NCR97: Regulation of Adipose Tissue Accretion in Meat Animals

(Multistate Research Coordinating Committee and Information Exchange Group)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[05/26/2003]

Date of Annual Report: 05/26/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 04/11/2003 - 04/11/2003
Period the Report Covers: 04/01/2002 - 04/01/2003

Participants

Members Present:; Michael Azain-Georgia; Donald Beitz-Iowa; Werner Bergen-Alabama; Gale Carey-New Hampshire; Ching Yaun Hu-Oregon; Gary Hausman- Georgia; Harry Mersmann-Texas; Scott Mills-Indiana; Jess Miner-Nebraska; Jan Novakofski-Illinois; Jack Odle-North Carolina; Daniel Rule-Wyoming;

Guests Present:; Michael McIntosh-North Carolina (invited speaker); Sean Adams-California, Amylin Pharmaceuticals; Kim Hargrave-Nebraska; Lin Xi-North Carolina; Travis Knight-Iowa; Marci Strouch-New Hampshire.

Participants Attachment:

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Brief Summary of Minutes

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Accomplishments

Effect of dietary CLA on body composition in growing horses. The objective of this project was to determine if dietary CLA limits fat accretion in growing horses fed above the NRC requirement for energy. There was no significant effect of CLA on intake or on calculated accretion rates for subcutaneous fat thickness. Horses fed CLA had reduced growth rate(37 vs 58 kg), but greater calculated loin muscle accretion (0.91 vs 0.47 sq in). Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained at the end of the study for determination of cellularity and fatty acid profiles. There was a reduction in the proportion of large cells, > 140 5m, in horses fed CLA. Feeding CLA increased tissue content and resulted in a more saturated fatty acid profile. Regulation of adipose accretion in meat animals. In trial one, finishing Pietrain pigs were fed 0 and 20 ppm PayleanTM [ractopamine] for 52 d and pigs were slaughtered at market weight. Feeding 20 ppm of PayleanTM resulted in decreases in ADD-1, FASN and GLUT4 and an increase in PPARg mRNA abundance. In a second trial, crossbred pigs were fed 0, 20 and 60 ppm of ractopamine [RAC]. At day 14 mRNA abundance had declined for FASN and GLUT 4 for the 60 ppm RAC treatment. By day 28, FASN, GLUT 4 ADD-1 mRNA abundance declined for both 20 and 60 ppm RAC. At 28 days, PPAR? was increased for both dietary RAC concentrations. By 42 days, mRNA abundance for FASN was lower at 20 and 60 ppm RAC while PPAR? abundance was elevated for 60ppm RAC. The repartitioning agent RAC/ PayleanTM appears to shift adipose lipid metabolism from net deposition to a mobilization as evidenced by the reciprocal changes in ADD-1 and PPARg. Exercise-training and extracellular cyclic AMP appearance and metabolism in adipose tissue of yucatan miniature swine. The purpose of this study was to examine extracellular cyclic AMP appearance and metabolism in two settings: in situ, using microdialysis of intact adipose tissue of sedentary and exercise-trained swine, and in vitro, using plasma membranes and intact adipocytes isolated from sedentary and exercise-trained swine. Findings demonstrated that (1) acute exercise causes an increase in dialysate cyclic AMP and adenosine, compared to resting levels, (2) exercise-trained swine accumulated the same amount of cyclic AMP as sedentary pigs during exercise, but less adenosine, (3) adipocytes from exercise-trained swine appear to transport slightly more cyclic AMP that adipocytes from sedentary swine, and (4) there was no difference in phosphodiesterase and 5‘-nucleotidase maximal activity. We conclude that adipocytes export cyclic AMP in intact adipose tissue, and this export is enhanced during exercise. Proteomic analysis of differentiating cultures of porcine stromal-vascular cells. Postnatal pigs were euthanized at 5-7 days of age to prepare stromal-vascular (S-V) cultures from subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue conventionally. Differential expression of cell proteins and secreted proteins (conditioned media) from DEX treated and control SQ cultures (day 6) was examined by 2D differential gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) and mass spectroscopy. A total of 86 secreted proteins were significantly increased by DEX treatment. Thirty of these proteins were identified by MALDI ToF with moderate confidence intervals (CI‘s, 68-99). Twelve additional identified secreted proteins that had higher CI‘s (>99) were submitted for ToF / ToF spectroscopic analysis. Ongoing studies include repeating 2D DIGE studies of conditioned media after removal of larger abundant proteins like albumin. