NC_old213: Marketing and Delivery of Quality Grains and BioProcess Coproducts

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

Project Menu

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[06/30/2014] [02/26/2015] [03/28/2016] [03/08/2017] [03/05/2018]

Date of Annual Report: 06/30/2014

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/25/2014 - 02/26/2014
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2009 - 09/01/2014

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please see attached "Copy of Minutes" file below for NC213's final, 2014 termination report.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 02/26/2015

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/18/2015 - 02/19/2015
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2012 - 09/01/2013

Participants

Participants Attachment:

Attachment

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Annual Executive Committee Teleconference: Wednesday, February 11 – 3PM – Eastern Time

In attendance:

NC-213 Industry Advisory Committee Chair, Chuck Hill
NC-213 Vice Chair, Kingsly Ambrose
NC-213 Secretary, Gretchen Mosher
NC-213 Past Chair, Klein Ileleji
NC-213 Administrative Advisor/Coordinator, Steven A. Slack
NC-213 Administrative Support, Bill Koshar

NC-213 Anderson Research Grant Program-Team Competition 2014
Bill Koshar.
Eight proposals were received, one was deemed to be ineligible, and one was selected for funding. The winning proposal; “Determining Time, Aeration, and Loading Cycle Effects on Grain Packing.” The Team consists of: Project Contact: Mark E. Casada, Ph.D., P.E., USDA, ARS, Center for Grain & Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas. Co-PIs:

R.P. Kingsly Ambrose, Ph.D., Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
Michael Montross, Ph.D., P.E., University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
Rumela Bhadra, Ph.D., Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
Sidney A. Thompson, Ph.D., University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
Samuel G. McNeill, Ph.D., P.E., University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
Josephine M. Boac, Ph.D., Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas

NC-213 One Pager
Bill Koshar.
This was updated due to NC-213 beginning a new five year term October 2013. We took input from the entire NC-213 Membership. This is a valuable tool for us, especially when reaching out to Industry. There are a limited number available at the meeting and you can find the NC-213 One Pager on the NC-213 website.

Annual Report Discussion with an emphasis on: Impact Statement review and External Funding
Bill Koshar.
The AA’s Office will lead discussion on finalizing impact statements for the Annual Report. Other areas of the Annual Report are: meeting participants, meeting minutes, and publications, which the AA’s Office will complete. The Executive Committee will complete, with assistance from members at large, the “Accomplishments” section. (Refer to handout for complete details on Impact Statements to be covered during this discussion.) The Annual Report is due 60 days after the Annual Meeting.

This will also include an “Impact Statement” session where Steven Slack will take actual impacts from the report of progress and modify to make an acceptable “Impact Statement.”

Steven Slack shared with the group that NC-213 members do an extraordinary job on their annual reports and that it is important to show and to share our research.

Mid-Term Review
Bill Koshar.
The Mid-Term Review needs to be completed after the second year of the Project. The Mid-Term review must be submitted to NCRA Director’s Office NLT February 15, 2016 to be reviewed at the March 2016 Meeting. (Please refer to the handout of the prior NC-213 Mid-Term for discussion.)

NC-213 Annual Progress Reports from Participating Stations
Bill Koshar.
There were approximately 22 reports received. The final publication is available by visiting the NC-213 web site.

Steven Slack shared with the group that the NCRA Directors review projects 30 days after annual meetings and it is important to have all research in the publication.

NC-213 Annual Meeting – 2016.
Bill Koshar.
GEAPS Exchange 2016 will be held in Austin, TX from Sunday, February 27 – Tuesday, March 1, 2016. The President’s Banquet is currently planned to be held on the Tue 3/1 evening.
Typically, the Wheat Quality Council meets during the third week of February and most likely will be held in Kansas City, Missouri during the week of February 15 (Monday: 2/15, Tuesday: 2/16, Wednesday: 2/17 [Banquet], Thursday: 2/18).

Discussion will continue at the NC-213 Annual Business Meeting in Kansas City.

Officer elections.
Bill Koshar.
Talk with the group and identify someone to approach for nomination, for the position of NC-213 Secretary, at the NC-213 Annual Business Meeting.

Klein Ileleji (NC-213 Past Chairs rolls off)
Senay Simsek (NC-213 Chair to NC-213 Past Chair)
Kingsly Ambrose (NC-213 Vice Chair to NC-213 Chair)
Gretchen Mosher (NC-213 Secretary to NC-213 Vice Chair)

Note: Need to fill the position of secretary.

Chuck Hill (NC-213 Chair of the NC-213 Industry Advisory Committee)
Note: All objective co-chair positions are filled.
1: K.M. Lee and S. Simsek
2: B. Adam and H. Dogan
3: R.P. Kingsly Ambrose and G. Mosher

Bill Koshar is to send a list of NC-213 Members, for consideration, which joined over the past three years, along with the name of Sam McNeill, University of Kentucky. Senay and the Executive Committee will review the names and discuss prior to the meeting. Steven Slack is encouraging them to have this discussion no later than Monday, February 16.

Based on the Appendix E forms from the last three years, with the exception of Sam McNeill, here is a list:

Griffiths Atungulu, University of Arkansas
Sam McNeill, University of Kentucky
Dojin Ryu, University of Idaho
Grace Danao, University of Illinois-Urbana
Kurt Rosentrater, Iowa State University
Pierce Paul, The Ohio State University

NC-213 Annual Business Meeting: Thursday, February 19 – 12Noon – Embassy Suites KCI

In attendance:

Please see the attached .pdf document with a list of attendees.

NC-213 Anderson Research Grant Program-Team Competition 2014
A quick review of the Team Competition 2014 was given by Steven A. Slack.
Eight proposals were received, one was deemed to be ineligible, and one was selected for funding. The winning proposal; “Determining Time, Aeration, and Loading Cycle Effects on Grain Packing.” The Team consists of: Project Contact: Mark E. Casada, Ph.D., P.E., USDA, ARS, Center for Grain & Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas. Co-PIs:

NC-213 One Pager
Steven A Slack stressed that this is an important tool for the group to use. This was updated due to NC-213 beginning a new five year term October 2013. We took input from the entire NC-213 Membership. This is a valuable tool for us, especially when reaching out to Industry. There are a limited number available at the meeting and you can find the NC-213 One Pager on the NC-213 website.

Annual Report Discussion with an emphasis on: Impact Statement review and External Funding
The AA’s Office will lead discussion on finalizing impact statements for the Annual Report. Other areas of the Annual Report are: meeting participants, meeting minutes, and publications, which the AA’s Office will complete. The Executive Committee will complete, with assistance from members at large, the “Accomplishments” section. (Refer to handout for complete details on Impact Statements to be covered during this discussion.) The Annual Report is due 60 days after the Annual Meeting.

Steven Slack shared with the group that NC-213 members do an extraordinary job on their annual reports and that it is important to show and to share our research.

Mid-Term Review
The Mid-Term Review needs to be completed after the second year of the Project. The Mid-Term review must be submitted to NCRA Director’s Office NLT February 15, 2016 to be reviewed at the March 2016 Meeting. (Please refer to the handout of the prior NC-213 Mid-Term for discussion.)

NC-213 Annual Progress Reports from Participating Stations
Bill Koshar.
There were approximately 22 reports received. The final publication is available by visiting the NC-213 web site.

Steven Slack shared with the group that the NCRA Directors review projects 30 days after annual meetings and it is important to have all research in the publication.

NC-213 Annual Meeting – 2016.
Senay Simsek reviewed the two options for next year’s meeting.
GEAPS Exchange 2016 will be held in Austin, TX from Sunday, February 27 – Tuesday, March 1, 2016. The President’s Banquet is currently planned to be held on the Tue 3/1 evening.
Typically, the Wheat Quality Council meets during the third week of February and most likely will be held in Kansas City, Missouri during the week of February 15 (Monday: 2/15, Tuesday: 2/16, Wednesday: 2/17 [Banquet], Thursday: 2/18).

The group voted to join GEAPS in Austin, Texas. Bill Koshar will work with his contacts at GEAPS and work out the particulars. He will also draft a letter that incoming NC-213 Chair, Kingsly Ambrose, will send to GEAPS requesting that we join them for their banquet, and collaborative efforts.

Dirk Maier stressed that we should work on getting some type of an agenda to GEAPS in a timely manner to help advertise our portion of the meeting.

The Andersons Cereals & Oilseeds Award of Excellence and The Andersons Early-in-Career Award
Klein Ileleji lead discussion on extending the nomination period to Monday, March 30. After some discussion, the group felt that it would be a good idea to extend the nomination period and to present the awards at the upcoming 2015 International Grain Quality and Food Safety Conference. Klien will continue to be Awards Committee Chair, even though he is rolling off as NC-213 Past Chair.

Officer elections.
Senay Simsek lead discussion on the Officer elections. Here is an overview:

Klein Ileleji (NC-213 Past Chairs rolls off)
Senay Simsek (NC-213 Chair to NC-213 Past Chair)
Kingsly Ambrose (NC-213 Vice Chair to NC-213 Chair)
Gretchen Mosher (NC-213 Secretary to NC-213 Vice Chair)

Note: Need to fill the position of secretary.

Chuck Hill (NC-213 Chair of the NC-213 Industry Advisory Committee)
Note: All objective co-chair positions are filled.
1: K.M. Lee and S. Simsek
2: B. Adam and H. Dogan
3: R.P. Kingsly Ambrose and G. Mosher

Sam McNeill, University of Kentucky, was nominated, and accepted the nomination, to be NC-213 Secretary. The group overwhelmingly voted Sam as incoming NC-213 Secretary.

Meeting adjourned.

Accomplishments

The NC-213 member organizations work focused on characterizing quality and safety of cereals, oilseeds and their processed products; developed measurement systems; developed management systems that maintain quality; and worked towards protecting food safety and security. The major accomplishments were the new NIR calibration and measurement methods for measuring and maintaining grains and their ingredient quality and safety, developed evaluation systems to assess postharvest losses and risk assessment systems to maintain food safety in supply chains, and trained industry workers on food and industrial safety. Short-term Outcomes: The new set of NIRS calibrations developed by NC-213 members, for corn and soybeans, are widely used by Foss Infratec line of analyzers. Advance forecasts of crop quality and storability conditions for soybean developed by the members were transferred to producers and the grain industry. A grain traceability system was developed to better manage production and marketing data. A new grain packing factor was developed and is in the process of adoption by the insurance companies. Grain handling and processing industry workers were trained on safety, better handling practices, and grain processing through short courses, workshops and distance education programs. Activities: Development of methods to assess quality and food safety: Near infrared (NIR) methods enable easy and quick quantification tools to measure the quality of grain and their ingredients. Calibrations are being developed to measure the processing characteristics of soybean and canola. Spectroscopic methods are being used to detect aflatoxin in grains and oilseeds. In addition, visible and NIR spectroscopy methods were developed to detect black tip infested wheat kernels. Scientists from NC-213 are also involved in developing hyperspectral imaging methods to measure fungal growth and aflatoxin in corn. Processing techniques: The processing quality of wheat and sorghum were studied for better product development. In specific, milling and breadmaking characteristics of hard spring wheat from diverse growing regions were studied. Grain quality that relates to whole wheat pasta quality was identified by testing using different milling techniques. Different sorghum lines were screened for grain composition to improve sorghum utilization. An alternative method to determine the volume of grain in a bin was also developed by NC-213 members. Quality and safety: Modified in-bin drying and storage methods for rice was evaluated for maintaining grain quality and prevention of mycotoxins. A LC-MS/MS method was developed to shorten the time of mycotoxin analysis. This method eliminated purification steps. In addition, an electrochemical immunosensor platform was developed for detecting mycotoxin contamination in grains. Non-thermal pre-milling interventions were evaluated to improve the microbial safety of wheat flour. Different techniques to reduce the mycotoxins in dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) was evaluated. A nanostructured alumina based particle was tested for efficacy against insect pest control in grain bins. Grain supply chain management: A grain traceability system that could be used by farmers was developed. This system could provide value-based and safety information to other participants in the supply chain, including consumers. A mechanistic model was developed to evaluate the spread of infestations and identify strategies that minimize the spread, in bucket elevator boots. Training and education: FDA inspectors were trained on grain handling and processing system to apply focused and targeted enforcement in farm-to-user supply chain. Grain handling and processing facility workers were trained in grain dust control. More than 3000 industry workers went through distance education courses offered by NC-213 members on grain handling and processing. Milestones: To develop an accurate method for mycotoxin measurement by 2015 To identify processing quality of grains that could be easily measured by non-destructive techniques To develop a supply chain management system to for better food traceability and safety Continue train industry workers on better grain handling and processing methods. External funding leveraged: Lead P.I. – Simsek, S., North Dakota State University North Dakota Wheat Commission 2013- 2014. $30,000.00 Lead P.I., Jones, C., Oklahoma State University “Canola Storage in Southern Climates”. Northstar Oilseed Co. and WB Johnston Grain. 10/1/2013 – 9/29/2014. $10,000.00 Lead P.I., Jones, C., Oklahoma State University “Grain Handling and Storage Safety and Rescue Research and Education.” 7/1/2013 – 6/30/2014. $46,877.00 Lead P.I., Jones, C., Oklahoma State University Oklahoma Oilseed Commission “Storage of Winter Canola in Oklahoma”. 7/9/2013 – 7/1/2014. $10,292.00 Co-P.I., Jones, C., Oklahoma State University Supplemental and Alternative Crops Competitive Grants Program 10/1/2014 – 9/30/2016. $210,000.00 Co-P.I., Jones, C. Oklahoma State University Occupational Safety and Health Administration “Susan Harwood Capacity Building Development.” 10/1/2014 - 9/30/2018. $640,000.00 Lead P.I., Lee, K.M., Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System AMCOE (Aflatoxin Mitigation Center of Excellence) Research Program of National Corn Growers Association (NCGA). Lead P.I., Somavat, P., University of Illinois-Urbana ADM Institute for the Prevention of Postharvest Loss and CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar India. Lead P.I., Ambrose, R.P.K., Kansas State University Australian Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre Yao, Haibo, Geosystems Research Institute/Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station Mississippi State University Lead P.I., Manthey, F.A., North Dakota State University North Dakota Wheat Commission, $12,500 Adam, B., C. Chung, and P. Kenkel. “Sitlington Enriched Graduate Scholarships – Costs and Benefits of Alternative Biosecurity Measures in the Grain Production/Marketing System,” to be used for recruiting graduate students. A competitive grant funded by the Sitlington Endowment in the amount of $4,000/yr., plus $1,000 in research support, for academic years 2014-2017; $15,000. Project Leader Brian Adam. Adam, Brian. “Sitlington Enriched Graduate Scholarships – Multidisciplinary Research on Integrated Pest Management,” to be used for recruiting graduate students. A competitive grant funded by the Sitlington Endowment in the amount of $4,000/yr., plus $1,000 in research support, for academic years 2014-2017; $15,000. Project Leader Brian Adam. “Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Effective Integrated Pest Management in Rice Mills,” USDA-NIFA Methyl Bromide Transition, 9/1/2014-8/31/2017, $450,000. PIs McKay, Arthur, Campbell, Adam, Wilson, Yang, and Reagan. “Evaluation of New Strategies and Tactics to Manage Insect Pests in Mills,” USDA-NIFA-ICGP-004257, 9/1/2013-8/31/2016, $500,000. PIs Kun Yan Zhu, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Frank Arthur, James Campbell, Brian Adam, and Ducatte. “Developing IPM with MB Alternatives for Protecting Southern Dry-Cured Hams,” USDA-NIFA-ICGP-004257, 9/1/2013-8/31/2016, $500,000. PIs Thomas Phillips (KSU), Wes Schilling (MSU), and Brian Adam (OSU). Advancement of a whole-chain, stakeholder driven traceability system for agricultural commodities: beef cattle pilot demonstration. USDA/NIFSI, 9/1/2011-8/31/2014 (no-cost extension until 8/31/2014), $543,000 with Noble Foundation, U. of Arkansas, and Pardalis, Inc. PIs Buser, Adam, Mayfield, Thomas, Bowser, Ricke, and Crandall. Lead P.I., Ambrose, R.P.K., Kansas State University Training on advanced methods of grain dust control within the grain handling and processing industry Training Grant, Occupational Safety and Health Administration - Department of Labor. $104,901.00 Lead P.I., Parcell, J.L., University of Missouri “CAFNR Undergraduate Soybean Industry Research Scholars.” Missouri Soybean Merchandising Council $16,000.00 Lead P.I., Parcell, J.L., University of Missouri “Market Intelligence for Missouri Crop Producers.” Missouri Soybean Merchandising Council $35,000.00 Lead P.I., H. Gedikoglu, University of Missouri “Sustainable Market Development and Resource use for Specialty Crops.” USDA, National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Capacity Building Grant Program) $332,690.00 Lead P.I., H. Gedikoglu, University of Missouri “Socio-economic Factors and Adoption of Energy Crops.” USDA, National Institute of Food and Agriculture $94,258.00 Lead P.I., Parcell, J.L., University of Missouri “Feasibility study: McKaskle Farms Organic Processing.” USDA Value Added Producer Grant $28,000.00 Lead P.I., Parcell, J.L., University of Missouri “Student Understanding of Price Risk Management through Experiential Learning via Distance Education Delivery.” USDA NIFA $261,280.00 Lead P.I., Parcell, University of Missouri “Enhancing Profitability of Small and Medium Sized Farms Through Interactive Decisions Making Tools and Modules.” USDA NIFA $498,434.00

