NE1836: Improving Quality and Reducing Losses in Specialty Fruit Crops through Storage Technologies

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[01/01/1970] [01/01/1970] [09/23/2020] [09/30/2022] [09/15/2023]

Date of Annual Report: 01/01/1970

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 07/25/2019 - 07/26/2019
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2018 - 09/30/2018

Participants

Steve Sargent University of Florida sasa@ufl.edu
Jeff Brecht University of Florida
Renae Moran University of Maine rmoran@maine.edu
Jennifer DeEll Ontario, Canada
Eleni Pliakoni Kansas State University epliakoni@k-state.edu
Toktam Taghavi Virginia State University ttaghavi@vsu.edu
Carolina Torres Washington State University torres@wsu.edu
Hyeweon Hwang, UMaine, hyeweon.hwang@maine.edu
David Rudell USDA-ARS david.rudell@usda.gov
Marlee Trandel NC State University matrande@ncsu.edu
Yu Dong Oregon State University dongyu@oreganstate.edu
Shih-Ding Tsai Cornell University St926@cornell.edu
Chris Watkins Cornell University cbw3@cornell.com
Kelly Gude Kansas State University kellygude@ksu.edu
Kostas Batziakas Kansas State University kbatziakas@ksu.edu
Randy Beaudry Michigan State University beaudry@msu.edu
Elizabeth Mitcham UC Davis ejmitcham@ucdavis.edu
Nicholas Reitz UC Davis nfreitz@ucdavis.edu
Arlan James Rodeo UC Davis adrodeo@ucdavis.edu
Kelly Richmond UC Davis kmrichmond@ucdavis.edu
Tianbao Yang USDA-ARS Tianbao.yang@usda.gov

Brief Summary of Minutes

Carolina Torres was unanimously elected to be next secretary. New members were welcomed and encouraged to complete Appendix E.

Next year NE1836 meeting will be held in Orlando before ASHS meeting. Elizabeth Mitcham will contact ASHS.

There were twelve written reports in total. Eight of them were presented during the meeting, and four nonattending members submitted reports electronically.

New members and guests gave a brief discussion of research conducted and plans of work.

Plans for collaborative research were developed.

Accomplishments

Objective 1:  Adapt or develop harvest, handling and storage technologies to improve fruit quality, increase consumption and reduce food waste. Objective 2: Improve our understanding of the biology of fruit quality to further our development of harvest and storage technology and development of new plant materials.   British Columbia, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Peter Toivonen. 1.1 The DA meter has been found to be more reliable for estimating harvest date in Ambrosia apple in BC despite many micro-climates in the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys.  Dry matter content at harvest influences Ambrosia apple sensory quality after longer term storage, apples with less than 15% dry matter being watery and tasteless after 6 months of CA storage. Confirmatory work is being undertaken in 2019.  Research using both the DA meter and spectrometer to measure single cherries is demonstrating that in 2018, color and dry matter contents at harvest were only loosely correlated. 2.1. A new cultivar named SPA1080 is being harvested based on DA meter values since these apples do not soften even when starch pattern indices are clear. 1-MCP does not affect the responses of SPA1080 to 1-MCP treatment including internal browning incidence.   California, UC Davis, Elizabeth Mitcham, Claire Adkinson, Bill Biasi, Bikoba, Reitz, Richmond, Freedman. 1.1 Improving the quality of stored walnuts by understanding the influence of temperature, RH and pasteurization on rate of deterioration.  2.1 Lignification in blossom end rot affected tomatoes. 2.2 Elucidating the mechanism of pit formation in sweet cherries.   Florida Ag. Exp. Stn., J. Brecht and S. Sargent collaborating with USDA/ARS-FL and ARS-WV 1.1 Collaboration with Michigan State Univ. Scale Neutral Harvest Aid System and Sensor Technologies to Improve Harvest Efficiency and Handling of Fresh Market Highbush Blueberries.  Conduct field tests of a redesigned Over-The-Row harvester with rotary shakers and compare fruit quality with those harvested by conventional OTR harvesters in several production areas in the country, beginning in April in North Florida. 1.2.  Smart Monitoring and Analytics in the Strawberry Supply Chain 1.3.  Potential Scenarios for Hydro-Handling, Packing and Cooling of Fresh Strawberries Following Mechanical Harvest. 2.1. Strategies to Improve Peach Fruit Quality and Size 2.2. Postharvest Evaluation of Potential New Mango Varieties                2.3.  Overcoming Limitations for Processing Riper Mango Fruit for Fresh-cut Mango. The application of citric acid solutions could be a suitable, easy and economic strategy to achieve several days of additional shelf life for fresh-cut slices prepared from riper mango fruit, for which shelf life is limited by browning. 2.4. It’s Fresh: The Role of Wound-induced Ethylene Production and Sensitivity to Ethylene in Determining the Efficacy of Ethylene Adsorption in Extending Produce Shelf Life of Strawberry. ‘Monterey’, ‘Florida Radiance’ and ‘Cultivar A’ were more susceptible to bruising than ‘Sweet Sensation’ and ‘Cultivar B’, and showed more ethylene-enhanced symptoms, including darker color or severe water-soaking at the injured area or yellowing or browning of the calyx compared with unbruised control fruit of ‘Cultivar B’ with the lowest wound ethylene production also exhibited the lowest bruising severity. 2.5.  A Possible Role for Ethylene in Banana Fruit Chilling Injury. 2.6.  Role of Mineral Nutrition in Fruit Development, Fruit Quality, and Postharvest Storage Life of HLB-affected Mandarin Cultivars.  Sensory evaluation showed higher scores for mandarin flavor intensity and sweetness, and lower scores for sourness in K- and B-treated-fruit compared with the control fruit. Overall, K and B separately and in combination improved the fruit quality attributes of HLB-affected ‘LB8-9’. 2.7.  Plant Essential Oils to Enhance Decay Control of Florida Fresh Strawberries.   Univ. of Hawaii, Robert E. Paull, Nancy J. Chen, Alton Arakaki, Jensen Uyeda Pineapple 1..1 Using biotechnology and management strategies to minimize precocious flowering. 1.2. Determine the factors that control the sugar/acid ratio in the new low acid varieties. 1.3. Determine the importance of different preharvest factors that influence postharvest fruit quality. Papaya 1.4. We are continuing to develop varieties that possess slow ripening traits and have commercial potential. Jasmonic acid if applied to papaya fruit before the 25% yellow stage delays the rise in respiration and ethylene production and leads to incomplete softening. The actual hydrolases and other cell wall enzymes impacted seem to be the same as found with the disruption found with 1-MCP treatment. 2.1.  We are still analyzing papaya fruit ripening transcriptome data and waiting on the chromosome bases annotation to publish these results. Preliminary evaluation of our two ripening runs is showing very different cell wall metabolism than that reported for other fruit such as tomato. 2.2.  We are evaluating our pineapple fruit development transcriptome sequence data looking particularly for confirmation as to what systems are involved in sugar and acid metabolism as the fruit approach maturity. We have characterized the expressed genes related to cell wall metabolism and sugar synthesis and are currently looking at how these are being controlled.     Univ. of Maine, R. Moran, collaborations with Cindy Tong, Jennifer DeEll and the NC140. 1.1. Preharvest weather and Honeycrisp soft scald.  Fruit harvested one day before 44 mm of rain had greater soft scald incidence than fruit harvested just after the rain event.  1.2.  Positional effects within tree canopy in Maine, Ontario and Minnesota.  Bitter pit, lenticel breakdown, soft scald and soggy breakdown did not vary between sun and shade-exposed fruit in ME and MN.  In ON, soft scald was slightly more prevalent in sun-exposed fruit from harvest 3, but not before.  In ME, diffuse flesh browning was worse in sun-exposed fruit from harvest 2. Large tree-to-tree variation in soft scald occurred indicating unknown tree factors contribute to susceptibility. 1.3.  NC140 collaboration.  Rootstock affected on bitter pit incidence in 2017 and 2018.  Low incidence occurred with G.969, B.10, M.26 and G.214. 1.4.  Quantification of Phytonutrient Bioactives in Plums. European plums had relatively higher hydroxycinnamic acid concentration than Asian plums. Antioxidant capacity was greatest in American plums.  The relationship of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content was curvilinear indicating that the increase in antioxidant activity with increase in total phenolics occurred at a greater rate when phenolic concentration was low.    Univ. of Maryland, Christopher Walsh, Audra Bissett, Kathy Hunt and Michael Newell. Cooperators in Pennsylvania: Tara Baugher and Norma Young 1.1. Conditioning trials with Premier Honeycrisp and Honeycrisp. Conditioning is not routinely practiced by growers in the Mid-Atlantic region.  Conditioned apples were evaluated after six months storage.  We have not seen soft scald in the past three years.  In 2016 there was little effect of conditioning while in 2017 conditioning appeared to increase post-harvest fruit rots.  Evaluations of stored Premier Honeycrisp and Honeycrisp fruit harvested in 2018 showed that same pattern, with conditioning again increasing storage rots.  1.2.  Apple Fruit Maturity Indices in new and standard varieties grown in mid Atlantic.  Weekly harvests Premier Honeycrisp, Gala, Honeycrisp, Autumn Crisp, Daybreak Fuji, CrimsonCrisp, Fuji, GoldRush, Granny Smith and Cripps Pink were made in commercial apple orchards in Adams County, PA.  1.3. Comparison of Delta A Values and Starch Levels on Honeycrisp Apple Fruit. During early August harvests, there was no correlation between ground color (Delta A values) and starch pattern index in individual apples.  Beginning two weeks before harvest, a small but significant correlation developed (R2 of 0.12 and 0.15 on August 22 and 31 respectively).    Michigan State Univ., Randy Beaudry, Aline Priscilla Gomes da Silva, Diep Tran, Phil Engelgau, Patrick Abeli, Ben Paskus, Sangeeta Chopra, Norbert Mueller, Robert Tritten, Bill Shane, Amy Irish-Brown, Nikki Rothwell, Phil Schwallier 1.1. Harvesting Efficiency of Various Over-the-Row Blueberry Harvesters. The results demonstrate that there may not be large differences in the amount of ripe fruit harvested by three different harvesters (OXBO7440, Littau, OXBO8040), unless the harvester is not suitably sized for the bushes being harvested. 1.2. Blueberry fruit firmness measurements. While the Shore durometer was the most low-tech method we tested, it correlates well with the values obtained from the FirmTech instrument (R2 = 0.87) and may act as an inexpensive substitute method for firmness assessment. 1.3. Designing a thermal battery for off-grid solar powered refrigeration of perishables in India.     A hybrid evaporatively-cooled and solar-refrigerated structure was successfully constructed and able to maintain temperatures between 8 and 14 °C using a low-cost thermal storage 'battery' made from inexpensive irrigation tubing filled with chilled water. 1.4. Low temperature slows 1-MCP release from an a-cyclodextrin encapsulant dissolved in water.  Low temperatures of the water in which the a-cyclodextrin encapsulant was dissolved increased the lag-time before release initiated and increased the amount of time needed to achieve maximal release. For optimal release of 1-MCP warm (30 °C) water should be used. 2.1. Investigating the Diversity of Branched-Chain Ester Content in Apple Fruit.    Three isoforms of citramalate synthase (MdCMS_1, 2, and 3) were found among 19 apple varieties evaluated.  Varieties with exceptionally low 2MB:SC values were found to be homozygous for MdCMS_2, the isoform of citramalate synthase found to have an eight-fold decrease of enzyme activity compared to MdCMS_1, which may very well explain the observed low 2MB:SC values as well as the very low 2MB-derived ester levels of these apples (< 5 nmol/L). 2.2 Inhibition of 1-MCP action by low O2. Low O2 can be used to modulate the response of plant materials to 1-MCP, suggesting that it inhibits ethylene action by preventing the formation of a functional binding site.   Univ. of Minnesota, Cindy Tong. 1.1 A collaborative study was initiated with researchers in Maine and Ontario on Honeycrisp fruit. Once a week for 3 successive weeks, 15 fruit sun-exposed and 15 shade fruit of each of 5 trees were harvested from a commercial orchard in MN. Only the disorders soft scald and soggy breakdown were observed. The presence of these disorders was related to harvest date and not related to sun-exposure.   Cornell Univ., New York, Cornell University, Chris Watkins, Yosef Al Shoffe, Yiyi Zhang, Jackie Nock, Shih Ding Tsai, Robin Dando, (Susan Brown, Kevin Maloney) 1.1. Non-mineral prediction methods (magnesium, ethylene, passive) for bitter pit prediction of ‘Honeycrisp’ were investigated. Prediction methods slightly under-estimate the incidence that occurs during normal storage conditions.  However, the passive method had consistent results in different orchards, different regions and over successive years, and was better than or as good as mineral based methods. 1.2. Collaboration with Penn. State Univ. Bitter pit and soft scald development during storage of non-conditioned and conditioned ‘Honeycrisp’ apples in relation to mineral contents and harvest indices has been investigated. Multivariate analysis described significant relationships that were different for non-conditioned and conditioned fruit. 1.3. Fruit quality and physiological disorder development of ‘Honeycrisp’ apples after pre- and post-harvest 1-methycyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments. While Harvista may be a useful tool to delay harvest, effects on storage disorders must be taken into account, and caution used when 1-MCP applications are made to fruit after harvest. 1.4. Initial short-term storage at 33°F followed by storage at 38°F maintained the highest percentage of healthy Honeycrisp fruit in the two seasons. 1.5. ‘NY1’ and ‘NY2’, with commercial names of ‘SnapDragon’ and ‘RubyFrost’ respectively are growing in importance for the NY industry. Identification of CA regimes and storage temperatures is elusive. Susceptibility of fruit to browning disorders such as internal carbon dioxide injury, low temperature disorders, and senescence occurs in both cultivars. 1.6. Stem end flesh browning (STFB) of ‘Gala’ apples is a disorder that appears to be becoming more prevalent within New York and across growing areas around the world. We are finding that Harvista decreases disorder incidence and DCA delays it. 1-MCP can sometimes increase incidence of STFB but the effects are inconsistent. No single measure appears to control the problem. 1.7. Non-destructive prediction of soluble solids and dry matter contents in eight apple cultivars using near-infrared spectroscopy. Overall the results support use of a portable NIR-based instrument to predict SSC and DMC, but to obtain precision and accurate predictions, calibration models should be built based on individual cultivars and the variability from seasonal and regional effects have to be taken into consideration. 2.1. The effects of storing ‘Honeycrisp’ apples in air at 0.5 °C for a total of 140 days, without and with conditioning, on internal ethylene concentration (IEC), ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations, and activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) were investigated in relation to soft scald incidence. During subsequent storage, IEC was greatest in conditioned fruit, whereas ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations were generally less. However, ADH and PDC activities were inconsistently affected by conditioning or storage. 2.2. In 2018, experiments were carried out to investigate changes in antioxidants and metabolism in ‘Gala’ stem, calyx, and core tissues in response to CA and DCA. Of course, browning did not develop for the first time in our ‘browning block’ of ‘Gala’’.   North Carolina State Univ. Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Renee Threlfell, University of Arkansas; Gina Fernandez, NCSU 1.1. Handheld digital acid meters and also a new pH meter are available to quickly measure titratable acidity and pH in foods and crops.  The Atago FX5, which has settings for 5 crops (citrus, grape, tomato, strawberry, blueberry) was tested against an automated titrimeter. The two hand held instruments offer a means for growers and extension agents to do assessments of sourness for fruit crops inexpensively and without the need for a lab setup. 2.1. Muscadine screening for stable anthocyanins. Three of the 40 seedlings were found to have 10-fold more malvidin 3,5 diglucoside, and a doubled amount of total anthocyanin in 2018 harvests.  These results indicate that the amount of malvidin can be successfully increased in muscadine and may lead to more stable juice and wine products. 2.2. Watermelon cell wall composition, especially pectin, is considered a vital part of the postharvest storage life in fresh produce.  Watermelon has been found to have increased firmness when grafted to interspecific squash rootstocks and also has increased amounts of chelated pectin.  Cell number and cell area were not changed in grafted fruit compared to non-grafted fruit as determined using confocal microscopy.  We are following the monosaccharide structure of hydrolyzed and/or methylated pectin to determine if and how the cell wall assembly is changed with grafting.     Ontario, OMAFRA, Jennifer DeEll 1.1.  Maturity at harvest and quality after storage in HW6XX pears.  Senescent scald was the main problem in storage. 1.2.  Effect of turbo versus HSS sprayers on Harvista effectiveness in Ambrosia apples.  HSS was slightly better. 1.3.  Preharvest 1-MCP timing on Gala disorders stem-end cracking and splits.  Spraying time is very important. 1.4.  Short-term CA storage for Honeycrisp apples.  Results suggest the potential for bitter pit management by CA established during conditioning with minimal development of other postharvest disorders.   USDA-ARS Beltsville, Tianbao Yang and Wayne Jurik. <ol> <li>Ultrasound treatment is effective to activate -D-glucosidase with potentially aroma enhancing capability.</li> <li>Identification of two putative strawberry fruit ripening regulators.</li> </ol>

Publications

Cho, N. Chen and R.E. Paull, 2016. Modification of production systems for year-round marketing. Acta Horticulturae 1205, 191-202 Al Shoffe, Y., Nock, F.N., Zhang, Y., <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Li_Wu_Zhu">Zhu</a>, L., Watkins, C.B. 2019. Comparisons of mineral and non-mineral prediction methods for bitter pit in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. Scientia Hortic. 254:116-123; Al Shoffe, Y., Shah, A.S., Nock, J.F., Watkins, C.B. 2018. Acetaldehyde and ethanol metabolism in relation to conditioning effects on soft scald development in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. HortScience 53: 1347-1351 Al Shoffe, Y., Watkins, C.B. 2018. Initial short-term storage at 33⁰F reduces physiological disorder development in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. HortTechnology. 28:481-484 Alsmairat, N., P. Engelgau, and R. Beaudry. 2018. Changes in free amino acid content in the flesh and peel of ‘Cavendish’ banana fruit as related to branched-chain ester production, ripening, and senescence. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 143(5):1–11. Alsmairat, N., R.M. Beaudry. 2018. Changes in free amino acid content in the flesh and peel of ‘Cavendish’ banana fruit as related to branched-chain ester production, ripening, and senescence. Annual meeting American Society for Horticultural Science, 28 July - 4 Aug., Washington, D.C. (abstract) Beaudry, R., P. Abeli, P., Fanning, R. Isaacs. 2018. Evaluation of insect disinfestation options for blueberry fruit. Agripace. Nov. 26 - 28, Bangkok Thailand. (abstract). Bertucci, M.B., Jennings, K.M., Monks, D.W., Schultheis, J.R., Perkins-Veazie, P. 2018. early season growth, yield, and fruit quality of standard and mini watermelon grafted onto several commercially available cucurbit rootstocks. HortTechnology 28 (4), 459-469. Brikis, Zarei, Chiu, Deyman, Liu, Trobacher, Hoover, Subedi, DeEll, Bozzo, and Shelp. 2018.  Targeted quantitative profiling of metabolites and gene transcripts associated with GABA in apple fruit stored under multiple abiotic stresses. Hort. Res. 5:61. Carnelossi, M., J.K. Brecht, D. Huber, L.M. Carvalho, and S.A. Sargent. 2018. Vacuum infusion of pectin methylesterase and calcium maintains firmness of the fresh-cut strawberry. Actas Portuguesas de Horticultura 29:132-140. Carnelossi, M.A.G., E.O.A. Sena, A.D. Berry and S.A. Sargent. 2019. Effect of forced-air cooling, hydrocooling, or their combination on fruit quality of two southern highbush blueberry cultivars.  HortScience 54:136-142. Chopra, S. and R. Beaudry. 2018. Innovative composite wall designs for evaporative cooled storage structures Indian J. Agric. 88:1692-1695. Chopra, S., and R. Beaudry. 2018. Redesigning evaporatively cooled rooms to incorporate solar powered refrigeration in India. Acta Hort. 1194:609-615. De, J., A. Sreedharan, Y. Li, A. Gutierre, J.K. Brecht, S.A. Sargent, and K.R. Schneider. 2019. Comparing the efficacy of postharvest cooling methods to enhance fruit quality and reduce Salmonella in artificially inoculated southern highbush blueberry. HortTechnology 29:314-319. Daniels, M., A.H. Simonne, S. Jensen, D. Diehl, K.P. Shelnutt, C. Bruhn, J.K. Brecht, A.F. Wysocki, R. Cook, and E. Mitcham. 2018. Consumer perceptions of quality and price of high-value specialty crops in supermarkets in the United States: Lessons for producers, handlers and educators. Acta Hort. 1213:21-30. Doerflinger, F.C., Nock, J.F., Miller, W.B., Watkins, C.B.<a name="_Toc416964946"></a> 2019. Preharvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) effects on ethylene and starch concentrations of ‘Empire’ and ‘McIntosh’ apples. Scientia Hortic. 244: 134-140 <h1>Fall, L.A., Perkins-Veazie, P., Ma, G. and McGregor, C. 2019.  QTLs associated with flesh quality traits in an elite × elite watermelon population. Euphytica 215:30-35.</h1> Flaherty, DeEll, Shelp and Bozzo. 2018.  1-MCP affects shelf-life of controlled atmosphere stored Cold Snap pears. Can. J. Plant Sci. 98:1365-1375. Flaherty, Lum, DeEll, Subedi, Shelp and Bozzo.  2018.  Metabolic alterations in postharvest pear fruit as influenced by 1-MCP and controlled atmosphere storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66:12989-12999. Gallardo, R.K., E.T. Stafne, L.W. DeVetter, Q. Zhang, C. Li, F. Takeda, J. Williamson, W.Q. Yang, W.O. Cline, R. Beaudry, and R. Allen. 2018. blueberry producers’ attitudes toward harvest mechanization for fresh market. HortTechnology, 28: 10-16. Gomes, M.H., Beaudry, R.M., and Almeida, D.P.F. 2018. Volatile profile of fresh-cut ‘Rocha’ pear under various temperatures and oxygen levels. Acta Hort. 1209:247-250. Guillén, F., N.J. Chen, G. Uruu, R.E. Paull. 2018. Methyl jasmonate as postharvest treatment enhances quality of pineapple during storage at ambient temperature. Acta Horticulturae Guillén, F., N.J. Chen, G. Uruu, R.E. Paull. 2018. Methyl jasmonate as postharvest treatment enhances quality of pineapple during storage at ambient temperature. POST18 XII Simposio Nacional y Iberico de Maduracion y Postsecha, Badajoz 2018 June 4 -7 Poster S2-P11. Guimarães, G.H., S. de Melo Silva, R. Silva, M. Madruga, A.S. Sousa, A. Brito, and R. Beaudry. 2018. Effect of plant-based coatings on the volatile profile of 'Pérola' pineapple. Acta Hort. 1194:1519-1526 <h1>Hartman, J.L., Perkins-Veazie, P., Wehner, T.C. 2019. Citrulline and arginine are moderately heritable in two red-fleshed watermelon populations. HortScience 54(2):200-205.</h1> Hartman, J.L., Wehner, T., Ma, G., Perkins-Veazie, P. 2019. Citrulline and arginine content of taxa of cucurbitaceae. Horticulturae 5 (1):22. Iqbal, Z., Randhawa, M. A., Zahoor, T., Asghar, M., and Beaudry, R. 2018. Influence of 1-methylcyclopropene on physico-chemical properties of ‘Gola’ and ‘Surahi’ guava (Psidium guajava L.) under air storage. Pakistan J. Agric. Sci, 55(2):389-396. Jiang, F., A. Lopez, S. Jeon, S.T. de Freitas, Q. Yu, Z. Wu, J. Labavitch, S. Tian, A.L. Powell, and E. Mitcham.  2019.  Disassembly of the fruit cell wall by the ripening-associated polygalacturonase and expanin influences tomato cracking.  Hort. Research 6:17. Lee, J., Cheng, L., Rudell, D.R., Nock, J. F., Watkins, C.B. 2019. Antioxidant metabolism in stem and calyx end tissues in relation to flesh browning development during storage of 1-methylcyclopropene treated ‘Empire’ apples.  Postharvest Biol. Technol. 149:66-73.; Lobos, G.A., C. Bravo, M. Valdés, J. Graell, I. Lara, R.M. Beaudry, and C. Moggia. 2018. Within-plant variability in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.): maturity at harvest and position within the canopy influence fruit firmness at harvest and postharvest. Postharvest Biology Technol. 146:26-35. McClure, K.A., Gardner, K.M., Douglas, G.M., Song, J., Forney, C.F., DeLong, J., Fan, L., Du, L., Toivonen, P.M.A., Somers, D.J., Rajcan, I., Myles, S. 2018. A genome-wide association study of apple quality and scab resistance. The Plant Genome 11(1): 1-14 Mercier, S., J.K. Brecht, and I. Uysal. 2019. Commercial forced-air precooling of strawberries: a temperature distribution and correlation study. J. Food Eng.  242:47-54. Nourredine, B., and R.M. Beaudry. 2018. Effects of temperature on postharvest respiratory parameters and quality attributes of ackee (Blighia sapida Köenig) fruit arils during storage. International Food Research Journal 25(1): 119 - 126. Paull, R. E. and N. J. Chen. Postharvest Losses and Safety of Fruits and Vegetables for Enhanced Sustainability. (Abstract) International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture for Rural Development 2018 (ICSARD-2018), 19-20 October 2018, Purwokerto-Indonesia Pent, Meyers, Yang, Whitaker, Trouth, Shangguan, Huang, Litt, Little, Ke, Jurik.2019. A novel hydroxycinnamoyl transferase is responsible for synthesis of hydroxycinnamoyl spermine conjugate in Solanum richardii fruits. BMC Plant Biol. 19:261. Pinto, P.M., P.C. Spricigo, S.R. da Silva, S.A. Sargent, A.P. Jacomino. 2018. Effect of 1-MCP and low temperature storage on postharvest conservation of camu-camu. Acta Physiologia Plantarum 40:205. Sena, E.O.A., P.S.O. da Silva, H.G.S. de Araujo, M.C.A. Batista, P.N. Matos, S.A. Sargent, L.F.G. Oliveira Junior, and M.A.G. Carnelossi. 2019. Postharvest quality of cashew apple after hydrocooling and cold room. Postharvest Biology & Technology 155:65-71. Shelp, Deyman, DeEll, and Bozzo. 2019.  Polyamine homeostasis in apple fruit stored under multiple abiotic stresses. Can. J. Plant Sci. 99:88-92. Suchoff, D.H., Perkins-Veazie, P., Sederoff, H.W., Schultheis, J.R., Gunter, C. 2018. Grafting the indeterminate tomato cultivar Moneymaker onto Multifort rootstock improves cold tolerance. HortScience 53 (11), 1610-1617. Suthar, R.G., C. Wang, M.C.N. Nunes, J. Chen, S.A. Sargent, R.A. Bucklin and B. Gao. 2018. Bamboo biochar pyrolyzed at low temperature improves tomato plant growth and fruit quality. Agriculture 8:153-155. Toivonen, P.M.A. 2018. 1-MCP before and after processing of fresh-cut produce: from science evidence to technology transfer. Acta Hortic. 1209, 11-18 Toivonen, P.M.A. 2018. Ethical and technical issues for transport, distribution and retail sale of fresh horticultural crops. Acta Hortic. 1194, 1291-1298. Toivonen, P.M.A., Lu, C., Stoochnoff, J. 2019. Postharvest quality implications of preharvest treatments applied to enhance Ambrosia™ apple red blush colour at harvest. Canadian J. Plant Sci. 99:40-49 Toivonen, P.M.A., Stoochnoff, J., Usher, K., Lu, C., Wiersma, P.A., Zhou, C. 2019. Biochemical and Gene Expression Involved in Red Blush Color Development in ‘Ambrosia’ Apple. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 144(3):164–171. 2019. Tong, C.B.S., Beaudry R.M., Contreras C., Watkins, C., Nock, J., Vickers, Z., Baures, K., Luby, J., Bedford, D. 2019. Postharvest Performance of ‘Minneiska’ apple, a Progeny of ‘Honeycrisp’. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 73:82-94  Tran, D. and R. Beaudry. 2018. Response of CA stored ‘Honeycrisp’ apple on fruit quality to application of DPA and preconditioning. Ha Noi International Postharvest Conference, Nov 5 - 7, 2018, Ha Noi, Vietnam (abstract). Vinson, E.L. Coneva, E.D., Kemble, J.M., Woods, F.M., Sibley, J.L, Fonsah, E.G., Perkins-Veazie, P. 2018. Prediction of flower emergence and evaluation of cropping potential in selected banana cultivars (Musa sp.) cultivated in subtropical conditions of coastal Alabama. HortScience 53 (11), 1634-1639. Wong, Kylie, Sharon Motomura, Robert E Paull. 2018. Postharvest Handling and Food Safety – Layers of Protection. Food Safety and Technology Series. FST-66. Yuan, P., Yang, Poovaiah.  2018. Calcium signaling-mediated plant response to cold stress.  International J. Molecular Sci. 19:3896. Zhang, Y., Nock, J.F., Al Shoffe, Y., Watkins, C.B. 2019. <a name="_Toc445301302"></a>Non-destructive prediction of soluble solids and dry matter concentrations in eight apple cultivars using portable near-infrared spectroscopy Postharvest Biol. Technol. 151:111-118.   Book Chapters Brecht, J.K., S.A. Sargent, P.E. Brecht, J. Saenz, and L. Rodowick. 2019. J.K. Brecht (ed.). Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck or Rail. University of Florida and USDA AMS, Gainesville, Fla., HS1328. 204 p. Brecht, J. K. 2018. Mango, p. 443-466. In: S. Pareek and S. Tonetto de Freitas (eds.). Physiological Disorders in Fruits and Vegetables. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. Garth M. Sanewski, Duane P. Bartholomew and Robert E. Paull, 2018, The Pineapple 2nd Edition Botany, Production and Uses. 336 pages, CABI, United Kingdom Khatiwada, B. and E. Mitcham.  2018.  Cherry. In: Physiological Disorders in Fruits and Vegetables. CRC Press. 223-236.  Paull and Ching-Cheng Chen, 2018. Postharvest Physiology, Handling, and Storage of Pineapple. p295- 323. In. Garth M. Sanewski, Duane P. Bartholomew and Robert E. Paull, (Editors), The Pineapple 2nd Edition Botany, Production and Uses. 336 pages, CABI, United Kingdom.   Uthairatanakij, Apiradee, Pongphen Jitareerat and Robert E. Paull. 2018. Pp 339 - 376. In. Galán Saúco, V. and Ping, L. (eds.), Achieving sustainable cultivation of mangoes, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK. Watkins, C.B., Mattheis, J.P. 2019. Apple. In: Postharvest Physiological Disorders in Fruits and Vegetables. Chapter 8, p165-206. de Freitas,S.T., Pareek, S. (Eds.), CRC Press, ISBN 9781138035508   Extension / Outreach Publications Brecht, J.K. and S.A. Sargent. 2018. Tips for tuning up packing and cooling facilities. Veg. Spec. Crops Newsletter, 1(9):6-7. Chang, Y., A. Sarkhosh, J. Brecht, and P. Andersen. 2018. Thinning Florida peaches for larger fruit. HS1324. UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL. DeEll, J. 2018.  Evaluation of storage regimes for Honeycrisp apples.  Orchard Network 22(1):17-18. DeEll, J. 2018.  Storage advice for the mystifying Honeycrisp apple.  The Grower 68(5):22. DeEll, J. 2018.  Timing of Harvista orchard spray influences quality of McIntosh apples.  Orchard Network 22(3):12-13. DeEll, J. 2019.  Development of internal browning in Gala apples. The Grower 69(5):18. Kou, J., J. Zhang, T. Zhong, J. K. Brecht, S.A. Sargent, A. Plotto, J. Bai, X. Sun, and M.A. Ritenour.  2019. Control of strawberry postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer using essential oils (carvacrol and thymol). Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 132: (In Press). Rubio, Z., M.A. Olmstead, and J.K. Brecht. 2018. Impact of nitrogen fertilization on compositional and physical attributes of melting and non-melting flesh peach fruit. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 131:52-57. Tamashiro, T., S.A. Sargent, and A.D. Berry. 2018. Quality evaluation of strawberry bruised by simulated drop heights. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 131:171-177. Walsh. 2018.  Weekly extension publications on apple fruit maturity in Penn State Extension Fruit Times.   Presentations:   Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Banana, Mango, Pineapple, Citrus.” Fresh-cut Short Course, Univ. Calif., Davis, 19 September, 2018. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Fresh-cut Quality Issues Regarding Cell Integrity, Translucency & Juice Leakage.” Fresh-cut Short Course, Univ. Calif., Davis, 18 September, 2018. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Modified Atmospheres: Benefits and Risks to Fresh-cut Produce.” Fresh-cut Short Course, Univ. Calif., Davis, 18 September, 2018. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Peach Harvesting and Postharvest Handling Considerations for Different Markets.” Stone Fruit Field Day, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, May 29, 2018. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Postharvest Physiological Disorders of Mango.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 10, 2019. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Ripening Mangos and Papayas”. Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop, Univ. Calif., Davis, 11 April, 2018. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Ripening Temperature Management”. Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop, Univ. Calif., Davis, 10 April, 2018. Chang, L. (Presenter) and J.K. Brecht. “Variation Among Strawberry Cultivars in Bruising Susceptibility Related to Wound Ethylene Production and Sensitivity.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 10, 2019. Kou, J. (Presenter), J. Zhang, T. Zhong, J.K. Brecht, S.A. Sargent., A. Plotto, J. Bai, X. Sun, and M.A. Ritenour: “Control of Strawberry Postharvest Decay Caused by Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer Using Essential Oils (Carvacrol and Thymol).” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 11, 2019. Marín, A. (Presenter), E. Baldwin, J. Bai, D. Wood, J.K. Brecht, and A. Plotto: “Edible Coatings as Carriers of Antioxidant Compounds to Maintain Appealing Appearance of Fresh-cut Mango.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 10, 2019. Sargent, S.A. (Organizer), J.K. Brecht, M.A. Ritenour and J.A. Bartz. Postharvest Quality and Food Safety of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Tabletop examples and materials demonstrating postharvest disorders, diseases and food safety training opportunities. AgExpo. Nov. 7, 2018. Wimauma, FL. Sargent, S.A. (Presenter): “How Novel Research in Postharvest Biology and Technology will Contribute to Reducing Food Losses.” 2019. XVII Brazilian Congress of Plant Physiology: June 12, 2019. Cuiabá, Brazil. Sargent, S.A. and K.R. Schneider (Co-organizers) 2018 Florida Tomato Food Safety Workshop. September 4, 2018. Naples, FL. Shahzad, F. (Presenter), Jeffrey K. Brecht, F. Gmitter, Y. Wang, M.A. Ritenour, and T. Vashisth: “Role of Pre-harvest Nutrition on Postharvest Quality of HLB-affected Mandarins.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 10, 2019. Zhang, J. (Presenter), J. Kou, T. Zhong, J.K. Brecht, S.A. Sargent, A. Plotto, J. Bai, X. Sun, and M.A. Ritenour: “A Slow-Release Chlorine Dioxide Gas Treatment Can Reduce Postharvest Decay of Fresh Strawberries.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 11, 2019. Zhong, T. (Presenter), J. Zhang, J. Kou, X. Sun, J. Bai, J. Brecht, S. Surgent, A. Plotto, and M. Ritenour: “The Effect of Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) Gas on Reducing Postharvest Decay Caused by Rhizopus stolonifera in Strawberries.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 10, 2019.     External Funding Received Sargent, S.A. and K.R. Schneider (Co-organizers) 2018 Florida Tomato Food Safety Workshop. September 4, 2018. Naples, FL. Sargent, S.A. (Organizer), J.K. Brecht, M.A. Ritenour and J.A. Bartz. Postharvest Quality and Food Safety of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Tabletop examples and materials demonstrating postharvest disorders, diseases and food safety training opportunities. AgExpo. Nov. 7, 2018. Wimauma, FL.

