Report Information
Participants
None - Virtual meeting was canceled due to a lack of participation
Brief Summary of Minutes
Due to lack of researchers involvment, the virtual meeting was canceled.
Accomplishments
<p><strong>W4173 2023 – Research Overview</strong></p><br />
<p>Station (University/Organization):</p><br />
<p>University of Delaware</p><br />
<p>Researcher/ Research Team <em>(Name and e-mail)</em>:</p><br />
<p>Yihang Li; <a href="mailto:liyh@udel.edu">liyh@udel.edu</a></p><br />
<p>Erin Pisano; <a href="mailto:eeconnor@udel.edu">eeconnor@udel.edu</a></p><br />
<p>Primary Research Interests and Objectives related to W3173:</p><br />
<p>Understanding and Mitigating Impacts of Stress on Intestinal Health and Physiology of Animals</p><br />
<p>Impact Statement for Primary W4173 Research in the past year</p><br />
<p>Broadly, we use three-dimensional live cell-culture models and electrophysiological techniques to investigate how early-life stress and nutritional interventions influence intestinal function in animals, both with and without stress challenges.</p><br />
<p>Within 4173 we examined the effects of early-life stress—specifically, weaning stress in pigs and delayed feeding stress in broilers—along with in-ovo nutrition on intestinal development and function. We developed enteroids from stressed chickens (delayed-fed) and pigs (early-weaned) to identify molecular mechanisms regulating intestinal function and to explore chemical or nutritional additives that enhance intestinal cell function.</p><br />
<p>In broiler chickens, we successfully established an in vitro intestinal organoid model to study the impact of oxidative and inflammatory stress on intestinal function and assess the potential of dietary functional supplements in mitigating these effects. Our delayed-feeding stress model revealed rapid and prolonged alterations in intestinal enteroendocrine function, characterized by an upregulation of ghrelin and a downregulation of CCK.</p><br />
<p>In pigs, we refined weaning age classifications—early weaning (day 15), industrial weaning (day 20), and late weaning (day 25)—to better understand how weaning stress affects intestinal nutrient sensing and transport functions. Enteroids isolated from stressed pigs will be exposed to various inflammatory cytokines and stress hormones to elucidate the mechanisms underlying intestinal functional changes.</p><br />
<p>In dairy cattle, we established two- and three-dimensional in vitro organoid models from ileum of adult cows to study the effects of <em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em> infection on intestinal cell inflammatory response and function. These models will be used to investigate live cycle progression of the protozoan parasite in culture as well as dietary additives to mitigate negative effects of parasitic infection on host cells.</p><br />
<p>By understanding how early-life stress and nutrition regulate intestinal function, we aim to develop novel nutritional and feeding strategies that mitigate these effects, enhance gut health, improve disease resistance, and promote overall animal growth and performance.</p><br />
<p>Future Research Direction Related to W3173:</p><br />
<p>Our research group is currently investigating the impact of environmental micro- and nano-plastics on chicken intestinal health using a stress model with enteroid cultures and electrophysiological analyses.</p><br />
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<p>Station (University/Organization):</p><br />
<p>AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, New Zealand</p><br />
<p>Researcher/ Research Team <em>(Name and e-mail)</em>:</p><br />
<p>Karin Schütz, Karin.schutz@agresearch.co.nz</p><br />
<p>Primary Research Interests and Objectives related to W3173:</p><br />
<p>My primary research interests are dairy cattle behavior and welfare. I am interested in how dairy cows respond to summer and winter conditions, including exposure to muddy surfaces. I am also interested in sheep behavior and welfare in relation to heat stress. Thus, I am mostly closely aligned with Objectives 1, 3 and 4 in W4173. </p><br />
<p>Impact Statement for Primary W4173 Research in the past year</p><br />
<p>I contributed to the development and refinement of heat load indices for grazing dairy cattle and sheep based on changes in respiration rate. A heat stress risk map of New Zealand for pastured sheep was also developed. I have studied the links between ill-thrift and welfare and personality in sheep. I have also validated accelerometers attached to collars to monitor behaviour of extensively managed sheep. Finally, I have written or contributed to perspective articles around the management of pastured dairy cattle in summer and winter conditions.</p><br />
<p>Future Research Direction Related to W4173:</p><br />
<p>In 2025, I will study the associations between heat stress, behaviour and lameness in dairy cattle managed on pasture. I will also investigate the dairy cattle efficiency and welfare benefits of incorporating trees into the landscape (silvopastoral systems). I will study behaviour indicators of sub-clinical facial eczema in sheep. Potential projects also include alternative to crop management in winter for cattle and sheep, and determining the value of grazing behaviour in cattle. We will also continue work looking into drool as an indicator of heat stress in cattle (in collaboration with UC Davis). </p><br />
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<p>Station (University/Organization):</p><br />
<p>South Dakota State University, Department of Animal Science</p><br />
<p>Researcher/ Research Team <em>(Name and e-mail)</em>:</p><br />
<p>Zachary Smith, PhD – Feedlot Research Group</p><br />
<p>Philip Urso, PhD – Bison Studies Group</p><br />
<p>Primary Research Interests and Objectives related to W4173:</p><br />
<p><em>Beef:</em></p><br />
<ul><br />
<li>Nutrition and management of newly weaned, growing, and finishing cattle fed in confinement<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Growth promotants<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Steroidal implants</li><br />
<li>Beta adrenergic agonist</li><br />
</ol><br />
</li><br />
<li>Phytomolecules</li><br />
<li>Antimicrobial alternatives</li><br />
<li>Novel ingredient use</li><br />
<li>Feed (grain and forage) processing effects on growth and growth efficiency</li><br />
</ol><br />
</li><br />
<li>Skeletal muscle biology<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Skeletal muscle biopsies and downstream applications</li><br />
</ol><br />
</li><br />
</ul><br />
<p><em>Bison:</em></p><br />
<ul><br />
<li>Nutrition and management of Bison in confinement and pasture settings<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Comparison of circulating minerals in bison in different production systems</li><br />
<li>Census of circulating vitamins and minerals in midwestern and eastern bison.</li><br />
</ol><br />
</li><br />
</ul><br />
<p>Impact Statement for Primary W4173 Research in the past year</p><br />
<p>South Dakota State University has conducted research related to the nutrition and management of confinement fed beef cattle (receiving, backgrounding, and finishing cattle) in the Northern Plains (NP). Namely, we worked to identify strategies to reduce stress and improve productivity. The Bison Studies Group works to identify critical knowledge gaps in bison production to improve the resiliency and sustainability of bison production in the Northern Plains. Specifically, the Bison Studies Group has focused on comparing different management strategies (mainly mineral supplementation via injectables or free choice access) and how it effects circulating minerals.</p><br />
<p><strong>Objective 1:</strong> <strong>Identify and characterize the biology of stress responses that affect animal well-being and production. </strong></p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p>We are currently working on two projects related to 1) reduction of in feed microbials and 2) reducing liver abscess prevalence and severity in Holstein – Angus crossbred calves. In the first experiment, we allocated a total of 64 head to 10 pens resulting in 5 pens per treatment. We either fed monensin sodium continuously (30 g/ton of DM) or we removed monensin sodium from the diet every 4 weeks for a 4 week period. Cumulative growth performance nor carcass characteristics differed between treatments, indicating that monensin use can be reduced without deleterious effects on cattle growth performance. In the second study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing length of time spent on a forage-based (30% roughage equivalent; RE) diet on growth performance, rumination activity and sera metabolite outcomes in newly-received Angus × Holstein steers during the initial 97 DOF. Increasing time spent on a high-forage diet linearly reduced body weight, daily gain, and intake and worsened feed efficiency. These data indicate that less time spent on a high-forage diet during the initial 97 DOF improves growth performance in Angus × Holstein steers weighing 193 kg initially.</p><br />
