NCERA_OLD180: Site-Specific Management

(Multistate Research Coordinating Committee and Information Exchange Group)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[10/28/2003] [08/24/2004] [03/07/2005] [02/02/2006]

Date of Annual Report: 10/28/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/09/2003 - 01/11/2003
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2002 - 09/01/2003

Participants

Academic: Viacheslav Adamchuk (NE); Paul Carter (ND); Bill Chancellor (CA); Jiyul Chang (SD); Lene Christensen (CA); Tom Colvin (IA, ARS); David Clay (SD); Glenn Davis (MO); Reza Ehsani (OH); Hamid Farahani (CO, ARS); Richard Ferguson (NE); Dave Fran-zen (ND); Bruce Hartsough (CA); Brian Heidman (CA); Ronnie Heiniger (NC); Glenn Hoffman (CSREES, NE); Susan Hubbard (CA); John Hummel (MO, ARS); Berlie Jahn (CA); Raj Khosla (CO); Dan Long (MT); Jess Lowenberg-DeBoer (IN); Neil McLaughlin (Ontario); Pete Nowak (WI); John Oliveira (CA); Eileen Perry (WA); Francis Pierce (WA); Richard Plant (CA); Pierre Robert (MN); Uriel Rosa (CA); Abilio Filho (CA); James Schepers (ARS, NE); Daniel Schmoldt (CSREES, DC); Larry Schwankl (CA); Stephen Searcy (TX); Clark Seavert (OR); John Shanahan (ARS, NE); Tim Stombaugh (KY); Rollin Strohman (CA); Kurt Thelen (MI); Lei Tian (IL); Shrini Upadhyaya (CA); Peter Waller (AZ); Lori Wiles (ARS, CO).
Industry: John Ahlrichs (DigitalGlobe, CO); Daniel Bosch (Robert Mondavi Winery, CA); Colin Christy (Veris Technology, KS); Brian Hanley (KonnectWorld Inc., CA); Larry Hen-drickson (Deere & Co., IA); Ted Mayfield (NTech Ind., CA); Michael OConnor (In-tegriNautics Corp, CA); Ken Reed (Accenture, CA); Paul Reep (Milestone Tech, ID); John Reid (Deere & Co., IL); Bill Reinert (Precision Farming Enterprises, CA); William Rudolph (Midwest Tech., IL); Nyle Wollenahupt (SOILTEQ, MN).

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Coordination of multidisciplinary research & technology transfer: 1. The ASA/CSSA/SSSA Precision Agriculture Working Group was created to update tri-society members regarding activities of NCR-180 committee members. The function of this ad hoc group has been taken over by a more formal relationship with Division A-8, Integrated Agricultural Systems. Members of NCR-180 have served as past-chair and current chair of A-8. Division A-8 sponsored or co-sponsored these symposia in 2003: a. Sponsored i. Variable N management of field crops--Nine presentations ii. Precision Farming: Management of low-yielding areas in production fields--Six presentations b. Co-sponsored i. The role of remote sensing products in creation of management zones--Sixteen presentations ii. Are management zones useful and practical in precision agriculture--Three presentations iii. Management zones for agronomical and environmental management--Six presentations 2. NCR-180 members organized several initiatives within the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE). At the 2003 ASAE Annual Meetings in Las Vegas, NV, 95 precision agriculture-related papers were presented in these categories: a. Remote sensing/imaging i. Hyperspectral and Multispectral Imaging ii. Vision Systems for Precision Agriculture iii. Remote Sensing for Precision Agriculture - Parts 1-3 b. Sensors i. Recent Advances in Instrumentation and Control ii. Performance of Crop Yield Monitors for Precision Agriculture iii. Soil Sensors in Precision Farming c. Applications of Geophysical Methods in Agriculture (ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic induction, resistivity. etc.) - Parts 1 and 2 d. Variable Rate Technology to Support Precision Agriculture e. Performance and Accuracy of GPS-Based Systems f. Automated Guidance of Agricultural and Off-Highway Equipment g. Using Precision Agricultural Technologies for Management Decision-Making h. Educational Methodologies and New Technologies in Precision Agriculture 3. NCR-180 members are in the process of organizing the biennial International Preci-sion Agriculture Conference held in Minneapolis, MN. In 2002, 600 registrants heard more than 200 technical papers and posters in concurrent sessions on natural resource variability, management systems, management for crop quality, new applications from around the world, statistics, geostatistics, sampling, modeling, technology/sensors, technology/guidance systems, technology/yield monitoring, applications of remote sensing to precision agriculture, remote sensing/nitrogen management, remote sensing/pest detection and management, information management, profitability, environment, and technology transfer and curriculum. 4. A website hosting NCR-180 reports and meeting minutes can be found at http://precision.agri.umn.edu/Literature/literature.html.