Publications

Objective 1 Lidia Esteve Agelet and Charles R. Hurburgh. 2013. Limitations and Current Applications of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Single Seed Analysis. Talanta. (12): 288-299. Medic, J, Dennis Lock, Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. and Christine Atkinson. 2014. Uncertainty of methods for measuring soybean composition – an interlaboratory study. JAOCS (submitted) Baasandorj, T., Ohm, J., Simsek, S. 2014. Dark, Hard and Vitreous Kernel Content Effect on Flour and Baking Quality of Hard Red Spring Wheat. Abstract. AACC International. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/Documents/2014Abstracts/2014P79.htm Books and Monographs 2014. MWPS-13 Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook, Safety and Automation (2 chapters), Kansas State University Publishing. 2014. Kamath, M., R. Ingalls, C. Jones, G. Shen, and P. Pulat. “A Decision Support System for Transportation Infrastructure and Supply Chain System Planning”. Oklahoma Transportation Center. OTCREOS7.1-25-F. Journal Articles Bajracharya, N., G. Opit, C. Jones, and J. Talley. 2014. Efficacies of spinosad and a combination of chlorpyrifos-methyl and deltamethrin against phosphine-resistant Rhysopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrianidae) on wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 106(5):2208-15. Sekhon, J., C. Jones and N. Maness. 2014. Effect of preprocessing and solvent extraction with compressed propane on quality of cilantro (Coriandrum Sativum L.). Food Chemistry 175: 322-328. Sekhon, J., C. Jones and N. Maness. 2014. Effect of propane extraction and subsequent storage on color and volatile composition of dried cilantro (Coriandrum Sativum L.) Journal of Food Quality (accepted for publication). Presentations Grain Bin Safety and Management, Specialty Risk Insurance Conference, Carthage, MO, December 18, 2014. Grain Quality and Aeration Management, AgExpo, Oklahoma Grain and Feed Association, Oklahoma City, OK, November 3, 2014 Bin Design Parameters for Future Grain Handling Systems, Ontario Agri Business Association Grain Entrapment Prevention Workshop, Blythe, CA, August 22, 2014. Bin Design Parameters for Future Grain Handling Systems, Ontario Agri Business Association Grain Entrapment Prevention Workshop, Ridgetown, CA, August 25, 2014. Grain Quality and Safety for the Farm, Locke Farms, Zephyr, Ontario, July 10, 2014. Grain Quality and Safety for Firefighters, Locke Farms, Zephyr, Ontario, July 9, 2014. Aflatoxin and Storage in Oklahoma, Soybean Growers, May 9, 2014, Enid OK. Sealing and Sanitation, Oklahoma Fumigation Practical, April 3, 2014, Stillwater, OK. Forces in Grain Bins, Great Lakes GEAPS Conference, March 25-28, 2014, Angola, IN. Grain Quality and the Safety Connection, March 25-28, 2014, Angola, IN. Aeration basics and beyond, Great Lakes GEAPS Conference, March 25-28, 2014, Angola, IN. Aeration basics and beyond, Grain Operations and Entrapment Prevention Symposium, March 18 – 21, 2014, Bloomington, IL. Canola Storage in the MidWest, CoMark Canola Handling Workshop, March 5, 2014, Cheney, KS. Grain Quality and Safety, Grain Entrapment Prevention Symposium, March 19, 2014. Bloomington, Illinois. Grain Quality and Safety, Aeration Designs, Great Lakes Regional Conference GEAPS/IAOM, March 26-28, 2014. Angola, Indiana. Consensus Standards, Design Parameters and Entrapment/Anchor Points, Great Lakes Regional Conference GEAPS/IAOM, March 26-28, 2014. Angola, Indiana. K.M. Lee, T.J. Herrman, Y. Bisrat, and S.C. Murray. 2014. Feasibility of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for raid detection of aflatoxins in maize. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 62:4466–4474. K.M. Lee, J. Davis, T.J. Herrman, S.C. Murray, and Y. Deng. 2015. An empirical evaluation of three vibrational spectroscopic methods for detection of aflatoxins in maize. Food Chemistry. 173, 629?639. Paul R. Armstrong, Elizabeth B. Maghirang and Tom C. Pearson. 2014. Detecting Black Tip-Damaged Wheat Kernels Using Visible and Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Accepted to Cereal Chem. Herald, T., Gadgil, P., Perumal, R., Bean, S., and Wilson, J. 2014. High-throughput micro-plate HCl-vanillin assay for screening tannin content in sorghum grain. J. Sci. Food Agric. 94:2133-2136. Cremer, J. E., Liu, L., Bean, S. R., Ohm, J. B., Tilley, M., Wilson, J. D., Kaufman, R. C., Vu, T. H., Gilding, E. K., Godwin, I. D., and Wang, D. 2014.Impacts of kafirin allelic diversity, starch content and protein digestibility on ethanol conversion efficiency in grain sorghum. Cereal Chem. 91:218-227. Cremer, J.E., Bean, S.R., Tilley, M., Ioerger, B.P., Ohm, J.-B., Kaufmann, R.C., Wilson, J.D., Innes, D.D., Gilding, E.K., and Godwin, I.D. 2014. Grain Sorghum Proteomics: An integrated approach towards characterization of seed storage proteins in kafirin allelic variants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62:9819-9831. Kaufman, R.C., Wilson, J., Bean, S.R., Herald, T.J. and Shi, Y.C. 2014. Development of a 96-well plate iodine binding assay for amylose content determination. Carbohydrate Polymer 115:444-447. Pontieri, P., Di Fiore, R., Troisi, J., Di Maro, A., Bean, S., Tuinstra, M., Roemer, E., Boffa, A., Del Giudice, A., Pizzolante, G., Alifano, P., and Del Giudice, L. 2014. Mineral content in grains of seven food-grade sorghum hybrids grown in a Mediterranean environment. Australian J. Crop Sci. 8:1550-1559. Bean, S. R., and Ioerger, B. P. 2014. Sorghum and Millet Proteins. In: Applied Food Protein Chemistry. Ustunol, Z. Eds. Oxford Press. Perumal, R., Tesfaye, T., Kofoid, K., Prasad, V.P., Aiken, R., Bean, S.R., Wilson, J., Herad, T., and Little, C. 2014. Registration of nine grain sorghum seed parent (A/B) lines. J. Plant Registrations. In press. Objective 2 Zhongli Pan, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Xuan Li. 2014. Infrared Heating. In: Emerging Technologies for Food Processing. 2nd Edition. Da-Wen Sun (ed.). Academic Press-an Imprint of Elsevier, San Diego CA. Pg. 461-474 Griffiths G. Atungulu, Hou Min Zhong, Koide Shoji. Simulation of Fixed-Bed Batch Drying of Rice Using the Sphere Drying Model. 2014 ASABE and CSBE | SCGAB Annual International Meeting, July 13 – 16, 2014, Montreal, Quebec Canada Griffiths G. Atungulu, Hou Min Zhong, Terry Siebenmorgen. Survey of factors affecting Microorganisms on Freshly harvested Rice. 2014 ASABE and CSBE | SCGAB Annual International Meeting, July 13 – 16, 2014, Montreal, Quebec Canada Griffiths G. Atungulu and Zhongli Pan. 2014. Rice industrial processing worldwide and impact on macro- and micronutrient content, stability, and retention. ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 1324 (2014) 15–28, doi:10.1111/nyas.12492. T. Siebenmorgen, G. Atungulu, R. Norman, T. Roberts, P. Counce. Impacts of Nitrogen-Fertilizer Management and On Farm Drying Practices on Milling Yield and Quality of Rice. Ecosystems Interim report 01-2014 for BR Wells Nguyen, K.T.N. and D. Ryu. 2014. Ultrasonic extraction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of ochratoxin A in processed cereal products. J. AOAC Int. 97(5):1384-1386. Lee, H.J., A.D. Meldrum, N. Rivera, and D. Ryu. 2014. Cross-reactivity of antibodies with phenolic compounds in pistachios during quantification of ochratoxin A by commercial ELISA kits. J. Food Prot. 77(10):1754-1759. Nguyen, K.T.N. and D. Ryu. 2014. Development of a stir bar sorptive extraction method for analysis of ochratoxin A in beer. J. AOAC Int. 97(4):1092-1096. Somavat, P., H. Huang, S. Kumar, M.K. Garg, M.G. Danao, V. Singh, K.D. Rausch and M.R. Paulsen. Comparison of hermetic storage of wheat with traditional storage methods in India. ASABE Paper No. 1898076, presented at 2014 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Montreal, Quebec Canada, Jul 13-16, 2014. Jelena Medic, Christine Atkinson, and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2014. Current knowledge in soybean composition. JAOCS, 91: 363-384. Ramaswamy, S.K. and G.A. Mosher. Perceptions of agricultural college students on the relationship between quality and safety in agricultural work environments. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, Accepted 11/2014. Laux, C.M., G.A.Mosher, and C.R. Hurburgh. Application of quality management systems to grain: An inventory management case study. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. Accepted 12/2014. Ramaswamy, S.K. and G.A. Mosher. 2014. An investigation of quality climate and its association with implementation of quality management systems. Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) 2014 Conference Proceedings Paper, November 2014, St. Louis, MO. Ryan, S.J. and G.A. Mosher. 2014. Use of risk mapping tools to identify hazards in bulk materials handling. Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) 2014 Conference Proceedings Paper, November 2014, St. Louis, MO. Ramaswamy, S.K. and G.A. Mosher. Pre-professional perceptions of safety and quality concerns in agricultural work environments. Presentation given at the International Society of Agricultural Safety and Health, Omaha, NB, June 2014. Ryan, S.J. and G.A. Mosher. Conceptual risk mapping in the grain and oil seed chain. Presentation given at the North Central (NC) 213 Quality Grains Research Consortium, Omaha, Nebraska, February 2014. Bhadra, R., Ambrose, K. Casada, M. and Siliveru, K. 2014. Comparison of flow and physical properties of modified DDGS with regular DDGS under varying storage conditions. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (ASABE) Annual International Meeting Paper No. 141899398. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE. Siliveru, K., Casada, M. and Ambrose, K. 2014. Three dimensional heat transfer model for cooling M-DDGS. 18th Distillers Grains Symposium, Dallas, TX, 14-15 May 2014 (poster). Ambrose, K., Casada, M., Simsek, S., Bhadra, R. and Siliveru, K. 2014. Intrinsic characteristics of modified DDGS. NC-213 Annual Meeting, Omaha, Neb. Bhadra, R., Ambrose, K., Casada, M., Simsek, S. and Siliveru, K. 2015. Physio-chemical properties of regular and low-oil DDGS: A comparative study. Transactions of the ASABE (In Review). Boac, J. M., M. E. Casada, J. Lawrence, B. Plumier, D. E. Maier, and R. P. K. Ambrose. 2014. Modeling phosphine distribution in grain storage bunkers: Extended Abstract. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 24-28 Nov. 2014, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Peer Reviewed Journal Articles Hruska, Zuzana, Kanniah Rajasekaran, Haibo Yao, Russell Kincaid, Dawn Darlington, Robert L. Brown, Deepak Bhatnagar, Thomas E. Cleveland. 2014. Co-inoculation of atoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus to study fungal invasion, colonization, and competition in maize kernels. Frontiers in Microbiology. 5:122. Hruska, Z., Yao, H., Kincaid, R., Brown, R., Cleveland, T., & Bhatnagar, D. 2014. Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Features of Aflatoxin and Related Secondary Metabolites and Their Application for Rapid Detection of Mycotoxins. Food Bioprocess Technol. 7(4), 1195-1201. DOI:10.1007/s11947-014-1265-2. Conference Abstracts Hruska, Z., Yao, H., Kincaid, R., Brown, R., Cleveland, T., & Bhatnagar, D. (2014). Fluorescence emission spectra from internal structures of maize kernels infected with Aspergillus flavus. Book of Abstracts of the International Mycotoxin Conference 2014. Beijing, China: ISM. Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Kincaid, R., Brown, R., Cleveland, T., & Bhatnagar, D. (2014). Fluorescence emission spectra of internal cross-section of maize kernels infected with Aspergillus flavus. Book of Abstracts of the International Mycotoxin Conference 2014. Beijing, China: ISM. Blake, N. K., R. N. Stougaard, B. Bohannon, D. K. Weaver, H.-Y. Heo, P. F. Lamb, D. Nash, D. M. Wichman, K. D. Kephart, J. H. Miller, G. V. P. Reddy, J. L. Eckhoff, W. E. Grey, S. P. Lanning, J. D. Sherman, and L. E. Talbert. 2014. Registration of ‘Egan’ wheat with resistance to orange wheat blossom midge. Journal of Plant Registrations 8: 298–302. DeLaPena, E., Manthey, F. and Hall III, C. 2014. Optimizing flaxseed milling using a hammer mill. Proceedings of the 65th Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by H. Kandel and C. Hall. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 71-76. Hillen, C., DeLaPena, E., Niehaus, M., Manthey, F. and Hall III, C. 2014. Impact of hammer speed, screen mesh size, and seed temperature and moisture on oxidative and hydrolytic stability of hammer milled flaxseed. Proceedings of the 65th Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by H. Kandel and C. Hall. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 77-82. Deng, L., and Manthey, F.A. 2014. Effect of durum cultivar and environment on cooking qualities of whole-wheat pasta. Abstract. AACC International. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/Documents/2014Abstracts/2014P177.htm Theses/Dissertations Walker, Jeremy. 2014. “Valuing a Proposed Poultry Litter-to-Energy Processing Plant Using Real Options.” M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. Duan, Suling. 2014. “Insect Control under Uncertainty: Economical Strategies That Are Robust to Varying Weather Conditions and Insect Immigration Rates.” M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. Ge, Candi. 2014. “The Value of a Whole-Chain Traceability System in Transmitting Genetic Information about Beef Tenderness.” M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. Presentations Adam, Brian D., Michael D. Buser, Blayne Mayfield, Johnson Thomas, Ashwin Kumar, Krishna Palepu, Phil Crandall, and Steve Ricke. 2014. “Whole-Chain Traceability in Beef Production – Information Sharing from Farm to Fork and Back Again.” Invited Presentation at the Southern Animal Health Association/National Association of State Meat and Food Inspection Directors - Eastern Region Meeting in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, June 3. Niu, Li, Brian D. Adam, James F. Campbell, and Frank Arthur. 2014. “Economics of Integrated Pest Management in Rice Processing Facilities.” Selected Presentation at 35th Meeting of the Rice Technical Working Group, February 18-21, New Orleans, LA. Adam, Brian D., Michael D. Buser, Blayne Mayfield, Johnson Thomas, Ashwin Kumar, Krishna Palepu, Phil Crandall, and Steve Ricke. 2014. “Whole-Chain Traceability in Beef Production – Demonstrating the Technology.” Invited Presentation at the International Production and Processing Expo, AMI Education and Professional Development, Atlanta, GA, January 28. (Evaluation: Overall Session Content 5/5, Content applicable to my organization or job 4/5, Speaker 5/5). Crandall, Philip G., Corliss A. O’Bryan, Dinesh Babu, Nathan Jarvis, Mike L. Davis, Michael Buser, Brian Adam, John Marcy, and Steven C. Ricke. 2013. “Whole-chain traceability, is it possible to trace your hamburger to a particular steer, a U. S. perspective?” Meat Science. 95(2):137-44. Gautam, S. G., G. P. Opit, K. L. Giles, and B. Adam. 2013. “Weight losses and germination failure caused by psocids in different wheat varieties.” J. Economic Entomology 106(1):491-498. Burgos-Hernandez, A., et al. (2002). "Decontamination of aflatoxin B-1-contaminated corn by ammonium persulphate during fermentation." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 82(5): 546-552. Hagler, W. M., et al. (1982). "Destruction of Aflatoxin in Corn with Sodium Bisulfite." Journal of Food Protection 45(14): 1287-1291. Klockow, P.A. and K. M. Keener. 2009. "Safety and quality assessment of packaged spinach treated with a novel ozone-generation system," LWT - Food Science and Technology 42(2009): 1047-1053 Martin, C., T.J. Herrman, T. Loughin, and S. Oentong. 1997. Micropycnometer Measurement of Single-Kernel Density of Healthy, Sprouted, and Scab-Damaged Wheats. Cereal Chemistry 75(2):177-180. Mendez-Albores, A., et al. (2007). "Decontamination of aflatoxin duckling feed with aqueous citric acid treatment." Animal Feed Science and Technology 135(3-4): 249-262. Yang, C. Y. (1972). "Comparative Studies on Detoxification of Aflatoxins by Sodium Hypochlorite and Commercial Bleaches." Applied Microbiology 24(6): 885-890. Shi, H. R. L. Stroshine and K. E. Ileleji. 201X. Aflatoxin Reduction in Corn by Cleaning and Sorting. Cereal Chemistry - Manuscript ID CCHEM-12-14-0268-R. Submitted on 12/31/2014. Shi, H., R.L. Stroshine, and K. Ileleji. 2014. Aflatoxin Reduction in Corn by Cleaning and Sorting. ASABE Paper No. _14-1890901_. St. Joseph, Mich. ASABE Lu, L. and S. Gunasekaran. 2014. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of aflatoxins in grains. Presented at the IFT Annual Meeting, June 22-24 (Abstract No.:253-03), New Orleans, LA. Boac, J.M., R.P. Kingsly Ambrose, M.E. Casada, R.G. Maghirang, and D.E. Maier. 2014. Applications of discrete element method in modeling of grain postharvest operations. Food Engineering Reviews 6(4): 128-149. Tilley, D.R., B. Subramanyam, M.E. Casada, and F.H Arthur. 2014. Stored-grain insect population commingling densities in wheat and corn from pilot-scale bucket elevator boots. Journal of Stored Products Research 59: 1-8. Objective 3 Hurburgh, C. R. 2014. Quality and Handling of the 2014 Iowa Crop. Integrated Crop Management Newsletter. Iowa State Extension and Outreach. October 2, 2014. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1002Hurburgh.htm Hurburgh, C.R., Alison Robertson and Erin Bowers. 2014. Update on 2014 Crop Quality. Integrated Crop Management Newsletter. Iowa State Extension and Outreach. October 15, 2014. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1015Hurburgh.htm Hurburgh, C. R. 2014. Pay Attention to Stewardship Requirements for Biotech Grains. Integrated Crop Management Newsletter. Iowa State Extension and Outreach. October 28, 2014. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1028Hurburgh.htm Hurburgh, C. R. 2014. Harvest 2014: What We Know Now. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Ames, IA. December 3, 2014. http://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/Proceedings-of-the-26th-Annual-Integrated-Crop-Management-Conference Shaw, A.M. 2014. FSMA and the grain industry: GEAPS Opening Session. GEAPS Exchange, Omaha, NB. February 2014. Shaw, A.M. 2014. FSMA Impacts to the Ethanol Industry. 2014 Midwest Ethanol Plant Managers Meeting. February 2014. Shaw, A.M. 2014. Implications of HACCP within food processing plants. HACCP short course, given April 17-19, 2014 at Iowa State University. Hart, C.E. 2014. The Highs and Lows of Crop Marketing. Presented at the 2014 Integrated Crop Management Conference, Ames, Iowa, December 2014. Hart, C.E. 2014. Grain Marketing and Risk Management Update. Presented at the 28th Annual Tri-State Agricultural Lenders Seminar, Dubuque, Iowa, October 2014. Mosher, G.A. 2014. Integration of food safety plans with other operational goals. Part of the Current Issues in Grain Handling at GEAPS Exchange. February 2014. Parcell, J.L., W. Cain. “Ranking Specialty Crop Profitability: Iterative Stochastic Dominance.” To be presented at the Agriculture and Applied Economics Association. Minneapolis, MN, July 2014. Kojima, Yas, J.L. Parcell, and W. Cain. “Global Vegetable Oils Market Trends: Strategic Planning Initiatives.” To be presented at the Western Education and Research Activities (WERA) 72 Annual Meeting. Santa Barbara, California, 2014. Shively, D.W. “The Market Effects of Low-Oligosaccharide Soybeans.” Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting. Dallas, TX, February, 2014. Cain, J.S., and J.L. Parcell. “An Empirical Analysis of Import Demand for U.S. Soybeans to the Philippines.” Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting. Dallas, TX, February, 2014. Parcell, J.L., and J.S. Cain. “Marginal Implicit Prices of Soybean Quality Attributes.” Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting. Dallas, TX, February, 2014. Kojima, Y., J.L. Parcell, and J.S. Cain. “A Demand Model of Vegetable Oil Markets in the U.S.A.” Southern Cain, J.S., and J.L. Parcell. “The Impact of Renewable Fuel Production on Soybean Oil Spatial Price Dynamics.” To be presented at the 2014 NCCC-134 Conference on Applied Commodity Price Analysis, Forecasting, and Market Risk Management, St. Louis, Missouri, April 21-22, 2014. Cain, J.S., and J.L. Parcell. “Welfare Impacts of Introducing Drought-Tolerance Soybeans.” Poster presentation at the 2014 Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting. Minneapolis, Minnesota, July 2014. Cain, J.S., and J.L. Parcell. “Marginal Implicit Prices of Soybean Quality Attributes.” Poster presented at the 10th Annual Soybean Biotechnology Symposium, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Columbia, Missouri, April 2014. Kojima, Yas, and J.L. Parcell. “Global Vegetable Oils Market Trends: Strategic Planning Initiatives.” Poster presented at the 10th Annual Soybean Biotechnology Symposium, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Columbia, Missouri, April 2014.