Impact Statements

. Blueberry growers may have more potential to mechanically harvest southern highbush cultivars if results from the modified harvester continue to show promise in minimizing bruising at harvest. 2. Procedures for processing fresh-cut mango at significantly more advanced ripeness than currently done, with accompanying improved sensory quality have been communicated to the industry. 3. Variation in bruising susceptibility among strawberry cultivars is related to differences in their rates of wound ethylene production and their susceptibility to ethylene exposure. 4. Hydro-handling of fresh strawberries does not jeopardize postharvest quality. 5. Growers can reduce the risk of bitter pit in Honeycrisp apples by selecting low-risk rootstocks. 6. Two orchard factors were identified that are associated with soft scald incidence in Honeycrisp apples. Incidence is linked to an unknown individual tree factor, and to lack of rainfall prior to harvest. 7. New papaya and pineapple varieties introduced and adopted by industry. Industry adoption of recommended postharvest handling practices to reduce losses and increase efficiency. Advances in understanding of biological processes that lead to adaptation and application of biotechnology to tropical commodities. 8. The New York apple industry is adopting passive treatment of Honeycrisp as an easy method for prediction of bitter pit. 9. The New York apple industry is increasingly interested in adoption of DCA technology for control of storage disorders, especially stem end flesh browning of Gala apples. 10. Obtaining data at harvest that may predict postharvest quality will help growers cull fruit earlier in the harvest to market process, saving the growers storage space and costs. 11. Handheld instruments can help screen large sample sizes for sensory attributes. 12. New muscadine germplasm may lead to color stability of wines. 13. Premier Honeycrisp is rapidly becoming an important cultivar in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Unlike most early apple cultivars, our research has shown it to have good storability. Growers can continue to increase their economic returns by planting Premier Honeycrisp without concerns of storage losses. 14. With increased summer temperatures and new apple varieties, growers have been concerned with scheduling their apple harvests. These annual maturity studies encouraged growers to prepare for earlier harvests and avoid economic losses from pre-harvest fruit drop. 15. The British Columbia organic apple industry has adopted the use of the DA meter for maturity assessment of Ambrosia apples since they were having difficulty with using the starch pattern clearing index. 16. Summerland Varieties Corporation has adopted as part of their information package for cultivar, DA meter indices for harvest of new apple cultivars in addition to other maturity indices, including starch pattern clearing.

Date of Annual Report: 01/01/1970

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 07/25/2019 - 07/26/2019
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2017 - 09/30/2018

Participants

Attending the Annual Meeting:

Steve Sargent University of Florida sasa@ufl.edu
Jeff Brecht University of Florida
Renae Moran University of Maine rmoran@maine.edu
Jennifer DeEll Ontario, Canada
Eleni Pliakoni Kansas State University epliakoni@k-state.edu
Toktam Taghavi Virginia State University ttaghavi@vsu.edu
Carolina Torres Washington State University ctorres@wsu.edu
Hyeweon Hwang University of Maine hyeweon.hwang@maine.edu
David Rudell USDA-ARS david.rudell@usda.gov
Marlee Trandel NC State University matrande@ncsu.edu
Yu Dong Oregon State University dongyu@oreganstate.edu
Shih-Ding Tsai Cornell University St926@cornell.edu
Chris Watkins Cornell University cbw3@cornell.com
Kelly Gude Kansas State University kellygude@ksu.edu
Kostas Batziakas Kansas State University kbatziakas@ksu.edu
Randy Beaudry Michigan State University beaudry@msu.edu
Elizabeth Mitcham UC Davis ejmitcham@ucdavis.edu
Nicholas Reitz UC Davis nfreitz@ucdavis.edu
Arlan James Rodeo UC Davis adrodeo@ucdavis.edu
Kelly Richmond UC Davis kmrichmond@ucdavis.edu
Tianbao Yang USDA-ARS Tianbao.yang@usda.gov

Guests in attendance:
Nobuko Sugimoto Pace International Nobuko.sugimoto@paceint.com
Saugeeta Chopra IARI, New Delhi, India Dhingra.saugeeta@gmail.com

Participants Submitting Reports by email:
Peter Toivonen, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, BCRobert Paull, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Cindy Tong, Univ. of Minnesota
Chris Walsh, Univ. of Maryland

Brief Summary of Minutes

Carolina Torres was unanimously elected to be next secretary. New members were welcomed and encouraged to complete Appendix E.

Next year NE1836 meeting will be held in Orlando before ASHS meeting. Elizabeth Mitcham will contact ASHS.

There were twelve written reports in total. Eight of them were presented during the meeting, and four nonattending members submitted reports electronically.

New members and guests gave a brief discussion of research conducted and plans of work.

Plans for collaborative research were developed.

Accomplishments

British Columbia, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Peter Toivonen. 1.1 The DA meter has been found to be more reliable for estimating harvest date in Ambrosia apple in BC despite many micro-climates in the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys.  Dry matter content at harvest influences Ambrosia apple sensory quality after longer term storage, apples with less than 15% dry matter being watery and tasteless after 6 months of CA storage. Confirmatory work is being undertaken in 2019.  Research using both the DA meter and spectrometer to measure single cherries is demonstrating that in 2018, color and dry matter contents at harvest were only loosely correlated. 2.1. A new cultivar named SPA1080 is being harvested based on DA meter values since these apples do not soften even when starch pattern indices are clear. 1-MCP does not affect the responses of SPA1080 to 1-MCP treatment including internal browning incidence.   California, UC Davis, Elizabeth Mitcham, Claire Adkinson, Bill Biasi, Bikoba, Reitz, Richmond, Freedman. 1.1 Improving the quality of stored walnuts by understanding the influence of temperature, RH and pasteurization on rate of deterioration.  2.1 Lignification in blossom end rot affected tomatoes. 2.2 Elucidating the mechanism of pit formation in sweet cherries.   Florida Ag. Exp. Stn., J. Brecht and S. Sargent collaborating with USDA/ARS-FL and ARS-WV 1.1 Collaboration with Michigan State Univ. Scale Neutral Harvest Aid System and Sensor Technologies to Improve Harvest Efficiency and Handling of Fresh Market Highbush Blueberries.  Conduct field tests of a redesigned Over-The-Row harvester with rotary shakers and compare fruit quality with those harvested by conventional OTR harvesters in several production areas in the country, beginning in April in North Florida. 1.2.  Smart Monitoring and Analytics in the Strawberry Supply Chain 1.3.  Potential Scenarios for Hydro-Handling, Packing and Cooling of Fresh Strawberries Following Mechanical Harvest. 2.1. Strategies to Improve Peach Fruit Quality and Size 2.2. Postharvest Evaluation of Potential New Mango Varieties                    2.3.  Overcoming Limitations for Processing Riper Mango Fruit for Fresh-cut Mango. The application of citric acid solutions could be a suitable, easy and economic strategy to achieve several days of additional shelf life for fresh-cut slices prepared from riper mango fruit, for which shelf life is limited by browning. 2.4. It’s Fresh: The Role of Wound-induced Ethylene Production and Sensitivity to Ethylene in Determining the Efficacy of Ethylene Adsorption in Extending Produce Shelf Life of Strawberry. ‘Monterey’, ‘Florida Radiance’ and ‘Cultivar A’ were more susceptible to bruising than ‘Sweet Sensation’ and ‘Cultivar B’, and showed more ethylene-enhanced symptoms, including darker color or severe water-soaking at the injured area or yellowing or browning of the calyx compared with unbruised control fruit of ‘Cultivar B’ with the lowest wound ethylene production also exhibited the lowest bruising severity. 2.5.  A Possible Role for Ethylene in Banana Fruit Chilling Injury. 2.6.  Role of Mineral Nutrition in Fruit Development, Fruit Quality, and Postharvest Storage Life of HLB-affected Mandarin Cultivars.  Sensory evaluation showed higher scores for mandarin flavor intensity and sweetness, and lower scores for sourness in K- and B-treated-fruit compared with the control fruit. Overall, K and B separately and in combination improved the fruit quality attributes of HLB-affected ‘LB8-9’. 2.7.  Plant Essential Oils to Enhance Decay Control of Florida Fresh Strawberries.   Univ. of Hawaii, Robert E. Paull, Nancy J. Chen, Alton Arakaki, Jensen Uyeda Pineapple 1..1 Using biotechnology and management strategies to minimize precocious flowering. 1.2. Determine the factors that control the sugar/acid ratio in the new low acid varieties. 1.3. Determine the importance of different preharvest factors that influence postharvest fruit quality. Papaya 1.4. We are continuing to develop varieties that possess slow ripening traits and have commercial potential. Jasmonic acid if applied to papaya fruit before the 25% yellow stage delays the rise in respiration and ethylene production and leads to incomplete softening. The actual hydrolases and other cell wall enzymes impacted seem to be the same as found with the disruption found with 1-MCP treatment. 2.1.  We are still analyzing papaya fruit ripening transcriptome data and waiting on the chromosome bases annotation to publish these results. Preliminary evaluation of our two ripening runs is showing very different cell wall metabolism than that reported for other fruit such as tomato. 2.2.  We are evaluating our pineapple fruit development transcriptome sequence data looking particularly for confirmation as to what systems are involved in sugar and acid metabolism as the fruit approach maturity. We have characterized the expressed genes related to cell wall metabolism and sugar synthesis and are currently looking at how these are being controlled.     Univ. of Maine, R. Moran, collaborations with Cindy Tong, Jennifer DeEll and the NC140. 1.1. Preharvest weather and Honeycrisp soft scald.  Fruit harvested one day before 44 mm of rain had greater soft scald incidence than fruit harvested just after the rain event.  1.2.  Positional effects within tree canopy in Maine, Ontario and Minnesota.  Bitter pit, lenticel breakdown, soft scald and soggy breakdown did not vary between sun and shade-exposed fruit in ME and MN.  In ON, soft scald was slightly more prevalent in sun-exposed fruit from harvest 3, but not before.  In ME, diffuse flesh browning was worse in sun-exposed fruit from harvest 2. Large tree-to-tree variation in soft scald occurred indicating unknown tree factors contribute to susceptibility. 1.3.  NC140 collaboration.  Rootstock affected on bitter pit incidence in 2017 and 2018.  Low incidence occurred with G.969, B.10, M.26 and G.214. 1.4.  Quantification of Phytonutrient Bioactives in Plums. European plums had relatively higher hydroxycinnamic acid concentration than Asian plums. Antioxidant capacity was greatest in American plums.  The relationship of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content was curvilinear indicating that the increase in antioxidant activity with increase in total phenolics occurred at a greater rate when phenolic concentration was low.    Univ. of Maryland, Christopher Walsh, Audra Bissett, Kathy Hunt and Michael Newell. Cooperators in Pennsylvania: Tara Baugher and Norma Young 1.1. Conditioning trials with Premier Honeycrisp and Honeycrisp. Conditioning is not routinely practiced by growers in the Mid-Atlantic region.  Conditioned apples were evaluated after six months storage.  We have not seen soft scald in the past three years.  In 2016 there was little effect of conditioning while in 2017 conditioning appeared to increase post-harvest fruit rots.  Evaluations of stored Premier Honeycrisp and Honeycrisp fruit harvested in 2018 showed that same pattern, with conditioning again increasing storage rots.  1.2.  Apple Fruit Maturity Indices in new and standard varieties grown in mid Atlantic.  Weekly harvests Premier Honeycrisp, Gala, Honeycrisp, Autumn Crisp, Daybreak Fuji, CrimsonCrisp, Fuji, GoldRush, Granny Smith and Cripps Pink were made in commercial apple orchards in Adams County, PA.  1.3. Comparison of Delta A Values and Starch Levels on Honeycrisp Apple Fruit. During early August harvests, there was no correlation between ground color (Delta A values) and starch pattern index in individual apples.  Beginning two weeks before harvest, a small but significant correlation developed (R2 of 0.12 and 0.15 on August 22 and 31 respectively).    Michigan State Univ., Randy Beaudry, Aline Priscilla Gomes da Silva, Diep Tran, Phil Engelgau, Patrick Abeli, Ben Paskus, Sangeeta Chopra, Norbert Mueller, Robert Tritten, Bill Shane, Amy Irish-Brown, Nikki Rothwell, Phil Schwallier 1.1. Harvesting Efficiency of Various Over-the-Row Blueberry Harvesters. The results demonstrate that there may not be large differences in the amount of ripe fruit harvested by three different harvesters (OXBO7440, Littau, OXBO8040), unless the harvester is not suitably sized for the bushes being harvested. 1.2. Blueberry fruit firmness measurements. While the Shore durometer was the most low-tech method we tested, it correlates well with the values obtained from the FirmTech instrument (R2 = 0.87) and may act as an inexpensive substitute method for firmness assessment. 1.3. Designing a thermal battery for off-grid solar powered refrigeration of perishables in India.     A hybrid evaporatively-cooled and solar-refrigerated structure was successfully constructed and able to maintain temperatures between 8 and 14 °C using a low-cost thermal storage 'battery' made from inexpensive irrigation tubing filled with chilled water. 1.4. Low temperature slows 1-MCP release from an a-cyclodextrin encapsulant dissolved in water.  Low temperatures of the water in which the a-cyclodextrin encapsulant was dissolved increased the lag-time before release initiated and increased the amount of time needed to achieve maximal release. For optimal release of 1-MCP warm (30 °C) water should be used. 2.1. Investigating the Diversity of Branched-Chain Ester Content in Apple Fruit.    Three isoforms of citramalate synthase (MdCMS_1, 2, and 3) were found among 19 apple varieties evaluated.  Varieties with exceptionally low 2MB:SC values were found to be homozygous for MdCMS_2, the isoform of citramalate synthase found to have an eight-fold decrease of enzyme activity compared to MdCMS_1, which may very well explain the observed low 2MB:SC values as well as the very low 2MB-derived ester levels of these apples (< 5 nmol/L). 2.2 Inhibition of 1-MCP action by low O2. Low O2 can be used to modulate the response of plant materials to 1-MCP, suggesting that it inhibits ethylene action by preventing the formation of a functional binding site.   Univ. of Minnesota, Cindy Tong. 1.1 A collaborative study was initiated with researchers in Maine and Ontario on Honeycrisp fruit. Once a week for 3 successive weeks, 15 fruit sun-exposed and 15 shade fruit of each of 5 trees were harvested from a commercial orchard in MN. Only the disorders soft scald and soggy breakdown were observed. The presence of these disorders was related to harvest date and not related to sun-exposure.   Cornell Univ., New York, Cornell University, Chris Watkins, Yosef Al Shoffe, Yiyi Zhang, Jackie Nock, Shih Ding Tsai, Robin Dando, (Susan Brown, Kevin Maloney) 1.1. Non-mineral prediction methods (magnesium, ethylene, passive) for bitter pit prediction of ‘Honeycrisp’ were investigated. Prediction methods slightly under-estimate the incidence that occurs during normal storage conditions.  However, the passive method had consistent results in different orchards, different regions and over successive years, and was better than or as good as mineral based methods. 1.2. Collaboration with Penn. State Univ. Bitter pit and soft scald development during storage of non-conditioned and conditioned ‘Honeycrisp’ apples in relation to mineral contents and harvest indices has been investigated. Multivariate analysis described significant relationships that were different for non-conditioned and conditioned fruit. 1.3. Fruit quality and physiological disorder development of ‘Honeycrisp’ apples after pre- and post-harvest 1-methycyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments. While Harvista may be a useful tool to delay harvest, effects on storage disorders must be taken into account, and caution used when 1-MCP applications are made to fruit after harvest. 1.4. Initial short-term storage at 33°F followed by storage at 38°F maintained the highest percentage of healthy Honeycrisp fruit in the two seasons. 1.5. ‘NY1’ and ‘NY2’, with commercial names of ‘SnapDragon’ and ‘RubyFrost’ respectively are growing in importance for the NY industry. Identification of CA regimes and storage temperatures is elusive. Susceptibility of fruit to browning disorders such as internal carbon dioxide injury, low temperature disorders, and senescence occurs in both cultivars. 1.6. Stem end flesh browning (STFB) of ‘Gala’ apples is a disorder that appears to be becoming more prevalent within New York and across growing areas around the world. We are finding that Harvista decreases disorder incidence and DCA delays it. 1-MCP can sometimes increase incidence of STFB but the effects are inconsistent. No single measure appears to control the problem. 1.7. Non-destructive prediction of soluble solids and dry matter contents in eight apple cultivars using near-infrared spectroscopy. Overall the results support use of a portable NIR-based instrument to predict SSC and DMC, but to obtain precision and accurate predictions, calibration models should be built based on individual cultivars and the variability from seasonal and regional effects have to be taken into consideration. 2.1. The effects of storing ‘Honeycrisp’ apples in air at 0.5 °C for a total of 140 days, without and with conditioning, on internal ethylene concentration (IEC), ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations, and activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) were investigated in relation to soft scald incidence. During subsequent storage, IEC was greatest in conditioned fruit, whereas ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations were generally less. However, ADH and PDC activities were inconsistently affected by conditioning or storage. 2.2. In 2018, experiments were carried out to investigate changes in antioxidants and metabolism in ‘Gala’ stem, calyx, and core tissues in response to CA and DCA. Of course, browning did not develop for the first time in our ‘browning block’ of ‘Gala’’.   North Carolina State Univ. Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Renee Threlfell, University of Arkansas; Gina Fernandez, NCSU 1.1. Handheld digital acid meters and also a new pH meter are available to quickly measure titratable acidity and pH in foods and crops.  The Atago FX5, which has settings for 5 crops (citrus, grape, tomato, strawberry, blueberry) was tested against an automated titrimeter. The two hand held instruments offer a means for growers and extension agents to do assessments of sourness for fruit crops inexpensively and without the need for a lab setup. 2.1. Muscadine screening for stable anthocyanins. Three of the 40 seedlings were found to have 10-fold more malvidin 3,5 diglucoside, and a doubled amount of total anthocyanin in 2018 harvests.  These results indicate that the amount of malvidin can be successfully increased in muscadine and may lead to more stable juice and wine products. 2.2. Watermelon cell wall composition, especially pectin, is considered a vital part of the postharvest storage life in fresh produce.  Watermelon has been found to have increased firmness when grafted to interspecific squash rootstocks and also has increased amounts of chelated pectin.  Cell number and cell area were not changed in grafted fruit compared to non-grafted fruit as determined using confocal microscopy.  We are following the monosaccharide structure of hydrolyzed and/or methylated pectin to determine if and how the cell wall assembly is changed with grafting.     Ontario, OMAFRA, Jennifer DeEll 1.1.  Maturity at harvest and quality after storage in HW6XX pears.  Senescent scald was the main problem in storage. 1.2.  Effect of turbo versus HSS sprayers on Harvista effectiveness in Ambrosia apples.  HSS was slightly better. 1.3.  Preharvest 1-MCP timing on Gala disorders stem-end cracking and splits.  Spraying time is very important. 1.4.  Short-term CA storage for Honeycrisp apples.  Results suggest the potential for bitter pit management by CA established during conditioning with minimal development of other postharvest disorders.   USDA-ARS Beltsville, Tianbao Yang and Wayne Jurik. <ol> <li>Ultrasound treatment is effective to activate -D-glucosidase with potentially aroma enhancing capability.</li> <li>Identification of two putative strawberry fruit ripening regulators.</li> </ol>