<p>Two separate bison studies are being conducted. One study is focusing on the effects of Multimin on bison health, reproductive success rate, and circulating minerals in bison in Western South Dakota. Two herds are being sampled; one at Custer state Park (<em>n</em> = 2,500) and a neighboring producer (<em>n</em> = 250) for circulating minerals, individual animal performance, and reproductive success to determine the effectiveness of supplemental mineral treatment in bison cows in production. A subsample of these herds will also be subject to a separate project analyzing cortisol levels to determine levels during the time of processing. The second project is a midwestern and eastern census of bison herds across the United States to determine a baseline for circulating minerals of animals in production. Up to 1,500 animals will be samples with subsequent lab work taking place back in Brookings, SD.</p><br />
<p><strong>Objective 3: Develop tools, advanced precision livestock technologies, and management strategies that reduce stress and enhance animal well-being.</strong></p><br />
<p>We have recently completed work related to use of phytomolecules in beef cattle production at weaning The receiving period is a critical point in a calf’s life as they are introduced to new stressors which can increase their susceptibility to disease. The use of essential oil and phytomolecule compounds may help improve immune function decreasing the incidence of disease and improving performance of newly received calves. Ten replicate pens per treatment were used in a randomized complete block design. Each pen contained 8 steers (initial BW = 305 ± 30.4 kg; n=80 steers/treatment). The objective was to determine if a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) with essential oils and plant extracts (PHYTOsolvan 200; DOSTOFARM, Westerstede, Germany) influences measures of growth or growth efficiency during the feedlot receiving phase in auction-derived beef steers. No steers were removed from the study; one steer from the control treatment was treated for respiratory disease (0.63%), and no mortality was noted. No appreciable differences were noted for BW, ADG, DMI, or feed conversion efficiency from d 1 to 29, 29 to 53, or during the cumulative receiving period (P ≥ 0.12). Performance based NEm and NEg were not influenced by dietary treatment (P ≥ 0.79). The ratio of observed-to-expected dietary net energy was not impacted by dietary treatment (P ≥ 0.71). Steers performed met growth performance expectations based upon dietary net energy and dry matter intake (the ratio of observed-to-expected NEm = 1.00), hence, it is not surprising that the phytogenic compound did not influence growth or health outcomes under the conditions of this experiment.</p><br />
<p><strong>Objective 4: Disseminate research findings, new technologies, and management recommendations to scientific, industry, and consumer audiences.</strong></p><br />
<p>Information from above was shared with 300 scientists and industry personnel at the Plains Nutrition Council (PNC) Spring Conference in April of 2024.</p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p>Information above was disseminated at the American Society of Animal Science – Midwest and National meetings in 2024. These findings were also presented to stakeholders at various Extension and Stakeholder meetings in SD, NE, and IA. Finally, the Feedlot Research Group was a Founding Member of the Siouxland Feedlot Forum which held its Inaugural Event in June of 2024.</p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p>Bison research will be presented in the upcoming year at the National Bison Association, Dakota Territory Buffalo Association, South Dakota Chapter of The Wildlife Society, and Midwest Animal Science meetings.</p><br />
<p><strong>Objective 1 Impact: </strong></p><br />
<p>Collectively, these data indicate removing monensin intermittently throughout the finishing period does not harm growth performance, feeding less roughage to light-weight Holstein-Angus cross steers enhances feed efficiency.</p><br />
<p><strong>Objective 3 Impact: </strong></p><br />
<p>A phytogenic feed additive with essential oils and plant extracts minimally influences growth performance in single-source auction-derived feeder steers.</p><br />
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<p><strong>Objective 4 Impact: </strong></p><br />
<p>Our work is routinely shared to stakeholders from industry and regional stakeholders.</p><br />
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<p><br /> W4173 2023-2024 annual report</p><br />
<p><strong>Station:</strong> Cornell</p><br />
<p><strong>Participant(s):</strong> Sabine Mann, sm682@cornell.edu</p><br />
<p><strong>Impacts:</strong> </p><br />
<p>Targeted Objectives: Identified from W4173 (<a href="../../projects/view/18815">https://nimss.org/projects/view/18815</a>)</p><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Identify and characterize the biology of stress responses that affect animal well-being and production</li><br />
<li>Identify genetic and epigenetic components of animal stress and how they impact performance and well-being</li><br />
<li>Develop tools, advanced precision livestock technologies, and management strategies that reduce stress and enhance animal well-being</li><br />
<li>Disseminate research findings, new technologies, and management recommendations to scientific, industry, and consumer audiences</li><br />
</ol><br />
<p>For our multistate W4173 activities, we are currently working on a project that examines early life nutritional influence on dairy calf immune development. Dairy calves are typically separated from their dams after birth and fed regular milk after a single colostrum feeding. Cows produce so called transition milk for the first week after calving which is richer in nutrients and immunologically active factors than milk and thus may have important roles in newborn immune development. Depriving calves of this specific time of transition milk feeding has the potential to increase the stress of extrauterine adaptation and decrease animal well-being, and future productivity (<strong>Objectives 1,3</strong>). We aim to study its effect on calf disease risk and immune phenotype.</p><br />
<p>For this project we are completing the following objectives:</p><br />
<p>1) Compare the pre- and post-weaning disease risks between calves fed transition milk for one week after an initial colostrum feeding (n = 56) with calves only fed an initial colostrum feeding (control, n = 56).</p><br />
<p>2) Compare differences in immune profiles of transition-milk fed calves vs. control calves in early life. We will use immune profiling (single cell RNA sequencing) to describe the immune phenotype of all circulating immune cell types in the different groups.</p><br />
<p>Feeding strategies in early life are of great importance to the dairy industry, and findings from this study will be disseminated in the form of presentations, lay publications, and peer-reviewed literature to out stakeholders, including fellow scientists, industry, producers and the consumers (<strong>Objective 4</strong>).</p><br />
<p><strong>Peer-reviewed Journal Articles:</strong></p><br />
<ol><br />
<li>None to date (data collection ongoing)</li><br />
</ol><br />
<p><strong>Abstracts and Presentations:</strong></p><br />
<p>None to date (data collection ongoing)</p><br />
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<p><br /> W4173 2023-2024 annual report</p><br />
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<p><strong>Station:</strong> University of California, Davis</p><br />
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<p><strong>Participant(s):</strong> Cassandra Tucker, Christina Pasparakis, Dietmar Kueltz</p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p><strong>Impacts:</strong> </p><br />
<p>Targeted Objectives: Identified from W4173 (<a href="../../projects/view/18815">https://nimss.org/projects/view/18815</a>)</p><br />