Publications

PUBLICATIONS: Arizona Kostrzewski M., P. Waller, P. Guertin, J. Haberland, P. Colaizzi, E. Barnes, T. Thompson, T. Clarke, E. Riley, C. Choi. 2002. Ground-Based Remote Sensing of Water and Nitrogen Stress. (to be published in ASAE Transactions. Vol 45(6)). Colaizzi, P.D., Barnes, E.M., Clarke, T.R., Choi, C.Y., and Waller, P.M. 2002. ?Estimating soil moisture under low frequence under low frequency irrigation.? ASCE Journal of Irri-gation and Drainage Engineering (in press). Colaizzi, P.D., Barnes, E.M., Clarke, T.R., Choi, C.Y., and Waller, P.M. 2002. ?Water Stress Detection under High Frequency Irrigation.? ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering (in press). California Heidman, B. C. , A.Z. Abidine, S. K. Upadhyaya, and D. H. Hills. 2002. Application of RTK GPS based auto-Guidance System in Agricultural production. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference in Precision Agriculture, July 14-17, Minneapolis, MN. (In Press). Andrade, P., S. K. Upadhyaya, and B. Jenkins. Development of a Compaction Profile sensor. July 14-17, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference in Precision Agriculture, Minneapolis, MN. (In Press). Rosa, U. A, S. K. Upadhyaya, P. Brown, and N. Bellallouri. 2002. Development of an Elec-tronic Weigh Bucket. ASAE Paper. 021049. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085. Andrade, P., S. K. Upadhyaya, B. Jenkins, and A.G.S. Filho. 2002. Evaluation of UC Davis Compaction Profile Sensor. ASAE Paper. 021185. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085. Iowa Farahbakhshazad, N., Mclaughlin, D., Dinnes, D.L., Jaynes, D.B., and Li, C. 2002. A site-specific evaluation of a crop-denitrification/decomposition model based upon a US Mid-western row-crop field. 6th Int. Conf. on Precision Agriculture. Minneapolis, MN July 14-17, 2002. Jaynes, D.B., Kaspar, T.C., and Colvin, T.S. 2002. Comparison of techniques for defining yield potential zones in an Iowa field. Proc. 6th Intl. Conf. on Precision Agric. Minneapolis, MN July 14-17, 2002. Illinois Bajwa, S.G., L. Tian. 2002. Multispectral CIR image calibration for cloud shadow and soil background influence using intensity normalization. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. Vol. 18 (5): 627-635. Steward, B., L. Tian, L. Tang. 2002. Distance-based control system for machine vision-based selective spraying. Transactions of ASAE. Vol. 45(5) 1255-1262. Tian, L. 2002. Sensor-based precision chemical application system. Journal of Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. Vol. 36 (2-3): 133-149. Yao, H. L. Tian, L. Tang, K. Thorp. 2002. Corn Canopy Reflectance Study With A Real-Time High-Density Spectral-Image Mapping System. ASAE Paper number 023144, St. Joseph, MI. Thorp, K., Tian, L.. 2002. Development of Vegetation Indices for Hyperspectral Data. ASAE Paper number 021077. St. Joseph, MI. Yao, H. L. Tian, K. Thorp. 2002. Hyperspectral Imagery for Various Crop Growth Information Extraction. ASAE Paper number 021076, St. Joseph, MI. Kaleita, A., L. Tian. 2002. Remote Sensing Of Site-Specific Soil Characteristics for Precision Farming. ASAE Paper number 021078, St. Joseph, MI. Singh, M., M, R. Paulsen, L. Tian, H. Yao. 2002. Site-Specific Study of Corn Protein, Oil, and Extractable Starch Variability using NIT Spectroscopy. ASAE Paper number 021111. St. Joseph, MI. Tang, L. 2002. Machine vision systems for real-time plant variability sensing and in-field application. Ph.D. dissertation, L. Tian, advisor. Indiana Blumhoff, Greg K. "The Order 1 Soil Survey: Getting It Ready to Use," SSMC Newsletter, January, 2002. Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. "Liability Problems for Autonomous Equipment?? SSMC Newsletter, February, 2002. Blumhoff, Greg K. "Introduction to the Nuts and Bolts of Directed Crop Scouting With Remotely Sensed Data," SSMC Newsletter, March, 2002. Blumhoff, Greg K. "A Comparison of Directed Crop Scouting and Traditional Sampling" SSMC Newsletter, April, 2002. Colonna, Ignacio. "Comparison of Organic Matter Interpolated Maps from 0.5 and 2.5 Acre Grids Using Geostatistics," SSMC Newsletter, May, 2002. Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. "Blocks vs. Strips for On-Farm Experimentation," SSMC Newsletter, June, 2002. Blumhoff, Greg, and Chris Johannsen, ?Perspectives on the Application of Remote Sensing for Site-Specific Management,? SSMC Newsletter, July, 2002. Mercuri, Pablo, ?Agricultural Terrain Analysis Using Remote Sensing Derived Elevations,? SSMC Newsletter, August, 2002. Lowenberg-DeBoer, J., ?Zero Rates in Site-Specific On-Farm Trials,? SSMC Newsletter, September, 2002. Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. and Rodolfo Bongiovanni, ?The Status of Site-Specific Crop Response,? SSMC Newsletter, October, 2002. Urcola, Hernan, and J. Lowenberg-DeBoer, ?What questions should be asked about Yield Monitor Use for Hybrid and Variety Selection?? SSMC Newsletter, November, 2002. Lowenberg-DeBoer, J., ?Will Farmers Chose Precision Farming or Convenience Agriculture?? SSMC Newsletter, December, 2002. Adamchuk, V.I., M.T. Morgan and D.R. Ess. 03/12/02. System and method for automated measurement of soil pH. U.S. Patent #6,356,830. Brouder, S.M., M. Thom, V.I. Adamchuk and M.T. Morgan. Potential uses of ion-selective K electrodes in soil fertility management. Comm. Soil Sci. Plan Anal. (in press) Adamchuk, V.I., M.T. Morgan, and J. M. Lowenberg-DeBoer. A Model for Agro-Economic Analysis of Soil pH Mapping. Precision Agriculture.(accepted) Ess, D.R., S. Fountas, J. Lowenberg-DeBoer, S.E. Hawkins, and S. B. Blackmore. Information source preferences in precision agriculture. ASA Abstracts 2003, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 10-15, 2002. S. Fountas, S.E. Hawkins, D.R. Ess, and S. B. Blackmore. Farm management decision analysis. ASA Abstracts 2003, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 10-15, 2002. S. Fountas, D.R. Ess, S.E. Hawkins, and S. B. Blackmore. Precision agriculture information systems. ASA Abstracts 2003, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 10-15, 2002. Ess, D.R., S. Fountas, J. Lowenberg-DeBoer, S.E. Hawkins, and S. B. Blackmore. Information source preferences in precision agriculture. ASA Abstracts 2003, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 10-15, 2002. S. Fountas, S.E. Hawkins, D.R. Ess, and S. B. Blackmore. Farm management decision analysis. ASA Abstracts 2003, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 10-15, 2002. S. Fountas, D.R. Ess, S.E. Hawkins, and S. B. Blackmore. Precision agriculture information systems. ASA Abstracts 2003, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 10-15, 2002. Bullock, David, J. Lowenberg-DeBoer and Scott Swinton, ?Adding Value to Spatially Man-aged Inputs by Understanding Site-Specific Yield Response?, Agricultural Economics 27(2002) p. 233-245. Lambert, D.; Lowenberg-DeBoer, J.; and R. Bongiovanni. 2002. ?Spatial Regression, an Alternative Statistical Analysis for Landscape Scale On-farm trials: Case Study of Variable Rate N Application in Argentina.? Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Precision Agriculture. Minneapolis, MN. Bongiovanni, Rodolfo, and J. Lowenberg-DeBoer, "Economics of Nitrogen Response Vari-ability over Space and Time: Results from the 1999-2001 Field Trials in Argentina," Pro-ceedings of the 6th International Precision Agriculture Conference, Minneapolis, MN, 2002 Bongiovanni, R., and J. Lowenberg-DeBoer. 2001. ?Precision Agriculture and Sustainability.? VII Congreso de Maíz, Pergamino, Argentina. November 7-9, 2001. http://www.agriculturadeprecision.org/ingles/indice.htm. Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. and Harold Reetz, ?Phosphorous and Potassium Economics for the 21st Century,? Better Crops, Vol. 86 (2002, No. 1), p. 4-8. Lowenberg-DeBoer, J., ?Economics of Site-Specific Management in Agronomic Crops?, XXIV Congresso Nacional de Milho e Sorgo, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil, September 2002. Bongiovanni, Rodolfo, ?A Spatial Econometric Approach to the Economics of Site-Specific Nitrogen Management in Corn Production,? PhD Dissertation, Department of Agricul-tural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2002. Whipker, Linda, and Jay Akridge, ?Precision Agricultural Services: Dealership Survey Results.? Staff Paper No. 02-02, Center for Food and Agricultural Business, Purdue Univer-sity, West Lafayette, IN, USA, June, 2002. (www.purdue.edu/ssmc, click on publications and scroll down). Kansas Taylor, R. K., G. J. Kluitenberg, M. D. Schrock, N. Zhang, J. P. Schmidt, and J. L. Havlin. 2001. Using yield monitor data to determine spatial crop production potential. Trans. ASAE 44:1409-1414. Wu, J., M. D. Ransom, M. D. Nellis, G. J. Kluitenberg, H. L. Seyler, and B. C. Rundquist. 2002. Using GIS to assess and manage the conservation reserve program in Finney County, Kansas. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 68:735-744. Nivens, H., T. Kastens, K. Dhuyvetter, and A. Featherstone. ?Using Satellite Imagery in Predicting Kansas Farm Land Values.? Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 27,2:(December 2002):464-480. Kastens, T.L., J.P. Schmidt, and K.C. Dhuyvetter. ?Yield Models Implied by Traditional Fertilizer Recommendations and a Framework for Including Non-traditional Informa-tion.? Soil Science Society of America Journal. 67,1:(January-February 2003):??-??. Kastens, T.L., K.C. Dhuyvetter, and J.P. Schmidt. ?Combining Farm and University/Industry Information in Yield Models for Optimal Fertilizer Decisions.? Paper was presented by Kastens and published in the proceedings of the Sixth International Confer-ence on Precision Agriculture. Minneapolis, Minnesota. July 14-17, 2002. Kastens, T.L., J.P. Schmidt, and K.C. Dhuyvetter. ?Yield Response Implied by Fertilizer Recommendations.? Paper was presented by Kastens and published in the proceedings of the 2002 Great Plains Soil Fertility Conference, Denver, Colorado, March 5-6, 2002. pp 53-60. Staggenborg, S.A., and R.K. Taylor. 2002. A procedure to normlize soil EC across time and Space. Proceedings to the 6th International Conference on Precision Agriculture. July 14-17, 2002. Minneapolis, MN. In-Press. Nathan E. Isaac, Randal K. Taylor, Scott A. Staggenborg, Mark D. Schrock, Dale Leikam. 2002. Using Cone Index Data to Explain In Field Yield Variation. 2002 ASAE Annual Meeting. Paper number 021094. ASAE. St. Joseph, MI. Randal K. Taylor, Kevin C. Dhuyvetter, Terry L. Kastens, Scott A. Staggenborg. 2002. Using GPS Technology to Evaluate Combine Performance. 2002 ASAE Annual Meeting. Paper number 02194. ASAE. St. Joseph, MI. Michigan Swinton, S.M., Y. Liu and N.R. Miller 2002. ?Is Yield Response Site-specific? Revisiting Nitrogen Recommendations on Corn.? Selected Paper, American Agricultural Econom-ics Association annual meeting, Long Beach, CA, July 28-31, 2002. Swinton, S.M., Y. Liu, N.R. Miller, A.N. Kravchenko, and C.A.M. Laboski 2002. ?Corn Yield Response to Nitrogen: Does It Vary Site-specifically?? Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on Precision Agriculture and Other Precision Resources Management. Minneapolis, July 14-17, 2002 Swinton, S.M., K.Q. Jones, R. Brook, N. Miller, O. Schabenberger, and D. Warncke 2002. ?Site-specific versus Whole-field Fertility and Lime Management in Michigan Soybeans and Corn.? Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on Precision Agriculture and Other Precision Resources Management. Minneapolis, July 14-17, 2002. (Issued as Staff Paper 2002-16). Miller, N.R., A.N. Kravchenko, and S.M. Swinton 2002. ?Accuracy of Soil Sampling Methods and Implications for Fertility Management and Crop Production in Michigan.? Pres-entation at the 6th International Conference on Precision Agriculture and Other Precision Resources Management. Minneapolis, July 14-17, 2002. Kravchenko, A.N., K. D. Thelen, D.G. Bullock, and N. R. Miller. 2003. Relationship between crop grain yield, topography and soil EC studied with cross-correlograms. In review.