Publications

Cho, N. Chen and R.E. Paull, 2016. Modification of production systems for year-round marketing. Acta Horticulturae 1205, 191-202 Al Shoffe, Y., Nock, F.N., Zhang, Y., <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Li_Wu_Zhu">Zhu</a>, L., Watkins, C.B. 2019. Comparisons of mineral and non-mineral prediction methods for bitter pit in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. Scientia Hortic. 254:116-123; Al Shoffe, Y., Shah, A.S., Nock, J.F., Watkins, C.B. 2018. Acetaldehyde and ethanol metabolism in relation to conditioning effects on soft scald development in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. HortScience 53: 1347-1351 Al Shoffe, Y., Watkins, C.B. 2018. Initial short-term storage at 33⁰F reduces physiological disorder development in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. HortTechnology. 28:481-484 Alsmairat, N., P. Engelgau, and R. Beaudry. 2018. Changes in free amino acid content in the flesh and peel of ‘Cavendish’ banana fruit as related to branched-chain ester production, ripening, and senescence. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 143(5):1–11. Alsmairat, N., R.M. Beaudry. 2018. Changes in free amino acid content in the flesh and peel of ‘Cavendish’ banana fruit as related to branched-chain ester production, ripening, and senescence. Annual meeting American Society for Horticultural Science, 28 July - 4 Aug., Washington, D.C. (abstract) Beaudry, R., P. Abeli, P., Fanning, R. Isaacs. 2018. Evaluation of insect disinfestation options for blueberry fruit. Agripace. Nov. 26 - 28, Bangkok Thailand. (abstract). Bertucci, M.B., Jennings, K.M., Monks, D.W., Schultheis, J.R., Perkins-Veazie, P. 2018. early season growth, yield, and fruit quality of standard and mini watermelon grafted onto several commercially available cucurbit rootstocks. HortTechnology 28 (4), 459-469. Brikis, Zarei, Chiu, Deyman, Liu, Trobacher, Hoover, Subedi, DeEll, Bozzo, and Shelp. 2018.  Targeted quantitative profiling of metabolites and gene transcripts associated with GABA in apple fruit stored under multiple abiotic stresses. Hort. Res. 5:61. Carnelossi, M., J.K. Brecht, D. Huber, L.M. Carvalho, and S.A. Sargent. 2018. Vacuum infusion of pectin methylesterase and calcium maintains firmness of the fresh-cut strawberry. Actas Portuguesas de Horticultura 29:132-140. Carnelossi, M.A.G., E.O.A. Sena, A.D. Berry and S.A. Sargent. 2019. Effect of forced-air cooling, hydrocooling, or their combination on fruit quality of two southern highbush blueberry cultivars.  HortScience 54:136-142. Chopra, S. and R. Beaudry. 2018. Innovative composite wall designs for evaporative cooled storage structures Indian J. Agric. 88:1692-1695. Chopra, S., and R. Beaudry. 2018. Redesigning evaporatively cooled rooms to incorporate solar powered refrigeration in India. Acta Hort. 1194:609-615. De, J., A. Sreedharan, Y. Li, A. Gutierre, J.K. Brecht, S.A. Sargent, and K.R. Schneider. 2019. Comparing the efficacy of postharvest cooling methods to enhance fruit quality and reduce Salmonella in artificially inoculated southern highbush blueberry. HortTechnology 29:314-319. Daniels, M., A.H. Simonne, S. Jensen, D. Diehl, K.P. Shelnutt, C. Bruhn, J.K. Brecht, A.F. Wysocki, R. Cook, and E. Mitcham. 2018. Consumer perceptions of quality and price of high-value specialty crops in supermarkets in the United States: Lessons for producers, handlers and educators. Acta Hort. 1213:21-30. Doerflinger, F.C., Nock, J.F., Miller, W.B., Watkins, C.B.<a name="_Toc416964946"></a> 2019. Preharvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) effects on ethylene and starch concentrations of ‘Empire’ and ‘McIntosh’ apples. Scientia Hortic. 244: 134-140 <h1 style="text-align: left;">Fall, L.A., Perkins-Veazie, P., Ma, G. and McGregor, C. 2019.  QTLs associated with flesh quality traits in an elite × elite watermelon population. Euphytica 215:30-35.</h1> Flaherty, DeEll, Shelp and Bozzo. 2018.  1-MCP affects shelf-life of controlled atmosphere stored Cold Snap pears. Can. J. Plant Sci. 98:1365-1375. Flaherty, Lum, DeEll, Subedi, Shelp and Bozzo.  2018.  Metabolic alterations in postharvest pear fruit as influenced by 1-MCP and controlled atmosphere storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66:12989-12999. Gallardo, R.K., E.T. Stafne, L.W. DeVetter, Q. Zhang, C. Li, F. Takeda, J. Williamson, W.Q. Yang, W.O. Cline, R. Beaudry, and R. Allen. 2018. blueberry producers’ attitudes toward harvest mechanization for fresh market. HortTechnology, 28: 10-16. Gomes, M.H., Beaudry, R.M., and Almeida, D.P.F. 2018. Volatile profile of fresh-cut ‘Rocha’ pear under various temperatures and oxygen levels. Acta Hort. 1209:247-250. Guillén, F., N.J. Chen, G. Uruu, R.E. Paull. 2018. Methyl jasmonate as postharvest treatment enhances quality of pineapple during storage at ambient temperature. Acta Horticulturae Guillén, F., N.J. Chen, G. Uruu, R.E. Paull. 2018. Methyl jasmonate as postharvest treatment enhances quality of pineapple during storage at ambient temperature. POST18 XII Simposio Nacional y Iberico de Maduracion y Postsecha, Badajoz 2018 June 4 -7 Poster S2-P11. Guimarães, G.H., S. de Melo Silva, R. Silva, M. Madruga, A.S. Sousa, A. Brito, and R. Beaudry. 2018. Effect of plant-based coatings on the volatile profile of 'Pérola' pineapple. Acta Hort. 1194:1519-1526 <h1>Hartman, J.L., Perkins-Veazie, P., Wehner, T.C. 2019. Citrulline and arginine are moderately heritable in two red-fleshed watermelon populations. HortScience 54(2):200-205.</h1> Hartman, J.L., Wehner, T., Ma, G., Perkins-Veazie, P. 2019. Citrulline and arginine content of taxa of cucurbitaceae. Horticulturae 5 (1):22. Iqbal, Z., Randhawa, M. A., Zahoor, T., Asghar, M., and Beaudry, R. 2018. Influence of 1-methylcyclopropene on physico-chemical properties of ‘Gola’ and ‘Surahi’ guava (Psidium guajava L.) under air storage. Pakistan J. Agric. Sci, 55(2):389-396. Jiang, F., A. Lopez, S. Jeon, S.T. de Freitas, Q. Yu, Z. Wu, J. Labavitch, S. Tian, A.L. Powell, and E. Mitcham.  2019.  Disassembly of the fruit cell wall by the ripening-associated polygalacturonase and expanin influences tomato cracking.  Hort. Research 6:17. Lee, J., Cheng, L., Rudell, D.R., Nock, J. F., Watkins, C.B. 2019. Antioxidant metabolism in stem and calyx end tissues in relation to flesh browning development during storage of 1-methylcyclopropene treated ‘Empire’ apples.  Postharvest Biol. Technol. 149:66-73.; Lobos, G.A., C. Bravo, M. Valdés, J. Graell, I. Lara, R.M. Beaudry, and C. Moggia. 2018. Within-plant variability in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.): maturity at harvest and position within the canopy influence fruit firmness at harvest and postharvest. Postharvest Biology Technol. 146:26-35. McClure, K.A., Gardner, K.M., Douglas, G.M., Song, J., Forney, C.F., DeLong, J., Fan, L., Du, L., Toivonen, P.M.A., Somers, D.J., Rajcan, I., Myles, S. 2018. A genome-wide association study of apple quality and scab resistance. The Plant Genome 11(1): 1-14 Mercier, S., J.K. Brecht, and I. Uysal. 2019. Commercial forced-air precooling of strawberries: a temperature distribution and correlation study. J. Food Eng.  242:47-54. Nourredine, B., and R.M. Beaudry. 2018. Effects of temperature on postharvest respiratory parameters and quality attributes of ackee (Blighia sapida Köenig) fruit arils during storage. International Food Research Journal 25(1): 119 - 126. Paull, R. E. and N. J. Chen. Postharvest Losses and Safety of Fruits and Vegetables for Enhanced Sustainability. (Abstract) International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture for Rural Development 2018 (ICSARD-2018), 19-20 October 2018, Purwokerto-Indonesia Pent, Meyers, Yang, Whitaker, Trouth, Shangguan, Huang, Litt, Little, Ke, Jurik.2019. A novel hydroxycinnamoyl transferase is responsible for synthesis of hydroxycinnamoyl spermine conjugate in Solanum richardii fruits. BMC Plant Biol. 19:261. Pinto, P.M., P.C. Spricigo, S.R. da Silva, S.A. Sargent, A.P. Jacomino. 2018. Effect of 1-MCP and low temperature storage on postharvest conservation of camu-camu. Acta Physiologia Plantarum 40:205. Sena, E.O.A., P.S.O. da Silva, H.G.S. de Araujo, M.C.A. Batista, P.N. Matos, S.A. Sargent, L.F.G. Oliveira Junior, and M.A.G. Carnelossi. 2019. Postharvest quality of cashew apple after hydrocooling and cold room. Postharvest Biology & Technology 155:65-71. Shelp, Deyman, DeEll, and Bozzo. 2019.  Polyamine homeostasis in apple fruit stored under multiple abiotic stresses. Can. J. Plant Sci. 99:88-92. Suchoff, D.H., Perkins-Veazie, P., Sederoff, H.W., Schultheis, J.R., Gunter, C. 2018. Grafting the indeterminate tomato cultivar Moneymaker onto Multifort rootstock improves cold tolerance. HortScience 53 (11), 1610-1617. Suthar, R.G., C. Wang, M.C.N. Nunes, J. Chen, S.A. Sargent, R.A. Bucklin and B. Gao. 2018. Bamboo biochar pyrolyzed at low temperature improves tomato plant growth and fruit quality. Agriculture 8:153-155. Toivonen, P.M.A. 2018. 1-MCP before and after processing of fresh-cut produce: from science evidence to technology transfer. Acta Hortic. 1209, 11-18 Toivonen, P.M.A. 2018. Ethical and technical issues for transport, distribution and retail sale of fresh horticultural crops. Acta Hortic. 1194, 1291-1298. Toivonen, P.M.A., Lu, C., Stoochnoff, J. 2019. Postharvest quality implications of preharvest treatments applied to enhance Ambrosia™ apple red blush colour at harvest. Canadian J. Plant Sci. 99:40-49 Toivonen, P.M.A., Stoochnoff, J., Usher, K., Lu, C., Wiersma, P.A., Zhou, C. 2019. Biochemical and Gene Expression Involved in Red Blush Color Development in ‘Ambrosia’ Apple. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 144(3):164–171. 2019. Tong, C.B.S., Beaudry R.M., Contreras C., Watkins, C., Nock, J., Vickers, Z., Baures, K., Luby, J., Bedford, D. 2019. Postharvest Performance of ‘Minneiska’ apple, a Progeny of ‘Honeycrisp’. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 73:82-94  Tran, D. and R. Beaudry. 2018. Response of CA stored ‘Honeycrisp’ apple on fruit quality to application of DPA and preconditioning. Ha Noi International Postharvest Conference, Nov 5 - 7, 2018, Ha Noi, Vietnam (abstract). Vinson, E.L. Coneva, E.D., Kemble, J.M., Woods, F.M., Sibley, J.L, Fonsah, E.G., Perkins-Veazie, P. 2018. Prediction of flower emergence and evaluation of cropping potential in selected banana cultivars (Musa sp.) cultivated in subtropical conditions of coastal Alabama. HortScience 53 (11), 1634-1639. Wong, Kylie, Sharon Motomura, Robert E Paull. 2018. Postharvest Handling and Food Safety – Layers of Protection. Food Safety and Technology Series. FST-66. Yuan, P., Yang, Poovaiah.  2018. Calcium signaling-mediated plant response to cold stress.  International J. Molecular Sci. 19:3896. Zhang, Y., Nock, J.F., Al Shoffe, Y., Watkins, C.B. 2019. <a name="_Toc445301302"></a>Non-destructive prediction of soluble solids and dry matter concentrations in eight apple cultivars using portable near-infrared spectroscopy Postharvest Biol. Technol. 151:111-118.   Book Chapters Brecht, J.K., S.A. Sargent, P.E. Brecht, J. Saenz, and L. Rodowick. 2019. J.K. Brecht (ed.). Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck or Rail. University of Florida and USDA AMS, Gainesville, Fla., HS1328. 204 p. Brecht, J. K. 2018. Mango, p. 443-466. In: S. Pareek and S. Tonetto de Freitas (eds.). Physiological Disorders in Fruits and Vegetables. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. Garth M. Sanewski, Duane P. Bartholomew and Robert E. Paull, 2018, The Pineapple 2nd Edition Botany, Production and Uses. 336 pages, CABI, United Kingdom Khatiwada, B. and E. Mitcham.  2018.  Cherry. In: Physiological Disorders in Fruits and Vegetables. CRC Press. 223-236.  Paull and Ching-Cheng Chen, 2018. Postharvest Physiology, Handling, and Storage of Pineapple. p295- 323. In. Garth M. Sanewski, Duane P. Bartholomew and Robert E. Paull, (Editors), The Pineapple 2nd Edition Botany, Production and Uses. 336 pages, CABI, United Kingdom.   Uthairatanakij, Apiradee, Pongphen Jitareerat and Robert E. Paull. 2018. Pp 339 - 376. In. Galán Saúco, V. and Ping, L. (eds.), Achieving sustainable cultivation of mangoes, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK. Watkins, C.B., Mattheis, J.P. 2019. Apple. In: Postharvest Physiological Disorders in Fruits and Vegetables. Chapter 8, p165-206. de Freitas,S.T., Pareek, S. (Eds.), CRC Press, ISBN 9781138035508   Extension / Outreach Publications Brecht, J.K. and S.A. Sargent. 2018. Tips for tuning up packing and cooling facilities. Veg. Spec. Crops Newsletter, 1(9):6-7. Chang, Y., A. Sarkhosh, J. Brecht, and P. Andersen. 2018. Thinning Florida peaches for larger fruit. HS1324. UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL. DeEll, J. 2018.  Evaluation of storage regimes for Honeycrisp apples.  Orchard Network 22(1):17-18. DeEll, J. 2018.  Storage advice for the mystifying Honeycrisp apple.  The Grower 68(5):22. DeEll, J. 2018.  Timing of Harvista orchard spray influences quality of McIntosh apples.  Orchard Network 22(3):12-13. DeEll, J. 2019.  Development of internal browning in Gala apples. The Grower 69(5):18. Kou, J., J. Zhang, T. Zhong, J. K. Brecht, S.A. Sargent, A. Plotto, J. Bai, X. Sun, and M.A. Ritenour.  2019. Control of strawberry postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer using essential oils (carvacrol and thymol). Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 132: (In Press). Rubio, Z., M.A. Olmstead, and J.K. Brecht. 2018. Impact of nitrogen fertilization on compositional and physical attributes of melting and non-melting flesh peach fruit. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 131:52-57. Tamashiro, T., S.A. Sargent, and A.D. Berry. 2018. Quality evaluation of strawberry bruised by simulated drop heights. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 131:171-177. Walsh. 2018.  Weekly extension publications on apple fruit maturity in Penn State Extension Fruit Times.   Presentations:   Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Banana, Mango, Pineapple, Citrus.” Fresh-cut Short Course, Univ. Calif., Davis, 19 September, 2018. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Fresh-cut Quality Issues Regarding Cell Integrity, Translucency & Juice Leakage.” Fresh-cut Short Course, Univ. Calif., Davis, 18 September, 2018. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Modified Atmospheres: Benefits and Risks to Fresh-cut Produce.” Fresh-cut Short Course, Univ. Calif., Davis, 18 September, 2018. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Peach Harvesting and Postharvest Handling Considerations for Different Markets.” Stone Fruit Field Day, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, May 29, 2018. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Postharvest Physiological Disorders of Mango.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 10, 2019. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Ripening Mangos and Papayas”. Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop, Univ. Calif., Davis, 11 April, 2018. Brecht, J.K.  (Presenter): “Ripening Temperature Management”. Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop, Univ. Calif., Davis, 10 April, 2018. Chang, L. (Presenter) and J.K. Brecht. “Variation Among Strawberry Cultivars in Bruising Susceptibility Related to Wound Ethylene Production and Sensitivity.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 10, 2019. Kou, J. (Presenter), J. Zhang, T. Zhong, J.K. Brecht, S.A. Sargent., A. Plotto, J. Bai, X. Sun, and M.A. Ritenour: “Control of Strawberry Postharvest Decay Caused by Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer Using Essential Oils (Carvacrol and Thymol).” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 11, 2019. Marín, A. (Presenter), E. Baldwin, J. Bai, D. Wood, J.K. Brecht, and A. Plotto: “Edible Coatings as Carriers of Antioxidant Compounds to Maintain Appealing Appearance of Fresh-cut Mango.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 10, 2019. Sargent, S.A. (Organizer), J.K. Brecht, M.A. Ritenour and J.A. Bartz. Postharvest Quality and Food Safety of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Tabletop examples and materials demonstrating postharvest disorders, diseases and food safety training opportunities. AgExpo. Nov. 7, 2018. Wimauma, FL. Sargent, S.A. (Presenter): “How Novel Research in Postharvest Biology and Technology will Contribute to Reducing Food Losses.” 2019. XVII Brazilian Congress of Plant Physiology: June 12, 2019. Cuiabá, Brazil. Sargent, S.A. and K.R. Schneider (Co-organizers) 2018 Florida Tomato Food Safety Workshop. September 4, 2018. Naples, FL. Shahzad, F. (Presenter), Jeffrey K. Brecht, F. Gmitter, Y. Wang, M.A. Ritenour, and T. Vashisth: “Role of Pre-harvest Nutrition on Postharvest Quality of HLB-affected Mandarins.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 10, 2019. Zhang, J. (Presenter), J. Kou, T. Zhong, J.K. Brecht, S.A. Sargent, A. Plotto, J. Bai, X. Sun, and M.A. Ritenour: “A Slow-Release Chlorine Dioxide Gas Treatment Can Reduce Postharvest Decay of Fresh Strawberries.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 11, 2019. Zhong, T. (Presenter), J. Zhang, J. Kou, X. Sun, J. Bai, J. Brecht, S. Surgent, A. Plotto, and M. Ritenour: “The Effect of Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) Gas on Reducing Postharvest Decay Caused by Rhizopus stolonifera in Strawberries.” Florida State Horticultural Society, Maitland, FL, June 10, 2019.

Impact Statements

1. Blueberry growers may have more potential to mechanically harvest southern highbush cultivars if results from the modified harvester continue to show promise in minimizing bruising at harvest. 2. Procedures for processing fresh-cut mango at significantly more advanced ripeness than currently done, with accompanying improved sensory quality have been communicated to the industry. 3. Variation in bruising susceptibility among strawberry cultivars is related to differences in their rates of wound ethylene production and their susceptibility to ethylene exposure. 4. Hydro-handling of fresh strawberries does not jeopardize postharvest quality. 5. Growers can reduce the risk of bitter pit in Honeycrisp apples by selecting low-risk rootstocks. 6. Two orchard factors were identified that are associated with soft scald incidence in Honeycrisp apples. Incidence is linked to an unknown individual tree factor, and to lack of rainfall prior to harvest. 7. New papaya and pineapple varieties introduced and adopted by industry. Industry adoption of recommended postharvest handling practices to reduce losses and increase efficiency. Advances in understanding of biological processes that lead to adaptation and application of biotechnology to tropical commodities. 8. The New York apple industry is adopting passive treatment of Honeycrisp as an easy method for prediction of bitter pit. 9. The New York apple industry is increasingly interested in adoption of DCA technology for control of storage disorders, especially stem end flesh browning of Gala apples. 10. Obtaining data at harvest that may predict postharvest quality will help growers cull fruit earlier in the harvest to market process, saving the growers storage space and costs. 11. Handheld instruments can help screen large sample sizes for sensory attributes. 12. New muscadine germplasm may lead to color stability of wines. 13. Premier Honeycrisp is rapidly becoming an important cultivar in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Unlike most early apple cultivars, our research has shown it to have good storability. Growers can continue to increase their economic returns by planting Premier Honeycrisp without concerns of storage losses. 14. With increased summer temperatures and new apple varieties, growers have been concerned with scheduling their apple harvests. These annual maturity studies encouraged growers to prepare for earlier harvests and avoid economic losses from pre-harvest fruit drop. 15. The British Columbia organic apple industry has adopted the use of the DA meter for maturity assessment of Ambrosia apples since they were having difficulty with using the starch pattern clearing index. 16. Summerland Varieties Corporation has adopted as part of their information package for cultivar, DA meter indices for harvest of new apple cultivars in addition to other maturity indices, including starch pattern clearing.

Date of Annual Report: 09/23/2020

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/08/2020 - 08/09/2020
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2018 - 09/30/2019

Participants

Beaudry, Randy, and Phillip John Engengau, MSU; DeEll, Jennifer, OMAFRA; Detsides, Angelo, UGA; Farcuh, Macarena, UMD; Jurik II, Wayne and Yang, Tianbao, USDA Beltsville; Mitcham, Elizabeth, Nicholas Reitz, Arlan J. Rodeo, and Nicco Lingga, UC Davis; Moran, Renae, UME; Paull, Robert, U of HI; Perkins- Veazie, Penny and Marlee Trandel, NC State U; Pliakoni, Eleni, and Ticia Jenkins, KSU; Rudell, David, USDA Wenatchee; Sargent, Steve, and Jeff Brecht, IFAS UFL; Song, Jun, AgCanada NS; Taghavi, Toktam, VSU; Tong, Cindy, UMN; Torres, Carolina, WSU; Watkins, Chris, Cornell U.

Brief Summary of Minutes

New member from Georgia has completed Appendix E.

There were thirteen written reports in total. Eight of them were presented during the meeting, and four nonattending members submitted reports electronically.

Collaborative research was planned and discussed.