<p>Our project under W4173 has made significant contributions toward understanding and mitigating the impacts of environmental stressors on animal performance, health, and well-being. We have made progress in three areas:</p><br />
<ol><br />
<li>The pervasive issue of microplastic contamination in marine ecosystems, examining its effects on trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and potential risks to both wildlife and human consumers. By systematically sampling rockfish, mussels, and other marine organisms, we have provided new insights into how microplastics move through different trophic levels and accumulate in species of ecological and commercial importance.</li><br />
<li>To develop better, more efficient ways to use water and fans to cool dairy cows. In this period, we engaged in the development of a novel controller for water and fan use that will reduce resources. This new controller incorporates more weather information that those that are currently available.</li><br />
<li>We have continued to analyze how tilapia cope with environmental stress, in particular osmotic stress at the cellular and whole organism level. The tolerance and resistance ranges for salinity stress have been defined for Mozambique tilapia, which is the only tilapia species permitted to be used for Aquaculture in California.</li><br />
</ol><br />
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<p><br /> W4173 2023-2024 annual report</p><br />
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<p><strong>Station:</strong> Texas A&M AgriLife Research</p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p><strong>Participant:</strong> Thomas H. Welsh, Jr. (mail to: thomas.welsh@ag.tamu.edu)</p><br />
<p>During the reporting period we primarily focused on 1) identification and characterization of stress responses that affect animal well-being and production and 2) identification of genetic and epigenetic components of animal stress and how they impact performance and well-being. With a primary focus on beef cattle, our team has evaluated 1) prenatal stress and postnatal physiology and 2) genomic aspects of temperament. Additional effort was expended to research factors affecting the health and well-being of goats and horses.</p><br />
<p><strong>Impacts:</strong> Prenatal transportation stress was associated with 1) differential expression of genes that are associated with pathways related to infectious diseases; and 2) postnatal alteration of the metabolomic profile of the livers of 1-month-old calves. Temperament was associated with 1) candidate genes associated with different functions such as AMPA receptors, neuronal maintenance, signaling, serotonin synthesis, and ubiquitination activities; 2) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in neurotransmitter genes (GABA, calcium voltage-gated channels); 3) increased cortisol and energy-related metabolites; and 4) reduced product quality (reduced marbling, increased shear force). The impact of this increased cognizance of environmental factors with intergenerational genomic effects supports Extension’s efforts to develop management methods for long-term protection of farm animal health and performance.</p><br />
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<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">W4173 - Multistate Station Report</span></strong></p><br />
<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Auburn University </span></strong></p><br />
<p>During this year, further data was collected for a study which characterizes the environmental stress that chicks experience when they are removed from the incubator, processed, and delivered on-farm. This research will provide us with insight into the aspects of early-life that could be stressful for chicks. These will inform us of key areas where further research and mitigation strategies are needed. </p><br />
<p>Research validating the use of intercrop temperature sensors was also performed this year. This validation allows for an accurate and less invasive method of measuring the internal temperature of chicks. These thermal sensors will be used to measure how changes in the thermal environment impact the internal temperature of the chick during hatching, processing and transportation to the farm. </p><br />
<p>A study was completed on behavioral development within the first week of life within chicks and poults. The first papers from this research have been sent to publishers. This knowledge will help us understand what behaviors to expect in early life and how they develop. This will allow us to better understand deviations in behavior that can be indicators of poor well-being and health. This can be used in research and on-farm to assess bird welfare and health.</p><br />
<p>The impact of multiple exposures to stressors and how movement impacts the bird's response to stressors was completed this year. This helped us better understand how novelty and movement impact how birds respond in behavioral fear tests. This knowledge was disseminated via a presentation and a published paper.</p><br />
<p>More progress was made in the research investigating the impact of raising poultry with windows to provide natural light. This research examined how natural light impacts the birds' health, stress response, well-being, and productivity. Some of the findings of this research were disseminated in a presentation.</p><br />
<p>Targeted objectives 1,4</p><br />
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<p> </p><br />
<p><strong>Hulbert station W4173 for the 2024 reporting period</strong></p><br />
<p><strong>L.E. Hulbert station report</strong></p><br />
<p>Domestic animal husbandry systems can either: 1) help the animal properly cope with stress (i.e. acclimation) and allow it to adapt (i.e. resilient progeny), or 2) impede the animals, placing them in a state of hypervigilance and survival-mode. Understanding the biofeedback mechanisms of stress has traditionally required invasive, laborious methods, such as serial blood and tissue collection. However, one of the most effective, and least invasive methods for understanding stress is behavioral measurement. Behavior is the output of how the brain processes the stressor and is the ultimate endpoint for determining if the stressor is going to negatively impact the animal or if it will help the animal acclimate and thrive. Our research projects utilize both traditional and novel behavioral data collection methods. Predictive analyses will allow behavioral measures to replace the more invasive data collection methods (e.g. blood collection, harvesting tissue) and allow refined, replicable access to technology for monitoring animal stress resilience.</p><br />
<ul><br />
<li>We used novel precision animal management behavioral collection to identify and characterize the physiological indicators of stress responses that affect animal health, welfare, and production.</li><br />
<li>For this reporting year, we finished experiments using intact male and female adult pigs (age 9 mo) that were pair housed. We completed two blocks of the animal experiment portion, recorded behaviors in pen, feeders, and in an 8 radial maze. Three artificial intelligence based behavior tracking programs began development, blood was analyzed, body composition measures were analyzed, brain histology and tissue sample sequential analyses were completed.</li><br />
<li> We published manuscripts with our former graduate student who was supported by previous work: </li><br />
</ul><br />
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<p><strong>OREGON REPORT</strong> <strong>(2024)</strong></p><br />
<p><strong>Multistate</strong> <strong>Project</strong><strong> W4173:</strong> Impacts of Stress on Performance, Health, and Well-Being of Animals</p><br />
<p><strong>Submitted</strong> <strong>by: </strong>Juliana Ranches</p><br />
<p><strong>Date</strong><strong> of Annual Meeting: </strong>NA</p><br />
<h3>W4173 Project Station Report Content</h3><br />
<ol><br />
<li><strong>Impact</strong> <strong>Nuggets</strong></li><br />
</ol><br />
<ul><br />
<li>Smoke exposure from wildfires seems to elicit a stress and immune response in cattle, even when those are exposed to poor air quality for short periods of time.</li><br />
<li>The use of virtual fence for cattle containment and management does not seem to negatively impact cattle behavior or physiology.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<h3><strong>2. </strong> New Facilities and Equipment. N/A</h3><br />
<ol start="3"><br />
