in inoculated soybean experimental lines or cultivars.

Publications

Domier, L.L., Latorre, I.J., Steinlage, T.A., McCoppin, N., and Hartman, G.L. 2003. Variability and transmission of Aphis glycines of North American and Asian soybean mosaic virus isolates. Arch. Virol. 148:1925-1941.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hajimorad, M. R., Eggengerger, A. L., and Hill, J. H. 2003. Evolution of Soybean mosaic virus-G7 molecularly cloned genome in Rsv1-genotype soybean results in emergence of a mutant capable of evading Rsv1-mediated recognition. Virology 314:497-509.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hobbs, H.A., Hartman, G.L., Wang, Y., Hill, C.B., Bernard, R.L., Pedersen, W.L., and Domier, L.L.. 2003. Occurrence of seed coat mottling in soybean plants inoculated with Bean pod mottle virus and Soybean mosaic virus. Plant Dis. 87:1333-1336.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Krell, R. K., Bradshaw, J. D., Rice, M. E., Hill, J. H., Pedigo, L. P., and Westgate, M. E. 2002. Management of bean leaf beetles and bean pod mottle virus: a summary of current and future research. Proc. 14th Ann ICM Conf. ISU. pp. 89-98.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Krell, R. K., Pedigo, L. P., Hill, J. H., and Rice, M. E. 2003. Potential primary inoculum sources of Bean pod mottle virus in Iowa. Plant Disease 87:1416-1422.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Krell, R. K., Rice, M. E., Hill, J. H., and Pedigo, L. P. 2002. Early-season management of bean leaf beetle and bean pod mottle virus. ICM Newsletter 488 (7) : 57-58.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Krell, R. K., Wilson, T. A., Pedigo, L. P., and Rice, M. E. 2003. Characterization of bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) flight capacity. J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 76:406-416.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Mabry, T.R., H.A. Hobbs, T.A. Steinlage, B.B. Johnson, W.L. Pedersen, J.L. Spencer, E. Levine, S.A. Isard, L.L. Domier, and G.L. Hartman. 2003. Distribution of leaf-feeding beetles and Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) in Illinois and transmission of BPMV in soybean. Plant Dis. 87:1221-1225.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Steinlage. T. A., Hill, J. H., and Nutter, Jr., F. W. 2002. Temporal and spatial spread of soybean mosaic virus (SMV) in soybeans transformed with the coat protein gene of SMV. Phytopathology 92:478-486.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Werner, B. J., Krell, R. K., Pedigo, L. P., and Hill, J. H. 2003. The soybean leaf miner (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as a vector of Bean pod mottle virus. J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 76:643-644.<br /> <br><br /> <br>In Press<br /> <br>Hill, C.B., Y. Li, and G.L. Hartman. 2004. Resistance of Glycine species and various cultivated legumes to the soybean aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. of Econ. Entomol. (in press)<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hill, C.B., Y. Li, and G.L. Hartman. 2004. Resistance to the soybean aphid in soybean germplasm. Crop Sci. (in press)<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hill. J. H. Soybean. 2004. In: Impact of Plant Virus Diseases on Crops in Developing Countries. (eds) G. Loebenstein and G. Thottappilly. (in press).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Krell, R. K., Pedigo, L. P., Hill, J. H., and Rice, M. E. 2004. Bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) management for reduction of bean pod mottle virus. J. Econ. Ent. (in press).