Next meeting to be held in conjunction with ASHS in Denver, CO, 2021

Accomplishments

Accomplishments (reported under both objectives) Objective 1:  Adapt or develop harvest, handling and storage technologies to improve fruit quality, increase consumption and reduce food waste. Objective 2: Improve our understanding of the biology of fruit quality to further our development of harvest and storage technology and development of new plant materials.  Reports given during meeting: Florida State Univ. J. Brecht and S. Sargent collaborating with USDA/ARS-FL and ARS-WV.  Cornell Univ., Chris Watkins, Yosef Al Shoffe, Yiyi Zhang, Jackie Nock, Shih Ding Tsai, Robin Dando, Susan Brown, Kevin Maloney.  Ontario, OMAFRA, Jennifer DeEll.  Univ. of Maine, Renae Moran   Reports given during meeting and submitted as documents afterward: Virginia State Univ., Toktam Taghavi 1.1. Develop eco-friendly postharvest practices to extend the shelf life of strawberries. Five plant volatiles (thymol, cinommon, eugenol, clove bud oil, and nonenal). Fungal diseases were not affected by essential oil treatment but by cultivars and their environments. Cultivar Albion and Jewel had the highest fungal contamination and Sweet Charlie and Allstar the lowest. 2.1. Hyperspectral signal analysis of strawberries inoculated with botrytis. A preliminary experiment was performed by inoculating strawberries with botrytis compared to control (non-inoculated) and picturing the strawberries with hyperspectral camera. These methods were able to distinguish healthy and affected areas on strawberries.  Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, Robert E. Paull, Nancy J. Chen, Jensen Uyeda, Andrea Kawabata. 1.1 Dragon Fruit.  Postharvest product quality at the retail levels show two major areas in need of improvement: mechanical injury (abrasion and impact) and dehydration. 1.2 Pineapple acidity from the digital acidity meter is affected by variety and mineral composition particularly potassium. The meter with calibration is definitely suitable for field use. 1.3 Translucency in pineapple fruit is associated with lower night temperatures, is affected by calcium application and high photosynthetic capacity. 2.1 Seventy-eight cultivated and 11 wild pineapple accessions we resequenced to investigate its domestication history. 2.2 Papaya. We are still analyzing fruit ripening transcriptome data with the ne chromosome-based annotation. Evaluation of our two ripening runs is showing very different cell wall metabolism than that reported for other fruit, such as tomato.  Univ. of Maryland, Macarena Farcuh and Christopher Walsh. <ol> <li>The past four years’ research suggests that Honeycrisp apples grown and harvested in hot weather may benefit more from holding at non-chilling temperatures than from pre-conditioning. They do not appear to require the ethylene treatment that occurs during pre-conditioning.</li> <li>Apple Fruit Maturity Indices for Honeycrisp, Gala, GoldRush, Granny Smith and Cripps Pink. Correlation coefficients between ground color (DA value) and starch ranged from 0.04 and 0.87 in seven apple cultivars during maturation.</li> </ol>  Michigan State Univ., Randy Beaudry 1.1 Impact of SO2 on Blueberry Maggot Survival and Quality of Blueberry 1.2 Using the Labpod to Determine the Lower Oxygen Limit of Apple 1.3 Use of Amaranth as a Means of Assessing Performance of Storages 2.1 Regulation of Branched-Chain Ester Content in Apple Fruit. Five alleles of citramalate synthase (MdCMS_1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) were found among 25 apple varieties evaluated. 2.2 Evidence for Splicing Variants in the Synthesis of Banana Aromas. Splice variants of genes at the two rate-controlling steps in the synthesis of leucine were found..  Kansas State Univ., Eleni D. Pliakoni 1.1 Development of a passive modified atmosphere packaging for maintaining the quality of pink tomatoes stored at optimum and above-optimum temperatures 1.2 Effect of high tunnel production systems on the preharvest losses and harvest quality of ‘BHN 589’ and ‘Cherokee Purple’ tomatoes.  High tunnel covering treatments alter yield, photosynthesis, and microclimate of tomato. 1.3. Investigate the effect of different rootstocks on lycopene concentration and fruit quality traits using a tomato variety known to have high levels of lycopene grown in high tunnels 2.1 Quality of day-neutral strawberries grown in a high tunnel system. Investigate the impact of the different mulches on plant temperature and fruit quality at harvest and during storage  Univ. of Minnesota, Cindy Tong. 1.1 The objective of this work was to determine to what extent the Felix F-750 handheld spectrophotometer could be used to detect differences among different peel areas at harvest. No discernable differences were detected in F750 spectra of unaffected and soft scald affected areas due to high variation in spectra among fruit areas. Measuring light reflectance, and not transmittance, may be more appropriate for the objective of this work.  Kentville Research and Development Centre, Nova Scotia, Jun Song <ol> <li>Pazazz apples showed less than 10% scald in control, but more than 50% disorder in delayed cooling treatment.</li> </ol> 2.1. GWAS on quality traits of apple in apple biodiversity collection at KRDC Polyphenols can vary in concentration by up to two orders of magnitude across cultivars, and that this dramatic variation was often predictable using genetic. 2.2. ACO1, ACS1 and PG1 were significantly inhibited by 1-MCP. 1-MCP treatment had no effect on NAC18. Gene expression of NAC 18 was not ethylene dependent in postharvest period after fruit detached from the trees. 2.3. “Omics” approaches to reduce physiological disorders. A late embryogenesis abundant protein changes in association with soft scald development. 2.4: Collaboration with Dr. Jennifer DeEll, OMAFRA. A group of proteins were identified and decreased in response to Harvista and SmartFresh.  North Carolina State Univ. Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Marlee Trandel <ol> <li>Pumpkins grown suffer from premature stem loss. Application of copper sulfate a week prior to harvest and a spray of 10% bleach immediately after harvest are thought to help prevent stem loss and help delay fruit decay. Stem release may result from a combination of weight loss, moisture loss, and abscission at point of attachment.</li> <li>Grafted watermelon can be firmer than non grafted fruit, and fruit with hollow heart often are less firm than those without hollow heart. Little difference in alcohol insoluble residues (AIR), monosaccharides, neutral sugars, uronic acids, or methylation was found with grafting.</li> </ol>  USDA-ARS Beltsville, Tianbao Yang and Wayne Jurik. 2.1. Blistering1, genetic regulator of apple fruit decay in blue mold, collaboration with Univ. WI, Penn State Univ. and Dartmouth Univ. We uncovered this novel global regulator using random T-DNA mutagenesis. The mutant caused ~20% smaller lesion size in apple fruit than wild type,  improper cell wall degrading enzyme production, reduced patulin and reduced virulence. 2.2. Comparative transcriptomics reveals mechanisms of postharvest fungicide resistance to azole chemistries in Penicillium spp. 2.3. Preharvest UV-B treatment improves strawberry quality and shelf-life. We further evaluated the fruit quality stored in 5 oC on day 7 and day 14. As compared to no treatment control, UV-B treatment retarded the decrease of L*, TSS, TPS and firmness sourness, and reduced fruit decay.  Washington State Univ. and USDA-ARS, Wenatchee, WA, David Rudell, Carolina Torres <ol> <li>Identify rapid, stress provoking, at-harvest treatments that reduce scald levels during a prolonged supply.</li> <li>Risk assessment for delayed sunburn and sunscald. Identifying changes in multiple metabolic targets detected in the UV-vis-NIR range may be a reliable basis for non-destructive detection of sun stress and/or cumulative sun exposure.</li> <li>Carbon dioxide sensitivity of multiple apple cultivars including “club” cultivars. To identify CO2 sensitivity and associated chemistry, and to determine best cold chain practices when CO2 sensitivity is indicated.</li> <li>Non-destructive detection of sun stress compromised apples. Ratios of wavelengths absorbed by chlorophyll and carotenoids can segregate fruit according to relative sun exposure.</li> </ol> Univ. of California, UC Davis, Mitcham, et al. <ol> <li>Relative quantification of apoplastic calcium levels using fluorescence microscopy (Reitz and Mitcham). This new method which has been tested on apple and tomato is simpler, faster, and cheaper than the previously used method of extraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy.</li> <li>Bitter pit prediction trials (Reitz and Mitcham). Granny Smith apples harvested fruit 2 weeks before the expected harvest date and stored at 20°C for three weeks was not effective for bitter pit prediction. Potassium iodide, trichloroacetic acid, and starch can be used as an indicator of the presence of peroxides, which may be an early predictor of oxidative stress and developing bitter pit in apple.</li> <li>Blossom-end rot development in immature tomato pericarp discs (Reitz and Mitcham). Our lab has developed a novel method for studying blossom-end rot (BER) using a pericarp disc system. Tomatoes excised from the blossom-end develop symptoms resembling blossom end rot over a 3.5-day storage period. These symptoms were associated with an increase in peroxidase and ascorbate oxidase activities, similar to BER in tomatoes on the plant.</li> <li>Effect of abscisic acid and prohexadione-Ca sprays on bitter pit in Granny Smith (Reitz and Mitcham). Early treatment of prohexadione was effective in reducing the vigorous growth often associated with bitter pit. However, none of these treatments reduced bitter pit development after 75 days in cold storage compared to unsprayed trees.</li> <li>Effect of postharvest water and calcium dips on ethylene production and bitter pit in apples. Undipped Granny Smith apples had the lowest bitter pit, and dipping fruit in water and surfactant alone significantly increased bitter pit. Dipping apple fruit was hypothesized to wash off in-field calcium treatments. Our results indicate that a 5-minute dip in room temperature water after harvest causes an approximately two-fold reduction in ethylene production in apples during the first month of storage and increased bitter pit incidence.</li> </ol>   Outcomes and Impacts The target audience: peer researchers, extension specialists and agents, Commodity Associations and shippers and producers/growers. <ol> <li>New varieties introduced and adopted by industry.</li> <li>Adoption by industry of recommended postharvest handling practices to reduce losses and increase efficiency.</li> <li>Increase in marketable yield.</li> <li>Advances in understanding of biological processes.</li> </ol>

Publications

Publications and Abstracts <table width="641"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="641">  Abeli, P., and R.M. Beaudry. 2019. Co-expression of host and pathogen genes in blueberry fruit infected with Colletotrichum fioriniae. Annual meeting American Society for Horticultural Science, 21-25 July, Las Vegas, NV (abstract).  Beaudry, R., 2019. Atmosphere Control in Packages and CA Rooms: Biology, Technology, and Future Opportunities. Acta Hort. 1256:541-548.  Chen, L.-Y., R. VanBuren, M. Paris, H. Zhou, X. Zhang, C. M. Wai, H. Yan, S. Chen, M. Alonge, S. Ramakrishnan, Z. Liao, J. Liu, J. Lin, J. Yue, M. Fatima, Z. Lin, J. Zhang, L. Huang, H. Wang, T.-Y. Hwa, S.-M. Kao, J. Y. Choi, A. Sharma, J. Song, L. Wang, W. C. Yim, J. C. Cushman, R. E. Paull, T. Matsumoto, Y. Qin, Q. Wu, J. Wang, Q. Yu, J. Wu, S. Zhang, P. Boches, C.-W. Tung, M.-L. Wang, G. Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, G. M. Sanewski, M. D. Purugganan, M. C. Schatz, J. L. Bennetzen, C. Lexer and R. Ming (2019). "The bracteatus pineapple genome and domestication of clonally propagated crops." Nature Genetics DOI 10.1038/s41588-019-0506-8  <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-019-0506-8.pdf">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-019-0506-8.pdf</a>  Chopra, S., R.M. Beaudry, and N. Mueller. 2019. Amaranth: A model crop for testing imperfect storages. Annual meeting American Society for Horticultural Science, 21-25 July, Las Vegas, NV (abstract).  DeEll, J.R., and G.B. Lum.  2020.  Storage regimes to allow softening in a processing apple treated with 1-MCP. Can. J. Plant Sci. 100: 226–238. (<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2019-0235">https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2019-0235</a>)  Devi, P., Perkins-Veazie, P., Miles, C. 2020.  Rootstock and Plastic Mulch Effect on Watermelon Flowering and Fruit Maturity in a Verticillium dahliae–Infested Field. 56, <a href="https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15134-20">https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15134-20</a>  Dong, W., Lu, Y., Yang, T., Trouth, T., Lewers, K.S., Daughtry, C.S.T. and Cheng, Z.. Effect of genotype and plastic film type on strawberry fruit quality and post-harvest shelf life. International Journal of Fruit Science. 2019. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2019.1673873.%202019">doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2019.1673873.</a>  Engelgau, P., N. Sugimoto, C. Griffith, R. Beaudry. 2019. Using Nanopore Sequencing to Understand Allelic Contributions to Aroma in Apple. August 3-7, 2019, San Jose, California (abstract).  Hobbs, J., Paull, RE., Markowicz, B., Rose, G. 2020. Use of aerial imagery for automated pineapple flower counting. 2020. (Poster) Harvard Center for Research on Computation and Society (CRCS) Workshop on AI for Social Good. In conjunction with the International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI). July 20-21. Jurick II, H. Peng, H. Beard, W.M. Garrett, F.J. Lichtner, D. Luciano-Rosario, O. Macarisin, Y. Liu, K.A. Peter, V.L. Gaskins, T. Yang, J. Mowery, G. Bauchan, N.P. Keller, and B.D. Cooper. Blistering1 modulates Penicillium expansum virulence via vesicle-mediated protein secretion. Molecular and Cellular Proteomics. 2020. RA119.001831.  Ketsa, S., Wisutiamonkul, A., Palapol, Y. and Paull, R.E. (2019). The Durian: Botany, Horticulture and Utilization. Horticulture Reviews 47, 125-211.  Koptina, and F. Trail. 2019. Structure and chemical analysis of major specialized metabolites produced by the lichen Evernia prunastri. Chem. Biodiversity 10.1002/cbdv.201900465.  Kotepong, P., Paull, R. E., and Ketsa, S. (2019) Anthocyanin accumulation and differential gene expression in wild-type and mutant of ‘Saraek’ Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense) fruit during growth and ripening. Biologia Plantarum 63, 710-720. Lichtner, W.M. Jurick II, K.M. Ayer, V.L. Gaskins, S.M. Villani and K.D. Cox. Venturia inaequalis genome resource with multiple fungicide resistance phenotypes causing preharvest apple scab and postharvest pinpoint scab. 2019. Phytopathology. doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-19-0222-A.  Love, K., Gasik, L. and Paull, R.E. (2019). Durian. University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. Fruit, Nut, and Beverage Crops, F_N-53.  <a href="https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-53.pdf">https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-53.pdf</a>  McTavish, C.K., Poirier, B.C., Torres, C.A., Mattheis, J.P. and Rudell, D.R. 2020. A convergence of sunlight and cold chain: The influence of sun exposure on postharvest apple peel metabolism. Postharv. Biol. Technol.  164:111164.  Moran, R., DeEll, C.B.S. Tong.  2020.  Regional variation in the index of absorbance difference as an indicator of maturity and predictor of storage disorders in ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘McIntosh’ apples grown in Maine, Minnesota and Ontario.  HortScience  Muda, P., N. J. Chen and R. E. Paull, 2020. Postharvest Handling, Storage and Quality. In. The Papaya: Botany, Production and Uses. Edited by S. Mitra. Chapter 16. Pp 237-251 CAB International.  Neto, A.C., R. Beaudry, M. Maraschin, R.M. Di Piero, and E. Almenar. 2019. Double-bottom antimicrobial packaging for apple shelf-life extension. Food Chemistry, 279:379-388.  O’Hara, C., Ojo, B., Emerson, S.R., AJ Simenson, S Peterson, Perkins-Veazie, P., Payton, M.E., Hermann, J., Smith, B., Lucas, E.A. 2019. Acute freeze-dried mango consumption with a high-fat meal has minimal effects on postprandial metabolism, Inflammation and Antioxidant Enzymes. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 12, 1178638819869946  Oliveira, J. G., Morales, L. M. M., Silva, W. B., Gomes Filho, A and R. E. Paull (2019) Papaya.  In. Freitas, S. T., and Pareek, S. (Eds) Postharvest physiology disorders of fruits and vegetables. Pp. 467-493. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.  Paull, R. E. and Chen, N.J. 2020. Tropical Fruits: Pineapple. Pp 381-388. In: Maria Isabel Gil and Randolph Beaudry (Eds). Controlled and Modified Atmospheres for Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce, Academic Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804599-2.00025-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804599-2.00025-9</a>  Paull, R. E. and Oliveira, J.G. 2020. Chapter 17.3 Tropical Fruits: Papaya. Pp 373-379. In: Maria Isabel Gil and Randolph Beaudry (Eds). Controlled and Modified Atmospheres for Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce, Academic Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804599-2.00024-7">https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804599-2.00024-7</a>  Paull, R.E. and Chen, N. J. (2019) Pineapple. In. Freitas, S. T., and Pareek, S. (Eds) Postharvest physiology disorders of fruits and vegetables. Pp. 513-527. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.  Paull, R.E. and Chen, N.J. (2019) Overall Dragon Fruit Production And Global Marketing. pp1-9. In. Y2019 FFTC and VAAS-SOFRI joint workshop. “Dragon Fruit Network: Marketing and the Whole Value Chain”. and Steering Committee Meeting, My Tho city, Vietnam, September 9 to 11, 2019. Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Food & Fertilizer Technogy Center, and Southern Horticultural Research Institute.  Poirier, B.C., Mattheis, J.P., and Rudell, D.R. 2020. Extending ‘Granny Smith’ apple superficial scald control following long-term ultra-low oxygen controlled atmosphere storage.  Postharv. Biol. Technol. 161:111062. Shanely, R.A., Zwetsloot, J.J., Jurrissen, T.J., Hannan, L., Zwetsloot, K.A., Needle, A., Bishop, A.E., Wu, G., Perkins-Veazie, P. 2020. Daily watermelon consumption decreases plasma sVCAM-1 levels in obese post-menopausal women. Nutrition Research, 76:9-19,  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2020.02.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2020.02.005</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="641"> Lucas, E.A., Yuhas, M., White, K., Perkins-Veazie, P., Beebe, M., Payton, M.E., Smith, B.J. 2020. Freeze-dried watermelon supplementation has modest effects on bone and lipid parameters of ovariectomized mice. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science 25:41-49, <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3746%2Fpnf.2020.25.1.41">10.3746/pnf.2020.25.1.41</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="641">  Spalholz, H., Perkins-Veazie, P., Hernandez, R. 2020. Impact of sun-simulated white light and varied blue:red spectrum on the growth, morphology, development, and phytochemical content of green- and red-leaf lettuce at different harvest stages. Sci. Hort. 264, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109195">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109195</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="641">  Fernandez, G., Pattison, J., Perkins-Veazie, P., Ballington, J.R., Clevinger, E., Schiavone, R., Samtani, J., Vinson, E., McWhirt, A. 2020. ‘Liz’ and 'Rocco' strawberry. HortScience 55:597-600. <a href="https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14516-19">https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14516-19</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="641">  Attavar, A., Miles, C., Tyman, L., Perkins-Veazie, P. 2020. Cucurbitaceae germplasm resistance to verticillium wilt and grafting compatibility with watermelon. Hortscience 55:141-148. <a href="https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14631-19">https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14631-19</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="641">  Trandel, M., S. A. Walters and P. Perkins-Veazie. 2019. Stable isotope analysis as a tool to determine nitrogen Fertilizer Source. Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy, 5(1): 492-498.  McClure, K., Gong, YH., Song, J., Vingqvst, M., Campbell Palmer L., Fan, L. Forney, C., Zhang, ZQ, and Myles, S. 2019. Genome-wide association analysis reveals significant genetic regulations of phenolic and anthocyanin compounds in commercial apples. Horticulture Research volume 6, Article number: 107 (2019).  Pervaiz A. Abbasi, Braun, G., Bevis, E., Luo, H, Song, J., Fillmore, S. and Ali, S. Impact of trunk injections and foliar sprays of salicylic acid and Actigard® on apple scab and frogeye or black rot infections and changes in leaf protein profiles. Acta Horiculturea. 2019. Vol. (accepted).  Xuequn Pang, Qing Wu, Zhuangzhuang Ma, Yanling Qin, Yingman Li, Bingzhi Huang, Xuelian Zhang, Lina Du, Jun Song, and Zhaoqi Zhang. 2019. Imbalanced Expression of Stay-Green 1 Alleles in Musa AAB/ABB Cultivars Prevents High Temperatures Induced Fruit Green Ripening as in AAA Cavendish. Postharvest Biology and Technology.  Migicovsky, Zoë, Trevor H. Yeats, Sophia Watts, Kendra McClure, Karen Burgher-MacLellan, John DeLong, Charles Forney, James J. Giovannoni, Joceyln K.C. Rose, Daryl J. Somers, Jun Song, and Sean Myles. Genetic mapping in apple reveals strong functional candidate for fruit ripening. The Plant and Animal Genome XXVII Conference, January 12- 16, 2019. San Diego, US (poster).  Migicovsky, Zoë , Trevor H. Yeats, Sophia Watts, Kendra McClure, Karen Burgher-MacLellan, John DeLong, Charles Forney, James J. Giovannoni, Joceyln K.C. Rose, Daryl J. Somers, Jun Song, and Sean Myles. Genome-wide association study leads to a future of firmer apples. Plant Biology 2019, August, 2019. San Jose, California.  Yu, Cindy, Jun Song, Sean Myles, H.P. Vasantha. Initial assessment of novel apple genotypes as a dietary source to manage type 2 diabetes. Science Atlantic Undergraduate Conference. March 01. 2019. Halifax, NS  Yu, Cindy, Jun Song, Sean Myles, Vasantha Rupasinghe. Antioxidant capacity and inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme activity of novel apple genotypes. CIFST May 2019. Halifax, NS.  Song, Jun, McClure, K. A., Amyotte, B., Gong, YH., Fan, L., Vinqvist-Tymchuk, M.,  Campbell Palmer, L., Zhang, ZQ., Migicovsky, Z., Myles, S. Targeted and untargeted metabolomics research coupled with genome-wide association analyses reveal genetic and biochemical control mechanism of phenolic compounds in apple fruit. 6th Horticulture Research Conference. Sept.29-Oct.5. 2019. Vince, Italy. Yu, Cindy, Jun Song, Sean Myles, Vasantha Rupasinghe. Identification of superior apple genotypes for the management of type 2 diabetes. Science Atlantic nutrition and Foods 2020. March 13-14, 2020. Charlottetown, PEI.  Wright, Harrison Keith Fuller, Jeffrey Franklin, Charles Forney, Jun Song, Shawna MacKinnon and Debra Moreau.  Late bunch system necrosis in ‘Marquette’ wine grapes: A case study of climate sensitive physiological disorders. 2020. The International Cool Climate Wine Symposium.  Wright, Harrison Keith Fuller, Jeffrey Franklin, Charles Forney, Jun Song, Shawna MacKinnon and Debra Moreau.Wine grape spring freeze fallout: A cool climate case study. The International Cool Climate Wine Symposium.  Sean, M.; Migicovsky, Z., Zhong, GY. Song, J. and Pedersen, C. 2019. Numerous Apple Quality Traits are controlled by large effect loci. Fruit/Nut workshop at The Plant and Animal Genome XXVII Conference, January 12- 16, 2019. San Diego, US. Song, Jun, Kendra A. McClure, Yihui Gong, Peter Toivonen, Charles Forney, Lihua Fan, Leslie Campbell Palmer, Milinda Vinquqst, Sherry Fillmore, Sean Myles. 2019. Application of integrated ‘omics’ approach to improve and maintain quality of apples fruit: insights, limitation and challenges. CIFST May 2019. Halifax, NS. </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>  Risticevic, S., E.A. Souza-Silva, E. Gionfriddo, J.R. DeEll, J. Cochran, W. Scott Hopkins, and J. Pawliszyn.  2020.  Application of in vivo solid phase microextration (SPME) in capturing metabolome of apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) fruit.  Scientific Reports 10:6724, 11 pp. (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63817-8">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63817-8</a>)  Staples, R, R.L. LaDuca, L.V Roze, M. Laivenieks, J.E. Linz, R. Beaudry, A. Fryday, B. Smith, A.L. Schilmiller, Taghavi T, Kim C, Rahemi A, 2018, Role of Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils in Extending Shelf Life and Controlling Postharvest Microorganisms of Small Fruits, Microorganisms 6 (4), 104.  Taghavi, T, R. Siddiqui, L Rutto, The effect of preharvest factors on strawberry fruit quality,  In: Strawberry, IntechOpen publications.  Takeda, F., W.Q. Yang, M. Zhang, L.W. DeVetter, R. Beaudry, P. Abeli, and S. Korthuis. 2019. Machine Harvesting Blueberries in the Pacific Northwest. Annual meeting American Society for Horticultural Science, 21- 25 July, Las Vegas, NV (abstract).  Tong, C., R. Beaudry, C. Contreras, C.B. Watkins, J.F. Nock, Z. Vickers,K. Zhang, J.J. Luby, and D. Bedford. 2019. Postharvest Performance of ‘Minneiska’ Apple, a Progeny of ‘Honeycrisp’. J. Amer. Pomological Soc., 73:82-94. Yang, W.Q., F. Takeda, M. Zhang, L.W. DeVetter, R. Beaudry, M/ Zhang, P. Abeli, S. Korthuis and C. Li. 2019. Postharvest Quality of Blueberries Harvested By a Modified over the Row Mechanical Harvester. Annual meeting American Society for Horticultural Science, 21-25 July, Las Vegas, NV (abstract).  do Amarante, C.V.T., J.P.G. Silvereira, C.A. Steffens, S.T. de Freitas, E.J. Mitcham, and A. Miqueloto. 2019. Post-bloom and preharvest treatment of ‘Braeburn’ apple trees with prohexadione-calcium and GA4+7 affects vegetative growth and postharvest incidence of calcium-related physiological disorders and decay in the fruit. Scientia Hortic. 261, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108919">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108919</a>. Jiang, F., A. Lopez, S. Jeon, S.T. de Freitas, Q. Yu, Z. Wu, and E.J Mitcham. 2019. Disassembly of the fruit cell wall by the ripening-associated polygalacturonase and expansin influences tomato cracking. Horticulture Research, 6(1): 17.   Book Chapters Bishop, D., J. Schaefer, and R.M. Beaudry. 2020. Industrial advances of CA/MA technologies: innovative storage systems. p 265-276. In: Controlled and Modified Atmospheres for Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-804599-2.  DeEll, J.R.  2020.  Pome fruits: Apple quality and storage, p. 293-298.  In: M.I. Gil and R. Beaudry (eds).  Controlled and Modified Atmosphere for Fresh and Fresh-cut Produce.  Elsevier Academic Press, United Kingdom.  Gil, M.I. and R.M. Beaudry. 2020. Controlled and Modified Atmospheres for Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-804599-2, 649 pp.  Madrid, M. and R.M. Beaudry. 2020. Small fruits: Raspberries, blackberries, blueberries. p. 335-346. In: Controlled and Modified Atmospheres for Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-804599-2.    Extension / Outreach Publications  DeEll, J. 2019. Harvesting apples at optimum maturity for storage. Orchard Network 23(3):21.  DeEll, J. 2019. Recommandations d’entreposage 2019. Bulletin aux Pomiculteurs 42(1):3.    DeEll, J. 2019.  Internal browning in ‘Gala’ apples.  Orchard Network 23(3):23.  DeEll, J. 2019.  Storage of ‘Honeycrisp’ apples.  Orchard Network 23(3):22.  DeEll, J. 2020.  Risk of chilling disorders in apples for 2019-20 season.  Orchard Network 24(1):10-11.  DeEll, J. 2020.  Storage regimes to allow softening in ‘Northern Spy’ processing apples treated with 1-MCP.  Orchard Network 24(2):21-22.  Green, A. and J. DeEll, 2019.  Ethylene production of different apple cultivars.  Orchard Network 23(3):1-2.  Moran and Koehler, 2019 Aug. thru Sept. weekly updates on fruit maturity in Maine Tree Fruit Newsletter.  Walsh et al. 2019. Weekly extension publications on apple fruit maturity in Penn State Extension Fruit Times  Walsh, CS, AE Bissett, KW Hunt, TA Baugher, D Weber and NJ Young 2020.  Monitoring and Utilizing Fruit Maturity to Improve Harvest Decisions of New Apple Cultivars and Reduce Storage Disorders of Honeycrisp, Pennsylvania Fruit News. 100 (4): 24-26.

Impact Statements

Determination of UV-B treatment timing is important for strawberry growers to achieve better fruit quality and reduce fruit waste. USDA-Beltsville.

Date of Annual Report: 09/30/2022

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 07/30/2022 - 07/30/2022
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2020 - 09/30/2021

Participants

Attendance in person
Chair: Tianbao, USDA-ARS Beltsville
Administrative Assistant: Chris Watkins, Cornell Univ.
Toktam Taghavi, Virginia State Univ.
Angelos Deltsidis, Orestis Giannopouloi, Univ. of Georgia
Penny Perkins Veazie, North Carolina State Univ.
Steve Sargeant, Jeff Brecht, Yuru Chang, Univ. of Florida
Elizabeth Mitcham, Rana Islam, Rodeo, Nikko Lingga, Univ. of California Davis
Randy Beaudry, Michigan State Univ.
Renae Moran, Univ. of Maine
Macarena Farcuh, Univ. of Maryland

Remote Attendance by Zoom
Eleni Pliakoni and Tricia Jenkins, Kansas State Univ.
Carolina Torres, Washington State Univ.