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on differentiation and proliferation of porcine stromal-vascular cells. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of CLA on adipocyte growth in pigs by determining the effect of CLA administration on the differentiation and proliferation of cultured porcine stromal-vascular cells. CLA significantly decreased GPDH activity (nmol/(min*mg protein) versus carrier by 15% at 25 uM, 37% at 50 uM, and 70% at 100 uM . Administration of the trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer decreased GPDH activity 50% at 6.25 uM, 73% at 12 uM and 84% at 25 uM. The cis-9, trans-11 isomer failed to affect GPDH activity at any concentration. LA significantly increased GPDH activity at all concentrations. In order to study the effect of CLA on the proliferation of porcine stromal-vascular cells, the cleavage of the tetrazolium salt, WST-1, by mitochondrial dehydrogenases was measured on d 2 following induction and treatment by compounds at the above concentrations. Only the 25 uM trans-10, cis-12 CLA treatment decreased WST-1 (p<.05). These data suggest that CLA inhibits fat accretion in growing pigs in part by inhibiting fat cell differentiation and perhaps to a lesser extent by decreasing stromal-vascular cell proliferation. Chronic Wasting Disease incidence in whitle-tailed deer in Illinois. Illinois diagnosed its first case of Chronic Wasting Disease subsequent to the fall 2002 hunting season. Positive cases are located in relatively heavily populated are near the Wisconsin boarder, Cases appear to represent a 2nd foci rather than being continuous with the cases near Madison. In collaboration with the IDNR, we have archived fixed, embedded samples from the 2002 hunting season and frozen tissue from additional testing of white-tailed deer in Boone, McHenry and Winnebago counties (ie northern Illinois near Rockford). Factors affecting interpretation of data from differentiating preadipocytes in culture. 1. Studies of adipocyte differentiation usually rely on measurement of changes in preadipocytes differentiating in a cell culture system. There are many variables in cell culture including the cell type (clonal or primary), the multitude of media variations, the timing of events (change of medium, addition or removal of differentiation factors, measurements of lipid, enzymes, mRNAs, etc.), the differentiation factors used, and the subjective decision regarding the point of confluence. Hauner demonstrated that human preadipocyte differentiation was increased by cortisol and other glucocorticoids. In studying the effects of cortisol, we discovered that differentiation of our human primary preadipocyte preparations was not stimulated by cortisol, but rather cortisol decreased differentiation. This clearly demonstrates the potential divergence between laboratories when measuring events in differentiating preadipocyte in culture. 2. Transcript concentrations are usually measured using a fixed amount of total or mRNA. The assumption is that the extraction/recovery of RNA is constant for all samples and that the total RNA on a plate or in a sample does not change. Generally, inherent in this assumption is that the cell number also does not change. Thus, when a change in transcript concentration is observed, it is interpreted as an adaptive process. We measured mRNA concentrations under conditions when cell number is changing. In this circumstance, the fixed amount of RNA used represents a lesser number of cells as the cell number per unit increases. Such results may lead to false interpretation of the data. To achieve a proper perspective, the total RNA per unit (g tissue or culture plate) must be considered as must the number of cells represented by the unit. Progress on the porcine beta three adrenergic receptor. The b3AR is unique in a number of respects including that the gene has two exons unlike the b1AR and b2AR, which only have one. A cDNA was generated from the gene that excluded the 660 bp intron and this product was