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Li, Y., C.B. Hill, and G.L. Hartman. 2004. The effect of three resistant soybean genotypes on the fecundity, mortality, and maturation of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. of Econ. Entomol. (in press)<br /> <br><br /> <br>Wang, Y., H.A. Hobbs, C.B. Hill, L.L. Domier, G.L. Hartman, and R.L. Nelson. Evaluation of ancestral lines of U.S. soybean cultivars for resistance to four soybean viruses. Crop Sci. (in press)<br /> <br><br /> <br>Technology Transfer<br /> <br>Plant Health Initiative website. Several pages of soybean virus information. URL address: http://www.planthealth.info/BLB/blb.htm<br /> <br><br /> <br>Bradshaw, J. D., Rice, M. E., and Hill, J. H. 2003. Efficacy of seed- and foliar-applied insecticides for bean leaf beetle and Bean pod mottle virus management. URL address: http://esa.ent.iastate.edu/stories/storyReader$159<br /> <br><br /> <br>Bradshaw, J. D., Rice, M. E., and Hill, J. H. 2002. Efficacy of thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and lambda-cyhalothrin for managing bean leaf beetles and bean pod mottle virus. Entomological Society of America. URL address: http://esa.confex.com/esa/htsearch.cgi?words=bradshaw&action=search&formaction=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.confex.com%2Fesa%2Fhtsearch.cgi&meetingid=2&dir=techprogram&override=&exclude=&config=&method=and&sort=score<br /> <br><br /> <br>Dorhout, D. L., Krell, R. K., Pedigo, L. P., and Hill, J. H. 2002. The effect of bean pod mottle virus inoculation at various growth stages on soybean seed discoloration and yield. North Central Branch of the Entomological Society of America. URL address: http://esa.ent.iastate.edu/confreg/?gridaction=viewonepresentation&year=2002&presnum=055&q=hill<br /> <br>Giesler, L. J. 2003. TRSV virus may be causing late-season green soybean plants. Crop Watch Newsletter. Oct. 23, 2003. <br /> <br>Giesler, L.J. 2004. Major soybean viruses vectored by insects. Crop Watch Newsletter. Apr. 23, 2004.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hill, J. H., Krell, R., Rice, M. E., and Pedigo, L. P. 2003. Control of bean pod mottle virus through vector management. North Central Branch of the Entomological Society of America. URL address http://esa.ent.iastate.edu/confreg/ <br /> <br><br /> <br>Langham, M. A. C., and Cihlar, C. C. 2004. Bean pod mottle virus in the Midwest--A known pathogen becomes a new problem. The Plant Health Instructor. News and Views. Feb., 2004. http://www.apsnet.org/education/K-12PlantPathways/NewsViews/Top.html<br /> <br><br /> <br>Krell, R. K., Pedigo, L. P., Hill, J. H., and Rice, M. E. 2002. Evaluation of a management tactic for bean pod mottle virus. North Central Branch of the Entomological Society of America. URL address: http://esa.ent.iastate.edu/confreg/?gridaction=viewonepresentation&year=2002&presnum=027&q=hill<br /> <br><br /> <br>Krell, R. K., Pedigo, L. P., Hill, J. H., Westgate, M. E., and Rice, M. E. 2002. Evaluation of a cultural tactic for bean pod mottle virus management. Entomological Society of America. URL address: http://esa.confex.com/esa/htsearch.cgi?words=krell&action=search&formaction=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.confex.com%2Fesa%2Fhtsearch.cgi&meetingid=2&dir=techprogram&over<br /> <br><br /> <br>Werner, B. J., Krell, R. K., and Pedigo, L. P. 2002. New host plant and vector relationships for Bean pod mottle virus. North Central Branch of the Entomological Society of America. On-line publication D108. URL address: http://esa.ent.iastate.edu/stories/storyReader$102