Reports submitted as files
Cindy Tong, Univ. of Minnesota
Robert E Paul, University of Hawaii

Brief Summary of Minutes

Project renewal objectives and subobjectives were drafted. Three people were appointed to oversee the drafting of the project renewal. 1) Enhance and/or adapt current handling, storage and postharvest practices/technologies to ensure high-quality products to their increase acceptability by consumers. Point person Chris W. 2) Expand and translate fundamental plant biology to develop new storage technologies and plant materials that will enhance human nutrition and energy-efficient postharvest systems. Point person Randy B. 3) Advance our understanding of host-pathogen-microbe interactions to discover and translate novel decay and toxin abatement strategies to deliver safe, high quality fruits and vegetables. Point person Toktam T.

Carolina Torres will become the chair at next year’s meeting. Angelos Deltsidis was elected to be the next secretary.

Next meeting to be held in conjunction with ASHS in Orlando, Florida 2022.

Accomplishments

University of Minnesota, Cindy Tong Cooperators: Renae Moran (University of Maine), Rebecca Wiepz (Peninsular Agricultural Research Station, Sturgeon Bay, WI), and Zata Vickers (Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota).   Obj. 1. One objective of this work was to characterize the postharvest fruit quality of a newly released apple variety, ‘MN80’.‘MN80’ was selected for release based on its fruits’ resistance to apple scab, thus requiring less spraying than scab-susceptible cultivars.  The quality of ‘MN80’ fruit from two growing locations over multiple years was assessed at harvest and after storage for four months at 0-1 °C and 4-5 °C. Mean firmness of Wisconsin-grown ‘MN80’fruit decreased as harvest week increased, but mean fruit fresh weight and total soluble solids concentration (SSC) remained the same over harvest time. Fruit stored at 4-5 °C exhibited more shrivel and loss of firmness than fruit stored at 0-1 °C. Consumer sensory panels evaluating newly-harvested fruit liked ‘Honeycrisp’ and Maine-grown ‘MN80’fruit best, followed by Wisconsin-grown ‘MN80’fruit, then ‘Cortland’ fruit. However, after 4 months of storage, Maine-grown ‘MN80’ fruit had the highest overall liking scores of all the stored cultivars. Mean sensory attribute scores of Maine- and Wisconsin-grown ‘MN80’ fruit changed little with storage, whereas stored ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Cortland’ had lower scores than newly- harvested fruit. For all cultivars, storage temperature had no effect on sensory attribute scores.    Cornell University, Chris Watkins, Yosef Al Shoffe, DoSu Park, Xueying Jiang, Connor Lane Cooperators: Philip Engelgau, Randy Beaudry, Lailiang Cheng, Jenny Kao-Kniffen <ul> <li>Effects of ReTain and timing of application: SEFB – inhibition of browning greater with earlier than late application at 6 and 9 months. A significant weapon against SEFB as well as post-storage benefits on firmness. Flesh firmness similar for all ReTain timings and all greater than the control at 6 months. However, benefit decreases over storage time and shelf life. Loss of green color affected greatly by treatment timing at harvest 2 compared with harvest 1.</li> <li>Effects of ReTain, oxygen concentration, storage temperature, and delayed CA: Delays between harvest and CA storage are detrimental and do not mimic ‘conditioning. Up to 7 day delay and storage at 2% oxygen and 1% carbon dioxide maintained low SEFB if storage temperature was 38oF (not 33oF) for 6 but not 9 months. Flesh browning development greatly decreased by 0.5% oxygen and 1% carbon dioxide at 33oF and to a greater extent at 38o No ‘cost’ in terms of firmness at 38oF compared with 33oF. [including after 7 day shelf life (68oF) – all fruit treated with 1-MCP.]</li> <li>Regional study of 0.5% oxygen and storage temperature on storage quality: PGR effects reinforced but variations. No strong mineral relationships. SPI clearly an indicator. IAD values are indicators but within regions. 0.5% oxygen at 38F is a strong recommendation for late storing Gala apples. Temperature effects on firmness seem small. Note softer fruit associated with browning in many cases.</li> <li>DA reading relationships with disorder incidence: The fluorescence signal of ‘Gala’ apples untreated (Control; C in inset) or ReTain-treated (ReTain, Re in inset) in the field 3 weeks before harvest, and stored at low O2 Stress was detected at 0.2 kPa (1 kPa = 1%); the signals were much higher in ReTain treated than untreated fruit. R2 for acetaldehyde and ethanol concentrations with increasing IAD values are 0.971 and 0.918, respectively.</li> <li>Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG; Retain®) affects Dissipation of Watercore of ‘Fuji’ Apple: Non- treated “Fuji” has most severe watercore. The watercore severity of AVG group appears to be independent of density.</li> <li>The Impact of the Plant Growth Regulators Retain® and Harvista™ on Volatile Profiling of ‘Fuji’ Apples in Different Storage Regimes: No significant PGRs effects on watercore incidence were observed, but severity was lower with preharvest 1-MCP or AVG treatment. At harvest, untreated fruit showed higher esters and alcohol compounds than AVG or 1-MCP treated fruit. Clear differences in volatile profile were observed in control fruit as storage time in air storage increased. Similar patterns of volatile compounds were observed in DCA storage regardless of treatments. Most alcohol and esters were suppressed by the PGRs those trends were observed more strongly in Air than CA or DCA. 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, and butyl acetate levels responded differently between Air and CA or DCA. Changes in ethanol levels correlated strongly with watercore dissipation</li> <li>AVG Effects on Snapdragon® Apple Quality and Surface Microbiome: Ethylene inhibitor application causes shifts in the fungal but not bacterial microbiome. Fungal and bacterial compositions change over harvest time. Gene pathway abundance suggests that in later harvests. Bacteria with fewer pathways for nucleotide biosynthesis are favored. Bacteria with more pathways for degradation of aromatics are favored.</li> </ul>    Virginia State Univ., Toktam Taghavi Develop eco-friendly postharvest practices to extend the shelf life of strawberries. This is the third and final year of the project to focus on gene expression levels. Seven genes have been studied. The changes in gene expression levels in strawberry (All Star) exposed for 2, 4, 6, 8 days to five essential oils (hymol, eugenol, cinnamon oil, clove bud oil, non-enal), fungicide Switch (positive control) and no treatment (negative control) were recorded. The data has not been interpreted yet, but there are some trends in the data. Thymol increased the XTH2 gene expression compared to others. Day 6 was the critical day as many genes had higher expression levels on this day. 2.1. Assessment of anthocyanin extraction methods: Six methods have been tested in this experiment to quantify anthocyanins in strawberry fruits by spectrophotometry and Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) respectively. chloroform-methanol and methanol-water solvents were the best solvents for extracting anthocyanins from strawberries. Also, freeze-dried strawberries had higher anthocyanin contents compared to fresh or frozen samples.       University of Florida, Jeffrey K. Brecht and Steven A. Sargent Cooperators: Adrian Berry, Lanyen Chang, Jose Chaparro, Jonathan Crane, Moshe Doron, David Jarnagin, Morgan Madison, Heather Martin, Juanita Popenoe, Mark Ritenour, Merce Santana, Ali Sarkosh, Shirin Shahkoomahally, Faisal Shahzad, Charles Sims, Fumi Takeda (ARS-WV), Pavlos Tsouvaltzis, Ismail Uysal (USF), Tripti Vashisth, Yu Wang, Jeffrey Williamson.   <ul> <li>Ripening Inhibition and Quality of Selected Tropical Fruits In Relation To 1-MCP Controlled Release Technology from Hazel Technologies (Hazel Technologies: Morgan Madison, Moshe Doron, Sonya Stahl, Steve Sargent, Jonathan Crane, Jeff Brecht). The objective of this project was to determine the effectiveness of Hazel Technologies’ controlled release 1-MCP sachets for arresting the ripening of selected tropical fruits grown in south Florida. To date, distribution simulation tests have been conducted with Annona, avocado, guava (climacteric and nonclimacteric types), mango, papaya, and passionfruit with similar results indicating potential to extend shelf life via ripening inhibition by a few Decay has been unaffected by the 1-MCP sachets and was the main shelf life limiting factor for Annona and papaya. This project supported the M.Sc. program of Morgan Madison.</li> <li>Feasibility of mechanical harvest systems to reduce labor costs and address labor shortages for fruit growers. A late-season test was conducted in April to compare incidence of decay and fruit quality of hand- harvested strawberries (Sensation) either rinsed for 90 sec in commercially sanitized water (22 °C; 60 ppm free chlorine, pH = 3) or left dry, followed by forced-air cooling and simulated commercial storage for 5 days at 1 °C plus 9 days at 5 °C. Despite the potential for significant decay in the late-season crop, no decay developed in either treatment after 14 days. Marketable fruit (unbruised + slightly bruised) decreased slightly. Though a small sample size, these results agreed with our previous studies, in that rinsing strawberries with sanitized water prior to cooling did not promote decay during extended storage. This test will be repeated with larger fruit samples in the coming 2022-23 season.</li> <li>Mango ripening procedure – Temperature in the ripening room (+/- ethylene). (National Mango Board: Jeff Brecht, Moshe Doron, Dennis Khilstadius). We evaluated mango fruit response to ripening temperature with and without ethylene application in terms of appearance, composition, texture, taste, and aroma. The mangos were exposed to 60, 65, 70 or 75°F +/-0.1°F with 95% relative humidity (RH) for 4 days, either with or without initial exposure to 100 ppm ethylene for the first 24 hours. Following the simulated ripening room treatments, the fruit were transferred to 50°F +/-0.1°F with 95% RH for 4 days to simulate storage at the Distribution Completion of ripening was then allowed to take place in air at 70°F and 95% RH. The following measurements were made at 0, 4, and 8 days: Fruit skin and flesh color; fruit firmness; juice soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity. The lower temperatures of 60 and 65°F for 4 days and no exogenous ethylene resulted in slower and less uniform ripening than 70 or 75°F and 24-h exposure to 100 ppm ethylene, but there was little effect on quality after completion of ripening at 70°F.</li> <li>Demonstrating the feasibility of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) plus ethylene scrubbing for mangos. (National Mango Board: Faisal Shahzad, Moshik Doron, Zafar Iqbal, Jeff Brecht). This project is being conducted to determine the feasibility of incorporating modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology with or without ethylene scrubbing into existing mango handling systems to improve the quality of South American mangos for consumers in the United States. The CA tested were 4 or 6% O2 plus 5, 10, or 15% CO2 for 4 weeks at 7°C plus 7 days at 20°C. After identifying the optimum atmospheres in experiments using controlled atmospheres, we tested the commercially available BreathewayTM MAP system +/- It’sFreshTM ethylene We additionally tested Akorn semipermeable fruit coatings (an addition to the project). <ul> <li>It’sFresh filters resulted in retention of higher puncture resistance forces and higher skin hue and near stone flesh hue than no It’sFresh filters.</li> <li>Breatheway MAP maintained approximately 2-6% O2 plus 9-12% CO2 during the 7°C storage, but while O2 was 3-5%, the CO2 rose to 23-28% at 20°C.</li> <li>MAP resulted in lower decay incidence and chilling injury, higher near stone flesh hue and chroma and higher TA and lower TSS/TA ratios compared with the air control. Sensory results showed that MAP had higher scores for texture and lower scores for ripeness when compared with the air control.</li> <li>Akorn coating created an internal atmosphere of 6-8% O2 plus 7-10% CO2 at 7°C and 4-5% O2 plus 18-19% CO2 at 20°C.</li> <li>Coated fruit had less chilling injury, higher hue and L* values (skin, subepidermal, and near the stone), higher firmness (compression and puncture resistance forces), and higher TA content compared to uncoated Sensory results (greater firmness and acidity with less juiciness and ripeness) confirmed that coating inhibited ripening.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Efficacy of essential oil for maintaining postharvest quality and reducing decay of peach and blueberry (USDA OREI program: Yuru Chang, Jeff Brecht, Ali Sarkhosh, Phil Harmon, and Warda Boukari). Thyme oil (TO) was applied as a vapor to peach and blueberry fruit at five different concentrations. Improper concentration of essential oil causes damage to peach and blueberry fruits, affecting the fruit color and firmness. Before testing the efficacy of TO vapor on fruit postharvest applications, the safe concentration range of TO should first be determined. In the future, we are planning to narrow down the TO concentration based on the data we have collected so far to figure out the most effective treatment concentration without causing any injury to fruits.</li> </ul>   2.1. Analysis of the antioxidant qualities of flowers and fruit of several commercial varieties of Sambucus nigra ssp. Canadensis in Florida (Southern SARE Program: H. Martin; S. Sargent (Co-PI), D. Jarnagin, A. Berry, M. Santana): A growing demand exists for elderberry products, traditionally grown in the Midwest. Florida growers are actively seeking to expand production under subtropical growing conditions where two harvests are possible per year. Second-year results for elderberry selections grown in Chiefland, Florida, were: Soluble solids content: 7.78 to 13.83 °Brix; total titratable acidity: 0.30% to 0.67%, and SSC/TTA ratio: 13.39 to 27.28. The pH was similar for all varieties and averaged 4.8. Antioxidant activity (FRAP): 6.27 to 32.57 (µmol/g); total anthocyanins: 3.6 to 26.6 (CGE mg/g). These results show growers that nutritionally acceptable crops can be grown under these conditions; efforts are currently underway to select best performing selections for commercial expansion. 2.2. Compare postharvest quality of commercial blueberry cultivars and breeding lines following forced-air cooling or hydrocooling. Four cultivars of southern highbush blueberries (Farthing, Optimus, Colossus, Sentinel) were cooled by forced-air cooling (commercial standard) or hydrocooling and stored at 1°C. Periodic, non-destructive and destructive evaluations were conducted during a 7-week storage period in Spring and Summer 2022. Results are still being analyzed. 2.3. Postharvest Evaluation of Potential New Mango Varieties (Pavlos Tsouvaltzis, Moshe Doron, Jeff Brecht, Steve Sargent, Charlie Sims, Jonathan Crane). This project was begun in 2019, paused in 2020, and completed in 2021. Mango fruit of 19 cultivars that were previously identified (by J. Crane) as having export potential were harvested at commercial export maturity (Stage 2-3 on a 1-5 scale based on internal color development) during the Florida mango season and their quality evaluated, with comparison made to the standard variety, Tommy Atkins, in both years for: 1) physical, chemical and sensory quality; 2) tolerance of the APHIS insect quarantine HWT; 3) performance in common postharvest storage/transport temperatures and conditions. Combining the tolerance of fruit to hot water quarantine treatment, CI, and decay incidence, the 19 cultivars were ranked (high to low) as follows: 1. Edward > 2. Palmer > 3. Glenn > 4. Rapoza = Ott > 6. Southern Blush > 7. Rosigold > 8. Tommy Atkins = Valencia Pride = Mallika ≈ Rosa = Kensington Pride >13. Espada > 14. Cogshall > 15. Maha Chinook > 16. Young > 17. Duncan > 18. Nam Doc Mai > 19. Vallenato. In conclusion, there were seven mango cultivars that appeared almost without exception among the uppermost ranked cultivars in all of the tested categories: 1. Edward, 2. Palmer, 3. Glenn, 4. Rapoza and Rosigold, 6. Mallika, and 7. Southern Blush. We proposed that these cultivars be considered for further testing by the National Mango Board.     University of Georgia, Angelos Deltsidis <ul> <li>Investigating the potential of ozonated and oxygenated water as a replacement of chlorinated water for peach sanitation during hydrocooling. A new technology called High-Oxygen Water (HOW) has been gaining traction as an alternative sanitation system based on the generation of stable nanobubbles of oxygen in water without the need of chemicals. The suspended solution can potentially reduce microorganism loads and could serve as an effective sanitation treatment for peaches during hydrocooling without the generation of chemical residues. If effective, the adoption of HOW could lead to a significant reduction of chemical and water consumption during the postharvest processing of peaches in the packinghouse. Based on our research no changes in the current packing line need to be made other than the addition of the HOW generator in place of the chlorine injection system. Our team is evaluating the benefits of HOW by determining quality changes and decay incidence during storage compared to the standard sodium hypochlorite treatment. Peaches were treated using HOW at 10, 20, 30 ppm of dissolved oxygen in a water tank for 30 minutes. This treatment was compared with a sodium hypochlorite treatment at 50 ppm of free chlorine as the standard agricultural practice in the industry. Peaches were stored at 35°F and 90% relative humidity (RH) for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days when postharvest quality was assessed. Another set of experiments is ongoing where peaches were inoculated with Salmonella Newport and E. coli O157:H7 and subsequently treated by immersion in water with nanobubbles of oxygen and ozone. The duration of treatment ranged from 7.5 to 30 minutes and immediately placed at a cold room (32-34°F). The produce samples were evaluated on day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 for the population of surviving pathogens as well as for quality changes and decay incidence. The overall objective of the study is to evaluate the potential of the technology to sanitize water effectively, investigate its capabilities to suppress postharvest diseases and study the potential negative effects to the fruit quality that occur with its use. For this reason, our team is comparing the new treatment method with the industry standard chlorine water treatments. Results for both of these studies have not been analyzed yet.</li> <li>Productivity and postharvest quality traits of novel strawberry cultivars grown in Southeast Georgia. Most commercial strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) growers in the Southeast utilize an annual plasticulture production cycle, planting cultivars that have been used for decades in the region such as ‘Chandler’, ‘Camarosa’ or ‘Sweet Charlie’. Though these strawberry cultivars have proven their acceptability in yield and quality, there are a number of newer, June-bearing cultivars with potential for Southeastern production, that have become widely grown in California and Florida. Some of these cultivars are photoperiod-sensitive and have not been used in Georgia since warm weather conditions are expected to cause softening of the fruit, dramatically reducing their storability and acceptability. To our knowledge, there are no studies that investigate the suitability of those cultivars in the local climatic conditions. For this study, nine June-bearing and four day-neutral cultivars, obtained as plugs, were established in a commercial U-pick operation of the Coastal Plain (Lowndes County, GA) in early November. The experimental beds were cordoned off the rest of the field and were drip irrigated and fertilized with frost protection provided via row covers on a need basis. This work aimed to evaluate thirteen, new to the area cultivars under Coastal Plain growing conditions when it comes to viability, productivity and fruit quality at harvest and after cold storage. The first harvest occurred in late January 2020 while the last one in mid-March (experiment was halted early due to university COVID-19 restrictions). Mature, red strawberries were harvested in individual plastic bags and stored in clamshells at 1°C with 90% relative humidity for seven days. Results from this one-year study show that cultivars Albion (Day-Neutral var.) and Ruby June (Short-Day var. with long day characteristics) were the latest to start producing fruit in February. This resulted in lower yields compared to other varieties, firmness at harvest was on the lower side due to the possible negative impact of high heat and increased rain incidence. Strawberry cultivars Festival and Camarosa (short day varieties) had between 2-3 times higher yields per plant with medium/smaller fruit size. Also, Florida Beauty (Weak Day Neutral), Florida Radiance and Sensation (short day with long day characteristics) had the smallest fruit size overall. It is notable to mention that firmness at harvest was lower for varieties that were bred in locations other than the Southeast (Calinda-Netherlands, Ruby June-CA). Soluble Solid Concentrations (SSC) did not vary a lot between varieties while no pattern was detected based on the origin of the cultivar. Also, SSC changed over time possibly due to the effect of cooler night temperatures.</li> </ul>     Univ. of Maryland, Macarena Farcuh. UCDavis researchers (Dr. Eduardo Blumwald, Dr. Larry Lerno, Dr. Hiromi Tajima), Penn State University researchers (Dr. Jim Schupp, Dr. Helene Hopfer, Dr. Daniel Weber), UMD (Dr. Joseph Sullivan, Dr. Rohan Tikekar) <ul> <li>Effect of Rootstocks on Buckeye Gala fruit quality. This planting consists on Buckeye Gala on ten different rootstocks (9T337, M.26, NZ.1, NZ.2, G.41, G.11, G.4814, G.935, B.10, G.969) established on Spring 2019 in Keedysville, MD. We are evaluating for two seasons the effect of rootstock on fruit maturity and fruit quality parameters, which include: internal ethylene concentration (uL L-1), fruit skin red (blush) color, chlorophyll content using the difference of absorbance (DA) meter (Index of Absorbance Difference, IAD), flesh firmness (lbs), starch content (Cornell scale from 1(full starch)-8 (starch-free)), soluble solids contents (%), acidity (% malic acid). So far, we only have one season on collected data so we are planning to repeat these measurements this upcoming season. For our one season data we can already see that there are clear effects on fruit quality based on the rootstock under Maryland environmental conditions.</li> <li>Impact of preharvest plant growth regulators and reflective groundcovers on Honeycrisp skin coloration and fruit maturity. The aim was to characterize and compare the effects and interactions of reflective groundcover (Extenday) and AVG treatments in red skin and background color, blush surface percentage, ethylene production rates, and fruit drop of Honeycrisp fruits from the lower third of the canopy. Four treatments were established: T1, AVG+ Extenday; T2: NoAVG+ Extenday; T3: AVG +NoExtenday; T4: NoAVG+ NoExtenday. AVG (333 g/acre) was applied and reflective groundcovers were deployed four weeks before anticipated harvest. Honeycrisp fruit were harvested at 0, 1 and 2 weeks after anticipated harvest, and evaluation of the traits listed above were conducted on each date. Our results showed that the lowest hue values for surface and background color at all dates were for T2, followed by T1 and T4, while T3 fruit were highest, indicating that Extenday deployment increased red skin coloration and background color change from green to yellow even in AVG-treated fruit. Differences in red skin coloration correlated with blush surface percentage results. Ethylene production was highest in T2, followed by T4 and T1, and lowest in T3 fruit, indicating that Extenday can affect fruit ethylene production rates, thus fruit maturity, independent of AVG treatment. Extenday treatment did not enhance fruit drop. Our results contribute to further understanding how preharvest tools can influence Honeycrisp fruit ripening and quality.</li> <li>Improving Honeycrisp red skin coloration using postharvest ultraviolet irradiation treatments under different storage temperatures. The goal was to evaluate and compare the effect of different postharvest ultraviolet (UV) irradiation treatments, applied under different storage temperatures on Honeycrisp skin red coloration, surface blush percentage, and ethylene production rate. Honeycrisp fruit were harvested at optimal maturity, and submitted to postharvest UVA (600,800,1200,2400 kJ m-2) and UVB (200, 400, 600, 800 kJ m-2) irradiation treatments in the unblushed side during a seven-day conditioning period at either 5 ºC or 10 ºC, and transferred to cold storage at 3 ºC, along with dark and white light controls. The results showed a dose-dependent, dramatic decrease in hue values of the skin, with 2400 kJ m-2 UVA and 800 kJ m-2 UVB displaying the lowest hue values. The dose dependent increase in red skin coloration observed for UVA and UVB correlated with a significantly higher skin red blush percentage area. These red skin coloration differences were higher in fruit treated at 10 ºC compared to those treated at 5 ºC. No differences were observed in ethylene production rates in fruit submitted to UV treatments, regardless of the wavelength, dose, or conditioning temperature, compared to control fruit. Overall, postharvest UV irradiation is a promising tool for promoting postharvest skin coloration in Honeycrisp apples. Our results contribute to the identification of optimal dosage application treatments.</li> <li>Characterizing the effect of different harvest maturities and storage temperatures on fruit quality, ripening patterns, and chilling injury development of commercially important apple cultivars grown in the Mid-Atlantic Region. For the two consecutive years, that maturity at harvest plays a key role on the quality characteristics, ripening patterns, and development of physiological disorders of Gala, Honeycrisp, Fuji and EverCrisp apple cultivars grown in the Mid-Atlantic region, and may therefore directly influence fruit marketability. Fruit that is harvested at an advanced maturity will display higher red skin coloration percentage, and higher soluble solids contents. Nevertheless, they will also display higher ethylene concentration levels, lower firmness values, lower chlorophyll contents, and increased susceptibility to cracking, rot, and watercore development. Honeycrisp fruit harvested at an advanced maturity will develop chilling injury symptoms, with higher incidence in fruit stored at 33°F than at 38°F, even after conditioning. Honeycrisp fruit harvested earlier in the season will have a higher incidence of bitter pit, especially if stored at 38°F after conditioning. Furthermore, harvest decisions will be defined by the cultivar/strain, preharvest management practices (e.g. application of plant growth regulators), as well as by the target market. It is of utmost importance to monitor fruit maturity throughout ripening on the tree, starting 4-5 weeks before the anticipated normal harvest date, and to use different maturity indices in order to make the best and most informed harvest and storage decisions.</li> </ul>   <ul> <li>Assessing changes in aroma volatiles as predictors of chilling injury development during peach (Prunus persica Batsch) cold storage and subsequent shelf-life. Major symptoms of CI include changes in fruit textural properties (e.g., mealiness) and in aroma volatiles, among others. The aim of this research was to characterize and compare differences in fruit ripening patterns, physicochemical properties, chilling injury incidence, and aroma volatile composition between sound fruit and fruit exposed to CI-inducing conditions to identify key aroma volatiles that could be used to predict CI development during storage. Fruit from the peach cultivar Red Haven were harvested at optimal maturity and stored at 0, 5 and 20°C, then analyzed for the traits listed above after one, three, five, fifteen and thirty days of storage and after a subsequent shelf-life period of three days at 20°C. We detected significant differences among the different treatments in terms of ethylene production rates, texture characteristics, chilling injury incidence, as well as aroma volatile profiles. Multivariate analysis allowed the identification of significant relationships emerging from this extensive dataset and separation of treatments based on their chilling injury susceptibility. Overall, our results contribute to the identification of key aroma volatile compounds that could be used as early predictors of susceptibility to peach chilling injury.</li> <li>Changes in ethylene and sugar metabolism regulate flavonoid composition in climacteric and non-climacteric plums during postharvest storage. Plums are rich in flavonoids, key contributors to fruit coloration and putative health benefits. We studied the impact of changes in ethylene and sugars in flavonoid metabolism-related pathways of the climacteric Santa Rosa and its non-climacteric mutant Sweet Miriam, throughout the postharvest period. Fruits were harvested at optimal maturity, subjected to ethylene treatments, and evaluated during storage. We examined transcript profiles of structural and regulatory genes of flavonoid-related pathways and their associated metabolites in skin and flesh, integrated with multivariate analyses of ethylene and sugar metabolism. Ethylene treatments were positively correlated with anthocyanin and negatively correlated with flavonol and flavan-3-ol metabolism. Sucrose and galactose were positively associated with anthocyanin concentration, while sorbitol, fructose, glucose and minor sugars were correlated with flavonol and flavan-3-ol metabolism. Our results support the notion that ethylene is playing key roles in shifting plum fruit flavonoid profiles, which are also associated with changes in fruit sugars.</li> </ul>     Michigan State Univ., Randy Beaudry. Cooperators: Phil Engelgau, Sangeeta Chopra, Renato Lime, Silvanda Silva, Jorigtoo Hubhachen, Ruffus Isaacs, Gustavo Lobos, Claudia Moggia, Aline Priscilla Gomes da Silva, Patrick Abeli, Ben Paskus, Sangeeta Chopra, Norbert Mueller, Robert Tritten, Bill Shane, Amy Irish-Brown, Nikki Rothwell, Phil Schwallier 1.1. A Comparison of Firmness Assessment Instruments for Fresh Blueberry Fruit: Not all texture analysis instruments perform similarly. The reliability of a simple durometer can be as good as the industry and academic standard FirmTech II instrument. 1.2. Lower Oxygen Limit of Apple: The lower oxygen limit as determined by a DCA-RQ system from Storage Control Systems tended to be lower than when ethanol production was used as an indicator of the lower oxygen limit 1.3. Assessing the Performance of Evaporatively Cooled Storages: Evaporative cooling provides only marginal benefits as a means of controlling the loss in quality of harvested perishables, even in a warm and dry climate like that of Rajasthan, India. Alternative cooling methods should be sought for effective control of storage life. 1.4. Setting a safe target internal atmosphere for starch-based coated fruits and vegetables: Adding Tween 40® to a cooled starch coating enhanced its adhesion compared to a warm starch coating solution, regardless of the structure of the fruit peel surfaces. The internal atmosphere build-up for coated fruits with similar starch matrix coating contents is fruit-specific 2.1. Altering carbon flux via the citramalate pathway using sulfonyl urea herbicides: Application of rimsulfuron to apple disks inhibited the formation of 'downstream' branched-chain esters, but boosted the formation of 'upstream' elements of the citramalate pathway, demonstrating its active involvement in the formation of esters during fruit ripening.     North Carolina State Univ. Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Cooperators:  Massimo Iorizzo, NCSU; Patricio Munoz, Univ. Florida; Nahla Bassil, USDA; Suzanne Johanningmeier, USDA-ARS; Heeduk Oh, NCSU; Marlee Trandel, USDA-ARS <ul> <li>Consumer blueberry fruit quality is highly related to fruit firmness and perceived sweetness. Three probes (2 mm flat probe, needle probe, and one inch acrylic flat probe) with different penetration strategies were trialed to assess blueberry firmness on large fruit populations in addition to berry weight loss, stem scar size, wrinkle, and mold/leak. Using the 2 mm flat probe, peel elasticity and weight loss were found to predict shelf life with a 70-80% fit, supporting the possibility that weight loss and associated aspects were key to storage life in the 60 cultivars In contrast, the needle probe did a better job at separating the firmness of individual blueberry cultivars. The large flat probe is being trialed for double compression to see if it will be useful in better estimating consumer perception of blueberry firmness.</li> <li>Blueberry cell wall composition of peel and flesh (Marlee Trandel): Blueberry cultivars (Vaccinium corymbosum) are crisp, firm, or soft phenotypes at harvest; firm cultivars can become soft after In previous cell wall research, the major neutral sugar components of glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, rhamnose and fucose were followed. Here, methods were optimized to look at blueberry peel and pulp from three cultivars with different texture phenotypes. Hemicellulose was higher in pulp and peel of firm or crisp phenotypes. Monosaccharides in cell walls differed among phenotypes as well as between peel and pulp and 45 cell wall linkages were identified. These findings may be helpful in developing molecular markers in blueberry breeding programs.</li> <li>Changes in blueberry composition over 6 weeks storage at 2 C were followed for 60 cultivars (mostly SHB) grown in North Carolina. Malic acid increased and citric acid decreased over time. The soluble solids content and soluble sugars also decreased over time but were not well correlated with each other, indicating that SSC may not be a good predictor of total sugars in blueberry.</li> </ul>        USDA-ARS Beltsville, Tianbao Yang and Wayne Jurick.   <ul> <li>PATHMAP - Cell Phone App and Dashboard to Track Tree Fruit Pests and Physiological Disorders. PATHMAP (Pathogen And Tree fruit Health Map) is a smart phone application (app) and interactive dashboard developed specifically for support specialists, extension personnel, and university scientists supporting the tree fruit industry. The PATHMAP app collects detailed information about observed diseases, insect pests, and disorders and the option. The data is then visualized using a graphical interface dashboard displaying an interactive color-coded map. Prior to the development of PATHMAP, abundant tree fruit disorder data were collected each year, but a central interactive repository for archiving data and facilitating communication of field observations did not exist. PATHMAP has been beta-tested by university extension personnel, private consultants, and university scientists to ensure usability and functionality. PATHMAP will be used within the tree fruit industry for monitoring known pest patterns, occurrences, and outbreaks of emerging pathogens. It will augment existing extension diagnosis listservs which have value in visual diagnosis but are cumbersome and have no archiving capabilities. Data obtained through the tool can be used in epidemiological meta-analyses, to develop new predictive models, and can serve as a platform to track emerging pathogens, insects, and disorders for a variety of cropping systems.</li> </ul> 2.1. Enzymatic browning study by comparative transcriptome analysis of romaine lettuce cultivars with different browning potentials. Enzymatic browning on the cut edge of lettuce significantly limits its quality and shelf life. To characterize its molecular mechanisms, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis of three Romaine lettuce cultivars: Tall Guzmaine (TG), Parris Island Cos (PC) and Clemente (CL, derived from PC x TG). They represent high, low and medium browning potential respectively. Before cutting, the phenylpropanoid and oxidative stress genes, such as PAL1, MYB1 and PPO were highly expressed in PC relative to TG, while the expressions of genes involved in auxin, cytokinin hormone signalings and defense, such as ARF, AHP and PTI in PC were higher than TG. The transcription levels of all these genes in CL were intermediate between TG and PC. On day 3 after cutting, the expression of these phenylpropanoid and oxidative stress genes in all three cultivars were remarkably increased, with their levels in TG higher than those in PC and CI. In comparison, expressions of the hormone and defense genes were reduced in all three cultivars, with their levels in PC being highest. Exogenous application of auxin (IAA) and cytokinin (6-BA) inhibited lettuce browning possibly by reducing the expression of those browning related genes. These results demonstrate that lettuce tissue browning is resulted from reduced level of growth hormone (mainly auxin) and increased biosynthesis and oxidation of phenolics. This study provides the useful knowledge and functional markers for lettuce breeders and industry stakeholders to select low tissue browning cultivar and manage lettuce quality during storage and processing.     Renae Moran, University of Maine Objective 1, Subobjective 1. Honeycrisp harvest and handling. Rapid Induction of Chilling Injury. Rationale: to determine relative risk for bitter pit and chilling injury so that growers can  segregate fruit from high risk orchards or to adjust storage temperature according to the likelihood for each type of disorder.               At harvest in 2020 and 2021, 30 apples from the same orchards used for the passive test were put in a programmable freezer set to -1 °C for 3 weeks to rapidly induce soft scald and soggy breakdown.  Both disorders were measured after three weeks.  In a different set of apples, soft scald and soggy breakdown were measured after 4 months cold storage at 1 and 3 °C with and without conditioning.                In 2020, soft scald was highly variable among orchards and ranged from 0% to 86% after 4 months storage at 1 °C and from 0% to 22% at 3 °C (Figure 1). Rapid induction at harvest was predictive of soft scald (r2 = 0.76) and soggy breakdown (r2 = 0.70).  The rapid induction test was effective in identifying orchards with the greatest risk of chilling injury. In 2021, two cold storage failures in the first weeks of storage 2021 occurred so all apples were essentially conditioned and as expected, so the predictions of soft scald (r2 = 0.29) and soggy breakdown (r2 = 0.55) in storage were not as strong (not shown).     Washington State Univ. and USDA-ARS, Wenatchee, WA, Carolina Torres and David Rudell <ul> <li>Optimization of preharvest and postharvest fruit quality in organic apples: All CA/DCA storage regimes evaluated, including conditioning at harvest and a period in RA in the cold chain after CA/DCA storage, were suitable for long-term storage of Honeycrisp and Fuji apples. Nevertheless, preharvest managements (nutrition, pathogens, etc) and seasonal climate will greatly affect the amount of decay and incidence of physiological disorders during the storage period. 2. In Year 2, soft scald incidence was significantly reduced by all CA/DCA storage regimes compared to Honeycrisp apples stored in air for 4 months. This need to be further study (Year 3 postharvest evaluations are ongoing), because the 2020/2021 season had a low soft scald pressure compared to the previous one. 3. Overall, the application of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG- Retain OL) on Gala (Year 1 and 2) and Honeycrisp (only Year 1) apples effectively delayed fruit maturity progression preharvest, and maintained fruit firmness higher, although not always statistically significant and dose and timing-dependent, until 9 months in CA plus 7 days at 68°F when compared to the untreated control. Skin color development was negatively affected by AVG treatments preharvest in Honeycrisp. 3. Honeycrisp apples stored in low pressure (RipeLocker, RL) at 33°F were comparable in terms of fruit maturity to those stored in CA at 37°F (plus 4 weeks in air). Soft scald incidence was block-dependent the first year and slightly higher in RL-stored fruit in Year 2 (2.5% vs 0.4%). Bitter pit (+lenticel blotch pit) was reduced by vacuum RL in most sites in both years. Similar results in fruit maturity for Fuji apples, as well as overall low disorder incidence in all CA/RL storage protocols.</li> <li>New active ingredients to control superficial scald on pears: 1. Formulations containing phytosqualane reduced or eliminated superficial scald of ‘d’Anjou’ on fruit from various growing environment (orchards, regions), comparable with ethoxyquin; 2. Superficial scald control was achieved even when applied 2 weeks after commercial harvest. 3. Formulated squalane also impacted peel degreening improving the overall condition of the fruit after 8 months in storage.</li> <li>To evaluate new non-destructive tools to assess fruit maturity and fruit quality (FL, HI, ME, MI, MN, NY, ON).  New instruments, such as the DA meter (chlorophyll assessment) and F750 (primarily dry matter concentrations but can be used to model other quality attributes) are becoming available to researchers and industry. We will collaborate in this project to assess the utility of these tools, alone and in combination, for their relationships with maturity and quality assessments by traditional means. Work in this sub-objective will overlap with 1 and 2 as appropriate, but the focus will be on use of these tools for prediction of optimal timing of preharvest plant growth regulator sprays, and for prediction of physiological storage disorders. Collaborative research approaches have been designed. Data will be analyzed collectively and reviewed at the annual multistate project meeting.</li> <li>Non-destructive hyperspectral indices to sort sun-stressed apples: We have developed an index using reflectance from hyperspectral images, that can be used to sort apples according to their relative cumulative sun exposure on the tree and sunscald susceptibility postharvest. The index is based on chlorophyll and carotenoid absorption wavelengths (430, 662, 454, and 549 nm). Also, we have established a protocol to tailor the index and the sunscald risk among orchards and growing seasons. Ongoing work is focused on improving the data acquisition time by reducing the information needed and later transfer this technology to the fruit industry.</li> </ul>     Univ. of California, UC Davis, Mitcham, et al. <ul> <li>Changes in raspberry sensory quality after harvest as affected by CO2 atmospheres (Rana Islam and Elizabeth Mitcham): Our study explored the effects of holding raspberries at 5°C in four different CO2 atmospheres;15 kPa, 8 kPa, 5 kPa and 0.03 kPa (air) on fruit sensory quality and shelf life. Berries were evaluated periodically during 2 weeks of storage in 2020 and 2021. Raspberry visual attributes deteriorated over time in all atmospheres, but CO2 atmospheres reduced decay and berry discoloration, and slowed the rate of deterioration and leakiness. After 5 days, the quality of air stored raspberries was significantly degraded, while raspberries stored in elevated CO2 maintained firmness with bright red color up to 10 days. In 2021, a trained sensory panel conducted a descriptive sensory evaluation of the raspberry fruit after 5, 10 and 13 days of storage and found that raspberries stored in 8 kPa and 15 kPa CO2 had the least off-flavor and highest tartness. Raspberries stored in 8 kPa CO2 scored highest in the raspberry flavor with substantial juiciness and sweetness score. The total content of volatile compounds in the raspberry fruit increased over time during storage. The fermentative volatiles; acetaldehyde and ethanol were higher in raspberries stored in 15 kPa CO2, but off-flavor was not detected in these fruit. Most other volatiles were lower in raspberries stored in increasing CO2 concentrations, including flavor-related volatiles a-ionone, and a-terpineol, limonene and linalool. After 10 days, the quality of raspberries stored in air (0.03 kPa CO2} or 5 KPa CO2 had significantly degraded, while those stored in 8 or 15 kPa CO2 remained in good condition.</li> <li>Development of low cost, rapid, non-destructive systems for measuring postharvest characteristics (Nick Reitz and Elizabeth Mitcham): In the past year, we have developed low cost, rapid, non-destructive systems for water loss, respiration, rancidity, and surface moisture testing. The water loss testing system uses temperature, relative humidity, and pressure measurements to calculate the rate of water loss after a 30 second residence in a sealed chamber. The measured water loss rate is used in a newly developed model that predicts changes in water loss rate during storage. Predictions using this method are accurate for various products with widely differing water loss rates. A similar system can be used for making respiration measurements in 4-5 minutes. Additionally, entire packages can be placed in the chamber to measure the effect of packaging. We have also developed a rapid rancidity sensor based on the headspace accumulation rate of total volatile organic compounds in a sealed This system has been tested with walnuts and oils with good correlation to hexanal concentration and peroxide value. We have also developed a pseudo quantitative surface moisture testing instrument using a conductivity-based rain sensor. This system can be applied to leafy vegetables to determine sufficient field, wash, or treatment water removal. Results indicate that this system accurately tracks trends during washing and drying.</li> </ul> Hawaii,  Robert E Paull  Objective 1. Adapt or develop harvest, handling and storage technologies to improve fruit quality, increase consumption and reduce food waste.             A major cause of losses in pineapple is a combination of preharvest factors and postharvest handling practices. One major preharvest losses is precocious flowering during short days with cool nights. This is coupled to our lack of understanding of how ethylene induces flowering in the Bromeliads. Transcription data indicates that the ethylene response impacts jasmonic acid synthesis, major modifications in DNA expression that within three days starts the change from a vegetative to floral apex.             Sampling of pineapple with and without translucency was completed and the gene transcription data received from sequencing. Initial evaluation of the expression data suggests that sugar metabolism is not dramatically altered in translucent. Upon completion of the flowering data  analysis this will be a focus in the next reporting period.             Fresh breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkins) Fosberg) cv. Ma'afala maturity was defined as full size with steady internal quality, and breadfruit reached this point at 15 weeks of development.  Skin color and intersegment space color were the most accurate indicators of maturity, classifying mature breadfruit with 90% accuracy.  Objective 2. Improve our understanding of the biology of fruit quality to further our development of harvest and storage technology and development of new plant materials.  Melatonin (MT) effects on pineapple quality of pineapple was investigated in fruit dipped in a 0.1 mM solution for 10 minutes and then stored at 9 °C for 21 days followed by 4 days at 22 °C. MT application delayed the over-ripening process in pineapple during storage. The respiration rate was reduced (? 47.7 %) after 7 days of cold storage, and shell color and flesh firmness losses were delayed in treated fruit compared to untreated fruit. Flesh translucency and internal browning due to chilling injury were higher in untreated control versus treated fruit.  Treatment of Ma’afala Breadfruit with 1-MCP delayed the onset of the climacteric peak by an average of 6 days (65% delay), delayed softening by an average of 7 days (63% delay), and reduced variation in these traits.  Treatment with 1-MCP however did not delay discoloration.