<li><strong>Unique</strong> <strong>Project</strong> <strong>Related</strong> <strong>Findings</strong>. N/A</li><br />
<li><strong>Accomplishment</strong><strong> Summaries</strong>.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p>The studies conducted by our group on wildfire smoke exposure and virtual fence have addressed 3 of the W4173 multistate project goals, except for goal #2 which is out of the scope of our research program. Below major accomplishments for the 2 different areas of works are highlighted:</p><br />
<p><strong>Objective</strong> <strong>1. </strong>Identify and characterize the biology of stress responses that affect animal well-being and production.</p><br />
<p><strong><em>Wildfire Smoke Exposure: </em></strong>A total of 18 beef-on-dairy calves were included in the study. Calves in this group belong to private farm (Vale, OR). Blood samples were collected prior to, during, and after post-wildfire smoke exposure. Calves in this group were naturally exposed to poor air quality conditions for 4 consecutive days. According to EPA, particulate matter (PM) 2.5 should not exceed 35 μg/m3 in 24h. Calves in this study were naturally exposed to PM 2.5 above 35 μg/m3 for 4 consecutive days (daily average: 44.6 μg/m3). We observed that blood cortisol (stress hormone) levels increased post-smoke exposures when compared to baseline values. Additionally, blood cortisol levels post-smoke exposure were similar to blood cortisol levels obtained at weaning; a practice well-known to be stressful for calves. The natural exposure to wildfire fire smoke, even for a short period of time, seems to negatively impact animal physiology and well-being. We are currently analyzing other blood markers related to immunity to further understand this response.</p><br />
<p><strong><em>Virtual Fence</em></strong>: A total of 40 mature cows were enrolled in this study. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the use of virtual fence would lead to changes in the physiological parameters of cattle. Blood samples were collected when cows were collared (d0) and 5 days later, after cows were exposed to virtual fence boundaries. In a virtual fence, whenever the animal crosses the pre-established boundaries, the animal receives an auditory followed by an electric stimulus, thus the concern related to animals welfare and well-being. Blood samples were analyzed for cortisol and acute phase proteins. No changes in cortisol levels were observed from d0 to d5, suggesting that the use of virtual fence does not negatively impact animal physiology and wellbeing.</p><br />
<p><strong> </strong><strong>Objective 3. </strong>Develop tools, advanced precision livestock technologies, and management strategies that reduce stress and enhance animal well-being</p><br />
<p><strong><em>Wildfire Smoke Exposure:</em></strong>: the research findings highlighted above have been instrumental in acquiring funding for other smoke exposure studies. We have been awarded with a CARE (A1701) grant, where we are evaluating the stress response of cattle exposed to controlled smoke. In FY24 we have finished the second year of a 3-year study. We were capable of creating an environment where we mimic smoke exposure, achieving air quality levels of approximately 150 mg/ug PM 2.5, fairly mimicking wildfire conditions. We are currently working on the sample analysis of the initial two years of the study.</p><br />
<p><strong><em>Virtual Fence:</em></strong> all the studies conducted so far with virtual fence have helped to improve our understanding of the technology and its effects on animal’s production and welfare. Many questions are still to be answered, however we feel that this technology has gained considerable attention in the last few years leading to a rapid advancement of technology which is reflected in management strategies. We have shown the virtual fence to be an effective tool to be use with recently burned pastures and also at riparian areas. We have been engaging with producers to help with questions related to virtual fence adoptions, especially after fire season, where considerable number of producers have lost pastures and traditional fence. Cattle producers' adoption of virtual fence technology seems to have increased due to research efforts on virtual fences and the sharing of such findings through extension. Currently, there are approximately 10+ operations in Oregon using virtual fences.</p><br />
<p><strong> Objective</strong><strong> 4. </strong>Disseminate research findings, new technologies, and management recommendations to scientific, industry, and consumer audiences.</p><br />
<p><strong><em>Wildfire Smoke Exposure: </em></strong> research findings related to smoke exposure studies have been published in peer-reviewed journals and at extension publications (see below; Published Works).</p><br />
<p>This topic gained considerable media attention and articles can be found at: <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/22/us-research-points-to-lower-milk-yield-from-cows-exposed-to-wildfire-smoke">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/22/us-research-points-to-lower-milk-yield-from-cows-exposed-to-wildfire-smoke</a></p><br />
<p><a href="https://www.treehugger.com/wildfires-impact-cows-milk-production-5203255">https://www.treehugger.com/wildfires-impact-cows-milk-production-5203255</a></p><br />
<p><a href="https://thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/climate-change/573730-what-are-smoke-cows-and-what-do-they-mean-for/">https://thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/climate-change/573730-what-are-smoke-cows-and-what-do-they-mean-for/</a></p><br />
<p><a href="https://avmajournals.avma.org/display/post/news/researchers-analyzing-effects-of-wildfire-smoke-on-cows.xml?rskey=KYjZIZ&result=1">https://avmajournals.avma.org/display/post/news/researchers-analyzing-effects-of-wildfire-smoke-on-cows.xml?rskey=KYjZIZ&result=1</a></p><br />
<p><a href="https://www.agdaily.com/livestock/cows-cant-evacuate-how-are-livestock-affected-by-wildfires/">https://www.agdaily.com/livestock/cows-cant-evacuate-how-are-livestock-affected-by-wildfires/</a></p><br />
<p>We now have a website that will serve as an information hub for all studies related to wildfire smoke exposure. This effort is a partnership between colleagues at Oregon State University and the University of Idaho. The website can be found here: <a href="https://livestockwildfirehub.org/">https://livestockwildfirehub.org/</a></p><br />
<p>In FY23 and FY24, we hosted a webinar series to highlight the findings of wildfire smoke exposure studies and to help producers better prepare for these situations. The recordings can be found here: <a href="https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXJvsDubulbPG4ZWfDqLQxwtg5mVZ-8_b&si=DjfTRfiBVENdXalS">https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXJvsDubulbPG4ZWfDqLQxwtg5mVZ-8_b&si=DjfTRfiBVENdXalS</a></p><br />
<p>We are currently working on a companion summary paper for the webinar series. This article will be published with the Oregon State University Extension Communications.</p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p>Data from smoke exposure studies were also presented at the American Society of Animal Science in Calgary (Canada) and at the European Federation of Animal Science in Florence (Italy).</p><br />
<p><strong><em>Virtual Fence: </em></strong>research findings on virtual fence have been published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at field days and at other stakeholders focused programs (see below; 7.Scientific and Outreach Oral Presentations).</p><br />
<h3><strong>5. </strong>Impact Statements</h3><br />
<h3>· Research in wildfire smoke exposure is limited due to unpredictably of fires, therefore our group has develop a methodology to producer smoke indoors, mimicking air quality conditions observed during wildfire conditions. We have observed with natural wildfire smoke and smoke created by us to mimic natural conditions an increase in inflammatory and stress markers of cattle exposed to the smoke.</h3><br />
<h3>· We have shown that the use of virtual fence is effective for cattle containment and land management while it does not seem to negatively impact cattle physiology nor behavior.</h3><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p>W4173 Station Report – Colorado State University</p><br />
<p><strong> </strong></p><br />
<p><strong>Researchers.</strong></p><br />
<p><strong> </strong></p><br />
<p>Caitlin Cadaret; caitlin.cadaret@colostate.edu (station head)</p><br />