subcloned into the expression vector pcDNA3.1 for generating stable cell lines in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO). We tested 28 ligands for ability to activate adenylyl cyclase in intact CHO cells. Of the 16 purported agonists tested, 14 activated adenylyl cyclase. The range of ligands that activated the b3AR was unexpected because the porcine b1AR and b2AR show extreme selectivity with few ligands other than epinephrine and norepinephrine exhibiting significant efficacy. Efficacy was achieved with some novel b3AR-selective ligands, but also with several common b2AR-selective ligands, including zinterol, cimaterol, salbutamol, clenbuterol, and L-644,969. In contrast, some ligands expected to be agonists were not (e.g. CGP 12177). The porcine b3AR appears to exhibit a pharmacology that is quite different from the pb1 & b2AR, but also different from the b3AR of other species. We have identified ligands that will be useful to identify the role of the b3AR in pig tissues. Redesigning beef cattle to have a more healthful fatty acid composition. Studies were undertaken to evaluate the extent to which genetic variation controls beef fatty acid composition. In triacylglycerol, myristic acid (14:0) was highly heritable (h2 1 S.E.; 0.50 1 0.28) as was palmitoleic acid (16:1) (0.51 1 0.23) and oleic acid (18:1) (0.58 1 0.29). Heritability estimates for phospholipid fatty acids were nearly equal to the respective standard error. To evaluate enzyme systems (fatty acid desaturase and fatty acid elongase), ratios of product to precursor were evaluated. The fatty acid desaturase index (16:1+18:1/16:0+18:0) was heritable in triacylglycerol (0.49 1 0.28). In contrast, heritabilities of the indices of fatty acid elongase activity were nearly equal to the respective standard error. Finally, an overall health index of the fatty acid composition ([4*(14:0)+(16:0)] 8 all other fatty acids excluding 18:0) was evaluated and was heritable in triacylglycerol (0.60 1 0.30). The most favorable EPD for overall health index was -0.045, which represents a >5.5% change from the average for this data set. EPDs for individual fatty acids, in some cases, represent a 5-12% improvement of the particular trait. We conclude that fatty acid composition of beef is in part an inherited trait and that the lipid composition of beef could be improved with respect to human health by genetic selection. Conjugated linoleic acid induces body fat loss and apoptosis in mice. We fed 80 mice 0 or 1% CLA and 0 or 400 mg/kg diet aspirin for 2 weeks. CLA reduced feed intake, body weight, body fat %, fat pad weights, and linoleic acid in adipose tissue and increased liver weight, lean mass, and DNA fragmentation. Aspirin increased body weight but had no effect on CLA-induced body fat loss or DNA fragmentation. We cultured 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes in the presence of no added fatty acids, linoleic acid, trans-10,cis-12 CLA, or staurosporine, a positive control for apoptosis. CLA-induced DNA fragmentation was observed in preadipocytes not undergoing differentiation but not adipocytes. In conclusion, CLA does not cause a body fat loss through cyclooxygenase, coconut oil may cause mice to be more sensitive to CLA independent of an essential fatty acid deficiency, and CLA appears to induce apoptosis in preadipocytes but not adipocytes. Dietary effects on ruminant fatty acid composition. Ninety-six Gelbvieh 4 Angus rotationally-crossed steers (293.6 1 3.9 kg) were used to evaluate duration of soybean oil (SBO) supplementation on feedlot performance, carcass traits, and Longissimus dorsi (LD) fatty acid composition. Four treatments consisted of 0, 77, 137, or 189 d of SBO supplementation before slaughter. Diets contained 78% cracked corn, 12% chopped (2.54 cm) oat hay, and 10% protein supplement, with or without 5% added SBO. Total fatty acid content of the LD did not differ across treatments (avg = 34.9 1 3.8 mg/g of fresh tissue). C18:1c9 concentrations decreased linearly as duration of SBO supplementation increased. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was not affected by SBO supplementation. However, LD concentrations of C18:1t11 tended to linearly increase with duration of SBO supplementation. Total saturated fatty acid content of the LD was not affected by SBO supplementation.