Impact Statements

Developed new protocols for the quantification and sampling of spatiotemporal variability
Developed guidance for development of management zones for researchers and ag produers
Developed remote sensing techniques and real-time soil sensors for producers
Initiated a web-based educational curriculum and a visualization tool (VRML) for spatial datasets

Date of Annual Report: 08/24/2004

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/08/2004 - 01/10/2004
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2003 - 09/01/2004

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

NCR-180 is a special interest group to facilitate interactions between scientific disciplines interested in site-specific management, as well as state experiment station researchers, college instructors, federal researchers and industry representatives. The annual meetings provide that interaction and are a forum for establishing collaborative relationships and exchanging information. Interactions and collaborations between individual members continue throughout the year. The participants develop a list of critical issues in site-specific management that are distributed between the members. These issues are used by participants in their individual and collective research plans. Issues identified in 2004 include the following. " Quantification of spatial auto-correlation between soil/crop factors that bias the tradi-tional statistical tools used in decision making " Development and calibration of sensors for plant nutrient status " Development of a decision support environment that can integrate many spatial data layers with scientific understanding of biological, chemical and physical phenomenon that occur in plants and soils " Description of the economic and environmental conservation advantages of site-specific management, and development of evaluation tools for potential adopters " Development of tools and techniques that can make site-specific management scale-neutral " Development of a systems approach to incorporating information technologies into crop management, regardless of the scale of the information Specific impacts that NCR-180 participants report that the committee has had on their programs or activities are listed in the impact section.