Publications

Journal Articles and Abstracts Abeli, P.J., P.D. Fanning, R. Isaacs, R.M. Beaudry. 2021. Blueberry fruit quality and control of blueberry maggot (Rhagoletis mendax Curran) larvae after fumigation with sulfur dioxide. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 179, 111568, ISSN 0925-5214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111568. Adkison, C., K. Richmond, N. Lingga, V. Bikoba, and E. Mitcham 2021. Optimizing walnut storage conditions: Effects ofrelative humidity, temperature, and shelling on quality after storage. HortScience 56(10):1244-1250. Adkison, C., K. Richmond, N. Lingga, V. Bikoba, and E. Mitcham 2021. Optimizing walnut storage conditions: Effects ofrelative humidity, temperature, and shelling on quality after storage. HortScience 56(10):1244-1250. Al Shoffe, Y., Nock, J.F., Zhang, Y., Watkins, C.B. 2021. Physiological disorder development of ‘Honeycrisp’ apples after pre- and post-harvest 1-methycyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 182: 111703.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111703"> doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111703</a> Al Shoffe, Y., Nock, J.F., Zhang, Y., Watkins, C.B. 2021. Pre- and post-harvest γ-aminobutyric acid application in relation to fruit quality and physiological disorder development in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. Scientia Hortic. 289:110431. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110431">doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110431</a> Algul, B.E., Al Shoffe, Y., Park, D.S., Miller, W.B., Watkins, C.B. 2021. Preharvest 1-methylcyclopropene treatment enhances stress-associated watercore loss in ‘Jonagold’ apples. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 181: 111689. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111689">doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111689</a> Awalgaonkar, G. R. Beaudry, and E. Almenar. 2020. Ethylene-removing packaging: Basis for development and latest advances. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2020;1–28. DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12636. Chopra, S., and R. Beaudry. 2021. Off-grid, clean energy cooling for affordable storage of perishables for BOP farmers.  USAID Webinar. PEER 10th Anniversary Seminar Series. Sept. 21, 2021. https://vimeo.com/612923973. Chopra, S., N. Mueller, I. Mani, R. Beaudry (2020) Automated solar refrigerated evaporatively cooled storage structure for smallholder farmers. 1st Webinar Series-Automation in Agriculture, Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers, April 27, 2020, ISAE. Chopra, S., N. Müller, and R. Beaudry. 2021. Off-grid and batteryless: A practical solar-powered refrigerated storage for smallholder farms in developing countries. Annual meeting Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., Aug. 5-9, 2021, Denver, CO. (abstract). Chopra, S., N. Müller, D. Dhingra, I. Mani, T. Kaushik, A. Kumara, and R. Beaudry. 2022. A mathematical description of evaporative cooling potential for perishables storage in India. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111727. Duduit, J.R., Kosentka, P.Z., Miller, M.A., Blanco-Ulate, B., Lenucci, M.S., Panthee, D.R., Perkins-Veazie, P., Liu, W. 2022. Coordinated transcriptional regulation of the carotenoid biosynthesis contributes to fruit lycopene content in high-lycopene tomato genotypes. Horticulture Research 9 uhac084, https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac084 Edger, P., Iorizzo, M., Bassil, N., Bnevuenuto, J., Ferrao, F., Giong, L., Hummer, K., Lawas, L., Perkins-Veazie, P., Zalaph, J. 2022. There and back again; historical perspective and future directions for Vaccinium breeding and research. Horticulture Research 9: uhac083, https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac083 Engelgau P. and R. Beaudry, 2020. Allelic Variation of MdCMS Both Determines Branched-Chain, and Influences Straight-Chain Ester Synthesis in Apple Fruit. Annual meeting Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., Aug. 11, 2020. (abstract). Engelgau, P. and R.M. Beaudry. 2021. Peeling back the secrets to banana aroma biosynthesis. Annual meeting Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., Aug. 5-9, 2021, Denver, CO. (abstract). Farcuh, M.*, Tajima, H., Lerno, L., Blumwald, E. (2022). Changes in ethylene and sugar metabolism regulate flavonoid composition in climacteric and non-climacteric plums during postharvest storage. Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences. 4: 100075. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100075">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100075</a> Farcuh, M.*, Tajima, H., Lerno, L., Blumwald, E. (2022). Changes in ethylene and sugar metabolism regulate flavonoid composition in climacteric and non-climacteric plums during postharvest storage. Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences. 4: 100075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100075. Ferenczi, A., N. Sugimoto, and R.M. Beaudry. 2021. Emission patterns of esters and their precursors throughout ripening and senescence in ‘Redchief Delicious’ apple fruit and implications regarding biosynthesis and aroma perception. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05064-21 Galeni, M., Mattheis, J., Torres, C.A. 2021. Growing condition and storage regime effects on fruit quality and physiological disorders on ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. Hortscience, 56(9), S224-S224. Giongo, L., Ajelli, M., Pottorff, M., Mainland, M., Perkins-Veazie, P. and M. Iorizzio. 2022. Comparative multi-parameters approach to dissect texture subcomponents of blueberry at harvest and postharvest. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 183, 111696 Haase A., Evans K., Torres C.A., Kalcsits L. (2021) Phenotyping Sunburn Susceptibility in Apples (9th ed., vol. 56, pp. S95). Hortscience. Lee, J., Leisso, R., Rudell, D.R., Watkins, C.B. 2022. 1-Methylcyclopropene differentially regulates metabolic responses in the stem-end and calyx-end flesh tissues of ‘Empire’ apple during long-term controlled atmosphere storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 192: 112018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2022.112018">doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2022.112018</a> Lima, R.P., A.S.B. de Sousa, P. Abeli, R.M. Beaudry, and S. de Melo Silva. 2022. Setting a safe target internal atmosphere for starch-based coated fruits and vegetable. Food Control (2022), doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109270">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109270</a>. Mahangade, P.S., I. Mani, R. Beaudry, N. Müller, and S. Chopra. 2020. Using Amaranth as a Model Plant for Evaluating Imperfect Storages: Assessment of Solar-refrigerated and Evaporatively-cooled Structures in India. HortScience https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15249-20. Moggia, C., O. Peñaloza, J. Torres, S. Romero-Bravo, D. Sepulveda, R. Jara, S. Vivanco, M. Valdés, M. Zúñiga, R.M. Beaudry, and G.A. Lobos. 2022. Within-plant variability in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) II: Is a shorter harvest interval always the ideal strategy to maximize fruit firmness? Postharvest Bio. Techn. 186 (2022) 111815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111815 Moggia, C., Y. Valdés, A. Arancibia, M. Valdés, C. Radrigan, G. Icaza, R. Beaudry, and G.A. Lobos. 2022. Reliability of tactile and instrumental firmness assessment in fresh blueberry fruit segregated by firmness at harvest.HortTechnology.  https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04960-21. Mogollon R., Mendoza M., Leon L., Rudell D., Torres C.A. (2022). <a href="https://ashs.confex.com/ashs/2022/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/37941">Use of Hyperspectral Images at Harvest to Predict Sunscald Postharvest on Granny Smith Apples</a>. 2022 ASHS annual conference, July 30-August 4, 2022, Chicago, USA. Mogollon R., Rudell D., Torres C.A. (2022). Use of hyperspectral images and a chlorophyll-related index (Cri) as a non-destructive tool to sort Granny Smith apples according to sun-related disorders postharvest. 31st International Horticultural Congress, 14-20 Aug., 2022, Angers, France. Mogollon R., Torres C.A., McCord P. (2022) Fruit firmness in sweet cherries: discrepancy between instrumental measurements and sensory evaluations31st International Horticultural Congress, 14-20 Aug., 2022, Angers, France. Mogollon, R., Torres, C.A., Rudell, D. 2021. Detection of non-visible sun stress in ‘Granny Smith’ apples using hyperspectral imaging’, Hortscience, 56(9), S223-S224. Park, D.S., Al Shoffe, Y., Algul, B.E., Watkins, C.B. 2022. Fermentation metabolism of apple fruit during storage under low oxygen. Postharvest Biol. Technol. In press. Paskus, B. P. Abeli, and R. Beaudry. 2021. Hypobaric storage of representative root, leaf, fruit, and flower tissues: Comparisons to storage at atmospheric pressure. HortScience, 56: 780-786. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15786-21. Raftopoulou, O., M. Kudenov, E.T. Ryser, R. Beaudry, and S. Kathariou. 2021. The use of ultraviolet spectroscopy for non-invasive detection of viable Listeria monocytogenes on apples. IAFP, Phoenix, AZ, July 18 - 21. Reitz, N.F. and E.J. Mitcham. 2021. Differential effects of excess calcium applied to whole plants vs. excised fruit tissue on blossom-end rot in tomato. Scientia Hortic. 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110514. Reitz, N.F. and E.J. Mitcham. 2021. Differential effects of excess calcium applied to whole plants vs. excised fruit tissue on blossom-end rot in tomato. Scientia Hortic. 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110514. Sloniker, N. O. Raftopoulou, S. Kathariou, R. Beaudry, and E.T. Ryser. 2021. Survival of Planktonic and Biofilm- grown Listeria monocytogenes on Apples as Affected by Waxing and Storage Conditions. IAFP, Phoenix, July 18 - 21. Sorokina, M., McCaffrey, K.S, Deaton, E.E., Ma, G., Ordovas, J.M., Perkins-Veazie, P.M., Steinbeck, C., Levi, A. and L.D. Parnell. 2021. A Catalog of Natural Products Occurring in Watermelon-Citrullus lanatus. Frontiers Nutrition, 10.3389/fnut.2021.729822 Staples, R., R. L. LaDuca, L. V. Roze, M. Laivenieks, J. E. Linz, R. Beaudry, A. Fryday, A. L. Schilmiller, A. V. Koptina, B. Smith, F. Trail. 2020. Structure and Chemical Analysis of Major Specialized Metabolites Produced by the Lichen Evernia prunastri. Chem. Biodiv. 17, e1900465. Sugimoto, N., P. Engelgau, A.D. Jones, J. Song, and R.M. Beaudry. 2021. Citramalate synthase yields a biosynthetic pathway for isoleucine and straight- and branched-chain ester formation in ripening apple fruit. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 118(3) e2009988118. 10 pp. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009988118. Sugimoto, N., P. Engelgau, J. Song and R. Beaudry. 2021. Citramalate synthase yields a biosynthetic pathway for isoleucine and straight- and branched-chain ester formation in ripening apple fruit. Annual meeting Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., Aug. 5-9, 2021, Denver, CO. (abstract). Taghavi T, Patel H, Rafie R. Anthocyanin Extraction Method and Sample Preparation Affect Anthocyanin Yield of Strawberries. Natural Product Communications. May 2022. doi:10.1177/1934578X221099970 Taghavi, T., Patel, H., Akande, O. E., & Galam, D. C. A. (2022). Total Anthocyanin Content of Strawberry and the Profile Changes by Extraction Methods and Sample Processing. Foods, 11(8), 1072. Torres C, Gonzalez O, van der Broek K. (2022) Evaluation of controlled atmosphere storage regimes in WA-grown sweet cherries. 31st International Horticultural Congress, 14-20 Aug., 2022, Angers, France. Torres C.A., Mogollon R., Critzer F. (2022). <a href="https://ashs.confex.com/ashs/2022/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/37891">The Effect of Water Composition during Processing on Lenticel Browning Disorder on Apples</a>. 2022 ASHS annual conference, July 30-August 4, 2022, Chicago, USA. Torres C.A., Mogollon R., Yoo J. (2022) Overview of sunscald on pears, a new increasing storage disorder in hot and dry environments.  31st International Horticultural Congress, 14-20 Aug., 2022, Angers, France. Torres, C.A. 2021. The effect of seasonal climatic conditions on apple maturity patters pre-and postharvest. Hortscience, 56(9), S158-S158. Willman, M.R., Bushakra, J.M., Bassil, N., Dossett, M., Perkins-Veazie, P., Bradish, C.M., Femandex, G.E., Weber, C.A., Scheerens, J.C., Dunlap, L., Fresnedo-Ramirez, J. 2022. Analysis of a multi-environment trial for black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) quality traits. Genes 13(3):418 https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13030418 Yoo J., Rudell D., Torres C.A. (2022) Effect of Phytosqualane and Ethoxyquin on Superficial Scald Control in ‘d’Anjou’ Pear. 31st International Horticultural Congress, 14-20 Aug., 2022, Angers, France. Yoo, J., Rudell, D. R., Torres, C. A. 2021. Comparative analysis of metabolic differences between sunburn and sunscald on ‘Packhams Triumph’ pear, Hortscience, 56(9), S224-S224. Zhang, Y., Gao, H., Al Shoffe, Y., Nock, J.F., Watkins, C.B. 2021.<a name="_Toc442278789"></a><a name="_Toc422751145"></a><a name="_Toc427066877"></a> γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations in relation to antioxidants in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Acta Horticulturae 1319:89-96. Doi.10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1319.11 Zhaorigetu Hubhachen, Q. Suehr, R .Beaudry, S. Jeong, R. Isaacs. 2021. Postharvest management of blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax. Entomology 2021, Denver, Col., Oct. 31 - Nov. 3. Wang, Diane, Imel, Rachel, Paull, Robert and Kantar, Michael. 2021. An online learning module for plant growth analysis using high-throughput phenotyping data. Natural Sciences Education. Article ID: NSE220056, DOI: 10.1002/nse2.20056 <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nse2.20056">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nse2.20056</a>  Yue J-J, R. VanBuren , J. Liu , JP Fang, XT. Zhang , ZY Liao , CM. Wai , XM. Xu , S Chen, SC. Zhang , XK. Ma , YY. Ma , HY. Yu , J. Lin , P. Zhou, YJ Huang, B. Deng, F. Deng, XB. Zhao, HS. Yan, M. Fatima, D. Zerpa, XD. Zhang , ZC. Lin, M. Yang, N. Chen, E. Mora-Newcomer, P. Quesada-Rojas, DA. Bogantes, V. Jiménez, HB. Tang, JS. Zhang, ML. Wang , RE. Paull, QY. Yu. 2022. SunUp and Sunset genomes revealed impact of particle bombardment mediated transformation and domestication history in papaya. Nature Genetics (2022May12). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01068-1">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01068-1</a>  Wiseman, Ben, Nancy J. Chen, Nao Linclon and Robert E. Paull. 2021. ‘Ulu – Breadfruit Postharvest Handling and Quality Maintenance Guidelines. University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. Fruit, Nut, and Beverage Crops, FN-58. <a href="https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/FN-58.pdf">https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/FN-58.pdf</a>  Paull, Robert E. and Gail Uruu. 2021. Major Weeds in Pineapple Fields of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. Fruit, Nut, and Beverage Crops, FN-60. <a href="https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/FN-60.pdf">https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/FN-60.pdf</a>   Extension Meetings and Publications Al Shoffe, Y., Park, D.S., Algul, B.E., Watkins C.B. 2022. Storing ‘Honeycrisp’ at 33oF is a risky proposition. Fruit Quarterly 30(2):11-13. Algul, B.E., Al Shoffe, Y., Park, D., Jiang, X., Cheng, L., Watkins, C.B. 2021. HarvistaTM and ReTain® accelerate the dissipation of watercore in apple fruit after harvest. Fruit Quarterly 29(4):24-26. Basu, P. &Dagger;, Farcuh, M.* (Apr 2022). Using Plant Growth Regulators to Improve Apple Return Bloom. University of Maryland Extension Vegetable and Fruit News 13(1): 3. Link: <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/15mw6TxamKH9uhgQo6zWUeS4WwaVfN6oh/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/15mw6TxamKH9uhgQo6zWUeS4WwaVfN6oh/view?usp=sharing</a> Beaudry, R.M., C. Contreras, and D. Tran. 2021. Honeycrisp conditioning. Fruit Quarterly 29 (1): 13-15. Cai, Y , Farcuh, M.* (Nov 2021). Are Your Peaches Ready to Harvest? Fact Sheet Number FS-1182. University of Maryland Extension. Link: <a href="https://extension.umd.edu/resource/are-your-peaches-ready-harvest-fs-1182">https://extension.umd.edu/resource/are-your-peaches-ready-harvest-fs-1182</a> Farcuh, M.* (June 2022). Inking in Peaches and Nectarines: Symptoms, Causes and Control. University of Maryland Extension Vegetable and Fruit News 13(3): 2. Link: <a href="https://extension.umd.edu/resource/inking-peaches-and-nectarines-symptoms-causes-and-control">https://extension.umd.edu/resource/inking-peaches-and-nectarines-symptoms-causes-and-control</a> Farcuh, M.* (Nov 2021). Fuji apple fruit quality: effect of harvest maturity and storage temperatures. University of Maryland Extension Vegetable and Fruit News Special Research and Meetings Edition 12(7): 11-12. Link: <a href="https://extension.umd.edu/resource/fuji-apple-fruit-quality-effect-harvest-maturity-and-storage-temperatures">https://extension.umd.edu/resource/fuji-apple-fruit-quality-effect-harvest-maturity-and-storage-temperatures</a> Farcuh, M.* (Sep 2021). How can Growers Determine Apple Fruit Maturity and Optimal Harvest Dates? Fact Sheet Number FS-1180. University of Maryland Extension. Link: <a href="https://extension.umd.edu/sites/extension.umd.edu/files/publications/91.%20Apple_fruit_maturity_FS-1180.pdf">https://extension.umd.edu/sites/extension.umd.edu/files/publications/91.%20Apple_fruit_maturity_FS-1180.pdf</a> Hanrahan, I., Torres, C.A. Recommended Harvest Criteria for commercial WA-38 Storage in 2022. July 2022. <a href="https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:209fdb96-d8c4-448e-acae-ac7de1047508#pageNum=1">https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:209fdb96-d8c4-448e-acae-ac7de1047508#pageNum=1</a> Jacobs, M. &Dagger;, Farcuh, M.* (July 2022). Maximizing Apple and Peach Profits with Preventive Bruising Practices. University of Maryland Extension Vegetable and Fruit News 13(4): 3-5. Link: <a href="https://extension.umd.edu/resource/maximizing-apple-and-peach-profits-preventative-bruising-practices">https://extension.umd.edu/resource/maximizing-apple-and-peach-profits-preventative-bruising-practices</a> McPherson, C., Farcuh, M.* (Nov 2021). Fruit Texture and the Science Behind It. Fact Sheet Number FS-1189. University of Maryland Extension. Link: <a href="https://extension.umd.edu/resource/fruit-texture-and-science-behind-it-fs-1189">https://extension.umd.edu/resource/fruit-texture-and-science-behind-it-fs-1189</a> McPherson, C.&Dagger;, Farcuh, M.* (Nov 2021). Fruit Texture and the Science Behind It. Fact Sheet Number FS-1189. University of Maryland Extension. Link: <a href="https://extension.umd.edu/resource/fruit-texture-and-science-behind-it-fs-1189">https://extension.umd.edu/resource/fruit-texture-and-science-behind-it-fs-1189</a> Money, B. &Dagger;, Farcuh, M.* (Aug 2022). Plant Growth Regulators for Controlling Apple Pre-harvest Drop. University of Maryland Extension Vegetable and Fruit News 13(5): 6-7. Link: <a href="https://extension.umd.edu/resource/plant-growth-regulators-controlling-apple-pre-harvest-drop">https://extension.umd.edu/resource/plant-growth-regulators-controlling-apple-pre-harvest-drop</a> Watkins, C.B., Al Shoffe, Y., Park, D.S., Dando, R., Rudell, D.R. 2022. Insights into the use of dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) storage technology based on results with organically grown apples. Fruit Quarterly 30(1):10-13. Watkins, C.B., Nock, J.F., Al Shoffe, Y. 2021. Dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) storage delays development of flesh browning of ‘Gala’ apples. Fruit Quarterly 29(1):5-8. Farcuh, M.* (Sep 2021). How can Growers Determine Apple Fruit Maturity and Optimal Harvest Dates? Fact Sheet Number FS-1180. University of Maryland Extension. Link: https://extension.umd.edu/sites/extension.umd.edu/files/publications/91.%20Apple_fr uit_maturity_FS-1180.pdf