Publications

Phositlimpagul, A, G. L. Edwards, and M. J. Azain. 2002. Hepatic vagotomy disrupts somatotropin induced protein selection. Physiology and Behavior 75:193-200. Lin, J., H.B.Arnold, M.A., Della-Fera, M.J.Azain, D.L. Hartzell, and C.A. Baile. 2002. Myostatin knockout in mice increases myogenesis and decreases adipogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 291: 701-706. Choi, Y.-H., D. Hartzell, M.J. Azain, and C.A. Baile. 2002. TRH decreases food intake and increases water intake and body temperature in rats. Physiology and Behavior 77: 1-4. Qian, H., M.M. Compton, D.L. Hartzell, G.J. Hausman, M.J.Azain, M. A. Della-Fera, and C.A. Baile. 2002. Effects of intracerebroventricular leptin administration on gene transcription in adipose tissue. Recent Res. Devel. Endocrinol. 3:249-259. Azain, M.J. 2003. Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Effects on Animal Products and Health in Monogastric Animals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (In Press). Azain, M.J., X. Li, A. Shah and T. Davies. 2002. Separation of the effects of xylanase and _-glucanase addition on performance of broiler chicks fed barley based diets. Southeast Poultry /International Poultry Scientific Forum. Jablonski, E., R.D. Jones, and M. Azain. 2002. Evaluation of pet food byproduct as an alternative feedstuff in nursery pig diets. J. Anim. Sci. 80 (Suppl 2): 64. Zier, C., M. Froetschel, R. Jones, and M. Azain. 2002. Use of poultry byproduct meal as an alternate protein source in swine starter rations. J. Anim. Sci. 80 (Suppl 2): 64. Poulos, SP, Azain, MJ; Hausman, GJ. 2002. Serum from neonatal pigs of dams fed conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) alters preadipocyte recruitment in primary porcine stromal-vascular cell cultures FASEB Journal 16:A1016. Hargrove, JL., Wickwire, K; Azain, M; Hulsey, S. 2002. Effect of dietary fat on exchange of n-3 and n-6 unsaturated fatty acids in rat adipose tissue. FASEB J 16: A635. Meers, S. A., R. Jones, T. D. Pringle, and M. J. Azain. 2003. The effect of body composition on dietary protein selection in finishing gilts. J. Animal Sci. 81 Suppl 2. (Midwest ASAS) Mimbs. K. J., T.D. Pringle, M.J. Azain, and T.A. Armstrong. 2003. Carcass yield and quality traits of Paylean treated pigs differing in prefinishing ultrasound 10th rib fat thickness. J. Animal Sci. 81 Suppl 2. (Midwest ASAS) Mimbs. K. J., T.D. Pringle, S. A. Meers, M. J. Azain, and T.A. Armstrong. 2003. Finishing performance and ultrasound composition of Paylean supplemented pigs sorted into backfat thickness classes. J. Animal Sci. 81 Suppl 2. (Midwest ASAS). Halsey, CHC, JL Bartosh, SS Thacker, WF Owsley and WGBergen . 2003. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1c) peroxisome proliferator activating receptor gamma (PPARg), fatty acid synthase (FASN) and GLUT4 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue in Pietrain pigs fed the _-adrenergic agonist PAYLEANTM. FASEB J. 17:A 750 (Abstr.) Wright, K.C., Carey, Gale B. and Quinn, Timothy J. (2002) Infant acceptance of breast milk after maternal exercise. Pediatrics 109 (4), 585-589. Moher, H. E. and Carey, G. B. (2002) Technical Note: Adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) in miniature swine using the 133xenon washout technique. J. Anim. Sci, 80, 1294-1298. Reading, J.A and Carey, Gale B. (2002) Identification of an adipocyte plasma membrane protein with ecto-phosphodiesterase activity. FASEB J. 16 (4), A 559. Strouch, M.B. and Carey, G.B. (2003) Purine and lipolysis in adipose tissue in situ. FASEB J. 17 (4), A323. Hausman, G. J., L.R. Richardson, and F.A. Simmen. 