Publications

Arizona Kostrzewski M., P. Waller, P. Guertin, J. Haberland, P. Colaizzi, E. Barnes, T. Thompson, T. Clarke, E. Riley, C. Choi. 2002. Ground-Based Remote Sensing of Water and Nitrogen Stress. (to be published in ASAE Transactions. Vol 45(6)). Colaizzi, P.D., Barnes, E.M., Clarke, T.R., Choi, C.Y., and Waller, P.M. 2002. Estimating soil moisture under low frequence under low frequency irrigation. ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering (in press). Colaizzi, P.D., Barnes, E.M., Clarke, T.R., Choi, C.Y., and Waller, P.M. 2002. Water Stress Detection under High Frequency Irrigation. ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering (in press). Arkansas S. S. Kulkarni, S. G. Bajwa, G. Huitink, M. Crow, and W. H. Baker. 2004. Modeling soil compaction with soil electrical conductivity and yield for cotton. In. Proc. 2004 Beltwide Cotton Producers National Research Conferences, January 5-9, San Antonio, TX. Bajwa, S. G., P. Bajcsy, P. Grove, and L. F. Tian. 2003. Hyperspectral image data mining for band selection in agricultural applications. Manuscript #IET697. Transactions of the ASAE (Accepted). Bajwa, S. G., Mason, J. M., and Rupe, J. 2003. Remote sensing for agricultural crop stress monitoring and diagnosis. In. Proc. of 30th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, November 10-14, 2003, Honolulu, Hawai. Bajwa, S. G., J. M. Mason, and R. Norman. 2003. High-resolution optical sensing of rice nitrogen. 2003 ASAE annual international meeting, July 27-30, 2003, Las Vegas, NV. Mason, J. M., S. G. Bajwa, and J. Rupe. 2003. Discrimination between soybean stresses using hyperspectral reflectance data. 2003 ASAE annual international meeting, July 27-30, 2003, Las Vegas, NV. A. Mishra, S. G. Bajwa, and R. Norman. 2003. Remote sensing for rice nitrogen estimation and management. Arkansas Precision Agriculture Newsletter, Issue 2. Jayroe, C. W., A. B. Greenwalt, W. H. Baker, R. D. Cartwright, H. S. Stiles, and B. K. Greenwalt. 2003. Managing sheath blight in rice with aerial imagery. Arkansas Precision Agriculture Newsletter, Issue 2. California Heidman, B. C. , A.Z. Abidine, S. K. Upadhyaya, and D. H. Hills. 2002. Application of RTK GPS based auto-Guidance System in Agricultural production. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference in Precision Agriculture, July 14-17, Minneapolis, MN. (In Press). Andrade, P., S. K. Upadhyaya, and B. Jenkins. Development of a Compaction Profile sensor. July 14-17, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference in Precision Agriculture, Minneapolis, MN. (In Press). Rosa, U. A, S. K. Upadhyaya, P. Brown, and N. Bellallouri. 2002. Development of an Electronic Weigh Bucket. ASAE Paper. 021049. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085. Andrade, P., S. K. Upadhyaya, B. Jenkins, and A.G.S. Filho. 2002. Evaluation of UC Davis Compaction Profile Sensor. ASAE Paper. 021185. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085. Iowa Farahbakhshazad, N., Mclaughlin, D., Dinnes, D.L., Jaynes, D.B., and Li, C. 2002. A site-specific evaluation of a crop-denitrification/decomposition model based upon a US Midwestern row-crop field. 6th Int. Conf. on Precision Agriculture. Minneapolis, MN July 14-17, 2002. Jaynes, D.B., Kaspar, T.C., and Colvin, T.S. 2002. Comparison of techniques for defining yield potential zones in an Iowa field. Proc. 6th Intl. Conf. on Precision Agric. Minneapolis, MN July 14-17, 2002. Illinois Kravchenko, A.N. , K. Thelen, D.G. Bullock, and N. R. Miller. 2003. Relationship Between Crop Grain Yield, Topography and Soil EC Studied With Cross-Correlograms. Agronomy Journal. 95:1132-1139. Officer, S.J., A.Kravchenko, G.A. Bollero, K.A. Sudduth, N. Kitchen, W.J. Wiebold, H.L. Palm and D.G. Bullock. 2003 Relationships between soil bulk electrical conductivity and the principal component analysis of topography and soil fertility values. Plant and Soil. Accepted. Omonode, R.A., D.G. Bullock, G.A. Bollero, R.G. Darmody, and F.W. Simmons. 2004.Factors of Spatial Variability in The Loess-Covered Soils of Illinois Using Multivariate and Geostatistical Techniques. Agronomy Journal. In Review. Sudduth, K.A., N.R. Kitchen, G.A. Bollero and D.G. Bullock. 2003. Comparison of Electromagnetic Induction and Direct Sensing of Soil Electrical Conductivity. Agron. J. 95:472-482. Indiana Whipker, L.D. and J. T. Akridge. 2003. Precision Agricultural Services Dealership Survey Results. Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, Staff Paper Nol 3-10. Fountas, S., D.R. Ess, C.G. Sorensen, S.E.Hawkins, H.H. Pedersen, B.S. Blackmore and J. Lowenberg-DeBoer. Information Sources in Precision Agriculture in Denmark and the USA, in J. Stafford and W. Wener, eds., Precision Agriculture, Wageningen Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands. 2003, pp. 211-216. Lowenberg-DeBoer, J., D. Lambert and R. Bongiovanni. Appropriate On-Farm Trial Design for Precision Farming, in J. Stafford and W. Wener, eds., Precision Agriculture, Wageningen Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands. 2003, pp. 361-366. Brock, A., S. Brouder, G. Blumhoff and B. Hofmann. 2003. Approaches to Variable Rate Nitrogen Management in the Eastern Corn Belt. Agronomy Abstracts. Kansas Taylor, R. K., G. J. Kluitenberg, M. D. Schrock, N. Zhang, J. P. Schmidt, and J. L. Havlin. 2001. Using yield monitor data to determine spatial crop production potential. Trans. ASAE 44:1409-1414. Wu, J., M. D. Ransom, M. D. Nellis, G. J. Kluitenberg, H. L. Seyler, and B. C. Rundquist. 2002. Using GIS to assess and manage the conservation reserve program in Finney County, Kansas. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 68:735-744. Nivens, H., T. Kastens, K. Dhuyvetter, and A. Featherstone. ?Using Satellite Imagery in Predicting Kansas Farm Land Values.? Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 27,2:(December 2002):464-480. Kastens, T.L., J.P. Schmidt, and K.C. Dhuyvetter. ?Yield Models Implied by Traditional Fertilizer Recommendations and a Framework for Including Non-traditional Information.? Soil Science Society of America Journal. 67,1:(January-February 2003):??-??. Kastens, T.L., K.C. Dhuyvetter, and J.P. Schmidt. ?Combining Farm and University/Industry Information in Yield Models for Optimal Fertilizer Decisions.? Paper was presented by Kastens and published in the proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Precision Agriculture. Minneapolis, Minnesota. July 14-17, 2002. Kastens, T.L., J.P. Schmidt, and K.C. Dhuyvetter. ?Yield Response Implied by Fertilizer Recommendations.? Paper was presented by Kastens and published in the proceedings of the 2002 Great Plains Soil Fertility Conference, Denver, Colorado, March 5-6, 2002. pp 53-60. Staggenborg, S.A., and R.K. Taylor. 2002. A procedure to normlize soil EC across time and Space. Proceedings to the 6th International Conference on Precision Agriculture. July 14-17, 2002. Minneapolis, MN. In-Press. Nathan E. Isaac, Randal K. Taylor, Scott A. Staggenborg, Mark D. Schrock, Dale Leikam. 2002. Using Cone Index Data to Explain In Field Yield Variation. 