Impact Statements

A LC-MS/MS method was developed, by NC-213 scientists, to shorten the time of analysis by extracting samples with ultrasonication and eliminating purification steps. As a continued effort to improve analytical methods, an HPLC method using stir bar sorptive extraction was developed for the detection of OTA in beer. This method also eliminates purification steps and need of expensive immunoaffinity columns used for the most types of sample preparation in chromatography, i.e. HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Using a stir bar sorptive extraction method in detection of OTA was reported for the first time.
Research conducted by NC-213 Members enabled the creation of a model that is being extended to a 3-dimensional model of a bunker slice (20-m long) and then to a full-length (120-m long) storage bunker. Knowledge of fumigant movement in bulk storages will help with the effective distribution of the phosphine fumigant, developing best management practices for prevention of phosphine-resistant insects, and extension of the effective use-life of phosphine.
NC-213 researchers found alternative methods to determine the volume of grain in a bin. This allows for accurate quantification of the surface profile in a bin. A thorough evaluation of the ideal equation to model compressibility of grain samples was performed that would minimize the errors. The total stored grain in the US is about 9.74 billion bushels with a 1% error in the inventory measurement, which is highly likely with the existing protocol, represents 840 million dollars nationally.
NC-213 Members evaluated a Centrifugal mill for its ability to mill durum wheat into whole-wheat flour. Preliminary results indicate that the best configuration was with 500 ?m screen and rotor speed of 12,000 or 15,000 rpm. Particle size was too coarse when milling with 1000 ?m screen, and build-up of heat over time was a problem when milling with 250 ?m screen.
Results proved that a sampling-based IPM approach, such as that recommended by entomologists at USDA-ARS in which current weather information is combined with insect sampling and an expert system for predicting insect growth, can be an economically attractive alternative to calendar-based fumigation if an elevator manager can reduce insect immigration rates, perhaps by careful sanitation and sealing of storage structures.
Traceability in the Food Supply Chain. A prototype traceability system has been developed that permits supply chain participants who put data into the system to selectively share information with others in the supply chain. This is a key feature for development of a complete traceability system that provides benefits to participants that are greater than the costs.
The traceability system developed can be used by farmers to manage production and marketing data. Farmers can use this data in the system to provide value-based and safety information to other participants in the supply chain, including consumers. This will facilitate communication of important food attributes through the supply chain and enhance food safety.
In 2014, nine training programs were conducted in Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, and South Dakota and trained more than 250 workers on grain dust control. More than 98% of the participants either strongly agreed/agreed on the usefulness of these training programs. The program continues to be a success, since inception, the program has had over 3000 participants from 30 countries (including Latin American countries) enroll in twenty-three courses offered ninety-one times with a completion rate of 86%.

Date of Annual Report: 03/28/2016

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/01/2016 - 03/02/2016
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2013 - 09/30/2014

Participants

Please see the .pdf file that is attached.

Participants Attachment:

List of Meeting Participants.pdf

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please see the .pdf file that is attached. Thank you.

Minutes Attachment:

Meeting Minutes DTD 3 11 2016.pdf

Accomplishments

Accomplishments Objective 1:   In 2014, the Iowa State University Grain Lab was contracted by the USDA Grain Inspection Service to determine whether more than one make or model of a Near Infrared (NIR) instrument could be effectively used in grain inspections. Thirty-two instruments were measured as part of the study, broadening the access of grain elevators to utilize NIR instruments in their quality management and quality control decisions. Grains included were wheat, barley, corn and soybeans. Also at Iowa State University, calibrations to measure methionine, lysine, and cysteine were initially developed in 2007 for two brands of NIR analyzers commonly used by seed breeders and grain handlers.  These calibrations were done in conjunction with an organic seed breeding program.   Strategies to improve microbiological quality of wheat flour were assessed at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. A combination of lactic acid and sodium chloride in tempering water prior to milling can reduce microbial load of the flour by up to 5 logs without dramatic effects on functional properties of white flour. Additionally, this tempering treatment can be used to "clean" a mill. After 4 passes through a mill the microbial load was reduced to non-detectable levels in resulting flour.   At North Dakota State University, research examining the variation in milling conditions for whole wheat showed that whole wheat flours have significant (P<0.05) differences in quality. When whole wheat flours were milled at higher rotor speeds there was lower starch damage and greater amount of fine particles in the flour. Whole wheat flours milled from samples with lower seed moisture content also had low starch damage, but had lower amount of fine particles. The milling conditions also had an impact on the dough and bread quality of the whole wheat flours milled on the centrifugal mill. The rotor speed and seed moisture affected the loaf volume. Overall, higher rotor speed resulted in better dough handling properties and higher loaf volume. Whole wheat flour produced from wheat with low seed moisture content also resulted in higher loaf volume.   The Office of the Texas State Chemist completed research on maize and sorghum distillers’ grains. Distillers grain (DG) by-products distributed in Texas during fiscal years 2008 to 2014 were evaluated. For the present work, we assessed 1) concentrations of protein, sulfur, and virginiamycin; 2) occurrence of animal protein prohibited for use in ruminant feed and Salmonella; and 3) prevalence and levels of aflatoxins and fumonisins in different types of DG by-products.  Also at the Office of the Texas State Chemist, the applicability and feasibility of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method was investigated to develop an accelerated spectroscopic method as an alternative analytical technique to commonly used wet chemical methods such as chromatographic and ELISA for fumonisin analysis in maize.    At the ARS-USDA facility in Manhattan, Kansas, new methods for separating sorghum polymeric proteins were developed. Sorghum proteins were dived into three fractions (F1, F2, and F3) using solubility in aqueous alcohols, alkaline detergent solutions and by sonication. These proteins are potential targets for breeding efforts to manipulate to improve the nutritional quality of sorghum.   Short-term Outcomes   The Near Infrared Calibration statistics from Iowa State University demonstrated that we are able to measure methionine, lysine, and cysteine independently of the protein measurement.  Corn variety samples have been added to the calibration set so that the current calibration set includes corn from years 2006-2013.    A new strategy to reduce microbial contamination in flour and in the mill was discovered at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. This represents an important step toward providing safe, ready-to-eat flours for products at risk for consumption without heat treatment by the consumer.   Research at North Dakota State University found that the rotor speed and seed moisture affected bread loaf volume. Overall, higher rotor speed resulted in better dough handling properties and higher loaf volume. Whole wheat flour produced from wheat with low seed moisture content also resulted in higher loaf volume.   Analysis of Maize DG by-products by the Office of the Texas State Chemist showed a marked difference in the level of protein, sulfur, and virginiamycin concentrations as well as in the prevalence of mycotoxins compared to sorghum DG by-products. Protein and sulfur contents of DG were largely different between maize and sorghum by-products as well as wet distillers’ grain with solubles (WDGS) and dry distillers grain with solubles (DDGS), indicating a significant effect of grain feedstock and dry-grind process stream on DG composition and quality. Based on research from the Office of the Texas State Chemist, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) spectra showed a clear visual difference among fumonisin contaminated groups, indicating higher sensitivity and better ability of SERS method in determining fumonisin concentration in ground maize sample than conventional Raman spectroscopy.   Research from the ARS-USDA facility in Manhattan, Kansas examined sorghum, an important drought and heat tolerant grain for areas of the central U.S. However, sorghum is known to have lower nutritional quality when compared to grains such as maize. In order to further understand the differences between sorghum and other grains, a new method for fractionating sorghum polymeric proteins was developed. This method can be used to predict sorghum protein digestibility and provides new information that can be used to improve the nutritional quality of sorghum.   Activities:   Industry users of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) used the data provided by the Iowa State University Grain Quality Initiative for grain management planning, storage choices, and other strategic decisions. Service samples from the 2014 crop included approximately 14,400 samples from 54 clients, up approximately 9% from the 2013 sample count. Rapid measures allow the characterization of corn and soybean traits, allowing enhanced ration balances for livestock diets and providing a leading indicator for important user traits. These allow nutritionists to save time and money in identifying products of high value to feed rations.   Thirteen genotypes of wheat flour were grown at five locations in North Dakota in 2014 and 2015 to measure pasta quality. The genotypes were harvested and were evaluated for their grain, milling, semolina and pasta qualities.  Grain quality included test weight and kernel size, weight, vitreousness, polyphenol oxidase activity and protein, ash, yellow pigment contents. Milling quality included total extraction, semolina extraction, and speck count. Semolina quality included protein and ash contents, mixogram, gluten index, and Hunter L, a, b values. Pasta quality included color score, cooking loss, cooked firmness and cooked weight.  Quality parameters for samples harvested in 2015 are currently being determined.    The Office of the Texas State Chemist surveyed the commercial mycotoxin testing kits based on the GIPSA standard to investigate the performance characteristics of products in the market. OTSC has evaluated twelve quantitative aflatoxin test kits and six quantitative fumonisin test kits manufactured by four companies including Charm Sciences Inc., Romer® Labs, Inc., Neogen Corporation and VICAM Waters Business.   Milestones:   The results of the North Dakota State University oxidation study in pita chips lead to the re-direction of the corn and DDG research. The focus shifted to optimizing DDG extracts for the purpose of enhancing tocopherol levels in extracts and incorporating the optimized extracts in pita chips as a natural antioxidant.  The higher recovery of antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol) from DDG versus corn suggests that the ethanol production process does not degrade the antioxidant compounds. Thus, the higher antioxidant concentration in DDG supports this source of raw material because fewer inputs would be needed to recover larger concentration of important food ingredients, thereby making the ingredient less expensive to end users.   Also at North Dakota State University, pasta color had a positive correlation with semolina Hunter b-value (r=0.95) and kernel yellow pigment content (r=0.56).  The correlation coefficient for kernel yellow pigment content and pasta color was lower than expected, which indicates that another factor might be affecting pasta color.  Polyphenol oxidase activity, associated with browning, did not correlate with any of the quality parameters tested.  It was anticipated that polyphenol oxidase activity would negatively correlate with semolina Hunter L-value and pasta color. Speck count had a negative correlation with semolina Hunter L-value (r=-0.73) but neither speck count or Hunter L-value correlated with pasta color. Research will continue in order to find the factor(s) that modify appearance of dry pasta. Once identified these factors can be used in durum breeding program to improve the pasta color that consumers desire.   Of all the aflatoxin testing kits evaluated by the Office of the Texas State Chemist, 27% of the trails at different concentration levels failed to meet the GIPSA requirement of the performance requirements. Ten of the twelve aflatoxin kits have been certified by GIPSA. The two kits that do not have the GIPSA certificate failed to meet the GIPSA requirement. However, for kits which have obtained the GIPSA certificate, some of the kits failed to meet the extended GIPSA requirements at higher concentrations (i.e. > 100 ppb). Of all six fumonisin kits, regardless of the GIPSA certificate status, all six kits failed to meet the current or extended GIPSA requirements.   Researchers have collaborated with industry professionals including commodity groups and food processors to complete research activity in 2015. Research and activity will continue in 2016 on NIR instrument calibration development and test kit evaluation. As noted above, research on the role of corn and DDG extracts in antioxidant applications. Development of new uses of grain and grain by-products will continue to be explored by researchers.   Accomplishments Objective 2:   New infrared (IR) heating approaches are currently being developed for corn drying at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. The goal of the first project is to develop effective strategies to achieve simultaneous drying and microbial decontamination while maintaining dried corn quality and prevent development of mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins. In soybeans, specific research entails improving germination rate of soybean seed dried using in-bin drying systems equipped with recently-introduced technology comprised of cables with sensors to measure ambient air conditions as well as monitor grain moisture content and temperature. For rice, specific research entails the determination of conditions under which natural air/low temperature (NA/LT) in-bin drying/storage result in reduced grain quality and production of harmful mold/mycotoxins; and establishing mathematical models to predict the degradation rates of the quality indices and mycotoxins.   At the University of Idaho, research on the optimization and verification of methods for detecting and quantifying fungal population in soil using semi-selective media and microscope were tested. As the physical and chemical characteristics of food matrices vary significantly, detection methods for DON and OTA in wheat samples were tested for its validity and necessary modification were made. As areas within each agroecological zone of the Pacific Northwest will shift due to climate change, three agroecologial zones and three locations per each agroecologial were selected based on different climate and agricultural conditions.   The ADM Institute for the Prevention of Postharvest Loss has the goal of reducing postharvest losses of grains and oilseeds in many parts of the world. Harvest operations in developing countries were studied as a review paper to understand how harvest losses contribute to overall postharvest losses.  The summary of review results indicates that the speed of manual cutting operations risks significant crop loss due to delayed harvesting in developing countries.    At Iowa State University, planning has begun for a feed and grain science research and teaching facility, to be located in the animal science research corridor south of the University. Iowa State University uses 15,000 tons of feed per year for various species. Additionally, as part of the American Association of Cereal Chemistry Food Safety Task Force outputs, a guidance document for the application of ISO22000, Food Safety Management Systems to bulk processing and handling operations was created and is now available.   Iowa State University established a relationship with a large agribusiness insurance company. As part of this relationship, a database containing workers’ compensation claims was provided to researchers to examine for relevant patterns. The database includes claims from over 25 grain elevators in the upper Midwest. Initial analysis has begun – more advanced modeling will continue in 2016.   Research collaboration between Purdue University, North Dakota State University and the USDA-ARS-CGAHR facility in Manhattan, Kansas examined the heat transfer during cooling of DDGS piles, during winter and summer conditions. In addition, the hopper flow characteristics of modified DDGS were evaluated. The effect of time consolidation, atmospheric conditions, and mechanical treatment on bulk DDGS on flow characteristics were evaluated.   Research collaboration between the University of Kentucky, Kansas State University, and the USDA-ARS facility in Manhattan, Kansas examined pack factors. A number of factors influence the amount of packing in stored-grain. Packing is defined as the increase in grain bulk density caused by the cumulative weight of overbearing material on the compressible grain products. As material is added, the vertical pressure increases in an exponential manner with grain height. Bin geometry, material properties, and numerous other variables influence packing, therefore, these factors were considered when developing the new packing model and conducting subsequent model validation exercises in commercial storage structures. An error analysis was conducted to evaluate the source and magnitude of errors related to measuring stored grain inventory.   Grain quality is becoming increasingly important to both domestic and international consumers, and understanding economically efficient approaches to supply quality grain is an important concern for U.S. producers. Changing economic conditions, government policies, technical innovations, and biological barriers related to the production of high quality grains usually result in changing marketing opportunities. A Montana State University project provides research-based information regarding the impacts of changing economic conditions on domestic demand, supply, product price and production risk, and production choices.   Short-term Outcomes:   Research at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville seeks to optimize natural air and low temperature drying for rice, corn, and soybeans with a goal of using the information to successfully implement new in-bin systems for Arkansas and the U.S. Mid-South. Research driving this goal is in progress.   Research at the University of Illinois and the ADM Institute for the Prevent of Postharvest Loss: Postharvest losses of grains, oilseeds, and pulses worldwide are higher than desired, with reports of up to 30% in some countries. Harvest loss reduction is the essential first step in reducing overall postharvest losses. Increasing world food supply by reducing post-harvest losses, rather than by increasing production, makes a huge savings.  Each kernel of grain saved – also saves the water, fertilizer, chemical inputs, labor, transportation and environmental costs that were expended to produce that kernel.   As the result of research completed by Iowa State University, agribusiness insurance company premium costs can be communicated more openly to clients, with emphasis on why premiums are above or below the industry mean.   The ISO 22000 guidance document created through a partnership with Iowa State University, will serve as the basis for a practical training program for food safety in grain handling and processing industries.   Research collaboration between Purdue University, North Dakota State University, and the USDA-ARS-CGAHR facility in Manhattan, Kansas resulted in a 3-dimensional heat transfer model based on finite volume method. The model was developed to predict cooling pattern of M-DDGS pile, which is useful for the cooling of M-DDGS in pads before shipping. The hopper flow studies confirmed that environmental conditions have significant effect on flow behavior of M-DDGS. The particle segregation study confirmed the variation in particle size within a pile of DDGS formed by gravity-driven discharge. From the minimum orifice study, it is concluded that the minimum orifice opening of the hopper is 6.3 cm (175 times of GMD).   Current methods to estimate inventory are based on data from the 1930s and the University of Kentucky and Kansas State University are working with USDA-ARS and University of Georgia to develop new procedures and estimates of packing. An updated procedure will be used by all farmers in the US where 9.74 billion bushels of grain are stored and a 1% error in the inventory measurement, which is highly likely with the existing protocol, represents $840 million dollars nationally.   The research from Montana State University on the wind-borne diseases mitigation strategies helps provide a description and structure for a market-based system that would reduce farmers' losses associated with the spread of wind-borne crop diseases. The results show that by instituting a small check-off for all producers of a particular at-risk crop, an efficient, cost-effective protection system can be developed to minimize economic losses without depending on government support.   Activities:   From the pack factor study, led by the University of Kentucky: Laboratory experiments in a 6-foot diameter bin are being conducted to evaluate the effect of loading and unloading cycling on the packing of grain. During loading, measurements are taken at H/D ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and when filled to 2.5. A laser scanning device is used to accurately map the surface and the mass of grain in the bin is recorded using load cells. The bin is unloaded and measurements taken at the same H/D ratios as used during filling.   The effect of aeration and moisture changes during aeration were evaluated with corn and soybeans in 6-inch diameter PVC tubes. The airflow rate was high and corresponded to a year of aeration in one week. Aeration with no moisture change had a minor effect (less than 1%) on the bulk density. This 1% change was due to vibration, settling, and potentially the influence of the airflow rate. Samples that had 4.6 points of moisture removed due to aeration had a volume change of 7.5%. The volume change observed in the grain was greater than the volume change expected due to moisture removal alone.   Accomplishments - Objective 3:   Modules developed as part of an FDA project ending on December 31, 2014 were finalized with presentations, teaching aids, and assessments archived as part of FDA’s distance learning program in a partnership between Kansas State University and Iowa State University.   Materials were updated in preparation for training grain elevator personnel on prevention of grain dust explosions. Training sessions will expose grain handling personnel to the basics of grain dust explosions, ignition sources, and prevention techniques.    Authors of the MWPS-13 Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook revision, representing Iowa State University, University of Kentucky, and North Dakota State University, have continued to make progress in preparing and submitting drafts of the seven chapters which constitute this publication. The drafts of four chapters (1, 2, 6 and 7) are in hand, two chapters (3 and 4) were partially completed, and chapter 5 is still outstanding.   Short-term Outcomes:   Educational modules were developed for the FDA for use in training their personnel to inspect grain elevators for food safety issues.   Grain dust explosion units were updated and enhanced for delivery to grain elevator personnel.   Enabling the revision and updating of the MWPS-13 Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook is a new opportunity to enhance the NC-213 outreach plan and increase NC-213 impact among extension engineers, grain storage practitioners, grain handling equipment manufacturers and suppliers, farmers, university and community college professors and students.   Milestones:   Grain dust explosion training will be completed in the spring, summer, and fall of 2016 in a partnership between Purdue University and Iowa State University.   Editing of chapters for the MWPS-13 Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook will take place after all chapters have been submitted. This will be the major effort going forward with all chapters and is anticipated to be completed by early 2016. Once completed, an initial batch of the final publication will be printed that will acknowledge the financial support of the NC-213/The Anderson grant program.