Impact Statements

New tests for predicting storage disorders have been used by growers to prevent storage losses of Honeycrisp apples.

Date of Annual Report: 09/15/2023

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 07/31/2023 - 07/31/2023
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2022 - 09/30/2023

Participants

Angelos Deltsidis - University of Georgia
Carolina Torres - Washington State University
Chris Watkins - Cornell University
David Rudell - USDA-ARS Wenatchee Tree Fruit Lab
Elizabeth Mitcham - University of California, Davis
Gustavo Texeira - University of Idaho
Jeff Brecht - University of Florida
Jennifer DeEll - Ontario Ministry of Agriculture
Jun Song - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (remote)
Loren Honaas - USDA-ARS Wenatchee Tree Fruit Lab
Macarena Farcuh - University of Maryland
Mark Ritenour - University of Florida
Nobuko Sugimoto- Verdant technologies
Penny Perkins - North Carolina State University
Phil Engelgau - Michigan State University
Randy Beaudry - Michigan State University
Steve Sargent - University of Florida
Tianbao Yang - USDA-ARS Beltsville
Toktam Taghavi - Virginia State University (remote)
Tricia Jenkins, Kansas State University
Yossef Al Shoffe - Cornell University

Report submitted as file:
Cindy Tong - University of Minnesota
Renae Moran - University of Maine

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting was held on 07/31/2023 at Caribe Royale Orlando (Regents Boardroom), in Orlando, FL along with the ASHS annual conference.

Station numbers were reported in the following order by the attending members:

CA, FL, GA, ID, KS, MD, MD USDA, MI, NY, NC, ON, WA, WA USDA, VA.

Business meeting:

For the 2024 annual multistate meeting, since ASHS is being held in Hawaii at a different time of the year, the group decided to potentially hold the meeting at a different time/location. The suggested time is the last week of July/first week of August 2024. The following options were given to the participants who were allowed to vote for more than one option. Results were as follows:

Michigan 13 votes (hosted by Randy Beaudry)

California 12 votes (hosted by Beth Mitcham)

Wenatchee 11 votes (hosted by Carolina Torres)

Hawaii 7 votes (along with the ASHS meeting)

Randy Beaudry and his team will host the 2024 multistate meeting of NE2336 (new project/continuation) in Michigan.

Discussion was held over opening the meeting to industry participants:

Chris Watkins suggested to open the meeting to everyone

Beth Mitcham suggested to request the industry to present a report

Dave Rudell stressed the benefit of having industry as a technology transfer means

Angelos Deltsidis mentioned that we could invite only the collaborating companies.

After the discussion was completed, a vote was held by all the attending members. The question on the ballot was: Should we allow industry (non-academics) to attend this meeting in the future?

The results were as follows:

Yes: 4 votes

No: 6 votes

Based on the above, in the future the NE1836/NE2336 meetings will not include industry participants.

Carolina Torres chairing until 2024, then Angelos Deltsidis chairing and holding elections for secretary.

Meeting adjourned

Accomplishments

University of Georgia, Angelos Deltsidis    Obj. 1  Investigating The Potential of Ozonated and Oxygenated Water as a Replacement of Chlorinated Water for Peach Sanitation During Hydrocooling    The lowest ozone concentration (0.5 ppm) showed the most promising results as a possible add-on to traditional cold storage. This study has yielded important insights into the effectiveness of ozone and the extent to which fresh-market peaches can withstand it. However, additional research is required to explore the possibilities of using ozone in conjunction with current postharvest methods.    Assessing the Impact of Different Picking Intervals on the Storability and Postharvest Quality of Blueberries    Our results indicated that delayed harvests diminished blueberry's postharvest qualities and attributes. Even though fruit was placed at the proper temperature during storage, a delayed harvest reduced fruit storability since it negatively impacted fruit firmness and other quality characteristics. Therefore, timely harvests are recommended to maintain fruit quality and maximize storage potential.     Evaluation of Alternative Atmosphere Treatments to Extend Shelf-life of Georgia-grown Blackberries    Based on the first-year results, there is a potential for CA to extend the shelf-life of Osage and Ponca blackberries. If these promising results are confirmed on year two, the technology could help Georgia farmers extend marketability of their blackberries. More research is needed to elucidate the antifungal benefits of O3 treatments and potential for longer shelf-life extension (past 21 D).      Michigan State University, Randy Beaudry<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Obj. 1<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":6,"335551620":6,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Dangler for Accelerated Dehydration (DAD): a Novel System for Assessing the Impacts of Relative Humidity on Fruit Water Loss during Cold Storage of Blueberries<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":6,"335551620":6,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Not all texture analysis instruments perform similarly. The reliability of a simple durometer can be as good as the industry and academic standard FirmTech II instrument.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Apple Ripening After DCA Storage: Assessing the Risk of Flavor Loss<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Recovery of aroma production was delayed by 1-MCP and DCA, although the impact of the former was far greater.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[1260,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Assessing the Performance of Evaporatively Cooled Storages – A Global Assessment<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[1260,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Evaporative cooling provides only marginal benefits as a means of controlling the loss in quality of harvested perishables, even in a warm and dry climates across the globe. Alternative cooling methods should be sought for effective control of storage life.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Creation of a Starch Index Guide for Michigan Apples<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  A starch index resource for assisting the assessment of fruit maturity was constructed for 15 apple fruit cultivars. A binder and a poster were created.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Auxins promote vascular function and reduce bitter pit of ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. <span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Auxin application suppressed bitter pit formation and helped to preserve xylem connectivity.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Verdant HarvestHold Project - Release kinetics of 1-MCP from HarvestHold® Fresh (HHF)<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  1-MCP release from the cyclodextrin imbedded in HHF is highly dependent on the RH of the surrounding environment. <span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Obj. 2<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Title: Alternative splicing of two otherwise feedback inhibited enzymes provides means for biosynthesis of characteristic banana aroma<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Summary. Two regulatory proteins in the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids and esters were found to have undergone alternative splicing. The alternative proteins were found to lack normal feed-back regulation by valine and leucine and are suspected of bringing about the synthesis of the common precursors to valine and leucine and, respectively, 2-methyl propyl and 3-methyul butyl esters.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">   <span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  North Carolina State University, Penny Perkins-Veazie <span data-ccp-props="{"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":160,"335559740":257,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Obj. 1<span data-ccp-props="{"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":257,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Near infrared spectroscopy helps distinguish abscising apples<span data-ccp-props="{"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":257,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Summary. Chemical thinning of apple is done to avoid overcropping but can be unpredictable in results. Near infrared spectroscopy with a handheld unit detected spectra differences in the sugar range of apples that would abscise. This method offers a means to tailor practices that lead to better apple quality.<span data-ccp-props="{"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":257,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Goumi, a new small fruit crop with nitrogen fixation, drought resistance and wide climate adaptability<span data-ccp-props="{"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":257,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Summary. Goumi (Elaeagnus multiflora) has small red fruit that are high in lycopene and ellagotannins. The plants grow in zones 3 to 8 and fruit will last several weeks at 2 °C before developing mold and excessive weight loss. Developing a way to detach fruit will expand markets.<span data-ccp-props="{"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":257,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Obj. 2<span data-ccp-props="{"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":257,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Anthocyanin profiles in primocane and floricane fruiting Rubus<span data-ccp-props="{"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":257,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Raspberry and blackberry varieties can produce two crops per year. In blackberry, the second crop (primocane) of fruit were lower in total anthocyanin pigments than the first crop while raspberry crops were similar in total anthocyanin. Anthocyanin profiles were similar, indicating that environment is important in Rubus fruit anthocyanin content.     Virginia State University, Toktam Taghavi  Obj. 1  Screening bacteria for their fungicidal activities  Identifying the beneficial microbial species could inhibit the growth of the target fungus and would allow strawberries to be cultivated with little or no synthetic fungicides and extend its shelf life. Bacteria samples (potentially beneficial) were collected and isolated from virgin soils and transferred to liquid culture in NB on shaker and co-cultured with several postharvest disease isolates. The data for Botrytis cinerea are presented below (Fig. 1 and Table 1). This experiment has identified several options for biological antagonists of B. cinerea that are performing better than the commercial fungicide, Cease (positive control). The inhibitory properties of the bacteria against other fungal pathogens have to be verified. Also, the potent isolates need to be identified through classical and molecular biology techniques.    University of Maine, Renae Moran  Obj. 1  Prediction of Honeycrisp Storage Disorders   Soft scald after storage at 1.5 °C without conditioning ranged from 0 to 76%. The rapid induction test by itself did not accurately predict soft scald (r2 = 0.44) or soggy breakdown (r2 = 0.55) after storage, but the r2 for soft scald increased to 89% when peel nitrogen and crop load rating were added to the model. These three factors had a positive slope for soft scald after storage indicating a heavy crop load and high nitrogen were associated with greater incidence of soft scald. <span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">      University of Maryland-USDA, Wayne M. Jurick II, Chris Gottschall, Mengjun Hu, and Tianbao Yang.   Obj. 2.   Expand and translate fundamental plant biology to develop new storage technologies and plant materials that will enhance human nutrition and energy-efficient postharvest systems.  Preharvest UVB treatment improves strawberry quality and extends shelf-life (USDA-MD)  Our results suggest that utilization of a low dose of UV-B radiation during the growth stage can improve strawberry fruit quality and extend shelf life. This research facilitates the utilization of preharvest UV-B treatment for improving fruit quality in controlled environment agriculture.  Obj. 3.   Systems-based discovery of genetic resistance mechanisms in fruit and vegetables and fungal virulence genes (USDA-MD)  We observed relatively few reads that aligned to the pathogen’s genome resulting in a small number of genes with considerable expression values. We have two hypotheses for why this data set is sparse. First, the dual RNAseq approach relies on deep sequencing of a sample made up of mixed tissues from the host and pathogen. Unfortunately, the pathogen’s tissues represent a considerably low percentage of the total samples weight, potentially manifesting in limited RNA in which to sequence. Second, symptoms begin to appear at 96 hours but the pathogen’s growth and colonization of the host tissues is nascent.      Develop and optimize chemical and biotechnological tools to abate decay and maintain fruit and vegetable quality (UMD, USDA-MD)  We obtained resistant mutants of Colletotrichum siamense using CRISPR/Cas 9. The figures below were the comparisons of various fitness parameters and competition on the fruits between the mutant and their parental isolates. Note that the mutants resulted in higher anthracnose incidence on blueberry fruit while no difference was observed in apple lesion size. All isolates used in the study were collected from blueberries.      University of California, Davis, Elizabeth Mitcham  Obj. 1.   The Effect of Modified Atmospheres on Shelf Life of Baby Kale   All of the atmosphere treatments maintained the quality of baby kale longer than air at 5 °C, with better appearance quality, sensory quality, and ascorbic acid content, and less bacterial growth, chlorophyll degradation and ammonia accumulation. However, when the highest CO2 atmosphere (15%) was combined with low O2 (5%) storage, it caused significantly faster ascorbic acid degradation and ammonia accumulation than in any other atmosphere, resulting in off-flavor that was apparent during the last evaluation.  Overall, our findings suggested that a modified atmosphere storage consisting of 10% oxygen and 10% or 15% carbon dioxide was the most effective for preserving the visual quality of baby white Russian kale, while also preventing the development of unpleasant odors and flavors for up to 25 days.  Non-destructive method to classify walnut kernel freshness from volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions using gas chromatography-differential mobility spectrometry (GC-DMS) and machine learning analysis  The PLSR model had an accuracy of 80% to predict walnut grade and demonstrated a minimal root mean squared error of 0.42 for the m response variables (representative of walnut grade) with the GC-DMS data. We also conducted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) experiments to identify volatiles that emerged or were enhanced with more rancid walnuts. The findings of the GC–MS study of walnut VOCs align excellently with the GC-DMS study. Based on our results, we conclude that a GC-DMS device deployed with a pre-trained machine learning model can be a very effective device for classifying walnut grades in the industry.  Obj. 2.   Chilling temperatures and controlled atmospheres alter key volatile compounds implicated in basil aroma and flavor  Basil volatile profile was assessed using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Leaves suffered severe chilling injury and greater loss of aroma volatiles at 5°C compared to 10°C and 15°C. More than 70 volatiles were identified for each genotype, while supervised multivariate analysis revealed 26 and 10 differentially accumulated volatiles for ‘Genovese’ and ‘Lemon’ basil, respectively, stored at different temperatures. Storage in 5% CO2 ameliorated the symptoms of chilling injury for up to 3 days in ‘Genovese’, but not in ‘Lemon’ basil. Both chilling temperatures and controlled atmospheres altered key volatile compounds implicated in basil aroma and flavor, but temperature had a bigger influence on the observed changes in volatile profile.   University of Minnesota, Cindy Tong    Obj. 1.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Fruit firmness decreased less at 0-1 °C than at 4-5 °C. Changes in soluble solids content with storage varied by orchard and storage temperature; remaining the same during storage for fruit from one orchard, increasing and then decreasing for fruit from another orchard, and increasing after one month of storage but then unchanged thereafter for fruit from a third orchard.   <span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Washington State University, Carolina Torres<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Obj. 1  Optimization of preharvest and postharvest fruit quality in organic apples  - All CA/DCA storage systems evaluated, including conditioning at harvest (7 days at 10oC) and a period of air storage (4 weeks) after CA/DCA, were suitable for long-term storage (10 months) of Honeycrisp and Fuji apples. Nevertheless, preharvest managements (nutrition, pathogens, etc) and seasonal climate (2019/2020, 2020/2021, 2021/2022) greatly affected the amount of decay and incidence of physiological disorders during the storage period.  - Overall, the application of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG- Retain OL) on Gala (2019/2020, 2020/2021) and Honeycrisp (2019/2020) apples effectively delayed fruit maturity progression preharvest, and maintained fruit firmness postharvest, although not always significantly different (dose and time of application-dependent) from the untreated control. Skin color development was negatively affected by AVG treatments in Honeycrisp.   - Honeycrisp apples stored in low pressure (RipeLocker, RL) at 1oC were comparable in terms of fruit maturity to those stored in CA/DCA at 3oC (plus 4 weeks in air). Soft scald incidence was block-dependent the first year and slightly higher in RL-stored fruit in 2020 and 2021. Bitter pit (+lenticel blotch pit) was reduced by vacuum RL in most sites in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 but not in 2021/2022. Similar results in fruit maturity for Fuji apples, as well as overall low disorder incidences, except internal browning in all CA/RL storage protocols in 2021 season.     Lenticel Breakdown disorder on apples (Gala)  - LBD incidence and severity kept increasing after 96 h at 20oC and it was the highest after 1 week in air plus 7 days at 20oC. Fruit from all lots developed LBD after this time and after being packed or presized (including the least susceptible fruit). Phosphorus accumulation in the processing water was positively correlated with high LBD incidences. Calcium, Boron, and Potassium may also be playing a role. There was no evidence that neither chlorine or peracetic acid (at 50 ppm) in simulated washing conditions (COD) can cause LBD development. Water management (filtering, replacement) is critical when processing susceptible fruit.     New active ingredients to control superficial scald on pears   - Formulations containing phytosqualane reduced or eliminated superficial scald of ‘d’Anjou’ on fruit from various growing environment (orchards, regions), comparable to ethoxyquin. Superficial scald control was achieved even when applied 2 weeks after commercial harvest. Formulated squalane also impacted peel degreening improving the overall condition of the fruit after 8 months in storage.     Obj. 2.  Non-destructive hyperspectral indices to sort sun-stressed apples  - Indexes were determined that can be used to sort 'Granny Smith' fruit not already damaged by sun according to cumulative sun exposure using UV-Vis hyperspectral imaging. Peel area can be classified according to cumulative sun exposure, sunburn presence, and sun scald risk.  - Apples can be sorted at harvest according to sunscald risk, sunburn, and cumulative sun exposure and potentially other purposes.     University of Maryland, Macarena Farcuh   Obj. 1.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":6,"335551620":6,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Effect of Rootstocks on Buckeye Gala fruit quality   We have two seasons of data collected and we can already see that there are clear effects on fruit quality based on the rootstock under Maryland environmental conditions. Dwarfing rootstocks such as G.11, G.41, M.9T337 seems to accelerate maturity presenting larger fruit, while vigorous rootstocks such as G.969, M.26, G.935 seem to delay maturity, increase yield but with a decreased fruit weight.  Impact of preharvest plant growth regulators and reflective groundcovers on Honeycrisp skin coloration and fruit maturity  Our results showed that the lowest hue values for surface and background color at all dates were for T2, followed by T1 and T4, while T3 fruit were highest, indicating that Extenday deployment increased red skin coloration and background color change from green to yellow even in AVG-treated fruit. Differences in red skin coloration correlated with blush surface percentage results. Ethylene production was highest in T2, followed by T4 and T1, and lowest in T3 fruit, indicating that Extenday can affect fruit ethylene production rates, thus fruit maturity, independent of AVG treatment. Extenday treatment did not enhance fruit drop.   Improving Honeycrisp red skin coloration using postharvest ultraviolet irradiation treatments under different storage temperatures  Overall, postharvest UV irradiation is a promising tool for promoting postharvest skin coloration in Honeycrisp apples. Our results contribute to the identification of optimal dosage application treatments.  Obj. 2.  Assessing changes in aroma volatiles as predictors of chilling injury development during peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cold storage and subsequent shelf-life   We detected significant differences among the different treatments in terms of ethylene production rates, texture characteristics, chilling injury incidence, as well as aroma volatile profiles. Multivariate analysis allowed the identification of significant relationships emerging from this extensive dataset and separation of treatments based on their chilling injury susceptibility. Overall, our results contribute to the identification of key aroma volatile compounds that could be used as early predictors of susceptibility to peach chilling injury.      University of Florida, Jeffrey K. Brecht and Steven A. Sargent  Obj. 1.  Responses of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)−treated banana fruit to pre− and post−treatment ethylene exposure.   - A 60-s aqueous 1-MCP immersion was shown to be comparable to gaseous application for mature-green (MG) banana and the minimum 1-MCP immersion concentration for inhibition and recovery of ripening was 25 µg L−1. Prior 24-h ethylene exposure largely overcame 1-MCP ripening inhibition of MG banana and continuous ethylene exposure following 1-MCP accelerated ripening recovery.  Delaying ripening using 1-MCP reveals chilling injury symptom development at the putative chilling threshold temperature for mature green banana.   - We demonstrated that the mature-green (MG) banana chilling threshold temperature of 14°C becomes a de facto chilling temperature if the shelf-life-limiting factor (ripening) is removed using 1-MCP, allowing longer low temperature exposure. Vascular browning was the most sensitive indicator of CI status while quantum yield [Y(II)] was also determined to be a potential non-destructive tool to detect early CI stress in MG banana. 1-MCP-treated fruit at 13 or 14°C developed less vascular discoloration, less electrolyte leakage, and higher Y(II) than fruit without 1-MCP, but 1-MCP did not reduce development of external peel discoloration or affect Fv/Fm at the same temperatures, which suggests that ethylene might be involved in early development of some, but not all CI symptoms.    Feasibility of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) plus ethylene scrubbing for extended international shipping of mangos.   - Tree-ripe (25-50% flesh color development) Kent, Keitt, and Tommy Atkins mango can be stored in MAP for 4 weeks at 7°C plus 4 days at 20°C without showing chilling injury (CI) symptoms and deterioration of fruit internal quality. ‘Tommy Atkins’ had more marketable fruit when stored in 6% O2 + 5 or 10% CO2 while Kent and Keitt did better when stored in 4% O2 + 5 or 10% CO2. MAP reduced lenticel spotting, CI and decay, while retaining firmer fruit with less color development (i.e., less ripe). Scrubbing ethylene in MAP slightly further reduced softening and color changes (ripening).  FoodTransport app   - The FoodTransport app was completed and disseminated for Android and iOS platforms <a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2023/04/04/foodtransport-app/">https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2023/04/04/foodtransport-app/</a>  This app was adapted from the publication: Brecht, J.K., S.A. Sargent, P.E. Brecht, J. Saenz and L. Rodowick. 2019. Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck and Rail. University of Florida. EDIS Publication HS-1328. 204 pp. <a href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1328">http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1328</a>, which is an update and revision of USDA Handbook 669. The user-friendly app is the next step in a years-long project that started in 2017 when the UF/IFAS scientists began working to revise and digitize a USDA handbook last updated in 1995. That work resulted in an extensive smart document for food transportation industry professionals, “Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck and Rail,” and was completed in 2019. It serves as the source material for the new app.  Efficacy of HarvestHoldTM technology for extending postharvest quality and shelf life of selected fresh vegetables.  - A film-based system for releasing 1-MCP during shipping was evaluated for several vegetable crops. The greatest effect was for grape tomatoes during commercial shipment whereby treated fruit remained firmer and had less decay (5%) than untreated fruit (30%) after a 28-day period.   Obj. 2   Postharvest evaluation of elite lettuce germplasm in non-traditional areas of Florida    In winter/spring season 2023, elite lettuce germplasm from the UF breeding program was grown in two non-traditional areas in north-central Florida (sandy soil in open culture and hydroponic system under protected culture). Employing the Accelerated Shelf Life Protocol we developed for lettuce (10 °C for 13 d), two commercial cultivars and one breeding line performed best.   SAGs Senescence-associated genes as markers for postharvest physiological age  We used genomic tools to understand senescence and molecular signaling events in harvested broccoli florets stored at 25 or 4 ◦C to test the hypothesis that genetic markers can be used to identify the stage of senescence or physiological age of plant tissue.     Cornell University, Chris Watkins and Yosef Al Shoffe   ‘Gala’ Effects PGRS, atmospheres and storage temperature  - PGR applied at the correct time are critical for long term storage of Gala apples; store Gala at 38F (will benefit fruit without PGR treatment); postharvest 1-MCP recommended; 0.5% oxygen (1% carbon dioxide) recommended for long term storage; 2% oxygen (1% carbon dioxide) for standard CA, although lower concentrations are okay.     ‘NY1’ ‘Snapdragon’ in normal CA and DCA with and without conditioning at 10 ⁰C– regional study  - After storage, firmness, TA, and IAD value were lowest in fruit from Champlain Valley compared with other regions. In addition, stem end flesh browning, flesh browning, core browning, fruit shrivel, fruit senescent, and fruit decay were significantly higher in fruit from Champlain compared with other regions. On the other hand, DCA maintained better fruit quality and reduced fruit physiological disorders development compared with those stored in CA. However, no differences were detected from fruit unconditioned or conditioned at 10 ⁰C for 1 week before transfer to 3 ⁰C. The reason for high internal browning in fruit from Champlain is not understood but might relate to the effects of the cold weather during fruit development on increasing fruit susceptibility to chilling injuries compared with other regions.   ‘NY2’ ‘RubyFrost’ in normal CA and DCA +1-MCP with and without conditioning at 10 ⁰C – regional study  - Fruit from HV showed lower firmness, and higher IAD value with the lowest physiological disorders compared with those from the other regions. Internal browning in fruit from WNY was reached 34% with variability between orchards. Fruit stored in DCA showed lower internal browning compared with those stored in CA. However, no effects of the storage treatment were detected in reducing internal browning after storage. However, the effects of the storage treatment on physiological disorders were location dependent.  Plant growth regulators to manage watercore and greasiness in ‘EverCrsip’ apples  - Fruit treated with AVG had lower watercore percentage and severity compared with those were untreated. IEC was lower and IAD value was higher in fruit treated with AVG compared with the untreated fruit. After storage, AVG treatment suppressed greasiness compared with untreated fruit. AVG treatment reduced watercore breakdown and flesh browning compared with untreated fruit. However, Core browning was enhanced by AVG treatment after 9m of storage.  AVG might be a good strategy to manage physiological disorders in ‘EverCrisp’ apples but the effects on the delaying fruit color is a downside of the treatment.   Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and Low Oxygen Controlled Atmosphere Storage Shift Functional Microbiomes of ‘Gala’ Apples (MS/PhD Connor Lane)  - Bacterial but not fungal diversity decreased after 9 months of CA storage. Microbial genera with potential biocontrol functions such as Pseudomonas and Aureobasidium were found across all time points and treatments. The microbiomes detected in CA stored fruit were the most different from those in air stored fruit late in storage, where we found a decreased abundance of predicted gene pathways with O2 as a reactant. The results indicate that storage conditions influence the composition, diversity, and function of microbiomes inhabiting fruit surfaces, which could have implications for biocontrol and pathogen population dynamics.  Harvest maturity and preharvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatment effects on cold-induced ethylene production of ‘Gala’ apples  - The results were different from those described in the literature for cold-enhanced ethylene production of ‘Gala’ apples. Although ethylene production occurred without cold exposure of untreated fruit, exposure of fruit to 0.5 _C for 21 days resulted in more rapid and higher ethylene production rates and IEC than for fruit kept at only 20 _C. Ethylene production was suppressed by the preharvest AVG treatment, especially in 2020. The rates of respiration and softening of non-AVG treated fruit were enhanced by cold treatment. The effects of cold treatment were more significant for less mature fruit as indicated by higher IAD values.  Cold-induced ripening dynamics of ‘Honeycrisp’, ‘NY1’, ‘NY2’, and ‘Braeburn’ apples  - Cold treatments resulted in similar or increased ethylene production by the fruit, depending on the temperature and duration of cold treatment. The longer period of 6 weeks of cold storage caused more rapid increasing in ethylene production in ‘NY2’ and ‘Braeburn’ than 3 weeks of cold storage. Warmer storage temperature at 10 °C induced higher amount of ethylene production in ‘Honeycrisp’, ‘NY1’, and ‘NY2’ compared with storage at 0 °C. While ‘Honeycrisp’ and “NY1’ maintained firmness, that of ‘NY2’ and ‘Braeburn’ were negatively affected by enhanced ethylene production. The changes in IEC sometimes were not consistently mirrored by changes in ACC concentration. The mechanism of cold storage of different temperatures and durations on ethylene biosynthesis is affected greatly by cultivar and is complex.    Kansas State University, Eleni D. Pliakoni    Obj. 1  Effect of system, grafting, and harvest maturity stage on the quality of tomatoes grown in greenhouses.   Grafting and the nutrient system did not significantly affect the titratable acidity, sugar-acid ratio, or dry matter of the fruit. On-vine ripened fruit had a significantly higher sugar-acid ratio at the light red and red stage than fruit ripened off-vine. The DAP system produced fruit with comparable lycopene and β-carotene content red stage compared to the hydroponic control. Grafting also did not impact carotenoid concentrations at the red stage. Fruit ripened off the vine had greater lycopene content than fruit ripened on vine.  Effects of harvest maturity on storability, ripening dynamics, and fruit quality of ‘Genea 3’ Kiwiberries.  In result, the recommended harvest of ‘Geneva 3’ kiwiberries is when SSC is at 8 °Brix. The fruit held in cold storage for 4 weeks was acceptable for consumption for 3 days after ripening at room temperature for 3 day. There was no benefit to quality or shelf life when berries were harvested at 10 °Brix and fruit harvest at 6.5 did not reach adequate SSC and were visually unacceptable to consumers. <span data-ccp-props="{"134233117