2002 ASAE Annual Meeting. Paper number 021094. ASAE. St. Joseph, MI. Randal K. Taylor, Kevin C. Dhuyvetter, Terry L. Kastens, Scott A. Staggenborg. 2002. Using GPS Technology to Evaluate Combine Performance. 2002 ASAE Annual Meeting. Paper number 02194. ASAE. St. Joseph, MI. Michigan P. Jiang, and K.D. Thelen. 2004. Effect of Soil and Topographic Properties on Crop Yield in a North Central Corn Soybean Cropping System. Agron. J. In Press. Thelen, K.D., A.N. Kravchenko, and, C.D. Lee. 2004. Utility of Optical Remote Sensing for Detecting Herbicide Injury in Soybean. Weed Technol. In Press. Montana Gessler, P. and D. Long. 2003. Soil-landscape modeling for evaluating crop yield and landscape water correlations. Agronomy Abstracts. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI. Long, D., R. Engel, P. Gessler, and M. Westcott. 2003. Determining field management zones using high resolution information from proximal sensing, remote sensing, and terrain modeling. Agronomy Abstracts. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI. Engel, R., D. Long, and G. Carlson. 2003. Predicting straw yield of hard red spring Wheat. Agron. J. 2003 95:1454-1460. Ohio Allred, B., Ehsani, R., Daniels, J. The impact on electrical conductivity measurement due to soil profile properties, shallow hydrologic conditions, fertilizer application, agricultural tillage, and the type of geophysical method employed. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems. San Antonio, TX. 2003. pp. 336-349. Batte, Marvin T. and Michael W Arnholt. "Precision Farming Adoption and Use in Ohio: Case Studies of Six Leading-Edge Adopters." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 38 (2003): 125-139. Batte, Marvin T. "Precision Farming and Land Leasing Practices." Journal of the American Society of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers, 2003: 55-63. Batte, Marvin T., Craig Pohlman, D. Lynn Forster, and Brent Sohngen. "Adoption and Use of Precision Farming Technologies: Results of a 2003 Survey of Ohio Farmers." AED Economics Report AEDE-RP-0039-03. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University, December, 2003. Ehsani, M. R., M. Sullivan, and T. Zimmerman. 2003. Evaluating the Dynamic Accuracy of Low-Cost GPS Receivers. Presented at the ASAE Annual International Meeting, Paper No. 03-1014. Saraswat, D., M. R. Ehsani, N Watermeier, M. Sullivan. 2003. Potential Application of Yield Data for Creating Topographic Maps. Presented at the ASAE Annual International Meeting, Paper No. 03-1084 South Dakota Refereed Publications Chang, J. D. E. Clay, C. G. Carlson, C. L. Reese, S. A. Clay, and M.M. Ellsbury 2004. The Influence of Different Approaches to Define Yield Goals and Management Zones on N and P Fertilizer Recommendations. Agron. J. (In press). Clay, D.E., S.A. Clay, D.J. Lyon, and J.M. Blumenthal. 2004. Can 13C discrimination in corn (Zea mays) grain be used to characterize intra-plant competition for water and nitrogen? Weed Sci. (submitted 8/03, in review). Chang, J., S.A. Clay, and D.E. Clay. 2004. Detecting weed free and weed infested areas of a soybean (Glycine max) field using NIR reflectance data. Weed Sci. (In press) Chang, J., D. E. Clay, K. Dalsted, S.A. Clay, M. O?Neill. 2004. Use of spectral radiance at multiple sampling dates to estimate corn (Zea mays) yield using principal component analysis. Agron. J. 95:1447-1453. Clay, D.E., S.A. Clay, J. Jackson, K. Dalsted, C. Reese, Z. Liu, D.D. Malo, and C.G. Carlson. 2003. C13 discrimination can be used to evaluate soybean yield variability. Agron. J. 95:430-435. Chang, J., D.E. Clay, C.G. Carson, S.A. Clay, D.D. Malo, R. Berg, and W. Wiebold. 2003. The influence of different approaches for defining nutrient management zone boundaries on N and P recommendations. Agron. J. 95:1550-1559. Chang, J. S.A. Clay, D.E. Clay, D.Aaron, and D. Helder. 2004. Comparing spectral reflectance data collected from two different spectroradiometers for ground reflectance measurements. Com. Soil and Plant Anal. (In review). Clay, D.E., Z. Zhen, Z. Liu, S.A. Clay, and T.P. Trooien. 2004. Bromide and nitrate leaching in undisturbed soil columns collected from three landscape positions. J. Environ. Qual. (In press). Guideline Papers Dalsted, D. J. Paris, D. Clay, S.A. Clay, C. Reese, and J. Chang. 2003. Selecting the Appropriate Satellite Remote Sensing Product for Precision Farming. SSMG 40. Clay et al. (Ed) Site Specific Management Guidelines. Potash and Phosphate Institute. Norcross, GA. Gaspar, P., C.G. Cson, arland D.E. Clay. 2003. A?Cookbook? approach for determining the point of maximum economic return. SSMG 39. Clay et al. (Ed) Site Specific Management Guidelines. Potash and Phosphate Institute. Norcross, GA. Clay, D.E., C.G. Carlson, and J. Chang. 2004. Identifying the ?Best? Approach to Identify Nutrient Management Zones: A South Dakota Example SSMG 41. Clay et al. (Ed) Site Specific Management Guidelines. Potash and Phosphate Institute. Norcross, GA. Proceedings Paz, J.O., W.D. Batchelor, D.E. Clay, S.A. Clay, And C. Reese. 2003. Characterization of soybean yield variability using crop growth models and 13c discrimination. ASAE Meeting Presentation # 033044. Jackson, J., S.A. Clay, and D.E. Clay. 2002. Influence of landscape position and weeds on water stress in soybean. In Robert et al (eds.). Proceeding of 6th International Conference of Precision Agriculture July 14-17 2002, Minneapolis MN. Clay, D.E., S.A. Clay, C. Reese, and C.G. Carlson. 2002. Using remote sensing and C13 discrimination to understand yield variability. In Robert et al (eds.). Proceeding of the 6th International Conference of Precision Agriculture July 14-17 2002, Minneapolis MN Clay, D.E., J. Chang, C. Reese, and S. Christopherson. 2002. Landscape position influence on soybean quality. 2002. In Robert et al (eds.). Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Precision Agriculture July 14-17 2002, Minneapolis MN. Chang, J., D.E. Clay, C.G. Carlson, S.A. Clay, and D.D. Malo. 2002. The influence of different classification approaches on N an P fertilizer recommendations. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Precision Agriculture July 14-17 2002, Minneapolis MN. Clay, D.E., K. Dalsted, M. O?Neill, C. Reese, and P. Thanupura. 2002.Teaching farmers how to use remote sensing. 2002 In Robert et al (eds.). Proceeding of the 6th International Conference of Precision Agriculture July 14-17 2002, Minneapolis MN. Ellsbury, S.A. Clay, D.E. Clay, D.D. Malo, and C.G. Carlson. 2002. In Robert et al (eds.). Increased incidence of extended diapause in northern corn rootworm and evidenced by georeferenced adult emergence. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Precision Agriculture July 14-17 2002, Minneapolis MN. Reese, C.L., D. Clay, D. Long, C.G. Carlson, and D. Beck. 2002. In Robert et al (eds.). Using protein and 13C discrimination to determine the influence of nitrogen and water stress on wheat yields. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Precision Agriculture July 14-17 2002, Minneapolis MN.