Publications

Hurburgh, C.R., Alison Robertson and Erin Bowers.  2014.  Update on 2014 Crop Quality. Integrated Crop Management Newsletter.  Iowa State Extension and Outreach.  October 15, 2014.  <a href="http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1015Hurburgh.htm">http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1015Hurburgh.htm</a>     Biller, Clemence, Charles Hurburgh, Nanning Cao, and Glen Rippke. 2014. Calibration of the JDSU MicroNir 1700 for agricultural product analysis. NIR News, 25: 16-29.     Medic, J, Dennis Lock, Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. and Christine Atkinson.  2014. Uncertainty of methods for measuring soybean composition – an interlaboratory study.  Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 91: 363-384.     Joseph Kallenbach*, Bonnie Cobb, Scott Pryor, and Clifford Hall. Antioxidant Activity of Corn and Dry Distiller’s Grain Extracts in Chips. Presented at the American Oil Chemists Society Annual Meeting, May 3-6, 2015. Orlando, Fl.     Joseph Kallenbach*, Bonnie Cobb, Scott Pryor, and Clifford Hall. Antioxidant Activity of Corn and Dry Distiller’s Grain in Chips. Presented at the Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting.  July 11-14, 2015. Chicago, IL.     <ol start="2015"> <li>H. Khalid, L. Deng, F. Manthey, S. Simsek. 2015. Does bran particle size affect whole-wheat bread quality? Abstract. AACC International.</li> </ol> http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/Documents/2015Abstracts/aacci2015abs57.htm     Handiseni, M., Jo, Y. K., Lee, K. M., and Zhou, X. G. 2015. Screening Brassicaceous plants as biofumigants for management of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA.  Plant Disease. In press     Lee, K. M., and Herrman, T. J. 2015. Determination and prediction of fumonisin contamination in maize by surface–enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Food and Bioprocess Technology. In press.     Perumal, R., Tesfaye, T., Kofoid, K., Prasad, V.P., Aiken, R., Bean, S.R., Wilson, J., Herald, T., and Little, C. 2015. Registration of nine grain sorghum seed parent (A/B) lines. J. Plant Registrations 9:244-248.     Dunn, K.L., Yang, L., Girard, A., Bean, S., and Awika, J. M. 2015. Sorghum tannins in a wheat flour dough matrix: Interactions and effects on starch and protein digestibility in flour tortillas. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63:1234-1241.     Griffiths G. Atungulu, HouMin Zhong, Anne Okeyo, Supriya Thote. 2015. Prevalence of Molds on Freshly-harvested Long-grain Pureline, Hybrid and Medium-grain Rice Cultivars. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, 31(6), DOI 10.13031/aea.31.11216.     Lawrence, J., Atungulu, G.G., Siebenmorgen, T.J. 2015. Modeling In-Bin Rice Drying using Natural-Air and Controlled-Air Drying Strategies. Transaction of American Society of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, 58(4), 1103-1111. DOI 10.13031/trans.58.10911.     Wilson S. A., Atungulu, G.G., Couch, A., Sadaka, S.  Radiant heating and tempering treatments for improving rate of moisture removal during drying of shelled corn.  American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, 31(5), 799-808. DOI 10.13031/aea.31.11243.     Sammy Sadaka, Scott Osborn, Griffiths Atungulu and Gagandeep Ubhi. 2015. On-farm Grain Sorghum Drying and Storage.  Arkansas Grain Sorghum Production Handbook, Chapter 10, pg1-12.     G.G. Atungulu, H. Zhong, S. Thote, A. Okeyo, A. Couch, S. Sadaka, T. Siebenmorgen. 2015. Microbial Prevalence on Freshly Harvested Long-Grain Hybrid, Long-Grain Pure-Line, and Medium-Grain Rice. Rice Quality and Processing. B.R. Wells- Arkansas Rice Research Studies 2014, Research Series 626, 306-313.     Zhongli Pan, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Xuan Li. 2014. Infrared Heating. In: Emerging Technologies for Food Processing. 2nd Edition. Da-Wen Sun (ed.). Academic Press-an Imprint of Elsevier, San Diego CA. Pg. 461-474.     Griffiths G. Atungulu and Zhongli Pan. 2014. Rice industrial processing worldwide and impact on macro- and micronutrient content, stability, and retention. ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 1324 (2014) 15–28, doi:10.1111/nyas.12492.     <ol> <li>Siebenmorgen, G. Atungulu, R. Norman, T. Roberts, P. Counce. Impacts of Nitrogen-Fertilizer Management and On Farm Drying Practices on Milling Yield and Quality of Rice. Ecosystems Interim report 01-2014 for BR Wells</li> </ol>     Lee, H.J. and D. Ryu. 2015. Advances in mycotoxin research: Public health perspectives. J. Food Sci. doi: <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1750-3841.13156/full">10.1111/1750-3841.13156</a>.     Kuruc, J.A., J. Hegstad, H.J. Lee, K. Simons, D. Ryu, and C. Wolf-Hall. 2015. Infestation and quantification of ochratoxigenic fungi in barley and wheat naturally contaminated with ochratoxin A. J. Food Prot. 78(7):1350-1356.     Bianchini, A., R. Horsley, M.M. Jack, B. Kobielush, D. Ryu, S. Tittlemier, W.W. Wilson, H.K. Abbas, S. Abel, G. Harrison, J.D. Miller, W.T. Shier, and G. Weaver. 2015. DON Occurrence in Grains: A North American Perspective. Cereal Foods World 60(1):32-56.     Paulsen, M.R., P.K. Kalita, and K.D. Rausch. 2015. Postharvest losses due to harvesting operations in developing countries: a review. ASABE Paper No. 152176663, presented at 2015 ASABE Annual International Meeting, New Orleans, LA, Jul 26-29, 2015.     Paulsen, M.R. 2015. Harvesting: effects of crop maturity and moisture on losses. Abstract presented at First International Congress on Postharvest Loss Prevention, Rome Italy, Oct 4-7, 2015.     Medic, J., C. Atkinson, and C. R. Hurburgh.  2014.  Current Knowledge in Soybean Composition.  J Am Oil Chem Soc (2014) 91:363–384     Laux, C, G. A. Mosher and C.R. Hurburgh.  2015.  Application of quality management systems to grain: an inventory management case study.  Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 31(2), 313-321.     Siliveru, K., R. Bhadra, R. P. K. Ambrose, and M. E. Casada. 2015. Hopper flow characteristics of modified distillers dried grains with solubles. ASABE Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (Paper No. # 152189631).     Boac, J., R. Bhadra, M. E. Casada, S. A. Thompson, A.P. Turner, M. D. Montross, S. G. McNeill, R. G. Maghirang. Stored grain pack factors for wheat: comparison of three methods to field measurements. Trans ASABE 58(4): 1089-1101.     Bhadra, R., A. P. Turner, M. E. Casada, M. D. Montross, S. A. Thompson, J. M. Boac, S. G. McNeill, R. G. Maghirang. Pack factor measurements for corn in grain storage bins. Trans ASABE. 58(3): 879-890.     A.P. Turner, M.D. Montross, S.G. McNeill, M.P. Sama, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. Modeling the compressibility behavior of hard red winter wheat varieties. Submitted to Trans ASABE     A.P. Turner, M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, S.G. McNeill, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. Error analysis of stored grain inventory determination. Submitted to Trans ASABE     A.P. Turner, M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, N.K. Koeninger, S.G. McNeill, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. Stored grain surface estimation using a low density point cloud. Submitted to Appl. Eng. Agric.     Jefferson-Moore, K., A. Bekkerman, N. Piggott, B. Goodwin, S. Palat, and C. Turner. 2015. “Potential check-off benefits to farmers in the presence of wind-borne diseases.” Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development. 7(5):176-177.     Bekkerman, A., E. Belasco, and A.Watson. “Decoupling Direct Payments: Potential Impacts of the 2014 Farm Bill on Farm Debt.” Agricultural Finance Review. 75(4):434-449.     Chen, C., A. Bekkerman, R. Afshar, K. Neill. 2015. “Intensification of Dryland Cropping System for Bio-feedstock Production: Evaluation of Agronomic and Economic Benefits of Camelina sativa.” Industrial Crops and Products. 71(September):114–121.     Miller, P., A. Bekkerman, C. Jones, M. Burgess, J. Holmes, and R. Engel. 2015. “Pea in Rotation with Wheat Reduced Uncertainty of Economic Returns in Southwest Montana.” Agronomy Journal. 107(2):541–550.     Miller, P., C. Jones, A. Bekkerman, J. Holmes. Short-term (2-yr) Effects of Crop Rotations and Nitrogen Rates on Winter Wheat Yield, Protein and Economics in North Central Montana. Montana State University Extension, Fertilizer Facts (No. 68), January 2015.     <ol start="2015"> <li>Buteler, S.W. Sofie, D.K. Weaver, D. Driscoll, J. Muretta and T. Stadler. 2015. Development of nanoalumina dust as insecticide against Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica. International Journal of Pest Management 61: 80-89. DOI: 10.1080/09670874.2014.1001008.</li> </ol>     Hurburgh, C. R.  2014.  Quality and Handling of the 2014 Iowa Crop.  Integrated Crop Management Newsletter.  Iowa State Extension and Outreach.  October 2, 2014.  <a href="http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1002Hurburgh.htm">http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1002Hurburgh.htm</a>     Hurburgh, C.R., Alison Robertson and Erin Bowers.  2014.  Update on 2014 Crop Quality. Integrated Crop Management Newsletter.  Iowa State Extension and Outreach.  October 15, 2014.  <a href="http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1015Hurburgh.htm">http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1015Hurburgh.htm</a>     Hurburgh, C. R.  2014.  Pay Attention to Stewardship Requirements for Biotech Grains.  Integrated Crop Management Newsletter.  Iowa State Extension and Outreach.  October 28, 2014.  <a href="http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1028Hurburgh.htm">http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1028Hurburgh.htm</a>     Hurburgh, C. R.  2014.  Harvest 2014:  What We Know Now.  Proceedings of the 26th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference.  Ames, IA.  December 3, 2014.  <a href="http://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/Proceedings-of-the-26th-Annual-Integrated-Crop-Management-Conference">http://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/Proceedings-of-the-26th-Annual-Integrated-Crop-Management-Conference</a>     Hart, C.E. 2015. Grain Market Trends and Outlook. Presented at the Northeast Iowa Research and Demonstration Farm Fall Field Day, Nashua, Iowa, August 2015.     Hart, C.E. 2015. Corn and Soybean Outlook. Presented at the Central Iowa Farm Business Association Annual Meeting, Paton, Iowa, August 2015.     Grover, A.K., S. Chopra, and G.A. Mosher. 2015. Adoption of Food Safety Modernization Act: A Six Sigma Approach to Risk Based Preventative Controls for Small Food Facilities. Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (ATMAE), 2015 Conference Proceedings Papers, November 2015, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.     Ryan, S.J., C.V. Schwab, and G.A. Mosher. 2015. Agricultural risk: Development of a probabilistic risk assessment model for measurement of the difference in risk of corn and biofuel switchgrass farming systems. International Society of Agricultural Safety and Health paper #15-01. Bloomington-Normal, Illinois, June 2015.     Ramaswamy, S.K. and G.A. Mosher. 2015. Analysis of predictive factors for agricultural student perceptions of quality management mitigating safety. International Society of Agricultural Safety and Health paper #15-03. Bloomington-Normal, Illinois, June 2015.

Impact Statements

Sorghum is an important drought and heat tolerant grain for areas of the central U.S. However, sorghum is known to have lower nutritional quality when compared to grains such as maize. To understand the differences between sorghum and other grains, a new method for fractionating sorghum polymeric proteins was developed, which can predict sorghum protein digestibility, thereby improving the nutritional quality of sorghum.

Date of Annual Report: 03/08/2017

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/28/2017 - 03/01/2017
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2015 - 09/30/2016

Participants

Please see the attached .pdf file of meeting participants.

Participants Attachment:

Meeting Participants 2 28 - 3 1 2017.pdf

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Annual Meeting – Business Meeting

Wednesday, March 1, 2017 – Kansas City, Missouri

Kansas City Convention Center

Executive Committee Members In attendance:

NC-213 Chair and Objective Co-Chair: Gretchen Mosher
NC-213 Vice Chair: Sam McNeill
NC-213 Secretary: Anton Bekkerman
NC-213 Administrative Advisor/Coordinator: David A. Benfield
NC-213 The Andersons, Inc.: Chris Reed
NC-213 Past Chair and Objective Co-Chair: R.P. Kingsly Ambrose
NC-213 Objective Co-Chair: Brian Adam
NC-213 Industry Advisory Chair: Chuck Hill

(Please see "Participants" for a listing of all meeting participants.)

--NC-213 Administrative Advisor/Coordinator’s Office: Update on The Andersons Research Grant Program – 2016 Team Competition. Bill Koshar reviewed that four proposals were received. One proposal did not meet the Pre-Eligibility requirements and the Grant Review Committee made the unanimous decision that it should not be considered for the competition. The Lead P.I. was notified. Bill shared with the group that the Grant Review Committee reported that this year’s Andersons Research Grant Program – Team Competition 2016 awarded the Proposal; “Segregation Strategies for Non-GM Corn: Improving Effectiveness through an Analytical Modeling Approach” which was submitted by Lead P.I. Gretchen Mosher, Iowa State University, and R.P. Kingsly Ambrose, Purdue University. This is a two year research proposal and is eligible to receive up to $75,000.00 each year for a two year period.
--NC-213 Administrative Advisor/Coordinator’s Office: Discuss the NC-213 Revision/Rewrite. This is on Gretchen’s “radar” and she is soliciting individuals to be on the Rewrite Team. She and Bill Koshar will reconnect after the Annual Meeting to get this moving along. All members were asked to consider sitting on the Rewrite Team. While Gretchen will assist in the process, Sam McNeill, as incoming NC-213 Chair should be involved as well.
--NC-213 Election: Bill Koshar gave the group a reminder that we will need to identify someone to fill the position of NC-213 Secretary. We do encourage individuals to be solicited before the NC-213 Annual Meeting. Brief the individual and hopefully they will agree to be considered.

Slate for Calendar Year 2018:
Kingsly Ambrose (NC-213 Past Chairs rolls off)
Gretchen Mosher (NC-213 Chair to NC-213 Past Chair)
Sam McNeill (NC-213 Vice Chair to NC-213 Chair)
Anton Bekkerman (NC-213 Secretary to NC-213 Vice Chair)
Note: Need to fill the position of secretary.

Chuck Hill (NC-213 Chair of the NC-213 Industry Advisory Committee)

Note: All objective co-chair positions are filled.
A: K.M. Lee and S. Simsek
B: B. Adam and H. Dogan
C: R.P. Kingsly Ambrose and G. Mosher
--Griffiths G. Atungulu, Assistant Professor, University of Arkansas, was approached to serve in the capacity of NC-213 Secretary. Gretchen Mosher reviewed the requirements to serve on the NC-213 Executive Committee letting everyone know that it is actually a five year commitment. Griffiths was nominated from the floor, he accepted the nomination, and he was unanimously voted as incoming NC-213 Secretary for 2018.
--NC-213 Annual Meeting/Technical Sessions 2018 and 2019. Due to the next two geographical locations for GEAPS (Denver and New Orleans), members of NC-213 approached Mr. Dave Green, newly appointed Executive Vice President, Wheat Quality Council to see if we could join them during their time in Kansas City, Missouri. Dave Green agreed, and Sam McNeill, in his position of incoming NC-213 Chair, will contact Dave Green formally and request meeting along-side the Wheat Quality Council, to include encouraging NC-213 members to attend sessions on Wednesday, February 21 and also attend the evening Banquet. Gretchen Mosher shared with the group that individuals at Iowa State were thinking of hosting an NC-213 Annual Meeting in 2019—locations to be considered Ames or Des Moines, Iowa. Discussion was held regarding the Poster Shower/Graduate Student Poster Competition People’s Choice and how that would work with having no Industry Partners at the meeting. Discussion was held that Advisory Committees could furnish reviewers, etc. After some discussion, it was decided to accept Dave Green’s agreement to meet along-side the Wheat Quality Council in 2018 and for 2019 let Iowa State University host the NC-213 Annual Meeting/Technical Sessions.
--NC-213 Administration: Discuss the possibility of a no registration fee or reduced registration fee for Graduate Students. After much discussion, it was decided that Graduate Students can attend the NC-213 Annual Meeting/Technical Sessions at a reduced rate (i.e., maybe just the cost of the meals or less) and they would be able to attend the Banquet, all breaks and sessions, and the buffet lunch on the second day. The “cap” was set at $50.00 for registration for a graduate student. We will try this for one year and then see how the expenses play out.
--Meeting adjourned.
Submitted by Bill Koshar