2002. Secretion of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and II and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in fetal stromal-vascular (S-V) cell cultures obtained before and after the onset of adipogenesis in vivo. Growth Dev Aging. 66:11-26. Hausman, G . J., 2003. Preadipocyte recruitment and expression of CCAAT/enhancing binding protein a (CEBPa) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor- gamma (PPARg) proteins in porcine stromal-vascular (S-V) cell cultures obtained before and after the onset of fetal adipogenesis. Gen. Comp. Endo. (accepted). Poulos S. P. , M. J. Azain, and G. J. Hausman. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid during gestation and lactation does not alter sow performance or body weight gain and adiposity in pigs. (submitted). S.P. Poulos, M.J, Azain, and G.J. Hausman. Serum from neonatal pigs of dams fed conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) alters preadipocyte recruitment in primary porcine stromal-vascular cell cultures. FASEB Journal, 16: A1016, 2002. Brandebourg, T.D. and C.Y. Hu. 2002. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on the differentiation and proliferatin of porcine stromal-vascular cells. J. Anim. Sci. 80(suppl. 1):154. Chung, C.S., T.D. Brandebourg and C.Y. Hu. 2002. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on the differentiation of L8 myoblasts. J. Anim. Sci. 80(suppl. 1):212. Broussard, S.R., R.H. McCusker, J.E. Novakofski, K. Strle, W.H. Shen, R.W. Johnson, G.G. Freund, R. Dantzer and K.W. Kelley. 2003. Cytokine-hormone interactions: Tumor necrosis factor a impairs biologic activity and downstream activation signals of the IGF-I receptor in myoblasts. Endocrinology. Published online ahead of print March 19, 2003, 10.1210/en.2003-0087. McCusker, R. L., R. L. Mateski J. Novakofski. 2003. Zinc Alters the Kinetics of IGF-II Binding to Cell Surface Receptors and Binding Proteins. Endocrine. Manuscript # C2722. Accepted. McCusker, R. L. Mateski and J. Novakofski. 2003. Zinc Partitions Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs) From Soluble IGF Binding Protein (IGFBP)-5 to the Cell Surface Receptors of BC3H-1 Muscle Cells. J. Cellular Physiology. Manuscript # JCP 03-011. Accepted. Mersmann, H.J. 2002. Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Modulation of Adipocyte Metabolism and Growth. J. Anim. Sci. 80(E. Suppl. 1):E24-E29. Mersmann, H.J. 2002. Bioregulation of adipocyte growth and differentiation. Seminars in Plastic Surgery 16:195-197. Mersmann, H.J. 2002. Mechanisms for conjugated linoleic acid-mediated reduction in fat deposition. J. Anim. Sci. 80(E. Suppl. 2):E126-E134. Smith, S.B., T.S. Hively, G.M. Cortese, J.J. Han, K.Y. Chung, P. Castenada, C.D. Gilbert, V.L. Adams, and H.J. Mersmann. 2002. Conjugated linoleic acid depresses the ?9 desaturase index and stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase enzyme activity in porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2110-2115. Demaree, S.R., C.D. Gilbert, H.J. Mersmann, and S.B. Smith. 2002. Conjugated linoleic acid differentially modifies fatty acid composition in subcellular fractions of muscle and adipose tissue but not adiposity of postweaning pigs. J. Nutr. 132:3272-3279. Ding, S-T., R.L. McNeel, and H.J. Mersmann. 2002. Modulation of adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1 by selected polyunsaturated fatty acids. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. - Animal. 