Impact Statements

" Established collaborative relationships that resulted in multi-state research proposals and projects
" Improved understanding of precision agriculture practices across the country that were used in making presentations in legislative bodies
" Industry representatives received specific feedback on the need for added product ca-pabilities
" Scientific symposia at other venues have resulted directly from initial planning that took place at NCR-180 meetings (e.g.: Soil Electrical Conductivity at 2000 ASA mtg.)
" USDA-ARS research plans have been modified based on issues discussed at NCR-180
" Educational materials and methods have been shared between participants from dif-ferent land grant institutions

Date of Annual Report: 03/07/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/07/2005 - 01/08/2005
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2004 - 09/01/2005

Participants

Participants Attachment:

Attachment

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Accomplishments and Impacts: Impact on the discipline: NCR-180 committee is highly instrumental and productive in exchange of scientific ideas, networking among our peers in agriculture and related disciplines, finding new opportunities in Precision Agriculture, learning what peers are doing in their state and recruiting graduate students for research and outreach activities. NCR-180 is amongst the top-notch truly multi-disciplinary committees. (Raj Khosla, Colorado State University) Potential impact on production agriculture/industry linkages: All of the Precision Ag research efforts for our unit during 2004 have been focused on developing a prototype high clearance applicator, equipped with active sensors, controller, and drop nozzles, designed to deliver in-season N applications to corn based on senor-determined crop needs (in concert with industry). Small plot and on-farm research is being conducted to address issues related to sensor orientation over crop canopy and development of algorithm to translate sensor reading into fertilizer application amounts. (John Shanahan, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE) Seven on-farm demonstration trials were conducted in Missouri in 2004 to compare sensor-guided sidedressing to normal producer N rates (in concert with industry). Active-light crop sensors were used to control N rates, putting more N where corn was lighter-colored. Weather was favorable, and yields were excellent, averaging 187 bu/acre over the seven fields. Compared with producer rates, N rates based on the sensor were sometimes higher, and sometimes lower, and the same was true for yields. On average, N rates were reduced by 33 lb N/acre and yields were reduced by 3 bu/acre when the crop sensor was used to control N rates, resulting in a net profit of about $4/acre. Reducing N rates with minimal effect on yields will also provide environmental benefits. (Peter Scharf, University of Missouri) Growers continue to adopt and profit from use of satellite imagery of sugarbeet tops to both provide N reduction to the subsequent crop, but also to guide soil sampling throughout the rotation in the Red River Valley. Growers are also slowly adopting zone soil sampling techniques in the rest of North Dakota to identify high nitrate zones and provide more confidence in nitrate soil test results. A large surge of activity in auto-steer technology has resulted in a higher number of growers with GPS capabilities than before. (Dave Franzen, North Dakota State University) Impact on environment: A project partially funded by Region 6 EPA, Dallas Texas and the Louisiana State University Agriculture Center was conducted 2001-2003. In general the objective to improve sampling capability of plant parasitic nematodes were completed for Root Knot nematodes infesting alluvial soils of the delta in Louisiana. Technology used to assist in developing sample plans by zone included the Veris 3100 cart for measuring soil electrical conductivity and RTK GPS developed by Trimble. Because Root Knot nematodes only live in sandy soils, we were able to identify specific zones that could be treated by site-specific applications of nematicide. Significant reductions in treatment are apparent as compared to whole field treatments. Both technologies proved to be of value for identifying changes in soil texture, and projecting approximate locations of nematode infestations. We will evaluate fields infested with Reniform nematode in 2005-2007, and explore the use of aerial imagery as a third method for identifying nematode damage. (Eugene Burris, Louisiana State University)

Publications

Ceplecha, Z.L., R.M. Waskom, T.A. Bauder, J.L. Sharkoff and R. Khosla. 2004. Vulnerability assessments of Colorado ground water to nitrate contamination. J. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 159 (1) 373-394. Diker, K., D.F. Heermann, W.C. Bausch, and D.K. Wright. 2004. Shannon-Wieners diversity index for linking yield monitor and remotely sensed data for corn. Trans. of the ASAE. 47(4): 1347-1354. Diker, K., Heermann, D.F. and Brodahl, M.K. 2004. Frequency analysis of yield for delineating management zones. Precision Agriculture, 5(5), 435-444. Farahani, H.J., and G.W. Buchleiter. 2004. Temporal stability of soil electrical conductivity in irrigated sandy fields in Colorado. Trans. ASAE 47(1):79-90. Farahani, H.J., G.W. Buchleiter, and M.K. Brodahl. 2004. Characterization of apparent soil electrical conductivity variability in irrigated sandy and non-saline fields in Colorado. Trans. ASAE. 47(6):1-14. Fleming, K.L., D.F. Heermann, and D.G. Westfall. 2004. Evaluating soil color with farmer input and apparent soil electrical conductivity for management zone delineation. 2004. Agron. J. 96:1581-1587 Gent, D., H. Schwartz, and R. Khosla. 2004. Distribution and Incidence of Iris Yellow Spot Virus in Colorado and its Relation to Onion Plant Populations and Yield. J. of Plant Diseases. 88 (5) 446-452. Koch, B., R. Khosla, D.G. Westfall, M. Frasier, and D. Inman 2004. Economic feasibility of variable rate N application in irrigated corn. Agron. J. 96:1572-1580. Shaner, D. L. (2004) Precision Weed Management: Wave of the Future or Passing Fad? Phytoparsitica 32:3-6. Wiles, L. and M. Brodahl. 2004. Exploratory data analysis to identify factors influencing the spatial distributions of weed seed banks Weed Science 52:936-947. Souza, Eduardo G., Peter Scharf, Ken A. Sudduth, and James. D. Hipple. Using a field radiometer to estimate instantaneous sky clearness. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental (accepted). Scharf, Peter C., Newell R. Kitchen, Kenneth A. Sudduth, J. Glenn Davis, Victoria C. Hubbard, and John A. Lory. Field-scale variability in optimal N fertilizer rate for corn. Agron. J. (in press). Brock, A., S.M. Brouder, G. Blumhoff, and B.S. Hofmann. 200X. Yield-based management zones for corn-soybean rotations. Agron. J. In Press. Brouder, S.M., B.S. Hofmann, and D.K. Morris. 2005. Accuracy of common soil collection strategies and estimation techniques for mapping soil pH and lime requirement. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. In Press. ONeal, M.R., J.R. Frankenberger, D.R. Ess, and J.M. Lowenberg-DeBoer. 2004. Profitability of on-farm precipitation data for nitrogen management based on crop simulation. Precision Agriculture 5:153-178. Erickson, B. J., C. J. Johannsen, J. J. Vorst and L.L. Biehl. 2004. Using Remote Sensing to Assess Stand Loss and Defoliation in Maize, Photogram. Eng. & Remote Sensing, Vol. 70, No. 6: 717-722. Donald, W. W., D. Archer, W. G. Johnson, and K. A. Nelson. 2004. Zone herbicide application controls weeds and reduces residual herbicide use in corn. Weed Sci. 52: in press. Anselin, L., R. Bongiovanni and J. Lowenberg-DeBoer, A Spatial Econometric Approach to the Economics of Site-Specific Nitrogen Management in Corn Production, American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 86, 3 (2004), p. 675-687. Bongiovanni, Rodolfo, and J. Lowenberg-DeBoer, Precision Agriculture and Sustainability, Precision Agriculture, 5: 359-388. Lambert, D., J. Lowenberg-DeBoer and R. Bongiovanni, A Comparison of Four Spatial Regression Models for Yield Monitor Data: A Case Study from Argentina, Precision Agriculture (in Press). Adamchuk, V.I., J.W. Hummel, M.T. Morgan, and S.K. Upadhyaya. 2004. On-the-go soil sensors for precision agriculture. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 44(1):71-91. Adamchuk, V.I., M.T. Morgan, and J.M. Lowenberg-DeBoer. 2004. A model for agro-economic analysis of soil pH mapping. Precision Agriculture 5:109-127. Clay, D.E., Z. Zheng, Z. Liu, S.A. Clay, and T.P. Trooien. 2004. Bromide and nitrate leaching in undisturbed soil columns collected from three landscape positions. J. Environ. Qual. 33:338-342. Clay, S.A., J. Chang, D.E. Clay, C.L. Reese, and K. Dalsted. 2004. Using remote sensing to develop weed management zones in soybeans. Site Specific Management Guideline Paper #42. PPI, FAR. Online at:www.ppi-far.org/ssmg. Andersen, S., S.A. Clay, L.J. Wrage, and D. Matthees. 2004. Soybean foliage residues of dicamba and 2,4-D and correlation to application rates and yield. Agron. J. 96:750-760. Chang, J., S.A. Clay, D.E. Clay, and K. Dalsted. 2004. Detecting weed-free and weed-infested areas of a soybean (Glycine max) field using near-infrared spectral data. Weed Sci. 52:642-648. Clay, S.A., D.E. Clay, and T.B. Moorman. 2004. Comparison of atrazine and alachlor sorption, mineralization, and degradation potential in surface and aquifer sediments. Chapter 15. pg. 199-212. In Gan, J.J., P.C. Zhu, S.D. Aust, and A.T. Lemley. Pesticide decontamination and detoxification. ACS Symposium Series 863. Washington, D.C. Oswald, J., T. Trooien, S. Clay, Z. Liu, and R. Thaler. 2004. Assessing potential transport of antibacterial chemicals in the landscape. South Dakota Academy of Science (submitted April 2004). Roel, A. and R.E. Plant. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Rice Yield Variability in two California Fields. Agronomy Journal 95:77-90 (2004) Roel, A. and R.E. Plant. Factors Underlying Yield Variability in Two California Rice Fields. Agronomy Journal 96:1481-1494 (2004) Boyd, P. M., H. M. Hanna, J. L. Baker, and T. S. Colvin. 2004. Field evaluation of anhydrous ammonia manifold performance. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 20(6):745-756. Franzen, D.W. 2004. Delineating nitrogen management zones in a sugarbeet rotation using remote sensing- a review. Journal of Sugar Beet Research 41:47-60. Franzen, D.W., J.F. Giles, L.J. Reitmeier, A.J. Hapka, N.R. Cattanach, and A.C. Cattanach. 2004. Use of whole field research to change farm management practices. J. Nat. Resour. Life Sci. Educ. 33: 161-154. Schepers, A., J.F. Shanahan, M. A. Liebig, J.S. Schepers, S. Johnson, and A. Luchiari. Agron. J. 2004. Appropriateness of management zones for characterizing spatial variability of soil properties and corn yields across years. Agron. J. 96:195-204. Shanahan, J. F., T.A. Doerge, J. J. Johnson, and M.F. Vigil. 2004. Feasibility of site-specific management of corn hybrids and plant densities in the Great Plains. J. Prec. Ag. 5:207-225. K.H. Holland, J.S. Schepers, J.F. Shanahan and G.L. Horst. 2004. Plant Canopy Sensor with Modulated Polychromatic Light Source. Proc. 7th International Conference on Precision Agriculture. Minneapolis, MN. (Conference Proceedings). Stamtiadis, S., C. Tsadilas, and J.S. Schepers. 2004. Real-time crop sensors. p. 128-135. In Remote Sensing for Agriculture and the Environment. S. Stamadiadis, J.M. Lynch, and J.S. Schepers, (eds.) Peripheral Editions, Larissa Greece. (Book Chapter) Schepers, J.S. 2004.Integrating remote sensing and ancillary information into management systems. p. 254-259. In Remote Sensing for Agriculture and the Environment. S. Stamadiadis, J.M. Lynch, and J.S. Schepers, (eds.) Peripheral Editions, Larissa Greece. (Book Chapter) Francis, D.D., J.F. Shanahan, J.S. Schepers, and M.R. Schlemmer. 2004. An update on crop canopy sensors for in-season N management. p. 84-87. Proc. North Central Ext.-Industry Soil Fertility Conf. Nov. 17-18, Des Moines, IA. (Conference Proceedings). Solari, F., P.J. Hodgen, J.S. Schepers, and J.F. Shanahan. 2004. Active sensor orientation over cornrows and effect on assessment of biomass. p. 110-117. Proc. North Central Ext.-Industry Soil Fertility Conf. Nov. 17-18, Des Moines, IA. (Conference Proceedings).