Publications

Publications and Abstracts: Hendershot, C., C. Bloomingdale, H. Corder, T. Goodwill, S. Ruth, C. Pincumbe, R. Beaudry, L.E. Hanson, and J.F. Willbur. 2022. Evaluation of Cercospora leaf spot and postharvest rot pathogen impacts on sugar beet storage, ID: 21189, American Phytopath. Soc., Pitt, PA, Aug. 6-10. <span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Shoffe, Yosef Al, Tara A Baugher, Randolph Beaudry, Jennifer R DeEll, Macarena Farcuh, Ines Hanrahan, Mackenzie Perrault, Carolina A Torres, Daniel Weber and Christopher B Watkins. 2022. A North American Evaluation of the ‘Passive’ Prediction Method for Bitter Pit in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples. Annual meeting Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 30 July - 3 August, 2022, Chicago, IL. (abstract).<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Park, DoSu, Y. Al Shoffe, B. Algul, Philip Engelgau, Randolph Beaudry and Christopher B Watkins. 2022. The Impact of the Plant Growth Regulators Retain®and Harvista™ on Volatile Profiling of "Fuji" Apples in Different Storage Regimes. Annual meeting Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 30 July - 3 August, 2022, Chicago, IL. (abstract).<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Griffith, Chayce, Randolph Beaudry, and Todd C Einhorn. 2022. Auxins Maintain Xylem Functionality and Mitigate Bitter Pit of Honeycrisp Apples. Annual meeting Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 30 July - 3 August, 2022, Chicago, IL. (abstract).<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Engelgau, Philip and Randolph Beaudry. 2022. Alternative Splicing of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase and Isopropylmalate Synthase Provides Means for Production of ‘Cavendish’ Banana Fruit Aroma. Annual meeting Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 30 July - 3 August, 2022, Chicago, IL. (abstract).<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Chopra, S., N. Mueller, R. Sharma, S. Dhingra, and R. Beaudry. 2022. Off-grid cooling and refrigeration: Technical innovations for the storage of perishables for smallholder farmers. XXXI International Horticultural Congress, Angers France, 14-18 August, 2022.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Engelgau, Philip, Nobuko Sugimoto, Randolph Beaudry. 2022. Lower concentrations of 1-MCP require longer exposure times to inhibit apple fruit ripening. XXXI International Horticultural Congress, Angers France, 14-18 August, 2022.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  da Silva, Aline Priscilla Gomes, Philip Engelgau, Nobuko Sugimoto, Randolph Beaudry. 2022. Factors affecting 1-MCP release from an a-cyclodextrin encapsulant dissolved in water. XXXI International Horticultural Congress, Angers France, 14-18 August, 2022.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Engelgau, Philip and Randolph Beaudry. 2022. Alternative splicing of acetohydroxyacid synthase and isopropylmalate synthase provides means for production of ‘Cavendish’ banana fruit aroma. XXXI International Horticultural Congress, Angers France, 14-18 August, 2022.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Warner, Ryan M., Patrick J. Abeli, Randolph M. Beaudry. 2022. Development of synthetic cultivars to improve production of desired steviol glycosides in stevia. XXXI International Horticultural Congress, Angers France, 14-18 August, 2022.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Griffith, C., R. Beaudry, and T.C. Einhorn. 2022. Auxins Maintain Xylem Functionality and Mitigate Bitter Pit of Honeycrisp Apples. XXXI International Horticultural Congress, Angers France, 14-18 August, 2022.<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Hendershot, C., R. Beaudry1, C. Bloomingdale, H. Corder1, T. Goodwill, L.E. Hanson, S. Ruth, and J. F. Willbur. 2023. Evaluation of Cercospora leaf spot and postharvest rot pathogen impacts on sugar beet storage. Amer. Assoc. Sugar Beet Technol, Savannah, GA, February 26 to March 1, 2023. (poster)<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  da Silva, A.P.G, P. Engelgau, N. Sugimoto, and R. Beaudry.. 2023. Factors affecting 1-MCP release from various formulations and release systems. Postharvest Unlimited Conference and Ornamentals Symposium. May 14-17, Wageningen, The Netherlands. (poster)<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Chopra, S. and R. Beaudry. 2023. Evaluation of the performance and farmer benefits of a solar-refrigerated, evaporatively-cooled structure designed for off-grid storage of perishables. Postharvest Unlimited Conference and Ornamentals Symposium. May 14-17, Wageningen, The Netherlands. (oral)<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Beaudry, R. 2023. Apple Ripening After DCA Storage: Assessing the Risk of Flavor Loss. Postharvest Unlimited Conference and Ornamentals Symposium. May 14-17, Wageningen, The Netherlands. (poster).<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Engelgau, P. and R. Beaudry. 2023. Themes of fruit aroma biochemistry: Deregulation for propagation. Postharvest Unlimited Conference and Ornamentals Symposium. 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Acta Horticulturae, 1344, 65-71. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2022.1344.10">https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2022.1344.10</a><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Moggia C, Bravo MA, Baettig R, Valdés M, Romero-Bravo S, Zúñiga M, Cornejo J, Gosetti F, Ballabio D, Cabeza RA, Beaudry R, Lobos GA. 2022. Improving bitter pit prediction by the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF): A new approach by multivariate classification. Front Plant Sci. 2022 Nov 30;13:1033308. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1033308. 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Postharvest Biology and Technology 184, 111776,<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Brecht, J.K., M.A. Ritenour, M.A. Olmstead, A. Sarkhosh, J.X. Chaparro, J.A. Bartz, S.A. Sargent, and J. Van Sickle. 2023. Harvesting and Postharvest Handling of Stonefruit in Florida. HS1459. UF/IFAS, Gainesville, FL. 68 p. <a href="https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs1459-2023">https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs1459-2023</a> (Extension handbook)<span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559685":720,"335559739":160,"335559740":259,"335559991":720,"469777462":[720,1440,2160,2880,3600,4320,5040,5760,6480,7200,7920,8640],"469777927":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"469777928":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}">  Brecht, J.K. and M.A. Ritenour. 2023. Postharvest Stonefruit Defects and Disorders, p. 57-62. 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Liu. 2022. Identification of senescence-associated genes in broccoli (Brassica oleracea) following harvest. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 183:111729, 13 p. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111729">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111729</a>   Batziakas, K.G., S. Singh, H. Stanley, J.K. Brecht, C.L. Rivard, and E.D. Pliakoni. 2022. An innovative approach for maintaining the quality of pink tomatoes stored at optimum and above-optimum temperatures using a microporous membrane patch. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 34:100981 11 p. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100981">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100981</a>   Belisle, C.E., G.V. Sandoya, S.A. Sargent and G.F. Kreutz. 2023. Lettuce germplasm in humid subtropical environments tolerant to postharvest development of pink rib disorder. J. American Soc. Hort. Sci. <a href="https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05295-23">https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05295-23</a> (In press)  Belisle, C.E., S.A. Sargent, G.V. Sandoya, J.K. Brecht, R. Dai, B. Askey, Z. Le, M. Lin and J. Kim. 2023. Melatonin reduces pink rib discoloration in wounded lettuce midribs. Postharvest Biology & Technology Vol. 109. <a href="https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.postharvbio.2023.112307&data=05%7C01%7Csasa%40ufl.edu%7C668c4b82cedd403fb68608db1f4ac4af%7C0d4da0f84a314d76ace60a62331e1b84%7C0%7C0%7C638138178233594380%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=A0hG5HRCl5%2BG5%2FFj6TIoJXsV6QCVOUOTEoZkXJEixYI%3D&reserved=0">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2023.112307</a>  Bender, R.J., J.K. Brecht, and E.A. Baldwin. 2022. Aroma of mature-green and tree-ripe mangoes after refrigerated air or controlled atmosphere storage. Ciencia Rural 52(6), 8 p.  <a href="http://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210062">http://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210062</a>   Chang, L. and J.K. Brecht. 2023. Responses of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)−treated banana fruit to pre− and post−treatment ethylene exposure. Sci. Hort. 309:111636 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111636">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111636</a>   Chang, L., S.A. Sargent, J. Kim and J.K. Brecht. 2022. Delaying ripening using 1-MCP reveals chilling injury symptom development at the putative chilling threshold temperature for mature green banana. Frontiers in Plant Science-Crop and Product Physiology. 13:966789, 12 p. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.966789">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.966789</a>   Khalil, U., I.A. Rajwana, K. Razzaq, U. Farooq, B.A. Saleem, and J.K. Brecht. 2023. Quality attributes and biochemical changes in white and colored table grapes as influenced by harvest maturity and ambient postharvest storage. S. African J. Bot. 154:273-281. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.01.044">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.01.044</a>   Rubio Ames, Z., J.K. Brecht, M.A. Olmstead, T.A. Colquhoun, and S.A. Keene. 2022. Using conjoint-based experimental design to assess willingness to purchase Florida peaches. HortScience 57:1110-1119 <a href="https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI16588-22">https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI16588-22</a>   Shahzad, F., T. Vashisth, M.A. Ritenour, and J.K. Brecht. 2023. Huanglongbing disease symptoms and the postharvest quality of ‘LB8-9’ (Sugar Belle®) and ‘Tango’ mandarins as affected by ethylene treatment. Scientia Horticulturae 310:111766, 10 p., <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111766">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111766</a>    Theodore, C., S.A. Sargent, J.K. Brecht, L. Zotarelli and A.D. Berry. 2022. Comparison of Three Cooling Methods (Hydrocooling, Forced-Air Cooling and Slush Icing) and Plastic Overwrap on Broccoli Quality during Simulated Commercial Handling. Agriculture 12, 1272. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081272">https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081272</a>  Zhang, C., G. Hoogenboom, M.A. Ritenour, S.M. Alam-Eldein, R. Muñoz-Carpena, and S.A. Sargent. 2022. Modeling the relationship between air temperature and grapefruit quality traits. J Sci Food Agric. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12219">https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12219</a>  Brecht, J.K., S.A. Sargent, N. Ristow, J.A. Osuna García, and S. Singh. 2022. Demonstrating modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) feasibility for mango export. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS CAMA2021 Symposium) (in press since 2022)  Pliakoni, E., D.J. Huber, S.A. Sargent, and J.K. Brecht. Use of two different MAP systems for extension of shelf like of romaine lettuce. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS CAMA2021 Symposium) (in press since 2022).  Liu, T., Albornoz, K., Deltsidis, A., and D.M. Beckles. Postharvest Ripening, Senescence, and Technology. Frontiers in Genetics. 2022 Jun 6;13:920584.   Larson, J., Perkins-Veazie, P., Ma, G., Kon, T. 2023. Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development. Horticulturae 9 <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/2/279">10.3390/horticulturae9020279</a>   Identification of bromelain subfamily proteases encoded in the pineapple genome. 2023. Yow, A., Bostan, H., Young, R., Valacchi, G., Gillitt, N., Perkins-Veazie, P., Qui-Yun, X., Iorizzo, M. Scientific Reports 13, Article number: 11605 (2023) <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-38907-y">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-38907-y</a>  Perkins-Veazie, P., Ma, G., Schwickerath, J., Meyer, E., Chen, H. 2023. The absence of malvidin-3-glucoside in petiole tissue predicts rare red-type flower of eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis). Agriculture 13(3), 598; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030598">https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030598</a>  Ingram, T., Sharpe, S., Trandel, M., Perkins-Veazie, P., Louws, F., Meadows, I. 2022. Vigorous rootstocks improve yields and increase fruit sizes in grafted fresh market tomatoes. Frontiers Hortic. 1, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fhort.2022.1091342">https://doi.org/10.3389/fhort.2022.1091342</a>.  Tong, C.B.S., R.E. Moran, R. Wiepz, and Z.M. Vickers. 2022. Postharvest characteristics of ‘MN80’ (TriumphTM) apple fruit compared to ‘Cortland’ and ‘Honeycrisp’. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 76(3):103-113.  Moran, R.E., J.R. DeEll and C.B.S. Tong. 2022. ‘Honeycrisp’ apple maturity, quality and storage disorders according to interior and exterior tree canopy position.  J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 76(3):94-102.  Taghavi, T.; Patel, H.; Rafie, R. Extraction Solvents Affect Anthocyanin Yield, Color, and Profile of Strawberries. Plants 2023, 12, 1833. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091833">https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091833</a>  Farcuh, M.*, Hopfer, H. 2023. Aroma volatiles as predictors of chilling injury development during peach (Prunus persica (L) Batsch) cold storage and subsequent shelf-life. Postharvest Biology and Technology 195: 112137. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2022.112137">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2022.112137</a>   Claffey,S., Farcuh, M. Sep 2022. All about apple rootstocks. University of Maryland Extension Factsheet FS-2022-0638. <a href="https://extension.umd.edu/resource/all-about-apple-rootstocks-fs-2022-0638">https://extension.umd.edu/resource/all-about-apple-rootstocks-fs-2022-0638</a>  Corte,C., Farcuh, M. Oct 2022. From the orchard to cold storage: a closer look at the development of nine physiological disorders in apples. University of Maryland Extension Factsheet FS-2022-0640. <a href="https://extension.umd.edu/resource/orchard-cold-storage-closer-look-development-nine-physiological-disorders-apples-fs-2022-0640">https://extension.umd.edu/resource/orchard-cold-storage-closer-look-development-nine-physiological-disorders-apples-fs-2022-0640</a>  Cai, W., Al Shoffe, Y., Park, D.S., Watkins C.B. 2023 Harvest maturity and preharvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatment effects on cold induced ethylene production of ‘Gala’ apples. HortScience 58: 532–538 doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1142913  Hosseini, A., Saba, M.K., Watkins, C.B. 2023 Microbial antagonists to biologically control postharvest decay and preserve fruit quality. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. Doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2023.2184323  Mumford, A., E.D. Pliakoni, and I. Hale. 2023. Effects of Harvest Maturity on Storability, Ripening Dynamics, and Fruit Quality of ‘Geneva 3’ Kiwiberries. HortScience, 58(7), 761-767.   Ghimire, U., E.D. Pliakoni, F. Yu, J.K. Brecht and T. Liu. 2023 Identifying genes regulated during natural, on-plant senescence in broccoli (Brassica oleracea) in contrast to postharvest senescence. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 206, 112535  Haley, O.C., E.D. Pliakoni, C. Rivard, L. Nwadike and M. Bhullar. 2023.The Attenuation of Microbial Reduction in Blueberry Fruit Following UV-LED Treatment. J Food Prot. 86 (3) 100056.  Gude, K.M.  C.B. Rajashekar, W. Wang, K. Ayub, Q. Kang, C.L. Rivard and E.D. Pliakoni. 2022. Effects of various high tunnel coverings on color and phenolic compounds of red and green leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa). J Food and Nutr. Health 3(1):1-10   Batziakas K., S. Singh, H. Stanley, J.K. Brecht, C.L. Rivard and E.D. Pliakoni. 2022. An innovative approach for maintaining the quality of pink tomatoes stored at optimum an above-optimum temperatures using passive modified atmosphere packaging. Food Packaging 34, 100981,  Batziakas K., T. Jenkins, H. Stanley, B. Cunningham, Q. Kang, C. Rivard and E.D. 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Non-destructive method to classify walnut kernel freshness from volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions using gas chromatography-differential mobility spectrometry (GC-DMS) and machine learning analysis. Appl. Food Res. 3: 100308.    Nonrefereed Publications:  Deltsidis, A., Z. Rubio Ames and N. Espinoza. 2023. Blueberry Harvesting and Postharvest Handling. University of Georgia Extension Publications Circular 1269.  Deltsidis, A., Z. Rubio Ames and N. Espinoza. 2023. Blackberry Harvesting and Postharvest Handling. University of Georgia Extension Publications Circular 1282.  Brecht, J.K., B. Schaffer, J. Crane, Y. Li, A. Vargas, J. Ramirez-Mogollón, R. Moreira-Macías, and V. Alvarez.  2021. Mango internal discoloration: “cutting black” or “corte negro”. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.  134:60.  Chang, Y., A. Sarkhosh, and J.K. Brecht. 2021. Evaluation of thyme oil vapor for control of postharvest gray mold on blueberry. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.  134:174.  Lee, J.A., J.K. Brecht, S. Castro-Wallace, F.M. Donovan, J.A. Hogan, T. Liu, G.D. Massa, S.A. Sargent, A.M. Settles, N.K. Singh, Y.-A. Velez Justiniano and K. Venkateswara. 2021 (released in 2022). A white paper submitted to the Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences Research in Space 2023-2032. NASA.  <a href="https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fcitations%2F20210023206&data=05%7C01%7Csasa%40ufl.edu%7Cbd06286ad64c4ece56d308daeea238ab%7C0d4da0f84a314d76ace60a62331e1b84%7C0%7C0%7C638084677739876609%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=diu4VIptF7buWnNhR7yVhllZ9M%2BEEeP9%2BFZyOFekaYE%3D&reserved=0">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210023206</a>  Liu, T., Y. Ahlawat, J. Brecht, and E. Pliakoni. 2021. Investigate the regulation of senescence associated signaling mechanism in postharvest broccoli. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.  134:185.  Madison, M., J.K. Brecht, S.A. Sargent, and J. Crane. 2021. Ripening inhibition and quality of selected tropical fruits in relation to 1-MCP controlled release technology from Hazel Technologies. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.  134:161.  Mussoline, W., Sargent, S., England, G. and Christensen, C. 2021. Harvest yields for Brussles sprouts cultivar trials in northeast Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 134: 113-115.  Santana, M., Sargent, S., Berry, A. Dinkins, D., Mussoline, W. and Liu, G. 2021. Determining optimal handling conditions and shelf life for orange- and purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes: preliminary studies. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 134: 177.  Santiago, J.M., Guzman, S. Kadyampakeni, D.M., Williamson, J.G., Sargent, S.A., Ferrarezi and Rossi, L. 2021. Fertilizer inputs affect grapefruit root health. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 134: 83.

Impact Statements

New knowledge regarding the use of PGRs to manage physiological disorders in new apple cultivars.