38:352-357. Ding, S-T., A. Lapillone, W.C. Heird, and H.J. Mersmann. 2003. Dietary fat has minimal effects on fatty acid metabolism transcript concentrations in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81:423-431. Liang*, W. and S. E. Mills*. 2002. Quantitative analysis of beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes in pig tissues. J. Anim. Sci. 80:963-970. Mills, S.E., J. Kissel, C.A. Bidwell, and D.J. Smith. 2003. Stereoselectivity of porcine beta-adrenergic receptors for ractopamine stereoisomers. J. Anim. Sci. 81:122-129 Mills, S.E., M.E. Spurlock and D.J. Smith. 2003. Beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes that mediate ractopamine stimulation of lipolysis. J. Anim. Sci. 81:662-668. Boylston, T.D. and D.C. Beitz. 2002. Conjugated linoleic acid and fatty acid composition of yogurt produced from milk of cows fed soy oil and conjugated linoleic acid. J. Food Sci. 67:1973-1978. Ametaj, B.N., G. Bobe, Y. Lu, J.W. Young, and D.C. Beitz. 2003. Effect of sample preparation, length of time, and sample size on quantification of total lipids from bovine liver. J. Agric. Food Chem. Accepted. Bohan, M.M., R. Sonon, G. Bobe, Y. Lu, T. Knight, A Wertz, A. Trenkle and D. Beitz. 2002. Effects of ghrelin injection on blood and body composition in rats. FASEB J. 16:A619. Wertz, A.E., A. Trenkle, R.L. Horst, F.C. Parrish, E.J. Huff-Lonergan, T.J. Knight, R.N. Sonon, and D.C. Beitz. 2002. Use of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to improve beef tenderness. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl. 1)/J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):216. Hargrave, K.M., C.L. Li, B.J. Meyer, S.D. Kachman, D.L. Hartzell, M.A. Della-Fera, J.L. Miner, and C.A. Baile. 2002. Adipose depletion and apoptosis induced by trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid in mice. Obes. Res. 10:1284-1290. Hargrave, K.M., M.J. Azain, S.D. Kachman, and J.L. Miner. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid does not improve insulin sensitivity in mice. Obes. Res. (In Review). Hargrave, KM, B.J. Meyer, C.L. Li, M.J. Azain, C.A. Baile, and J.L. Miner. 2003. Influence of conjugated linoleic acid and fat source on body fat and apoptosis in mice. Obes. Res. (In review). Hargrave, K.M. and J.L. Miner. 2003. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on DNA fragmentation of preadipocytes in culture. Paper to be presented at the Midwest Sec. Am. Dairy Sci. Assoc. and Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. ann. mtg. March 19, Des Moines, IA. Hargrave, K.M., M.J. Azain, and J.L. Miner. 2003. Aspirin does not alter conjugated linoleic acid-induced body fat loss in mice. Paper to be presented at the Exp. Biol. Mtg. April 13, San Diego, CA. Hargrave, K.M. and J.L. Miner. 2003. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on DNA fragmentation in cultured adipocytes. Paper to be presented at the Am. Dairy Sci. Assoc. and Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. ann. mtg. June, Phoenix, AZ. Oliver, W.T., S.A. Mathews, O. Phillips, E.E. Jones, J. Odle and R.J. Harrell. 2002. Efficacy of partially hydrolyzed corn syrup solids as a replacement for lactose in manufactured liquid diets for neonatal pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 80:143-153. Averette Gatlin, L., J. Odle, J. Soede, and J. A. Hansen. 