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 02/02/2006

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/05/2006 - 01/06/2006
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2005 - 09/01/2006

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes of NCERA-180 (Site-Specific Management)
in Dayton, Ohio on January 5-6, 2006

1. Nathan Watermeier (Ohio State University) opened the meeting at 8:40 a.m. on January 5th. He indicated that they at OSU had submitted the various paperwork for continuation of the groups activities.
2. K.C. Ting (University of Illinois) gave the Administrative Advisor report. He indicated that the group submitted the minutes, impact statement, and renewal proposal. He discussed various proposal, reporting, and other requirements. We must submit SAES-442 within 60 days. He suggested that the group visit the NCRA and NIMSS websites.
3. K.C. Ting (University of Illinois) gave the CSREES Update, including a list of CSREES liasons.
4. David Mulla (University of Minnesota) discussed the 8th International Conference on Precision Agriculture on 23-26 July in Minneapolis. The web site is: http://precision.agri.umn.edu/conference . The abstracts are due 31 January with the papers due 19 June. There will be parallel tracks with technical and A-Z for Practitioners. He solicited input for keynote presentations.
5. Viacheslav Adamchuk (University of Nebraska) discussed precision agriculture teaching concepts. He received 18 completed surveys from 14 states. Every course is for 3 credits. Most have about 2 hours of lecture and 2 hours of laboratory per week. He presented details of instructors, students (281 in 2003-2004), and course topics. Please see the website and notify Prof. Adamchuk if there should be any additions or changes: bse.unl.edu/adamchuk/pa_teaching.
6. Newell Kitchen (USDA-ARS) discussed activities in the ASA/SSSA/CSSA societies. A special issue in the journal Computers and Electronics in Agriculture will be based on a symposium.
7. Fran Pierce (Washington State University) presented their work on sensor networks in agriculture.
8. Tim Stombauch (University of Kentucky) presented their work on dynamic GPS positioning accuracy and management resolution. He also indicated that there is substantial effort within ASABE to develop standards for precision agriculture testing and reporting.
9. Eric Lund (VERIS Technologies) discussed the equipment technologies for precision agriculture which their company provides.
10. Harold Reetz (PPI-FAR) reported on the activities of FAR. He also discussed the precision agriculture tour sponsored after the WCSS meeting. More information can be found at www.farmresearch.com .
11. Sid Siefken (Trimble) reported on the products of their company and some industry trends.
12. Dennis Francis (University of Nebraska) presented information on sensor considerations.
13. Robert Mullen (Ohio State University) and Newell Kitchen (USDA-ARS) presented information on sensor-based algorithm performance.
14. Jesse Lowenberg-DeBoer (Purdue University) presented information on the economics of precision agriculture. Information is available at www.purdue.edu/ssmc .
15. A detailed tour of the Trimble facility in Dayton was conducted with transportation provided by bus.
16. Nyle Wollenhaupt (AGCO Corporation) presented information on environmental concerns and precision agriculture. He also indicated the importance of ISOBUS (ISO 11783).
17. Larry C. Brown (Ohio State University) discussed drainage and the use of GPS.
18. John K. Schueller (University of Florida) presented on the 2007 NCERA-180 meeting in Florida. Details on hotel, conference site, schedule, and other items were presented. Input, especially on the program, was solicited. It should be sent to wslee@ufl.edu and schuejk@ufl.edu .
19. A business meeting was held. Various items were discussed. The site of the 2008 was selected to be in Minnesota. Prof. David Mulla was elected as secretary and will rotate to Chair after the 2007 meeting. John K. Schueller rotated to Chair after this meeting.