Accomplishments

Objective 1 Accomplishments In a study involving wheat, corn, soybean and barley samples, three near infrared transmission analyzers for composition did not give equivalent results as set up by their respective manufacturers.  Recalibration on a common set of calibration samples brought them closer together (within 0.1% point for wheat protein).  Additional steps for further study were determined. Sorting of contaminated maize kernels is an approach to reduce aflatoxin levels in maize samples. The current research aims to evaluate an approach of repeated screening and sorting of maize samples to decrease the aflatoxin levels in contaminated grain with a multispectral fluorescence-based aflatoxin detection method. The multispectral fluorescence-based method uses two narrow bandwidth fluorescence bands for the detection. This method was developed based on a fluorescence shift phenomenon observed in the blue-green spectral region for maize kernels with a high aflatoxin content. A multispectral imaging system including one scientific grade 14-bit Pixelfly camera and one filter wheel was integrated to accomplish dual-band multispectral imaging. Research was focused on pre-milling interventions to reduce the microbial load of wheat. In the first project, we continued our efforts to improve the safety of wheat grain prior to milling by further testing the saline-organic acid solutions as antimicrobial treatments. The tempering process of soft wheat was evaluated. At first tempering solutions were tested against enteric pathogens including Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and non-O157 shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). In these experiments soft red winter wheat was inoculated with cocktails of either five serotypes of S. enterica, five kanamycin-resistant strains of E. coli O157:H7, or six serotypes of non-O157 STEC to achieve a 6.0 log CFU/g, followed by a resting time of 7 days to allow for microbial adaptation and moisture equilibration. During the resting period, inoculated samples were placed at temperatures of 2˚C, 11˚C, 24˚C and 33˚C to mimic the winter, spring/fall, and summer temperatures, respectively, encountered by wheat in storage. Besides water, solutions containing a combination of organic acid (acetic or lactic; 2.5% and 5.0% v/v) and NaCl (26% w/v) were used for tempering the wheat samples to 15.0% moisture. Grain samples were analyzed before and after tempering to determine the microbial reduction achieved by the tempering treatments at different seasonal temperatures. Regardless of temperature, the initial load of pathogens was reduced significantly by all treatments when compared to the control which was tempered with water (p<0.05). The best results for S. enterica were achieved using lactic acid 5%+NaCl 26% solution at 2˚C, which resulted in 2.1 log CFU/g reduction. Implementation of organic acids and salt in tempering water prior to milling could benefit the milling industry and consumers by preventing or reducing the risk of pathogen contamination in milled products. Further experiments will be conducted using hard red winter wheat.  Harvest can be delayed for many reasons including weather and competition of other crops and fields that are ready to harvest. Delayed harvest prolongs the exposure of the grain to the environment. Research was conducted to determine the effect of delayed harvest on the quality of durum wheat. Twelve durum cultivars were planted in eight row plots with four replications at Prosper, ND. Durum cultivars represent popular old cultivars (Ben, Dilse, Lebsock, Mountrail, Pierce), currently grown cultivars (Alkabo, Divide, Grenora, Strongfield) and new cultivars (Carpio, Joppa, Tioga). Two rows were harvested at four times: when grain had about 18% moisture, had 13-14% moisture, and with harvest delayed 1 and 2 weeks after the second harvest. Yield, test weight, kernel size, 1000-kernel weight, kernel vitreousness, kernel protein content, kernel yellow pigment content  and polyphenol oxidase activity were determined for each harvested sample. Hard red spring (HRS) wheat constitutes about 25% of the wheat crop in the United States and is exclusively grown in the Northern Plains states of MN, MT, ND and SD. HRS wheat is known to have high protein content and excellent milling and baking performance. Domestic and overseas buyers pay premium price for HRS wheat because of its high quality and unique characteristics. The objective of this research was to determine if the ranking of HRS wheat cultivars for quality evaluation was affected by mill type. A cultivar scoring system was developed that considered their milling, flour, dough, and bread-baking qualities. This scoring system was designed to rank wheat cultivars for scores between 1 and 10, 1 being “average” and 10 being “most desirable”.  Five bushels of 6 Hard Red Spring wheat cultivar composites (SD Forefront, ND Elgin, MN Bolles, ND 817, SY Ingmar, and ND Glenn) were obtained from Gulf/Great Lake Export Region as part of the 2014 Overseas Varietal Analysis (OVA). Additional five bushels of 6 HRS wheat cultivars of ND Dapps (2014), ND Elgin (2013), ND Faller (2014), SD Focus (2014), ND Glenn (2012), and ND Prosper (2014) from Casselton location were obtained from the North Dakota State Seed Department, thus making a total of 12 HRS wheat cultivars. After milling wheat samples on four different roller mill types (Quad. Jr, Quad. Sr, Buhler MLU-202, and MIAG-Multomat), the flour quality, dough quality and end-use quality was evaluated based on standard methods. The overall quality score for ranking these 12 HRS cultivars (that were milled on four laboratory mills) consisted of (1) wheat quality, (2) milling quality, (3) flour and dough quality, and (4) baking quality scores in which the weights/percentages were given to each of these quality characteristics. Points were awarded for each trait by subdividing these categories into various quality tests for evaluating these traits. Each of these 4 quality scores further consisted of various quality tests in which weights were again given to calculate individual quality score. Within each quality test, scores between 1 and 10 were assigned for each quality test to calculate the overall score, with ten being the best and one being the worst. Upon getting an overall score from these four quality traits (wheat, milling, dough, and baking quality), a final score was calculated by giving weights on these four quality scores. The weights were assigned for these quality traits, and emphasis was placed on dough and baking quality, as these are the most influential basis used to determine the overall quality. Maize hybrid performance in Africa. Fifty maize samples from the 2016 harvest season in Kenya were analyzed for aflatoxin levels.  Information was collected from each grower about certain variables to investigate their impact on the aflatoxin concentration.  The variables examined in this study were sub-county, altitude, maize hybrid, harvest season, days till harvest, planting density, type of fertilizer, amount of fertilizer, previous crop, weight, husk tightness, and whether or not the ear drooped at black layer.  Each sample was tested three times due to the variability of aflatoxin.  Eight (16%) of the 50 samples had an average aflatoxin concentration over the 20 ppb regulatory limit.  Thirteen (26%) of the samples had average concentrations of aflatoxin over 10 ppb.  The linear regression model with husk as the only covariate showed that the tightness of the husk had a significant effect on aflatoxin level.  For the predicted model, a loose husk had a higher concentration of aflatoxin than ears with a tighter husk.  Six (66.7%) of the 9 samples that had a loose husk also had aflatoxin levels over 20 ppb.  Eight of the nine samples were from one hybrid, and the sample that was not from that specific hybrid was from the same company.  Although not statistically significant, there were trends seen for seed corn hybrid and sub-counties. Fumonisin Pilot Study Program. A fumonisin pilot project study was initiated with two cooperatives already participating in the One Sample Strategy for aflatoxin.  The facilities used a fumonisin test kit to analyze their corn, and these samples were then sent to OTSC for analysis on LC-MS.  Cooperative A used the Neogen kit – Reveal Q+ for fumonisin while Cooperative B used the Vicam Fumo-V AQUA kit.  For Cooperative A, 138 samples were analyzed.  Eighty-five percent of those samples were in agreement with OTSC relative to a marker of ≤ 5 ppm.  Four percent of the samples were in agreement for the > 5ppm. Eleven percent was classified incorrectly (kit < 5 ppm; OTSC > 5ppm).  For Cooperative B, 77 samples were analyzed. Ninety-nine percent of those samples were in agreement with OTSC relative to a marker of ≤ 5 ppm.  Only 1% was in disagreement. Outreach Programs. The OTSC outreach program includes Educational Programs, Journal of Regulatory Science, Mycotoxin Activities, Communicating with stakeholders, and Laboratory activities- Tours, Method Validation.  One important focus of OTSC outreach programs is managing mycotoxin economic and food safety risk on a global level through educational, co-regulation and proficiency testing programs.  Since2012, the OTSC has coordinated the One Sample Strategy co-regulation program that facilitates the management of economic and food safety risk of aflatoxin contaminated corn by providing Texas producers, crop insurance agents, local grain elevators, feed mills, and regulators with real‐time information about the true level of aflatoxin going into and out of corn bins.  On a global level, the OTSC’s Aflatoxin Proficiency Testing and Control in Africa, Asia, Americas and Europe (APTECA) program implements a process approach to measure and manage aflatoxin risk.  APTECA promotes the use of uniform sampling, testing equipment and methods, proficiency testing, use of laboratory control samples, and third party verification.  In addition, OTSC offers educational programs that focus on regulatory science, laboratory quality systems and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). Single seed near-infrared and visible spectroscopy was examined as a method to discriminate sprouted wheat kernels from non-sprouted kernels.  Spouting that occurs in the field is very detrimental to bread making properties. Both near–infrared and visible methods could identify minimally sprouted kernels from those that were severely sprouted but intermediate levels were difficult to quantify.  Near infrared spectroscopy of single seeds was also studied as a method to distinguish gluten containing kernels from oat and groat kernels.  A commercial single seed instrument and an in-house instrument both provided high classification rates across a broad number of small grain types that included barley, rye, triticale and all classes of wheat. Objective 2 Accomplishments Development and validation of analytical method to detect mycotoxins using HPLC and LC-MS is in progress. Methods to assess the toxigenic potential of collected isolates is being developed and validated. Determination of mycotoxin concentration in both grains and extracts from fungal cultures is currently being assessed using an HPLC method with UV detection. The current limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for DON using this method are currently 50 and 100 ng/mL in standard solutions injected directly into an Agilent 1260 infinity HPLC system. LOD and LOQ in sampled grains are currently being determined, as modifications to the extraction protocol can change those values for sampled grains. Approximately 400 F. culmorum isolates have already been transferred to yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) to determine toxigenic potential. A method using agar plug extracts to quantify the amount of DON produced has been developed. Some F. culmorum isolates are also likely to be nivalenol (NIV) producers, so the incorporation of NIV standards and the development of a multi-mycotoxin method using the same HPLC-UV parameters are in progress. In CY2016, the Food Safety Preventive Controls Alliance course Preventive Controls for Animal Food was offered four times to 60 participants each time. Two offerings were targeted at the feed ingredient suppliers and regulatory personnel, and two offerings were targeted toward fuel ethanol producers. As FSMA compliance becomes more important, food safety management systems are of greater interest to grain industry professionals. To facilitate the adoption of traceability and food safety management tasks by grain handling organizations, the use of the ISO 22000 standard is used, but standards language can be complex and unclear. To assist grain handlers in adopting ISO 22000, a guidance document on the development of a food safety management system using the ISO 22000 was published by the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Grain dust explosions are a hazard to grain industry workers and the mitigation of these events requires attention to both quality and safety aspects. Training was conducted for workers in Indiana, Iowa, South Dakota, and California on the prevention of grain dust explosions. The training emphasized engineering controls, properties of grain dust, and other worker-based mitigation strategies. A series of small quantity (<500 kg) corn drying trials were conducted at Iowa State University using a new biomass burner and heat exchanger design. The design was developed in Kenya and is targeted for small holder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa using either a horizontal shallow or circular column drying to hold the grain. One NC-213 Researcher and their team evaluated the efficacy of fumigating grain in sealed storage structures to control insect pests using pressure half-life decay times, fumigant concentrations, and insect bioassays. Gas monitoring and thermosiphon closed-loop recirculation equipment was installed on two silos. Three fumigations with phosphine (PH3) pellets or tablets and two with cylinderized PH3 were performed in each silo. There is very limited information in the literature on the effects of aeration, partial unloading/loading cycles, and side discharge on grain compaction in bins. These are frequent occurrences during grain storage that could result in deviations from “typical” pack factors. In addition, secondary grain quality parameters such as high dockage, blending, and GMO varieties have not been studied in relation to grain compaction. A laboratory bin with a diameter of 6 ft and a height of 17 ft was used for testing. The wall and floor were independently supported with load cells. Loading and unloading were stopped when the H/D ratio was 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 and the packing measured. The bulk density during filling increased as expected. At a H/D of 1.0 the density increase, relative to the test weight, was approximately 15 kg/m3. At a H/D of 2.0 and 2.5, the density increase in the bin was approximately 20 kg/m3. As the bin was unloaded, the density increase was smaller (less packing) compared to the loading condition. After unloading to a H/D ratio of 2.0, the density increase was 17 kg/m3, 3 kg/m3 lower than when the bin was being filled. The bulk density increase was 15% lower under conditions of unloading versus unloading. However, these differences were relatively small considering the test weight of the wheat was 780 kg/m3. The results were expected based on Janssen’s equation and the ratio of the floor and wall loads. The lower density increase observed during unloading was also expected. After unloading is initiated, the load on the wall increases by approximately 8-10% with a corresponding decrease in the floor load. If the wall carries a greater portion of the total wall, less overburden pressure is seen by the grain resulting in less packing. Clean and mold damaged corn samples (Pioneer 33D49 from Kansas) were used to determine the effects of mold damage on bulk density. The clean sample had an initial test weight of 723 kg/m3 and moisture content of 9.6%. This sample was then exposed to an environment where molds thrived resulting in a sample with the following composition: 41% mold damaged, 6.5% broken, and 1.4% insect damaged. The damaged sample had a slightly lower initial test weight (699 kg/m3) and higher moisture content (10.3%) than the normal sample. Bulk densities of the two samples were measured at different overburden pressures from 0 to 138 kPa. Results showed that the bulk density of mold-damaged corn was always less than the bulk density of the clean sample. As the overburden pressure applied to the sample increased, both samples exhibited an increase in density following similar trends, with the mold-damaged values slightly lower than the normal sample. Sound and insect damaged corn samples (Croplan 5757 VT3 from Kansas) were used to determine the effects of insect damage on bulk density. The sound sample had an initial test weight of 795 kg/m3 and moisture content of 11.2%. This sample was then exposed to insects, resulting in a sample with 18% of the kernels insect damaged. The insect-damaged sample had lower initial test weight (723 kg/m3) and lower moisture content (10.8%) than the sound sample.  Bulk densities of the two samples were measured at different overburden pressures from 0 to 138 kPa. Results showed that the bulk density of insect-damaged corn was always lower than the bulk density of the sound sample. As the overburden pressure applied to the sample increased, both samples exhibited a similar trend of increasing density, with the insect-damaged values slightly lower than the sound sample values following the difference in the initial bulk density. A presentation entitled “IPM of stored grain insects in Montana” was presented at the Fort Benton Agricultural Center on January 11, 2016.  There were 50 attendees. Tactics stressed were aeration to manage moisture and temperature with judicious use of protectants. Fumigation guidelines were presented. The presentation was requested because of an increased concern about insects in stored grain.  The problem was driven by a significant portion of the 2014 harvest that was stored for an entire year based on low wheat prices. This included a full summer cycle which is very difficult to manage successfully, especially for insects. A stored product pest management module was again presented to AGSC 401 – IPM students on the Montana State University Campus in October 2016. When stored in a bin, grain undergoes compression from the weight exerted from the overlying material in the bin. The extent of compression depends on crop type, test weight, moisture content, bin wall material, bin size, and other factors and results in an increase in bulk density. This study is improving the prediction of grain pack factors to include storage time, aeration, and effect of loading cycles. The effects of secondary grain quality parameters like high dockage wheat, high BCFM for corn, and presence of GMO traits are also being investigated. Field data have been collected from 16 bins at commercial elevators and farms to determine the effects of time and aeration on grain packing for corn, wheat, soybeans, and barley. In addition, 22 bins are being monitored through the spring of 2017 for changes in grant height over time with and without aeration. Four barley bins were tracked for 12 months. The change in grain height varied between crops and also between aerated and non-aerated bins. For six corn bins, the decrease in grain height after 6 month of storage ranged up to 0.5%. Similarly, for five soybean bins stored for 6 months with aeration of 900 to 1000 hours, the decrease in grain height ranged up to 0.21%. For three HRW wheat storage bins monitored for 4 months there was no change in grain height. This year’s field data will be combined with bin tracking data from other storage seasons for further analysis. A partial unloading cycle was monitored in a corn bin (80-ft diameter, 63-ft eave height) at an Illinois ethanol plant. The bin was: (1) partially emptied via a center discharge until only a residual inverted cone remained (average grain height 8.9 ft), then (2) it was refilled and the height measured as 57.98 ft. These measurements were repeated later in an identical bin at the plant. Additional tests of partial unloading and refilling were conducted in the USDA-ARS, CGAHR concrete bins (D = 15 ft; H = 85 ft) and in the University of Kentucky Granular Mechanics Laboratory corrugated steel bins (D = 6 ft; H= 18 ft). The CGAHR concrete bins were filled and unloaded randomly at different H/D ratios while the Kentucky steel bin was filled and unloaded sequentially at increasing or decreasing H/D ratios. Preliminary results for the randomly loaded concrete bins showed no significant differences in packing for loading versus unloading at the same H/D level. Results from the sequentially filled steel bins at Kentucky showed greater packing during filling than during unloading for the same H/D level. Additional tests are planned for the concrete bins with sequential filling and unloading. Kernel size and shape variation was determined for use in discrete element method (DEM) modeling of initial bulk density and packing in wheat. Six different varieties of hard red winter wheat were analyzed for kernel shape and size. Kernels were passed through a series of sieves to determine size distribution. Kernels were then divided into three size classifications based on thickness size. Minor and major diameters were determined for each size classification using image processing. The different varieties had different proportions of small, medium, and large kernels. For modeling, the dimensions (thickness, minor diameter, major diameter) to be used are: 2.84mm ´ 2.81 mm ´ 5.94 mm for large kernels, 2.61 mm ´ 2.50 mm ´ 5.66 mm for medium, and 2.39 mm ´ 2.16 mm ´ 5.37 mm for small kernels. Different proportions of the three size classifications will be prepared for laboratory and simulation tests to determine the test weight, angle of repose, apparent density, tapped bulk density, and percent void before and after compaction. Objective 3 Accomplishments University and private sector agribusinesses continued to utilize our NIRS-based grain component testing service, with 10,615 samples of corn and soybeans submitted from the 2015 crop year, and 15,452 to date from the 2016 crop.  Corn protein was low, but corn starch increased more than expected for the protein level.  This means that ethanol yields will be elevated.  Soybean protein content was approximately 0.5% point below average in 2016 while oil content was 0.5% point above average.  This combination will increase the total value of products from a soybean crushing plant. The Iowa Grain Quality Initiative added 19 online training modules covering various areas of grain handling and processing.  The Renewable Fuels monthly newsletter became part of this research program. An ongoing relationship with a major agribusiness insurance company has moved forward. One of the primary goals of this collaboration is to solidify the mindset for grain handlers that the quality of grain and the safety of their workers are closely linked. Two journal publications reporting on the safety outputs of this research are currently under review. Continued curriculum revision and updating continues, with the revision of the "Managing Grain after Harvest" textbook - an internal text used by agricultural engineering and technology students at Iowa State University in their grain handling coursework. The development of a feed technology academic minor for undergraduate students in bioprocess/food engineering, agricultural technology, animal science, food science, and agri business at Iowa State University was also initiated. Research was conducted to improve the ability of the grain marketing system to respond to increased pesticide regulations and to consumer demands for wholesome, insect-free foods.  The specific objectives are to estimate costs and risks associated with chemical-based and IPM pest-control strategies in stored grain facilities, and to estimate costs and risks associated with chemical-based and IPM pest-control strategies in food processing facilities. Methyl bromide is a commonly used fumigant for controlling insects in food processing facilities. However, it has been designated as an ozone depleter and is becoming less available and more costly. Integrated pest management (IPM) is an alternative, and may additionally reduce insecticide resistance, improve worker safety, and reduce environmental concerns and consumer concerns about pesticide residuals. However, little is known about the costs and efficacy of IPM in food processing facilities. This Research Team considers several IPM approaches and measure both the treatment costs as well as the costs of failing to control insects for each approach. Food processing facilities face a high cost if they fail to control insects, but a relatively low probability of incurring those costs. In their operating context, a real options approach can provide a method for appropriately measuring the risks of insect infestation under alternative treatment approaches. A Ph.D. student, working with NC-213 Researchers,  is investigating alternative ways to apply this methodology to food processing facilities and their insect control decisions. The Team is working closely with entomologists on the project to gather and analyze data from the project for this purpose. Also, with the help of the entomologists, gathering location data to be used in GIS models that will help improve the understanding of insect issues in processing facilities and thus aid in controlling insects. One NC-213 Research Team developed a "proof-of-concept" interface between the Proprietary Centralized Data Whole-Chain Traceability System (PCD-WCTS) developed as part of this project and a local farmer-to-consumer traceability system developed by a private traceability company.