2002. Dietary medium or long chain triglycerides improve body condition of lean genotype sows and increase suckling pig growth. J. Anim. Sci. 80:38-44. Heo, K.N., X. Lin, I.K. Han, and J. Odle. 2002. Medium-chain fatty acids but not L-carnitine accelerate the kinetics of [14C]triacylglycerol utilization by colostrum-deprived newborn pigs. J. Nutr. 132:1989-1994. Evans, M., X. Lin, J. Odle and M. McIntosh. 2002. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J. Nutr. 132:450-455. Averette Gatlin, L.A., M.T. See, J. Hansen, D. Sutton and J. Odle. 2002. The effects of dietary fat sources, levels, and feeding intervals on pork fatty acid composition. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1606-1615. Mathews, S.A., W.T. Oliver, O.T. Phillips, J. Odle, D.A. Diersen_Schade, and R.J. Harrell. 2002. Comparison of triglycerides and phospholipids as supplemental sources of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in piglets. J. Nutr. 132: 3081-3089. Averette Gatlin, L.A., M.T. See, D.K. Larick, X. Lin, and J. Odle. 2002. Conjugated linoleic acid in combination with supplemental dietary fat alters pork fat quality. J. Nutr. 132: 3105-3112. McPhatter, L., S.R. Greene, J. Vinji, C.L. Moe and J. Odle. 2002. Development of a porcine model to study calicivirus pathogenesis. FASEB J. 16:A246. Mathews, S.A., W.T. Oliver, X. Lin, O.T. Phillips, J.A. Brown, J. Odle, and R.J. Harrell. 2002. Essential fatty acid deficiency in piglets decreases beta-oxidation of 14C-linoleate and 14C-palmitate in both liver and brain tissue. FASEB J. 16:A223. Oliver, W.T., K.J. Touchette, J.A. Brown, S.A. Mathews, J. Odle and R.J. Harrell. 2002. Young pigs respond to exogenous porcine somatotropin and dietary energy source. FASEB J. 16:A618. Lyvers Peffer, P.A., X. Lin, R.J. Harrell and J. Odle. 2002. Induction of post-natal carnitine palmitoyltranferase activity and hepatic B-oxidation in piglets. FASEB J. 16:A632. Evans, M.E., X. Lin, J. Odle and M.K. McIntosh. 2002. Conjugated linoleic acid increases oleic acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. FASEB J. 16:A1016. Oliver, W.T., K.J. Touchette, J.A. Coalson, C.S. Whisnant, J.A. Brown, S.A. Mathews, J. Odle, and R.J. Harrell. 2002. Pigs weaned from the sow at 10 d of age respond to dietary energy source. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1) 80:197. Bolte, M. R., B. W. Hess, W. J. Means, G. E. Moss, and D. C. Rule. 2002. Feeding lambs high-oleate or high-linoleate safflower seeds differentially influences carcass fatty acid composition. J. Anim Sci. 80:609-616. Rule, D. C., K. S. Broughton, S. M. Shellito, and G. Maiorano. 2002. Comparison of muscle fatty acid profiles and cholesterol concentrations of bison, beef cattle, elk, and chicken. J. Anim Sci. 80:1202-1211. Rule, D.C., G.E. Moss, G.D. Snowder, and N.E. Cockett. 2002. Adipose tissue lipogenic enzyme activity, serum IGF-I, and IGF-binding proteins in the callipyge lamb. Sheep and Goat Res. J. 17:39-46. Alexander, B.M., B.W. Hess, and D.C. Rule. 2002. Comparison of acidic and alkaline catalysts for preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from ovine muscle with emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid. Meat Sci. in press. Simpkins, D.G., W.A. Hubert, C.M. del Rio, and D.C. Rule. 2003. Effects of swimming activity on relative weight and body composition of juvenile rainbow trout. No. Amer. J. Fish. Manag. 23:283-289. Simpkins, D.G., W.A. Hubert, C.M. del Rio, and D.C. Rule. 2003. Physiological responses of juvenile rainbow trout to fasting and swimming activity: effects on body composition and condition indices. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 132:578-591.

Impact Statements

None to report this year.