<p>Lily Edwards-Callaway; lily.edwards-callaway@colostate.edu</p><br />
<p>Terry Engle; terry.engle@colostate.edu</p><br />
<p><strong> </strong></p><br />
<p><strong>Summary Statement.</strong></p><br />
<p><strong> </strong></p><br />
<p>Over the past year our team has continued to collaborate on multispecies and multidisciplinary approaches to better characterize the impact stress has on animal performance, health, and well-being. As a result, we have increased our understanding of 1) how infectious disease during gestation impacts postnatal physiology and performance, 2) current strategies and future needs for heat stress mitigation and pre-slaughter management, and 3) how environmental variation in the gestating animal impacts progeny long-term.</p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p><strong>Targeted Objectives and Research Accomplishments.</strong></p><br />
<p><strong> </strong></p><br />
<p><em>Objective 1,2 (Engle et al.):</em> In a series of experiments have identified” 1) blood biomarkers of oxidative stress in offspring from dams infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus during late-term gestation. The oxidized form of glutathione and ceruloplasmin activity were greater in transiently infected calves compared to controls. Other immune parameters were not impacted by treatment. These data suggest that TI heifers may be experiencing a greater level of oxidative stress later in the finishing period and may be related to reduced growth. 2) The relative expression of ATOX1 (P < 0.05), ATP7B (P < 0.01), and CTR1 (0.04) were lower in Lincoln compared to Suffolk lambs. These data may indicate that Cu absorption from the duodenum may be different in different breeds of sheep. Further research examining the impact of dietary Cu dose on genes involved in Cu absorption in different breeds of sheep as well as identification and quantification of proteins involved in Cu absorption, is warranted.</p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p><em>Objective 1,3 (Edwards-Callaway et al.):</em> We conducted and completed a study to explore the physiological and behavioral changes in cattle fed beta-agonists during the summer months. Results from this project are forthcoming. Also completed a study investigating preslaughter management impacts on fed cattle well-being and meat quality. Accomplishments from this study included benchmarking understudied preslaughter management factors and evaluation of relationships between preslaughter factors and relevant welfare and quality outcomes including mobility, bruising and dark cutting. Following the success of the National Beef Quality Audit, a similar study was conducted and completed in bison to evaluate factors impacting bison welfare and meat quality at slaughter.</p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p><em>Objective 1, 2, 3 (Cadaret et al.):</em> Completed second year of project aimed at understanding how nutrient stress seen in rangeland sheep operations contributes to neonatal and long-term animal performance. With our collaborator at US MARC, we have just completed collection of reproductive tissues after attainment of puberty in two production groups. Completed and about to submit a manuscript related to the impact of heat stress during gestation on IUGR born lamb reproductive competency. We have identified differences in uterine weight, caruncle number, and abundance of key transcripts that regulate follicular and uterine development. Completed a study looking at the use of Lidoband compared to non-medicated O-ring bands for tail docking in lambs. Lambs docked by Lidoband had a weakened behavioral response at banding and had greater pressure thresholds throughout the 30-day study. Lastly, we began investigations into the developmental origins of cardiovascular disease in beef cattle to better understand how genotype X environment interactions may contribute to PAP score and cardiac death. Preliminary data suggests calves from dams who experience colder than average temperatures during the last 2/3 of gestation have lower yearling PAP. Additionally, increased birthweight is correlated to increased PAP scores.</p><br />
<p> </p><br />
<p><em>Objective 4: </em>Outside of the listed publications, data from the previously described projects have been/will be presented at on-campus research symposia, departmental seminars for CSU and other institutions, the American Society of Animal Science National Meeting, Rocky Mountain Reproductive Sciences Symposium, The Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, North American Meat Institute Animal Care and Handling Conference, North American Meat Institute Animal Welfare Committee Meeting, Merck Advancing Animal Welfare Together Symposium, Certified Angus Beef Feed Quality Forum and the NCBA Stockmanship and Stewardship Transportation Event. </p><br />
<p><strong> </strong></p><br />
<p> </p>
Publications
<p>Cramer, M. C., E. Machuca, I. N. Román-Muñiz, and L. N. Edwards-Callaway, 2024, Preliminary exploration of the health and behavior around the time of transportation of beef x dairy calves and Holstein bull calves≤ 3 d of age in the western United States. Journal of Dairy Science. 107(4), 2454-2464.</p><br />
<p>Davis, M., P. Sullivan, A. Hess, M. Nair, D. Mooney, and L. N. Edwards-Callaway*, 2024, An analysis of the influence of pre-slaughter management factors on welfare and meat quality outcomes in fed beef cattle in the United States, Translational Animal Science, 8, txae108.</p><br />
<p>Davis, M., P. Sullivan, A. Hess, M. Nair, D. Mooney, and L. N. Edwards-Callaway*, 2024, Benchmarking current pre-slaughter management factors, welfare indicators, and meat quality outcomes at commercial fed cattle processing facilities in the United States. Translational Animal Science, txad150.</p><br />
<p>Sullivan, P., M. Davis, M. Nair, A. Hess, D. Mooney, and L.N. Edwards-Callaway*, 2024, Preslaughter factors affecting mobility, blood parameters, bruising, and muscle pH of finished beef cattle in the United States Translational Animal Science, 8, txae035.</p><br />
<p>Velazco, D., A. Hess, M. Nair, and L.N. Edwards-Callaway*. 2024, Benchmarking the United States bison meat industry: stakeholder perceptions, production parameters and live animal factors affecting meat quality, Journal of Animal Science. 102: skae033.</p><br />
<p>Loh, H. Y., J. W. Spears, O. Guimaraes, A. C. Miller, M. P. Thorndyke, T. A. Thomas, and T. E. Engle. 2024. Trace mineral sources influences in vitro fermentation characteristics and trace mineral solubility. J. Anim. Sci. 102:1-9. doi.org10.1093/jas/skae319</p><br />
<p> Loh, H. Y., J. W. Spears, O. Guimaraes, A. C. Miller, M. P. Thorndyke, T. A. Thomas, and T. E. Engle. 2024. Trace mineral source influences trace mineral solubility in water and mineral binding strength to ruminal digesta. Biol. Trace Element Res. doi.org: 10.1007/s12011-024-04318-x</p><br />
<p>Miller, A. C., R. Mezzomo, D. I. Gomes, H. Y. Loh, J. R. Levenson, O. Guimaraes, B. V. Tangredi, S. M. Zuchegno, E. Chek, B. I. Cappellozza, J. S. Schutz, and T. E. Engle. 2024. Influence of Bovamine Defend Plus on growth performance, carcass characteristics, estimated dry matter digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, and immune function in finishing beef steers. Translational Anim. Sci. 8:1-8 doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae045.</p><br />
<p>Spears, J. W., H. Y. Loh, K. E. Lloyd, J. S. Heldt, and T. E. Engle. 2024. Trace mineral source and chromium propionate supplementation affect performance and carcass characteristics in feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 102: 1-8. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae106.</p><br />
<p>Engle, T. E. O, Guimaraes, H. Y. Loh, M. P Thorndyke, H. Van Campen, J. N. Kincade, J. M. Eder, T. R. Hansen. 2024. Late gestation maternal infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus impacts offspring feedlot performance, digestion, blood parameters, and hot carcass weights. J. Anim. Sci. 102:1-8. doi.org 10.1093/jas/skae334.</p><br />
<p>Van Campen, H., J. V. Bishop, Z. Brink, T. E. Engle, C. L. Gonzales-Berrios, H. M. Georges, J. N. Kincade, D. A. Murtazina, and T. H. Hansen, 2024. Epigenetic modifications of white blood cell DNA caused by transient fetal infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Viruses. 16. doi.org/10.3390/v16050721.</p><br />
<p>Moss, C. D., A. L. Wilson, K. J. Reed, K. J. Jennings, I. G. Z. Kunz, G. A. Landolt, J. Metcalf, T. E. Engle, and S. J. Coleman. 2024. Gene expression analysis before and after the pelvic flexure in epithelium of the equine hind gut. Animals. 24, 2303: 1-18. doi.org/10.3390/ani1412303.</p><br />