Impact Statements

1. Discussion on the occurrence of soybean viruses throughout the U.S. results in increased awareness of potential threats in cooperating states. This can directly impact our ability to identify and mitigate new viral disease as they occur as a result of inadvertent introduction or natural shifts in virulence.
2. Evaluation of germplasm and the development of tolerant or resistance germplasm will result in the ability of variety selection to be a key management tool for producers. In studies conducted by cooperating committee members, yield reduction for Bean pod mottle virus was identified at 18% in Nebraska and as high as 57% in South Dakota. For this virus alone a significant economic return will be made for producers when tolerant soybean varieties are developed.
3. Understanding the epidemiology of important viruses affecting soybean production will result in the improvement of management strategies throughout the region.
4. The ability to educate soybean producers and commercial agriculture advisors is directly related to the information exchange among states and the cooperative efforts in the development of technology transfer media pieces. Committee members have developed key electronic recourses (i.e.  NCSRP Plant Health Initiative Website pages), fact sheets, new releases and training events at winter programs and field days. These trainings materials result in improved management of viral diseases and mitig

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Report Information

Participants

Jeff Bradshaw not given
Les Domier ldomier@uiuc.edu
Al Eggenberger ale@iastate.edu
Loren Giesler lgiesler1@UNL.edu
Reza Hajimorad not given
John Hill johnhill@iastate.edu
Houston Hobbs not given
Marie Langham marie.langham@sdstate.edu
Ben Lockhart lockh002@umn.edu
Rouf Mian MIAN.3@osu.edu
Roberto Michelutti micheluttir@agr.gc.ca
Berlin Nelson Berlin.Nelson@ndsu.nodak.edu
Palle Pedersen palle@iastate.edu
Steven Slack (AA) oardc@osu.edu
Connie Strunk clstrunk04@yahoo.com
David Wright dwright@iasoybeans.com
Amy Ziems aziems2@unl.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

Chair Loren Giesler called the annual meeting of the NCR-200 committee to order on Tuesday, November 9, 2004 at Ames, Iowa. The agenda for the meeting had been distributed by e-mail prior to the meeting. No objections or additions were offered, and the agenda was accepted by assent. The minutes of the previous NCR-200 meeting were distributed. John Hill offered a motion to accept the minutes. Rouf Mian seconded the motion, and the motion to accept the minutes was unanimously accepted.

Rotation of officers was the next order of business on the agenda. The terms of Chair Giesler and Secretary Marie Langham would be ending with this meeting. In accordance with previous decisions of the committee, Vice Chair Glen Hartman will move up to fill the position of chair. Nominations for the office of Vice Chair were opened. Administrator Steve Slack suggested Marie Langham to fill the position of Vice Chair. John Hill offered a motion to nominate Marie Langham for Vice Chair, and Rouf Mian seconded the motion. The motion was unanimously accepted. Nominations for the office of Secretary were opened. Marie Langham nominated Les Domier to fill the position of Secretary. Rouf Mian seconded the motion, and the motion was unanimously accepted.

Rewriting of the NCR200 committee will be required in the next year. Administrator Slack noted that the timeline required to meet the October 1, 2006 requirement would be very tight. The documents would need to be written by December 2005, and the objectives and title would need to be done by September 2005. The committee for rewriting needs to be established now, and a draft needs to be ready for a walk through by the next meeting. A committee is needed for the rewriting. Chair Giesler volunteered to serve as chair of the rewrite committee. Marie Langham and John Hill volunteered to serve on the committee. Craig Grau was nominated to serve on the committee. John Hill made a motion to establish the rewrite committee composed of the above members. Marie Langham seconded the motion, and the motion was unanimously approved.

One of the issues brought forward to be addressed by the rewrite committee is the involvement of entomologists in this committee as an interdisciplinary effort. Entomologists had been active in the beginning of this committee, but this involvement has lessened over the years as the entomologists became involved in more specialized issues and some of the entomology groups developed a different orientation. There has been a turnover in several positions, and efforts should be made to recruit new people. John Hill stated that the chairs of the NCR200, NCR137, and soybean entomology committee have traditionally gotten together at St. Louis during the meeting to discuss issues. However, now that the committees were meeting at different times, it would require more communication to establish working relationships. Funding and issues concerning the future growth of this committee were discussed, but no action was taken.

Future meetings were discussed. Chair Giesler suggested that a format discussing new and emerging viruses would be a good topic, particularly including alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and soybean dwarf virus (SbDV). The presentations could be given in the morning with state reports in the afternoon and the business meeting would be the following morning as it currently is. John Hill noted that rooms were available on the Iowa State University campus, including a high technology teaching room. He would need to put a hold on the room as soon as possible. Berlin Nelson added that a meeting on viruses would be well attended. Administrator Slack suggested that we focus on research areas that this committee is trying to support. Discussion on whether or not a meeting with the soybean breeders would be a better option was contrasted with the reasons why the committee had decided to meet at a different time and venue from the other committees. John Hill summarized the discussion by stating that if the meeting were widely advertised, people would be interested in coming to a program on new and emerging diseases. Discussion proceeded to location for next years meeting. Des Moines was discussed as a possibility, but Ames, Iowa was decided to be the most central location and the initial point for the virus workshop. Berlin Nelson suggested starting a day earlier. A motion was made by John Hill to have a program on new and emerging viruses for the meeting in Ames next year. Secretary Langham seconded this motion. It would give the committee more visibility and depth and would enhance recognition of the committee and the viruses. Dates for the meeting next year were discussed. Rouf Mian suggested that the first week in November would be too close to the ASA meeting. Chair Giesler suggested having the meeting a week earlier. It was noted that this would conflict with Halloween. Thus, October 24 and 25, 2005 were suggested as dates for the meeting. Chair Giesler asked John Hill to serve to put the program together for a mini-symposium with a focus on AMV and SbDV. David Wright asked if the Plant Health Initiative could help sponsor this symposium. Administrator Slack suggested that the maximum attendance would probably be 50 research or extension personnel.