Publications

McGinnis, S. & C. R. Hurburgh.  2015.  Equivalence of Near Infrared Transmission Instruments for Grain Analyzers.  Poster presented at the 2015 AACCI Annual Meeting, Minneapolis MN, October 2015. Nelson, C.K. & C. R. Hurburgh.  2015.  Mass Balance Evaluation of Dry Grind Ethanol Plant Options.  Poster presented at the 2015 AACCI Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, October, 2015. Yao H., Z. Hruska, R. L. Brown, D. Bhatnagar, T. E. Cleveland, Hyperspectral Imaging Technology for Inspection of Plant Products Ch 9 in “Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Food and Agriculture” edited by Dr. Park and Dr. Lu., published by Springer, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-4939-2835-4. Yao, H., Hruska, Z., & DiMavungu, J. D. 2015. Developments in Detection and Determination of Aflatoxins. World Mycotoxin Journal. 8(2), 181-191. Zhu, F., Yao H., Z. Hruska, R. Kincaid, R. L. Brown, D. Bhatnagar, T. E. Cleveland. 2016. Integration of Fluorescence and Reflectance Visible Near-Infrared (VNIR) Hyperspectral Images for Detection of Aflatoxins in Corn Kernels. Transactions of the ASABE. 59(3): 785-794. Sabillón, L, Stratton J, Rose DJ, Regassa TH, Bianchini A. 2016. Microbial load of hard red winter wheat produced at three growing environments across Nebraska, USA. Journal of Food Protection 79:646-654. Sabillón, L, Stratton J, Rose DJ, Flores RA, Bianchini A. Reduction in microbial load of wheat by tempering with organic acid and saline solutions. Cereal Chemistry 93:638-646. Hall III, C. and Gebreselassie, E. 2016. Understanding Lignan (SDG) stability in Fermented Beverages. Proceedings of the 66th Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by H. Kandel and C. Hall. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 31-38. Rajala, F., Syverson, D., Niehaus, M. and Hall, C. 2016. Assessing Peroxide Value in Flaxseed – an oxidation indicator. Proceedings of the 66th Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by H. Kandel and C. Hall. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 86-90. Hall III, C. and Gebreselassie, E. 2016. Understanding Lignan (SDG) stability in Fermented Beverages. The 66th Flax Institute of the United States Meeting, Fargo, ND March. 31-April 1, 2016. Rajala, F., Syverson, D., Niehaus, M. and Hall, C. 2016. Assessing Peroxide Value in Flaxseed – an oxidation indicator. The 66th Flax Institute of the United States Meeting, Fargo, ND. March 31-April 1, 2016. <ol start="2016"> <li>Simsek, T. Baasandorj, J. Ohm. 2016. Does mill type affect ranking of hard red spring wheat cultivars based on end-use quality? Abstract. AACC International. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/Documents/2016Abstracts/aacc2016abs65.htm</li> </ol> Lee, K. M., Herrman, T. J., and Post, L. 2016. Evaluation of selected nutrients and contaminants in distillers grains from ethanol production in Texas. Journal of Food Protection. 79, 1562-1571. Armstrong, P.R., Dell’Endice, F., Maghirang, E. B., and Rupenyan, A. 2016. Discriminating oat and groat kernels from other grains using near-infrared spectroscopy.  Cereal Chem Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang,  E.B., Yaptenco, K.F. and Pearson, T.C. 2016.  Visible and near-infrared instruments for detection and quantification of individual sprouted wheat kernels. Trans. of ASABE. Girad, A.L., Perez-Castell, M.E., Bean, S.R., Adrianos, S. L., Awika, J. M. (2016). Effect of condensed tannin profile on wheat flour dough rheology. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64: 7348-7356. Cobb, A., Wilson, G.W., Goad, C.L. Bean, S.R., Kaufman, R.C., Herald, T.J., and Wilson, J.D. 2016. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in grain production and nutrition of sorghum genotypes: Enhancing sustainability through plant-microbial partnership. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 233: 432-440. Bize, M., Smith, B.M., Aramouni, F.M., and Bean, S.R. 2016. The effect of egg and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides addition on gluten-free sorghum bread quality. J. Food Sci. (In press) <ol start="2016"> <li>G. Atungulu, H. Zhong, G. S. Osborn, A. Mauromoustakos, C. B. Singh. 2016. Simulation and Validation of On-Farm In-Bin Drying and Storage of Rough Rice. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, Vol. 32(6), 881-897.</li> </ol> Atungulu G., and Hou Min Zhong. 2016. Assessment of strategies for natural air in-bin drying of rough rice in Arkansas locations. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, Vol. 32(4): 469-481.  DOI 10.13031/aea.32.11361. Olatunde G., Atungulu G., Sadaka S. 2016. CFD modeling of air flow distribution in rice bin storage system with different grain mass configurations. Biosystems Engineering 151(2016), 286-297.  <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.09.007">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.09.007</a>. Atungulu G., Thote S., Wilson S. 2016. Storage of Hybrid Rough Rice – Consideration of Microbial Growth Kinetics and Prediction Models. Journal of Stored Product Research, 69(2016), 235-244. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2016.09.003">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2016.09.003</a>. Atungulu G.G., Smith D., Wilson S., Sadaka S., Rogers S. (2016). Assessment of one-pass drying of rough rice with an industrial microwave system on milling quality. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, Vol. 32(3): 417-429.  DOI 10.13031/aea.32.11484. Olatunde G., Atungulu G., Deandrae Smith.  2016. One-pass drying of rough rice with an industrial 915 MHz microwave dryer: Quality and energy use consideration. Biosystems Engineering 155(2017), 33-43.  <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.09.007">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.09.007</a>. Sammy Sadaka, Gagandeep S. Ubhi, Griffiths Atungulu. 2016. Effects of initial moisture content and heating rate on wheat (OAKES) drying kinetic parameters.  International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology. 5(9), 42-54. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.61449. <ol start="2016"> <li>Pan, H. M. El Mashad, X. Li, R. Khir, G. Atungulu, L. Zhao, P. Kuson, T. McHugh, R. Zhang. 2016. Demonstration tests of infrared peeling system with electrical emitters for tomatoes. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), Vol. 59(4): 985-994, DOI 10.13031/trans.59.11728.</li> </ol> G.G. Atungulu, Z.R. Young, S. Thote, H.M. Zhong, and S. Sadaka. 2016. Improving Germination Rate of Soybean Seed Dried Using Recently Introduced In-Bin Drying Systems. Arkansas Soybean Research Studies 2014. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station May 2016 Research Series 631, Page 184-188. Wilson S.A, Okeyo A.A, Olatunde G.A, and Atungulu G.G. 2016. Radiant heat treatments for corn drying and decontamination. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2016; e13193. doi:10.1111/jfpp.13193. Okeyo A., Olatunde G., Atungulu G., Sadaka S., McKay T. 2016. Infrared Drying Characteristics of Long-grain Hybrid, Long-grain Pureline, and Medium-grain Rice Cultivars. Cereal Chemistry. Posted online on 17 Aug 2016, First Look. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-07-16-0181-R">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-07-16-0181-R</a>. Thote S., and Atungulu G. 2016. Dry Matter Loss for Hybrid Rough Rice Stored under Reduced Oxygen Conditions. Cereal Chemistry. (in press). Xiaotuo Wang, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Ragab Gebreil, Zhengjiang Gao, Zhongli Pan, Shantae A. Wilson, Gbenga Olatunde, David Slaughter. Sorting in-shell walnuts using near infrared spectroscopy for improved drying efficiency and product quality. International Agricultural Engineering Journal, Manuscript ID 2016-026 (in press). C.J. Bern, D. Bbosa, T.J. Brumm, K.A. Rosentrater, R.A. Suleiman. 2015. Blending maize and amaranth to control maize weevil during storage on smallholder farms. Presented and published in the proceedings of the First International Congress on Postharvest Loss Prevention, Rome, Italy, October 2015. A.M. Shaw. 2015. Food Safety Modernization Act Mini Conference (with FDA and Iowa Department of Inspection and Appeals). Workshop given in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. C.E. Hart. 2016. Crop market outlook. Presented at the Iowa Farm Business Association in Altoona, Iowa; Farm Progress Show, Boone, Iowa; and the Northeast Iowa Research and Demonstration Farm Fall Field Day, Nashua, Iowa. Grover, A.K., S. Chopra, and G.A. Mosher. Food Safety Modernization Act: A quality management approach to identify and prioritize factors affecting adoption of preventative controls among small food facilities. Food Control, 66, July 2016, 241-249. Ramaswamy, S.K., Rosentrater, K.A., and G.A. Mosher. 2016. Does a NIR system provide low-cost alternative to on-farm feed and forage testing? A techno-economic analysis. ASABE Meeting paper #2460922. Orlando, FL: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (ASABE). Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, S.G. McNeill, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. 2016. Error analysis of stored grain inventory determination. Trans. ASABE. 59(3): 1061-1072. Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, S.G. McNeill, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. 2016. Modeling the Compressibility Behavior of Hard Red Wheat Varieties. Trans. ASABE. 59(3) 1029-1038. Sekhon, J., N. Maness, and C. Jones. 2016. Effect of compressed propane extraction on storage stability of dried cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of Food Engineering Jan16. Sekhon, J., N. Maness, and C. Jones. 2015. Effect of preprocessing and compressed propane extraction on quality of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.). Food Chemistry 175: 322-328. Ismayilzade, N, V. Samedov, B. Kard, and C. Jones. 2015. Sunflower seed damage and economic injury level of the European Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Journal of Entomological Science 50(2): 138-146. Moore, K and C. Jones. Grain Entrapment Pressure on the Torso - Can You Breathe While Buried in Grain? Journal of Ag Safety and Health, ASABE. JASH-11648-2015.(Awaiting second round of reviewer comments) Jones, C.L., 2016.  Grain Bin Entrapment: Don’t Let It Happen To You! BAE-1113. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Jones, C.L., 2016.  Grain handling automation and controls. BAE-1290. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Jones, C.L., 2016.  Grain bin entrapment: a case study from an Oklahoma country elevator. CR-1726. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Jones, C.L., C. Reed, and S. George. 2015. Grain Bin Safety Training, Instructors Manual and Student Manual. Oklahoma State University Fire Services Training Publishing, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Jones, C.L., C. Reed, and S. George. 2015. Grain Bin Safety Training, Teaching Slides with video on external drive. Oklahoma State University Fire Services Training Publishing, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Grain Bin Safety. 2015. Video delivered on thumb drive. Oklahoma State Fire Services Training, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Jones, C.L. and E. Bonjour. Preparing grain bins and flat storages prior to harvest or incoming product storage. Oklahoma State University Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Grain Bin Safety Awareness. 2015. Curriculum for training ag workers.  Oklahoma State University Fire Services Training Publishing, Stillwater, OK. Bonjour, E., C. Jones and R. Beeby. 2015. A closed loop system improves phosphine fumigation in stored grain facilities.  Entomological Society of America.  Entomology 2015 Conference, November 15-18, 2015. Minneapolis, MN. Moore, K and C. Jones. 2015. Impact of a polyethylene liner on the storage of canola in unaerated steel bins – Year 1 results.  ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper No. 152189116, New Orleans, LA. July 29, 2015. Jones, C. and G. Brown. 2015. Adapting a culture mapping technique to the needs of engineering students and researchers. ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper No. 152189818, New Orleans, LA. July 29, 2015. Bonjour, E. and C. Jones. 2016. Minimizing insect infestations in grain storage facilities prior to harvest. XXV International Congress of Entomology. Orlando, FL. September 25-30, 2016. Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, S.G. McNeill, M.P. Sama, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. 2015. Modeling the compressibility behavior of hard red wheat varieties. Transactions of the ASABE 59(3): 1029‐1038. Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, N.K. Koeninger, S.G. McNeill, M.E Casada, R. Bhadra, J.M. Boac, R.G. Maghirang, and S.A. Thompson. 2015. Error analysis in the measurement of stored grain volume. Transactions of the ASABE 59(3): 1061‐1072. Bhadra, R., M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, A.P. Turner, S.A. Thompson, M.D. Montross, R.G. Maghirang, and S.G. McNeill. 2016. Correlating bulk density (with dockage) and test weight (without dockage) for wheat samples. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 32(6): 925-930. Bhadra, R., M.E. Casada, S.A. Thompson, J.M. Boac, R.G. Maghirang, M.D. Montross, , A.P. Turner, and S.G. McNeill. 2017. Technical note: Field-observed angles of repose for stored grain in the U.S. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. In Press. Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, N.K. Koeninger, S.G. McNeill, M.E Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, and S.A. Thompson 2017. Technical Note: Stored grain surface estimation using a low-density point cloud. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. In Press. Hurburgh, C. R. and E. Bowers.   2015.  Crop Quality and the Role of Agronomists in FSMA.  Proc 27th Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.  December 2, 2015. Hurburgh, C.R.  2015.  Pay Attention to Condition of Stored Corn. Integrated Crop Management Newsletter, ANR Extension and Outreach, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.  August 13, 2015. <a href="http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews">http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews</a> Hurburgh, C.R.  2015.  Challenges to Watch in 2015 Harvest.  Integrated Crop Management Newsletter, ANR Extension and Outreach, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.  September 20, 2015.  <a href="http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews">http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews</a> Hurburgh, C.R.  2015.  What a Difference the Weather Makes.     Integrated Crop Management Newsletter, ANR Extension and Outreach, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.  October 15, 2015.  <a href="http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews">http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews</a> Hurburgh, C. R.  2015.  Crop Quality, Storage and FSMA.  Grower Seminar, D and B Agrosystems, Hubbard, IA.  December 8, 2015. (25). Adam, Brian D., Rodney Holcomb, Michael D. Buser, Blayne Mayfield, Johnson Thomas, Philip Crandall, Corliss A. O’Bryan, Steven C. Ricke, Dar Knipe, and Richard Knipe. 2016. “Enhancing Food Safety, Product Quality, and Value-Added in Food Supply Chains Using Whole-Chain Traceability.” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. Special Issue - Volume 19 Issue A:191-214. Adam, B. D., C. C. Craige, and M. D. Buser. 2016. “Risk Reallocation in a Whole Chain Traceability System.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-17, June. Buser, M. D, C. C. Craige, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “What Access will Government Agencies Have?” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-16, June. Thomas, J.P., C. C. Craige, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. How Secure Is Your Data in the National Whole Chain Traceability System?.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-15, June. <ol start="2016"> <li>C. Craige, T. K. Kumar, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “How to Use the NWCTI System.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-10, June.</li> <li>C. Craige, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “How Consumers Would Use the National Whole Chain Traceability System.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-09, June.</li> </ol> Stehle, A.M., C. C. Craige, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “Using RFID and Traceability Systems in Stocker Operations.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-05, June. Adam, B.D., C.C. Craige, and M.D. Buser. 2016. “What makes the National Whole Chain Traceability System Different? Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-02, June 2016. Ge, Candi, and Brian D. Adam. 2016. “Value of Information in a Whole-Chain Traceability System for Beef Cattle: Application to Meat Tenderness.” Selected Poster presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association annual meetings, Boston, MA, July 31-August 2. Ge, Candi, and Brian D. Adam. 2016. Value of Information in a Whole-Chain Traceability System for Beef Cattle: Application to Meat Tenderness.” Selected Paper presented at the Western Agricultural Economics Association annual meetings, Victoria, BC, Canada, June 21-23. Li, Niu. 2016. Alternatives to Methyl Bromide Fumigation for Insect Control in Rice and Wheat Processing Facilities: An Economic Optimization.” M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. (This was incorrectly entered last year as 2015.)