<p><strong> </strong>Hendriks SJ, JP Edwards, AK Shirley, CEF Clark, KE Schütz, KJ Verhoek, JG Jago. Heat stress amelioration for pasture-based dairy cattle: Challenges and opportunities. Animal Frontiers, perspective article, in press.</p><br />
<p> Hitchman S, G Zobel, KE Schütz, JG Jago, C Reed, E Hay, C Thomas, JP Edwards, KJ Verhoek. 2024. Updated method of estimating heat load for grazing dairy cattle. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 1–21.</p><br />
<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2024.2396970">https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2024.2396970</a></p><br />
<p> Shorten PR, KE Schütz. 2024. Development of a heat load index and risk map for grazing sheep. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research: Article number 2347934. <a href="https://apc01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00288233.2024.2347934&data=05%7C02%7CKarin.Schutz%40agresearch.co.nz%7C29b1c5e292ba45d96bdb08dc8111e321%7C0dce4a686d804298847ac04815157957%7C0%7C0%7C638527161192740965%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=LQdfuZ0v2Fj6pW3UOZmJ8SlK5%2BSrgmPYJKSsjnwD4xo%3D&reserved=0">https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2024.2347934</a></p><br />
<p>Anema, R. F., Z. K. Smith, and B. St-Pierre. 2024. PSVI-6 Metabolic potential of three novel rumen bacterial species from sheep characterized by utilizing a metagenomic-based approach. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_2):343-344.</p><br />
<p>DeBruin, B. M., C. Bakker, Z. K. Smith, K. Underwood, J. K. Grubbs, A. Blair, and W. C. Rusche. 2024. PSV-5 Influence of an oregano-based essential oil on growth performance and carcass traits of beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_2):274-274.</p><br />
<p>Delver, J. J., W. C. Rusche, L. R. Thompson, F. L. Francis, B. B. G. Francis, R. J. Leeson, T. L. M. Ribeiro, G. H. Olinger, C. R. Ross, and Z. K. Smith. 2024. 256 Evaluating the effect limit feeding yearling beef steers for 56 or 86 d of a 140-d finishing period on growth performance and carcass trait responses. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_3):361-362.</p><br />
<p>Francis, B. G., J. Delver, F. L. Francis, E. R. DeHaan, T. Ribeiro, C. Ross, W. C. Rusche, and Z. K. Smith. 2024a. 161 Effect of replacement of dried distiller’s grains plus solubles with increasing extruded and expelled soybean meal on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics in finishing steers. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_2):209-210.</p><br />
<p>Francis, B. G., J. P. Hutcheson, L.-A. J. Walter, W. T. Nichols, and Z. K. Smith. 2024b. 65 Effect of two different implant programs on growth performance and carcass characteristics in beef steers fed to three differing harvest endpoints. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_2):49-50.</p><br />
<p>Green, K. L., M. Kovarna, A. C. B. Menezes, E. Schlegel, C. Wright, Z. K. Smith, and J. Drum. 2024. PSIII-10 Flaxseed oil-based supplement alters water consumption and plasma fatty acid profile of beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_3):503-504.</p><br />
<p>Husmann, A. L., J. R. Brennan, E. R. V. Moreno, Z. K. Smith, J. Leffler, K. Ehlert, and H. M. Menendez. 2024a. 455 Evaluating the effect of a phenology-based timeline on the interpretation of enteric methane emission results. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_3):318-319.</p><br />
<p>Husmann, A. L., E. R. V. Moreno, J. R. Brennan, Z. K. Smith, K. Olson, A. Blair, K. Ehlert, T. Wang, J. Leffler, and W. Wafula. 2024b. 454 Evaluating the effects of grazing native rangeland on enteric emissions. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_3):320-321.</p><br />
<p>Leeson, R., E. R. DeHaan, J. Delver, F. L. Francis, B. G. Francis, T. Ribeiro, Z. K. Smith, and W. C. Rusche. 2024. 60 Effects of phase feeding rolled hybrid rye on feedlot performance in backgrounded beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_2):202-203.</p><br />
<p>Macholan, N. L., G. Jardon, E. Colombo, Z. K. Smith, W. C. Rusche, and A. C. B. Menezes. 2024. 80 Substitution of dried distiller’s grains with soybean meal on beef cattle diets: Effects on ruminal ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_2):250-251.</p><br />
<p>Moening, K. M., G. Jardon, E. Colombo, Z. K. Smith, W. C. Rusche, and A. C. B. Menezes. 2024. 88 Ruminal degradation profiles of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein of finishing diets with different levels of inclusion of dried distiller’s grains plus solubles and soybean meal. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_2):252-253.</p><br />
<p>Moreno, E. R. V., H. M. Menendez, J. R. Brennan, A. L. Husmann, H. Dotts, K. Olson, A. Blair, K. Ehlert, T. Wang, and J. Leffler. 2024. 511 Assessing the carry-over effects of precision livestock technology on steer performance and carcass characteristics. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_3):149-150.</p><br />
<p>Ribeiro, T. L. M., B. G. Francis, Z. K. Smith, F. L. Francis, C. Ross, J. Heldt, W. C. Rusche, and E. H. Wall. 2024a. 58 Evaluation of a phytogenic blend on growth performance, health, carcass traits, and efficiency of dietary net energy utilization in finishing beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_2):205-206.</p><br />
<p>Ribeiro, T. L. M., Z. K. Smith, E. H. Wall, F. L. Francis, B. G. Francis, C. Ross, W. C. Rusche, and J. Heldt. 2024b. 234 Evaluation of a phytogenic blend on post-weaning growth performance, health, and sera metabolite responses during the initial 56 d feedlot receiving period in newly weaned steers. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_2):213-214.</p><br />
<p>Ross, C., E. R. DeHaan, F. L. Francis, B. G. Francis, T. Ribeiro, Z. K. Smith, and W. C. Rusche. 2024. 103 Effects of partial or total replacement of dried distiller’s grain with soybean meal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, sera urea nitrogen, and net energy utilization in finishing beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_2):29-30.</p><br />
<p>Schoelerman, Z., W. C. Rusche, Z. K. Smith, and F. L. Francis. 2024. 94 Effects of orally administered Megasphaera elsdenii during finishing diet realimentation on feedlot steer fecal consistency, clinical depression, and rumination. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_2):247-248.</p><br />
<p>Velasquez Moreno, E. R., J. R. Brennan, L. R. Vandermark, K. Ehlert, A. L. Husmann, H. Dotts, K. Olson, A. Blair, T. Wang, and J. Leffler. 2024. 417 Impact of virtual fence technology on yearling steer behavior and performance. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_3):3-4.</p><br />
<p>Wehrbein, M. A., E. V. Moreno, H. M. Menendez, W. C. Rusche, Z. K. Smith, and A. C. B. Menezes. 2024. PSVII-30 Winter-feeding high concentrate diets reduces enteric methane emissions pre-calving in beef cows. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_3):679-680.</p><br />
<p>Delver, Francis, B. G., F. L. Francis, E. R. DeHaan, T. Ribeiro, C. Ross, W. C. Rusche, and Z. K. Smith. 2024. Effect of replacement of dried distiller’s grains plus solubles with increasing extruded and expelled soybean meal on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics in finishing steers. Plains Nutrition Council. Spring Conference. San Antonio, TX</p><br />
<p>Francis, B. G., J. P. Hutcheson, L.-A. J. Walter, W. T. Nichols, and Z. K. Smith. 2024. Effect of two different implant programs on growth performance and carcass characteristics in beef steers fed to three differing harvest endpoints. Plains Nutrition Council. Spring Conference. San Antonio, TX</p><br />
<p>Ross, C., W. Rusche, and Z. Smith. 2024. Effects of Partial or Total Replacement of Dried Distillers Plus Solubles with Soybean Meal on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Dietary Net Energy Utilization in Finishing Beef Steers. Plains Nutrition Council. Spring Conference. San Antonio.</p><br />
<p>Leeson, R., E. R. DeHaan, J. Delver, F. L. Francis, B. G. Francis, T. Ribeiro, Z. K. Smith, and W. C. Rusche. 2024. 60 Effects of phase feeding rolled hybrid rye on feedlot performance in backgrounded beef steers. Plains Nutrition Council. Spring Conference. San Antonio.</p><br />
<p>Hanson, S. R., E. R. DeHaan, F. L. Francis, W. C. Rusche, and Z. K. Smith. 2024. Evaluation of Precision Ingredient Inclusion on Production Efficiency Responses in Finishing Beef Cattle. Plains Nutrition Council. Spring Conference. San Antonio, TX</p><br />