Administrator Slack introduced the need to discuss changes in the NMISS system. The NMISS system is changing its nomenclature for committee names. Most of the NCR committees will either become NCCC or NCERA committees. The difference is primarily based on if it is a coordinating effort (NCCC) or if the committee integrates coordination, communication, research, education, and extension in its efforts (NCERA). Discussion focused on comparing the two roles. NCERA had the advantage of better fitting the ongoing functions of the current committee. Chair Giesler made a motion for the NCR-200 to become an NCERA committee. Secretary Langham seconded the motion, and the motion was unanimously accepted.

Reporting the presentations that members of the committee make was the next topic of discussion. Secretary Langham stated that this represented educational efforts that the committee was not being credited with. Administrator Slack stated that this could have a benefit when asked if this could be included. Chair Giesler stated that he already tracked the hours of presentations and numbers of people in attendance during his presentations. Administrator Slack stated that this could show more integration and that if the information is available, then it will not hurt to put it in.

Chair Giesler lead the group in a review of progress on the committees objectives. The first objective is to identify and understand the virus problem in the North Central states. Studies were to focus on virus/virus strain identification, development of rapid, sensitive detection and diagnostic techniques that will be shared among states, identification of principle insect vectors involved in dissemination, virus-vector ecology and vector seasonal dynamics, and vector transmission mechanisms. Reports of SbDV were noted. John Hill reported on antisera development. Les Domier discussed diagnostics for SbDV and the involvement of different aphid species. The second objective is based on the development and implementation of virus disease control strategies. Data is becoming available on management through the studies that are being done. This goal works well with the NCERA committee structure. Administrator Slack suggested that Chair Giesler, Secretary Langham, and John Hill coordinate this information into a publication. Chair Giesler stated that this would also fit well with Goal 3--To establish media for more effective dissemination and communication of information. Keith Smith suggested that soybean fact sheets for distribution to the states. Chair Giesler asked if it could be a regional sheet. Administrator Slack stated that it could be made into a regional sheet. Chair Giesler suggested that it be in a database where all can contribute information, but it can be downloaded and published with the state logos or stamps. This has been done in other situations. John Hill suggested that this be in a slide set. David Wright suggested that funds could be available and that Julie Meyer would be available for assistance. The slide set could come out early next year. Chair Slack suggested that one contact coordinate and get together pieces. John Hill could coordinate SMV, and Les Domier could coordinate SbDV. Administrator Slack stated it should be considered what aphid information the set would involve. David Wright stated that the critical pieces need to be planned, and the fact sheets can be printed.

Chair Giesler moved to close the formal meeting in order to discuss the possibility of a regional survey for AMV and SbDV. A motion was made to close the meeting. The motion was seconded, and the meeting adjourned to discuss the survey.

SUMMARY OF AMV AND SbDV SURVEY DISCUSSION: The goal of this survey is detect ion and identification of AMV and SbDV spread and range of in soybean fields throughout the Midwest. It would be taken from random samples and not just symptomatic plants. Processing of the samples by AGDIA would be explored as an option for diagnosis. Using crop enumerators to collect the samples was suggested, but others added that crop enumerators are not easy to work with in all states. The suggested sampling unit would be to collect two sets of ten plant samples per field. Each field would be sampled twice. It was suggested to approach Kitty Cardwell and discuss the availability of funds for this type of project. A two-year study with a unified set of protocols would be needed. Problems that were discussed included sample size, level of sensitivity, replication of samples, freezing of samples, specificity of antisera, and variability of virus within in the plant. The collection of both symptomatic and random samples for SbDV and problems with the detection of SbDV was discussed. The use of PCR for SbDV detection was raised. Les Domier is currently using SbDV monoclonals from Bob Martin that he had increased at the monoclonal center in Illinois. Other areas that were discussed for future research included: AMV-vector relationships, AMV movement in the plant, AMV strain variability, need for an AMV stock collection, a proven method of inoculating AMV, potential field losses, limited passages, using fixed versus native antigen, affected acreages, and the issue of quality and cost in doing own assays vs. having them done. John Hill stated that AMV might be a good candidate for antisera production. Ben Lockhart suggested that antisera available for AMV should be compared. John Hill summarized by saying that the objectives should be 1.) to show that it is there, 2.) determine the incidence, and 3.) establish importance.