Accomplishments

Site-specific crop management (SSCM), commonly known as precision agriculture (PA), is a very broad concept. It is the management of crop production agriculture with proper concern for the spatial and temporal variabilities which are inherrent in crop production agriculture. As a consequence, it is very diverse and interdisciplinary. The NCERA180 has a very broad membership throughout the country, not just the North Central region. It is also diverse in its members' disciplinary backgrounds. In addition, the members are involvement in this project includes activities in research, education, and extension. The past year again witnessed continued achievements by the members of NCERA180 across such a broad and diverse front. There is insufficient space here to describe all the activities. On the research front, the members have been developing a better understanding of spatial and temporal variabilities, how to measure the variabilities, how handle variability data, and how to understand and communicate the variabilities. This included substantial efforts on sensing and mapping. This also included developing understandings of management zones, sensors, mapping and analysis techniques, and other aspects. There are at least a dozen participants in the committee who are teaching university courses in this subject. Both informal and formal committee discussions have resulted in sharing information about course content and conduct and about potential future improvements, including the sharing of datasets. SSCM and PA technologies are widely used and being considered by more of our clients. Accordingly, there is a great need for extension and other outreach education efforts. These needs are being met by activities and accomplishments of committee members. Information particularly was needed and presented on the characteristics of various PA technologies, the generation and use of management zones, the interpretation of yield maps, and determining prescriptions. A greatly increasing interest is in the area of automated guidance. Committee members have responded by developing research, instruction modules, and extension activities. This is a very big and diverse committee. So only a limited number of examples of accomplishments will be provided below. Researchers in Minnesota compared methods for delineation of management zones. They found that a combination of yield related and landscape related attributes were needed. They also developed understandings of the variable rate application of nitrogen and phosphorus. They showed the variations in yield response and nutrient losses to the environment. Researchers in Indiana showed how to apply PA to field scale research. This allows large block, low replication field trials. The investigators won an Innovator Award for this work. They also surveyed input retailers and found that three-quarters use some PA technologies. They developed sensors for soil properties and remote detection of weed infestations. As an example of the educational achievements, consider the courses taught at the University of Florida. They are AOM 4434 Precision Agriculture and AOM 5435 Advanced Precision Agriculture. These courses cover such topics as the global positioning system, geographic information systems, soil sampling and analysis, yield mapping, remote sensing, and variable rate application. These courses, and similar courses at other institutions, are being updated through efforts of the committee members to share ideas and content. Activities in Nebraska are a good example of the achievements in extension. Curricula on workshops and other outreach educational activities relevant to precision agriculture has been developed and implemented throughout Nebraska. For example, a series of Precision Agriculture Workshops was developed to introduce potential users to different technologies involved in precision agriculture to increase profitability and reduce environmental risk of crop production. The average estimated value of the knowledge obtained was $5.37/acre. Another example is the Auto-Guidance Field Day held near Mead. Participants learned the purpose and main components of auto-guidance systems for agricultural vehicles, the available technical solutions, and the benefits and drawbacks of alternative auto-guidance concepts. With an average estimated value of the knowledge gained of $10.87/acre, the total dollar value of the field day was more than $2.9 million. Similar activities in research, teaching, and extension were undertaken with often-equivalent results in other states.

Publications

Given the large membership of this committee, it is not possible to list all the publications. In general, there are certain publishing venues whose USA contributors are likely to be NCERA180 members working on NCERA180 activities. For example these include: 1. The journal "Precision Agriculture" where most of the USA-authored articles are NCERA180-related. 2. The journal "Computers and Electronics in Agriculture" where many of the USA-authored articles are NCERA-180 related. 3. Conference and journal publications of some professional societies with significant SSCM or PA content. These especially include ASABE, ASA, and SSSA. 4. The biennial International Conference on Precision Agriculture held in Minneapolis in even-numberd years is dominated by NCERA180 contributions. 5. Most of the USA contributions to the biennial European Conference on Precision Agriculture are NCERA180 efforts. 6. A wide variety of extension publications are published in the states which are members of this committee. A somewhat random sampling of publications might be: Mulla, D. J. (Ed.) 2005. Proc. 7th Intl. Conf. Prec. Agric. Includes 176 papers and 2000 pages of research. Univ. Minnesota. St. Paul, MN. Shin, D. J., W. S. Lee, and S. Y. Na. 2005. Dynamic load estimation in silage harvesting. Trans. ASAE 48(4): 1131-1320 Lee, W. S., J. K. Schueller, and T. F. Burks. 2005. Wagon-based silage yield mapping system. Agricultural Engineering. (online journal) Vol. VII. Manuscript IT 05 003. Subramanian V., T.F. Burks, and S. Singh. 2005. Autonomous Greenhouse Sprayer Vehicle using Machine Vision and Ladar for Steering Control. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 21(5):1-9. Ping, J.L., and A. Dobermann. 2005. Processing of yield map data. Precision Agriculture 6:193-212. Y. Miao, D. J. Mulla and P. C. Robert. 2005. Combining soil-landscape and spatial-temporal variability of yield information to delineate site-specific management zones. In: (J. V. Stafford, ed.), Proc. 5th European Conf. Precision Ag. P. 811-818. Wageningen Academic Publ. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Bausch, Walter C. and Jorge A. Delgado. 2005. Impact of residual soil nitrate on in-season nitrogen applications to irrigated corn based on remotely sensed assessments of crop nitrogen status. Precision Agriculture 6: 509-519. Schepers, A., J. F. Shanahan, M. A. Liebig, J.S. Schepers, S. Johnson, and A. Luchiari. Agron. J. Appropriateness of management zones for characterizing spatial variability of soil properties and corn yields across years. Agron. J. 96:195-204. 2004. Adamchuk, V.I., M.T. Morgan, and J.M. Lowenberg-DeBoer. 2004. A model for agro-economic analysis of soil pH mapping. Precision Agriculture, 5:109-127. Siefken, R.J., V.I. Adamchuk, D.E. Eisenhauer, and L.L. Bashford. 2005. Mapping soil mechanical resistance with a multiple blade system. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 21(1):15-23. Adamchuk, V.I., J.W. Hummel, M.T. Morgan, and S.K. Upadhyaya. 2004. On-the-go soil sensors for precision agriculture. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 44:71-91. Delgado, J.A. and W.C. Bausch. 2005. Potential use of precision conservation techniques to reduce nitrate leaching in irrigated crops. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 60(6): 38-46. Wiles, L.J. 2005. Sampling to make maps for site-specific weed management. Weed Science 53:228-235. Scharf, P.C., Kitchen, N.R., Sudduth, K.A., Davis, J.G., Hubbard, V.C., Lory, J.A. 2005. Field-Scale Variability in Optimal Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate for Corn. Agronomy Journal. 97:452-461. P. Gowda and D. Mulla. 2005. Environmental benefits of precision agriculture-A modeling case study. Intl Annual Meeting Am. Soc. Ag. Eng., Tampa, FL. Paper No. 051042. Cugati, S.A., W.M. Miller, and J.K. Schueller. 2005. Dynamic modeling of variable-rate granular applicator hydraulic flow control valve. 5th European Conference on Precision Agriculture. Uppsala, Sweden. June 9-12. Tarr, A.B., K.J. Moore, D.G. Bullock, P.M. Dixon, C.L. Burns. 2005. Improving map accuracy of soil variables using soil electrical conductivity as a covariate. Precision Agriculture 6:255-270. Kitchen, N.R., Sudduth, K.A., Myers, D.B., Massey, R.E., Sadler, E.J., Lerch, R.N., Hummel, J.W., Palm, H.L. 2005. Development of a Conservation-Oriented Precision Agriculture System: Crop Production Assessment and Plan Implementation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 60(6):421-430.

Impact Statements

The overall impact of this work is the development and technology transfer of SSCM technologies and management techniques to the USAs crop production sector, resulting in improvements in profitability and environmental protection.
Examples of impacts can be found in the "Accomplishments" section.