<p>Urso, P. M. 2024. The roles micronutrients play in bison health. 2nd International Bison Health Symposium. Invited conference abstract. Brookings, SD.</p><br />
<p>Briggs, R. K., J. F. Legako, P. R. Broadway, J. A. Carroll, N. C. Burdick Sanchez, N. E. Ineck, Z. K. Smith, R. Ramanathan, and K. J. Thornton. 2024. Effects of Premortem Stress on Protein Expression, Steak Color, Oxidation, and Myofibrillar Fragmentation Index in the Longissimus Lumborum. Animals 14(15):2170.</p><br />
<p>DeHaan, E. R., J. Thompson, W. C. Rusche, M. de Jesus, E. Block, T. Rehberger, and Z. K. Smith. 2024. Evaluation of long-term supplementation of a bacillus subtilis direct fed microbial and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast cell culture product used alone or in combination on Clostridia, C. perfringens, E. coli, and Salmonella prevalence in beef steers. Journal of Animal Science:skae156.</p><br />
<p>Delver, J. J., and Z. K. Smith. 2024. Opportunities for Camelina Meal as a Livestock Feed Ingredient. Agriculture 14(1):116.</p><br />
<p>Dornbach, C. W., K. E. Hales, E. R. Gubbels, J. E. Wells, A. A. Hoffman, A. N. Hanratty, D. J. Line, T. M. Smock, J. L. Manahan, and Z. K. Smith. 2023. Longitudinal Assessment of Prevalence and Incidence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 Resistance to Antimicrobials in Feedlot Cattle Sourced and Finished in Two Different Regions of the United States. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease</p><br />
<p>Francis, B. G., F. Francis, E. Gubbels, T. Norman, T. Ribeiro, S. Hanson, C. Ross, D. P. Compart, W. Rusche, and Z. K. Smith. 2024a. Supplementation of calcium magnesium carbonate, tylosin phosphate, or both on growth performance, carcass traits, liver outcomes, and rumination activity of yearling beef steers fed a finishing diet. Applied Animal Science 40(3):297-306.</p><br />
<p>Francis, F. L., T. L. M. Ribeiro, D. LaFleur, J. E. Hergenreder, and Z. K. Smith. 2024b. Encapsulated Butyric Acid and Zinc as a Feed Additive for Lambs Abruptly Transitioned to a Grain-Based Diet. Biology 13(6):457.</p><br />
<p>Francis, F. L., W. C. Rusche, D. LaFleur, J. E. Hergenreder, and Z. K. Smith. 2024c. Dose effects of encapsulated butyric acid and zinc on beef feedlot steer growth performance, dietary net energy utilization, rumen morphometrics, small intestine histology, and carcass characteristics. Journal of Animal Science 102:skae240.</p><br />
<p>Francis, F. L., W. C. Rusche, and Z. K. Smith. 2024d. Evaluation of orally administered <em>Megasphaera elsdenii</em> in steer calves abruptly transitioned from a receiving diet with 4% dietary starch to a growing diet with 38% dietary starch. Translational Animal Science 8:txae113.</p><br />
<p>Hanson, S. R., E. R. DeHaan, F. L. Francis, W. C. Rusche, and Z. K. Smith. 2024. Evaluation of Precision Ingredient Inclusion on Production Efficiency Responses in Finishing Beef Cattle. Ruminants 4(1):112-124.</p><br />
<p>Nold, E. R., T. C. Norman, W. C. Rusche, R. A. Nold, and Z. K. Smith. 2023. Evaluation of Growth Performance, Efficiency of Dietary Net Energy Utilization, and Carcass Trait Responses of Heavy Finishing Lambs Administered 12 mg of Zeranol Subcutaneously in the Ear 59 d before Harvest. Ruminants 3(3):240-245.</p><br />
<p>Norman, T. C., E. R. DeHaan, F. L. Francis, W. C. Rusche, and Z. K. Smith. 2024. Effect of Lighter and Heavier Initial Weight on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Single-Source Beef Steers. Animals 14(4):567.</p><br />
<p>Ribeiro, T. L. M., B. B. G. Francis, E. R. DeHaan, C. R. Ross, J. J. Delver, F. L. Francis, J. S. Heldt, E. H. Wall, W. C. Rusche, and Z. K. Smith. 2024. Influence of long-term supplementation of a formulated botanical blend on growth performance and carcass traits in feedlot steers. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 0(0):0-0. doi: 10.5713/ab.24.0125=</p><br />
<p>Ribeiro, T. L. M., F. L. Francis, E. R. Gubbels, J. E. Griffin, W. C. Rusche, and Z. K. Smith. 2023. Supplemental organic trace minerals and a yeast culture product in newly weaned steers: effects of use and delivery method on growth performance and hepatic trace mineral content. Translational Animal Science 7(1):txad119.</p><br />
<p>Ross, C. R., Z. K. Smith, F. L. Francis, A. C. B. Menezes, and W. C. Rusche. 2024. Increased dietary rumen degradable protein from soybean meal improved growth performance but increased liver abscess severity in finishing beef steers. Applied Animal Science 40(5):627-638..</p><br />
<p>Rusche, W. C., and Z. K. Smith. 2024. Evaluation of Ruminal Dry Matter Disappearance and pH of Dry Corn, High-Moisture Corn, and Rye under in Vitro Conditions. Agricultural Sciences 15(3):327-332.</p><br />
<p>Smith, Z. K. 2023. Impact of Chromium Propionate Supplementation and Days of Adaptation on Energy Status in Newly Weaned Steer Calves. Open Journal of Animal Sciences 13(4):409-420.</p><br />
<p>Thibodeaux, R. J., P. M. Urso, S. F. Kelley, M. M. Beverly, C. R. Stewart, and I. C. Dunn. 2024. The effects of zinc sulfate on the in vitro digestibility of feeds in cervids. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 14, 157-167. DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2024.143011.</p><br />
<p>Urso, P. M., J. Kim, J. F. Legako, K. B. Wellmann, L. K. Fuerniss, and B. J. Johnson. 2024. Chromium and methionine effects on amino acid uptake, gene expression, and protein abundance in bovine satellite cells. Meat and Muscle Biology 8(1): 17748, 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22175/mmb.17748.</p><br />
<p>J Hamar, A Cnaani, D Kültz (2024) Transcriptional upregulation of the myo-inositol biosynthesis pathway is enhanced by NFAT5 in hyperosmotically stressed tilapia cells <br />American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 327 (3), C545-C556 </p><br />
<p>J Hamar, A Cnaani, D Kültz (2024) Effects of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of the myo-inositol biosynthesis pathway on hyper-osmotic tolerance of tilapia cells Genomics 116 (3), 110833</p><br />
<p>L Root, D Kültz (2024) Effects of pejus and pessimum zone salinity stress on gill proteome networks and energy homeostasis in Oreochromis mossambicus Proteomics 24 (1-2), 2300121</p><br />
<p>EA Mojica, Y Fu, D Kültz (2024) Salinity-responsive histone PTMs identified in the gills and gonads of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) MC Genomics 25</p><br />
<p>P Con, J Hamar, J Biran, D Kültz, A Cnaani (2024) Cell-based homologous expression system for in-vitro characterization of environmental effects on transmembrane peptide transport in fish Current Research in Physiology 7, 100118</p><br />
<p>EA Mojica, KA Petcu, D Kültz (2024) Environmental conditions elicit a slow but enduring response of histone post-translational modifications in Mozambique tilapia Environmental Epigenetics 10 (1), dvae013</p><br />
<p>Baker E.C., D.G. Riley, R.C. Cardoso, T.B. Hairgrove, C.R. Long, R.D. Randel, and T.H. Welsh Jr. 2024. Assessment of prenatal transportation stress and sex on gene expression within the amygdala of Brahman calves. <em>Biology</em>, <em>13</em>(11), p.915. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110915">https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110915</a></p><br />
<p>Perry, G.A. and T.H. Welsh Jr. 2024. The importance of developmental programming in the beef industry. <em>Animal Reproduction Science</em>, <em>265</em>, p.107488. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107488">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107488</a></p><br />
<p>Ruiz-De-La-Cruz, G., A.M. Sifuentes-Rincón, F.A. Paredes-Sánchez, G.M. Parra-Bracamonte, E. Casas, D.G. Riley, G.A. Perry, T.H. Welsh Jr., and R.D. Randel. 2024. Analysis of nonsynonymous SNPs in candidate genes that influence bovine temperament and evaluation of their effect in Brahman cattle. <em>Molecular Biology Reports</em>, <em>51</em>(1), p.285. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-09264-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-09264-4</a></p><br />
<p>Ruiz-De-La-Cruz G., T.H. Welsh Jr., R.D. Randel, A.M. Sifuentes-Rincón. 2024. A comprehensive systematic review coupled with an interacting network analysis identified candidate genes and biological pathways related to bovine temperament. <em>Genes</em>, <em>15</em>(8), p.981. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15080981">https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15080981</a></p><br />