Accomplishments

The committee continues to have ongoing monitoring efforts on soybean virus incidence. Annual meeting discussions foster the exchange of viral incidence data and information on the occurrence of new viruses. Thus far, Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) in Wisconsin and Illinois and the occurrence of Alfalfa mosaic virus in soybean has been of greatest interest. <br /> <br /> Several cooperating states have soybean breeding programs as a part of their land-grant university. The discussion and presentation of data regarding germplasm evaluation is resulting in improvements in screening methods. Committee activities continue to foster the exchange of methodology to develop standardized methods for the evaluation of germplasm for soybean viral disease tolerance/resistance. <br /> <br /> Members of the NCERA200 committee continue to coordinate research and extension efforts in managing soybean viral diseases. Cooperative projects with entomologist with many committee members and presentation/discussion of results is resulting is improving research efforts in cooperating states. Both identification of new vectors and ecological studies of said vectors have resulted for committee member projects. <br /> <br /> Committee members also strive for excellence in the development of management programs for commonly encountered viral diseases in the region and effectively utilize technology transfer tools to educate soybean growers and commercial agricultural advisors. Sharing of the results from management studies at annual meetings greatly improve the development of management guidelines for soybean producers or results in the development of new approached to research on management of soybean viruses. <br />

Publications

Zhang, C. and Ghabrial S.A. 2004. Development of Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) as vector for stable foreign gene expression in soybean. Annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Anaheim, CA.<br /> <br /> Cihlar-Strunk,C.L., M.A.C. Langham. 2004. Bean pod mottle virus effects on yield of ten soybeans lines. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 94:S19.<br /> <br /> Langham, M.A.C., C.L. Cihlar-Strunk, and A.E. Hoberg. 2004. Evaluation of high pressure spray inoculation of bean pod mottle virus on yield and test weight of soybean. (Abstr.) Phytopathology (In Press).

Impact Statements

1. 1. Discussion on the occurrence of soybean viruses throughout the U.S. results in increased awareness of potential threats in cooperating states. This can directly impact our ability to identify and mitigate new viral disease as they occur as a result of inadvertent introduction or natural shifts in virulence.
2. 2. Evaluation of germplasm and the development of tolerant or resistance germplasm will result in the ability of variety selection to be a key management tool for producers. In studies conducted by cooperating committee members, yield reduction for Bean pod mottle virus was identified at 18% in Nebraska and as high as 57% in South Dakota. For this virus alone a significant economic return will be made for producers when tolerant soybean varieties are developed.
3. 3. Understanding the epidemiology of important viruses affecting soybean production will result in the improvement of management strategies throughout the region.
4. 4. The ability to educate soybean producers and commercial agriculture advisors is directly related to the information exchange among states and the cooperative efforts in the development of technology transfer media pieces. Committee members have developed key electronic recourses (i.e. NCSRP Plant Health Initiative Website pages), fact sheets, new releases and training events at winter programs and field days. These trainings materials result in improved management of viral diseases and mitiga

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Report Information

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Summary of Minutes from the NCERA-200 Business Meeting at Ames
October 25, 2005

Agenda:
Introduction Steven Slack
Secretary election
Old business
2005 meeting minutes
Review 2005 activities
Discussion of future committee activities
New NCERA 200 proposal
Next meeting

Minutes:

Introduction. Steven Slack provided an administrative update - overview of the current status of the NCERA 200.

Secretary election. Dr. Craig Grau was elected as secretary of NCERA-200 Committee for 2006.

Old business. Minutes of the November 2004 meeting were approved. Accomplishments included: assessment of the incidence of soybean-infecting viruses within the North Central Region; evaluation of control strategies virus disease that included host resistance, cultural practices and insecticidal management of virus vector populations; and coordination of research and communication research information to soybean producers through the development of a web-based slide set on soybean virus diseases.

Discussion of future committee activities.

The rewrite and renewal of NCERA 200 was discussed.

The location and date for then NCERA200 meeting next year was set as October 30-31, 2006 in Ames, Iowa. Planning was initiated to host another meeting in 2006 with an attached symposium on virus resistance assessments, homeland security in terms of keeping out exotic viruses, and/or seed certification programs for virus detection.

See attachment for individual accomplishments by state.

Accomplishments

This project has had major impact to benefit soybean producers in the North Central United States. At the time of its inception, viral disease was epidemic in numerous regions of this area. It was apparent early on that symptoms were generally unreliable for detection and diagnosis. Further, in contrast to previous supposition, green stem does not appear to be strongly associated with infection by virus. Therefore, through extensive survey in various states the project identified BPMV, AMV, SbDV, TRSV, and TSV as present in the region. Distribution and incidence is dependent upon vector population and geographic region; although, BPMV and SMV have historically been most important. Yield suppression, ranging from 15% to as high as 80% was measured. In the case of BPMV, components of yield suppression were studied. Important to detection and identification was the development of diagnostics, which have been shared among cooperators. Nevertheless, severe deficiencies for good diagnostics still exist, primarily for AMV and SbDV in soybean.<br /> <br /> Extensive effort has been devoted to understanding virus ecology that would lead to disease control. This includes studies of insect vector biology and phenology (especially related to bean leaf beetles and the Asian soybean aphid). An almost two decade monitoring system to predict bean leaf beetle populations has been maintained at Iowa State University. Inoculum sources for BPMV were surveyed for in seed, alternate weed hosts, and overwintering bean leaf beetles. Strains of BPMV were characterized as subgroups I and II with reassortant, recombinant, and partial diploid strains that relate to symptom severity. For the short term, vector management strategies were developed to control disease caused by BPMV. Longer-term strategies for all viruses dictate the development of field tolerance and/or resistance. <br /> <br /> For BPMV, no resistance genes are known to exist in Glycine max. Research in several states has identified apparent field tolerance using varying techniques. Some field tolerance was identified in already available commercial cultivars. In other cases, it is available in introductions or breeding lines. This remains to be incorporated into commercial cultivars. Further, transgenic resistance was developed and remains to be tested in multiple locations.<br /> <br /> Previously, AMV has not been commonly isolated from soybean in the north central states. However, with the introduction of the Asian soybean aphid into the region, AMV incidence appears to be increasing significantly. It is unclear what impact this virus has for producers. Apparent resistance has been discovered in one plant introduction. However, because high variability of AMV isolates in soybean has been indicated, it is unclear how sustainable this resistance might be. Also, the first reported resistance to TSV has also been discovered. <br /> <br /> Previously, naturally occurring resistance genes to SMV had been identified as Rsv1, Rsv3, and Rsv4. Little information, however, was available concerning how they might act and consequently, it was difficult to predict their durability. Studies on how these resistance genes might work suggest durability of Rsv1. Unfortunately; it can be overcome by one SMV strain. Additional molecular studies suggest pyramiding with Rsv3 might be useful. Molecular tools using virus isolates containing marker genes may aid rapid resistance screening as may use of SMV as a transient expression vector.<br /> <br /> As previously suggested, the introduction of Asian soybean aphid lends additional complexity to the picture. It was shown to efficiently transmit SMV and AMV, both of which appear to be increasing after its introduction. Of major potential impact is the discovery of soybean dwarf virus in soybeans in Wisconsin. This virus, for which there is no resistance in the commonly used soybean germplasm, has potential to be devastating. Results concerning its transmission by the soybean aphid have been conflicting; however, recently it appears that some isolates are transmitted by this aphid species. The virus appears to be prevalent in red clover and less so in white clover in numerous north central states that have conducted surveys. <br /> <br /> One of the most significant achievements of this project is the bringing together of scientists from different disciplines to work on soybean virus problems. The research results resulting from their interdisciplinary and multi-institutional cooperation have resulted in advances which already have had, and will continue to have in the future, major impacts for soybean producers. Research results generated by this group have been disseminated to soybean growers and industry through extensive extension efforts ranging from meetings, fact sheets, multimedia productions, and web sites. The group has also played a major technical supporting role to the Plant Health Initiative web site developed by the North Central Soybean Research Program.<br />