<p>Tolleson, D.R., E.S. Campbell, N.E. Garza, and T.H. Welsh Jr. 2024. Organ weights and metabolic indicators in male goats differing in genetic propensity to consume juniper. <em>Small Ruminant Research,</em> 233, 107253 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2024.107253">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2024.107253</a></p><br />
<p>Vergara-Hernandez, F.B., B.D. Nielsen, J.M. Popovich Jr., C.L. Panek, A.A. Logan, C.I. Robison, R.A. Ehrhardt, T.N. Johnson, N.J. Chargo, T.H. Welsh Jr., A.N. Bradbery, J.L. Leatherwood, and A.C. Colbath. 2024. Clodronate disodium does not produce measurable effects on bone metabolism in an exercising, juvenile, large animal model. <em>PLoS ONE</em>, <em>19</em>(4). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300360">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300360</a></p><br />
<p>O’Reilly, K., G.E. Carstens, L.R. Wottlin, T.H. Welsh Jr., J. Thomson, V. Copié, and G.P. O’Shea-Stone. 2024. <sup>1</sup>H Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics of serum from growing beef steers following a combined viral bacterial respiratory disease challenge. <em>Journal of Animal Science</em>, 102(Suppl._3):59-60 (Abstract #331). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.065">https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.065</a></p><br />
<p>Paris, B.P., J.L. Leatherwood, T.H. Welsh Jr., K.G. Glass, C.E. Arnold, M.B. Conrad, J.M. George, R.E. Martinez, A.C. Colbath, B.D. Nielsen, and A.N. Bradbery. 2024. Clodronate does not impact bone optical density or lameness in juvenile, exercised Quarter Horses. <em>Journal of Animal Science</em>, 102(Suppl._3):539–540 (Abstract #PSVI-12). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.605">https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.605</a></p><br />
<p>Tolleson, D.R., E.S. Campbell, and T.H. Welsh Jr. 2024. Using metabolomics to understand selective breeding of goats that enables tolerance of plant secondary compounds. <em>Physiology,</em> 39:S1 (Abstract #1069). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.1069">https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.1069</a></p><br />
<p>Welsh Jr., T.H., R.C. Cardoso, T.B. Hairgrove, C.R. Long, G.A. Perry, D.G. Riley, and R.D. Randel. 2024. Prenatal transportation differentially affects the adrenal cortical and adrenomedullary transcriptomes of Brahman bull calves. <em>Journal of Animal Science</em>, 102(Suppl._3):713–714 (Abstract #PSXIII-18). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.803">https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.803</a></p><br />
<p>Welsh Jr., T.H., D.R. Tolleson, R.C. Cardoso, T.B. Hairgrove, D.G. Riley, C.R. Long, G.A. Perry, and R.D. Randel. 2024. Prenatal transportation stress and sex influence the metabolomic profile of the liver of 28-day-old Brahman bulls and heifers. <em>Physiology</em>, 39:S1 (Abstract #2620). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.2620">https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.2620</a></p><br />
<p>Wesolowski, L.T., P.L. Semanchik, J.L. Simons, C.P. Carson, A.N. DiSilvestro, A.L. Earnhardt-San, D.G. Riley, G.A. Perry, C.R. Long, T.J. Machado, R.D. Randel, T.H. Welsh Jr., and S.H. White-Springer. Relationships between serum insulin-like growth factor 1 and cortisol in growing steers with beef production and palatability. <em>Journal of Animal Science</em>, 102(Suppl._3):511–512 (Abstract #PSV-18). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.579">https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.579</a></p><br />
<p>Williams, B.D., A.N. DiSilvestro, L.T. Wesolowski, P.L. Semanchik, J.L. Simons, C.P. Carson, A.L. Earnhardt-San, D.G. Riley, G.A. Perry, C.R. Long, R.D. Randel, T.H. Welsh Jr., and S.H. White-Springer. 2024. Skeletal muscle antioxidant activity increases over time in beef steers and is greater in Angus compared with Brahman. <em>Journal of Animal Science</em>, 102(Suppl._3):508–509 (Abstract #PSIII-24). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.575">https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.575</a></p><br />
<p>Willis, C. A.L. Earnhardt-San, C.P. Carson, C.R. Long, T.H. Welsh Jr., R.D. Randel, and G.A. Perry. 2024. Evaluation of sire vs. dam influences on age at first parturition in Brahman heifers, <em>Journal of Animal Science</em>, 102(Suppl._3):280–281 (Abstract #228). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.322">https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.322</a></p><br />
<p>Jackson, A.*, M. Quino*, A. Gautam*, M. Gilpin **, K. Still **, D. Landers, and <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">B. Baker-Cook.</span></strong> 2024. The impact of multiple exposures and movement on the fear response of poultry. In print with Poultry Science. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.104594.</p><br />
<p>Escobar, C., D. Watts, A. Torbet., M.A. Bailey, J. T. Krehling, D. Landers., A.P. Jackson*, M. Gilpin **, K. Still **, L. R. Munoz, L. Orellana, Y. Adhikari, K. Macklin, <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">B.I. Baker-Cook.</span></strong> (2024). Evaluating the Impact of Gypsum as a Novel Bedding Material on Broiler Performance, Foot Pad Health, and Fear Response, 103(6):103676. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.103676</p><br />
<p><strong>Ranches J.</strong>, C. Boyd, R. O’Connor, M. Ferreira, A. S. Rezende, G. M. P. Hernandez, J. Johnson, and D. Bohnert. 2024. Evaluation of Beef Cattle Blood Markers during Virtual Fence Training. Rangelands <br /><em>Oral and Poster</em><em> Abstracts</em></p><br />
<p><strong>Ranches J.<sup>*</sup>,</strong> A. C. R. Dos Santos, E Ferri, A. L. P. Ramalho, C. E. M. Dos Santos, M. F. L. Ferreira, P, Rezamand, A. Skibie, K. Wollstein, and J, Cruickshank. 2024. Effects of Smoke Exposure on Cattle Hematology Using Wildfire Smoke Simulations. 2024. WALF-EAAP, Florence, Italy.<strong> </strong></p><br />
<p>Dos Santos A. C. R., E Ferri, A. L. P. Ramalho, C. E. M. Dos Santos, M. F. L. Ferreira, P, Rezamand, A. Skibie, K. Wollstein, J, Cruickshank, and<strong> J. Ranches.</strong> Wildfire Smoke Simulations and the Effects of Smoke Exposure on Cattle Acute Phase Protein Response. 2024. ASAS-CSAS-WSASAS Annual Meeting, Calgary, Canada.</p><br />
<p>Bortoluzzi, E.M., Aubuchon, K.W., Robben, N.D., Stafford, N., Goering, M.J., Bronkhorst, C., Odde, J.A., Breiner, C., Fike, K., Hulbert, L.E. and Odde, K.G., 2024. Combining Embryo Transfer and Artificial Insemination to Achieve Twinning in Beef Cattle, and Effects of Different Twin Calf-Raising Methods on Neonatal Behavior and Growth. <em>Ruminants</em>, <em>4</em>(2), pp.201-212.</p><br />
<p>Nelson, C.E., Aramouni, F.M., Goering, M.J., Bortoluzzi, E.M., Knapp, L.A., Herrera-Ibata, D.M., Li, K.W., Jermoumi, R., Hooker, J.A., Sturek, J. and Byrd, J.P., 2023. Adult Ossabaw pigs prefer fermented sorghum tea over isocaloric sweetened water. <em>Animals</em>, <em>13</em>(20), p.3253.</p><br />
<p>Bortoluzzi, E.M., Goering, M.J., Ochoa, S.J., Holliday, A.J., Mumm, J.M., Nelson, C.E., Wu, H., Mote, B.E., Psota, E.T., Schmidt, T.B. and Jaberi-Douraki, M., 2023. Evaluation of precision livestock technology and human scoring of nursery pigs in a controlled immune challenge experiment. <em>Animals</em>, <em>13</em>(2), p.246.</p><br />
<p>Researcher / Research Team Related Publications (last 3 years):</p><br />
<p>Mann P, Liu J, Yu LE, Wolfenden R, Li Y. Utilizing the apical-out enteroids in vitro model to investigate intestinal glucose transport, barrier function, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in broiler chickens. Front Physiol. 2024 Nov 6;15:1470009. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1470009. PMID: 39568543; PMCID: PMC11576162.</p><br />
<p>Toschi A, Yu LE, Bialkowski S, Schlitzkus L, Grilli E, Li Y. Dietary supplementation of microencapsulated botanicals and organic acids enhances the expression and function of intestine epithelial digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2024 Nov;103(11):104237. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104237. Epub 2024 Aug 22. PMID: 39217663; PMCID: PMC11402617.</p><br />
<p>Yu LE, Mann P, Schlitzkus L, Ghiselli F, Sanders M, Hadimundeen A, Li Y. In-Ovo Glutamine Administration Enhances Intestinal Development and Functions in Broiler Chickens: Insights from Enteroid Models. J Nutr. 2024 Apr;154(4):1175-1188. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.007. Epub 2024 Feb 13. PMID: 38360113.</p><br />
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