Publications

Burrows, M.E.L., Boerboom, C.M., Gaska, J.M., Grau, C.R. 2005. The relationship between Aphis glycines and Soybean mosaic virus incidence in different pest management systems. Plant Disease. 89:926-934.<br /> <br /> Gu, H.C. Ghabrial, S.A. 2005. The Bean pod mottle virus proteinase cofactor and putative helicase are symptom severity determinants. Virology. 333:271-283.<br /> <br /> Hajimorad, M.R., Eggenberger, A.L., Hill, J.H. 2005. Loss and gain of elicitor function of Soybean mosaic virus G7 provoking Rsv1-mediated lethal systemic hypersensitive response maps to P3. Journal of Virology. 79:1215-1222.<br /> <br /> Hajimorad, M.R., Eggenberger, A.L., Hill, J.H. 2005. Strain-specific P3 of Soybean mosaic virus elicits Rsv1-mediated extreme resistance, but absence of P3 elicitor function alone is insufficient for virulence on Rsv1-genotype soybean. Virology. Oct 28.<br /> <br /> Harrison, B., Steinlage, T.A., Domier, L.L., D'Arcy, C,J. 2005. Incidence of Soybean dwarf virus and identification of potential vectors in Illinois. Plant Disease. 89:28-32.<br /> <br /> Krell, R.K.. Pedigo, L.P., Rice, M.E., Westgate, M.E., Hill, J.H. 2005. Using planting date to manage bean pod mottle virus in soybean. Crop Protection. 24:909-914.<br /> <br /> Lim, H.S., Ko, T.S., Lambert, K.N., Kim, H.G., Korban, S.S., Hartman, G.L., Domier, L.L. 2005. Soybean mosaic virus helper component-protease enhances somatic embryo production and stabilizes transgene expression in soybean. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 43:014-1021.<br /> <br /> Rabedeaux, P.F., Gaska, J.M., Kurtzweil, N.C., Grau, C.R. 2005. Seasonal progression and agronomic impact of Tobacco streak virus on soybean in Wisconsin. Plant Disease. 89:391-396.<br /> <br /> Strunk, C. 2005. BPMV effects on ten experimental soybean lines and cultivars. MS. Thesis. July, 2005. South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.<br /> <br /> Wang, Y., Hobbs, H.A., Hill. C.B., Domier, L.L., Hartman, G.L., Nelson, R.L. 2005. Evaluation of ancestral lines of US soybean cultivars for resistance to four soybean viruses. Crop Science. 45:639-644.<br /> <br /> Zhang, C., Ghabrial, S.A. 2005. Development of Bean pod mottle virus-based vectors for stable protein expression and sequence-specific virus-induced gene silencing in soybean. Virology. Oct 28.<br />

Impact Statements

1. This project identified soybean virus problems in the North Central states; developed and implemented virus disease control strategies; established media for more effective dissemination and communication of information; and coordinated communication with other appropriate regional committees and the North Central Soybean Research Program and state check-off boards.
2. Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) was identified as the most widely dispersed and recurring virus pathogen of soybean in the North Central region. Controlled inoculation studies showed that BPMV infections caused significant reductions in the quality and quantity of soybean seed harvested. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) also emerged as a potentially widely dispersed pathogen. Other viruses including Soybean mosaic virus, Soybean dwarf virus and Tobacco streak virus were identified.
3. Some soybean lines were found to be more tolerant to BPMV infection than most cultivated varieties and had lower yield reductions and produce fewer mottled seed. The most consistent control of beetle vectors and BPMV infections was achieved by the application of insecticides timed to coincide with the emergence of beetles during the growing season. This combined with the use of BPMV-tolerant soybean varieties could greatly reduce the impact of BPMV on soybean production.

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