Impact Statements

Through extensive research conducted by NC-213 scientists, found that when stored in a bin, grain undergoes compression from the weight exerted from the overlying material in the bin. The extent of compression depends on crop type, test weight, moisture content, bin wall material, bin size, and other factors and results in an increase in bulk density. This study is improving the prediction of grain pack factors to include storage time, aeration, and effect of loading cycles. The effects of secondary grain quality parameters like high dockage wheat, high BCFM for corn, and presence of GMO traits are also being investigated. The existing WPACKING model does not account for the effect of storage time, aeration effects, and loading cycles for grain volume calculations or the effect of secondary quality parameters such as high dockage and high foreign material for wheat and corn and GMO traits in corn and soybeans. These new estimates, from this recent research, of these effects on grain pack factors will give more accurate results in these cases. Effects of time and aeration will be an important addition to improve its accuracy of prediction and grain volume calculations. The comprehensive WPACKING program is user–friendly software and will be an effective tool for crop insurance agencies, licensing agencies, and stored grain managers for accurate grain inventory information.

Date of Annual Report: 03/05/2018

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/21/2018 - 02/22/2018
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2016 - 09/30/2017

Participants

Adam, Brian Oklahoma State University

Ambrose, Kingsly Purdue

Armstrong, Paul USDA-ARS

Arthur, Frank USDA-ARS

Asuncion, Xyza Kansas State University

Benfield, David A. The Ohio State University

Bowers, Erin Iowa State University

Brabec, Daniel USDA-ARS

Bruce, Rebecca The University of Arkansas

Campbell, Jim USDA-ARS

Casada, Mark USDA-ARS

Chopra, Shweta Iowa State University

Connell, Michelle Oklahoma State University

Dantes, Princess Tiffany Iowa State University

Dohmen, Anne Iowa State University

Dolphin, Chad Iowa State University

Elsaied, Sherif Oklahoma State University

Gunasekaran, Sundaram The University of Wisconsin

Gupta, Priyanka Iowa State University

Hallen-Adams, Heather The University of Illinois-Urbana

Hill, Chuck Agrigold

Hurburgh, Charles Iowa State University

Jones, Carol Oklahoma State University

Koshar, William The Ohio State University

Krublit, Taylor Oklahoma State University

Lowery, Allison Oklahoma State University

Magallanes-Lopez, Ana North Dakota State University

McNeill, Sam The University of Kentucky

Mohammadi Shad, Zeinab The University of Arkansas

Morrison, William USDA-ARS

Mosher, Gretchen Iowa State University

Nishimwe, Kizito Iowa State University

Ogle, Tyler Oklahoma State University

Omodara, Michael The University of Kentucky

Pathak, Vaibhav Purdue

Petingco, Marvin Kansas State University

Plumier, Benjamin Iowa State University

Reed, Chris The Andersons, Inc.

Riddick, Frank National Institute of Standards & Technology

Riley, Sarah Oklahoma State University

Salish, Karthik Purdue

Scheff, Deanna USDA-ARS

Schultz, Quin Iowa State University

Sharma, Richa Iowa State University

Shinezorigt, Delgersaikhan North Dakota State University

siliveru, kaliramesh Kansas State University

Stasiewicz, Matthew University of Illinois-Urbana

Tenboer, Heather Iowa State University

Tilley, Dennis dennis.tilley@ars.usda.gov

Tomera, Craig craig.tomera@grainmillers.com

Tumbleson, Mike mtumbles@illinois.edu

Wallace, Evan evan.wallace@nist.gov

Yao, Haibo haibo@gri.msstate.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Annual Meeting 2018 – Technical Sessions – Poster Showing – Graduate Student Poster Competition People’s Choice Award –

Business Meeting Minutes – Thursday, February 22, 2018

(Some of these items were discussed during Dr. David A. Benfield’s “Opening Comments” on Wednesday, February 21, 2018.)

NC-213 Administrative Support (Bill Koshar)

--Update on The Andersons Research Grant Program – Regular Competition 2017. Bill Koshar reported that eight proposals were received and that two were selected to be funded. Those two proposals are: “Wireless Sensors for Quality Monitoring and Management of Stored Grain Inventories.” - Dirk E. Maier, Iowa State University and “Role of Worker Decision Making in Effective Food Safety Modernization Act (F.S.M.A.) Implementation.” - Gretchen Mosher, Iowa State University

Bill also reported that the Lead P.I.s of the six proposals that were not selected for funding were sent “Reviewer Comments” to aid them in future submissions.

--Update on the 2017 Annual Progress Reports from Participating Stations. Bill Koshar reported that we have basically the same amount of Reports as last year and one Researcher is to send in three reports. The breakdown is: Objective 1: 8, Objective 2: 7, and Objective 3: 1.

NC-213 Administrative Advisor/Coordinator-NC-213 Past Chair/Objective 3 Co-Chair (David A. Benfield and Gretchen Mosher)

--Update on the NC-213 Workplan 2018-2023 and general overview of the approval process. David A. Benfield gave the group an overview of the review process: The NCRA Director’s Spring Meeting will be held in April and our Workplan will be reviewed at that time. If it is not selected for renewal, then the Workplan Committee has until June to submit edits/changes for review at the July Meeting. David A. Benfield shared with the group that he felt that the Workplan has no major issues. Gretchen Mosher added that the she wrote the Workplan in such a way that very few to no edits should be requested. The group thanked Gretchen for all of her hard work. Sam McNeill thanked Gretchen Mosher for heading up this Workplan project. The membership at large also thanked Gretchen.

Update on NC-213 Annual Meeting 2019 - comments from Iowa State University (Gretchen Mosher). Gretchen Mosher shared with the group that she is still working on space and venues for the meeting. Gretchen asked for a show of hands on who plans to attend. Gretchen shared that the airport preference is Des Moines, Iowa. She also shared that some venues have limited parking and she is also taking into account distance for walking from parking to venue, etc. She will have more updates soon. David A. Benfield suggested that the group consider an alternate meeting date, maybe in May, in case of questionable weather.

NC-213 Past Chair/Objective 3 Co-Chair (Gretchen Mosher)

--Update on The Andersons Awards.

Gretchen Mosher shared with the group that the NC-213 Awards Committee selected Anton Bekkerman, Montana State University, as the recipient of the NC-213 Andersons Early-in-Career Award. This was also announced during the Wheat Quality Council Banquet on Wednesday evening.

--Discussion on the status of NC-213 Objective 2 Co-Chair Hulya Dogan who has not attended meetings, teleconferences for many years. Bill Koshar asked the group if Hulya Dogan was still with Kansas State University, because it has been many years since she has attended a meeting and we have not received any communication from her. The group thought that we could reach out to Hulya and ask if she is too busy, maybe no longer interested in serving as an Objective Co-chair, etc. Then, Sam McNeill offered to reach out to Carlos Campabadal and Subi Bhadriraju to see if one of them would like to serve. Bill also shared that there is no limit on how many Objective Co-Chairs can serve on an Objective.

NC-213 Election for NC-213 Secretary. After much discussion, Gretchen Mosher made a Nomination to appoint Paul Armstrong, USDA, ARS, CGAHR, SPIERU, Manhattan, Kansas, as the incoming NC-213 Secretary. Chuck Hill seconded the Nomination. Paul Armstrong accepted with the understanding that the appointment is a four year commitment (NC-213 Secretary, NC-213 Vice Chair, NC-213 Chair, and NC-213 Past Chair).

In conclusion, Sam McNeill thanked everyone for their input, hard work and participation in NC-213. Brian Adam, Oklahoma State University, led the group in thanking Sam McNeill for this work over the past year as NC-213 Chair.

Meeting adjourned.

Accomplishments

Objective 1 Accomplishments   NC-213 researchers from Iowa State University worked to calibrate equipment from six near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) manufacturers for various grain and grain product analyses by the ISU Grain Quality Laboratory. The laboratory analyzed over 13,000 corn and soybean samples for 55 clients. Calibration protocols were improved so that three NIRS platforms (instrument and calibration) were equivalence to within 0.02 percentage points of the single NIRS platform used by the USDA Federal Grain Inspection Service. The use of more than one machine without a loss in consistency of measurement would encourage technology development and lower testing costs for the grain market chain.   Spectral technology research at Mississippi State University also focused on developing a multispectral fluorescence-based method, which uses two narrow bandwidth fluorescence bands for detection of aflatoxin contamination. A complementary dual-camera imaging system was developed for rapid detection of contaminated corn. This multispectral system includes two scientific grade 14-bit Pixelfly cameras and two narrow-band filters and was used to analyze corn samples from field experiments and industrial sources. The research is providing a rapid, non-destructive method for screening maize at elevators or grain collection points, identifying and diverting contaminated grain into alternative uses, thereby protecting the food supply and increasing producer profitability.   Another project studied single seed near-infrared spectroscopy as a method to measure beta-glucan, protein and oil in oat seeds. Researchers at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Manhattan, KS scanned a total of 1728 single intact groats of six different oat varieties near infrared spectroscopy to develop non-destructive predictions of (1,3;1,4)-b-D-glucan (b-glucan), protein and oil content in groats. Prediction models for single kernels were developed using partial least squares regression. The data indicated that non-destructive screening of b-glucan, protein and oil contents in single kernels of dehulled oat grains from their near infrared spectra could be successfully used in breeding programs.   Significant outreach efforts were also involved in work related to aflatoxin testing and control. Texas A&M University researchers working with the the Aflatoxin Proficiency Testing and Control in Africa (APTECA) program (sponsored by the Office of the Texas State Chemist) hosted 4 high level breakfast meetings comprised of senior level Kenya government agency personnel from three ministries and representatives from several industry association. The high level breakfast meeting also included several members of the Kenya Parliament Agriculture Committee. As an outgrowth of these breakfast meetings, two members of Parliament visited Texas to learn about the co-regulation model used by the Office of the Texas State Chemist (OTSC) of Texas A&M AgriLife Research. A second outgrowth of the breakfast meetings was a one-week workshop in June 2017 at the Maanzoni Lodge in Machakos County Kenya to develop a regulatory roadmap highlighting overlapping authority among government agencies as well as regulatory gaps involving aflatoxin risk management. This exercise led to participants crafting a draft bill for aflatoxin risk management and outlining a national aflatoxin strategic plan. In 2017, the OTSC outreach program includes regulatory, industry and laboratory personnel in 45 countries and helps facilitate management of food safety risk on a global level. Among the outcomes of the project include improved food safety for approximately 10 million Kenyans, development of a national strategic plan and draft bill to manage aflatoxin risk in Kenya, adoption of aflatoxin testing platforms in Malawi, and 104 new qualified analysts to measure aflatoxin in Kenya and Malawi. A risk assessment was performed for Kenya to support a policy decision to raise the aflatoxin regulatory maximum level for classes of animal feed.    Recent outbreaks related to wheat flour have provided evidence that low moisture foods should be evaluated for safety. NC-213 researchers from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln conducted numerous research projects to assess methods for overcoming these safety concerns. Assessment of reducing microbial load in wheat flour considered technology that steams wheat kernels prior to milling. Lipase, lipoxygenase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activities were decreased by up to 81%, 63%, 22%, and 34%, respectively, as the time of steaming increased up to 90 s. Steaming had no effect on starch and gluten properties. Steaming for 90 seconds reduced the total plate count in wheat by log 7 CFU/g. Upon storage free fatty acids decreased with respect to time of steaming. Time of steaming did not affect lipid oxidation in flour; however, total carbonyls produced in dough made from stored flour were decreased with the increase in steaming duration. Thus, steaming wheat kernels prior to milling reduced lipase activity and consequently hydrolytic rancidity during storage without affecting starch and gluten fractions. This treatment also dramatically reduced the microbial load in flour. The implementation of these treatments in commercial production of wheat flour will reduce the risk of food borne illness outbreaks caused by consuming raw wheat flour.   North Dakota State University research focused on flaxseed, another crop that was considered when assessing safety. The oilseed is somewhat unique because it is typically consumed raw and no kill step is involved prior to consumption; thereby, producing an elevated risk for foodborne illness. Microbial inactivation of raw commodities is one approach to minimizing potential foodborne illness. However, degradation of quality and of nutritional and health compounds can be negatively affected from any method used to inactivate microorganisms. Flaxseed treated with vacuum steam pasteurization was shown to be an effective means to inactivate microorganisms, but its implication on health-promoting compounds or general shelf stability were not previously reported. Vacuum steam pasteurization was completed on both whole flaxseed and milled flaxseed using conditions documented to inactivate microorganisms. The important omega-3 lipid was not affected by processing conditions in either whole or milled flaxseed. As such, the research provides flaxseed processors with an approach to mitigate potential foodborne hazards without negatively impacting flaxseed quality, thus helping preserve a highly valuable industry, evaluated to be worth over $70 million.   In addition to research that considers contamination of grains, NC-213 investigators continued their efforts to improve characteristics of processed grain products. In North Dakota, thirty-six genotypes were grown in 19 environments. Traits commonly assessed for selecting genotypes for traditional/semolina pasta were evaluated along with a modified mixogram procedure designed to determine mixogram break-time for whole wheat flour. Genotypes varied in their suitability to make whole-wheat pasta. Genotypes identified as the best for whole-wheat pasta were not the top genotypes for traditional pasta. In fact,12 of the 36 genotypes tested produced good quality traditional pasta but made poor quality whole-wheat pasta.  Cooked firmness was the only pasta quality factor that showed a relationship with any of the phenotypic traits evaluated. Grain protein content, mixogram break-time and gluten index did relate to cooked firmness of whole-wheat pasta. These results indicate that other traits need to be identified that can be used to help select genotypes for whole-wheat pasta.   Other researchers at North Dakota State University worked on developing an overall baking quality scoring system in order to assist in comparing and ranking HRS wheat objectively. In the baking quality evaluation of HRS wheat cultivars, the overall baking quality scores were developed to determine whether the ranking was affected by baking methods. When averaged across various baking methods and conditions, C-ND Elgin, C-SD Focus, C-ND Prosper, G-Forefront, and G-ND 817 cultivars were considered to have “fair” bread-making quality characteristics, while receiving overall quality scores less than 6. In contrast, cultivars PND 817, P-MN Bolles, G-MN Bolles, P-ND Glenn, and G-ND Glenn received overall baking quality scores of 6.5 or above hence these cultivars were considered to have “excellent” baking quality characteristics under different baking conditions. The results in the current research study indicate that although there are differences in the bread-making methods on the end-use quality evaluation, the ranking of HRS wheat flours is not affected by the baking methods and conditions. In other words, cultivars considered to have “fair” quality tend to have low bread-making quality, while “excellent” baking cultivars will have superior end-use quality regardless of the baking method and processing conditions.   Objective 2 Accomplishments   Harvest losses need to be properly managed to reduce waste and maximize profits, and producers must balance potentially increasing losses with energy savings from allowing grain to field dry. Harvest losses are a combination of pre-harvest loss and machine loss. Pre-harvest losses occur due to dropped ears, pests feeding on the grain, or other ‘invisible’ losses. Machine losses occur at all stages of combining. Researchers at University of Kentucky examined yield and harvest losses for corn in a single field four times over the course of the 2017 harvest season. Measured yield and losses displayed little variation for moisture levels from 33.9% to 19.8%, with total losses less than 1.5%. Large amounts of wind damage occurred while allowing the grain to field dry to 15%. This resulted in a 19% reduction of observed yield, and harvest losses in excess of 12%. Losses were also measured for four additional combines across the state, and total losses were found to be between 1%-3% of total yield. These results are critical to provide producers with a reference point for evaluating their own losses and incorporating this information into harvest timing.   In addition to harvest losses, storage losses can also occur. A team of researchers from the USDA ARS, University of Georgia, Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Kansas State University, and the University of Kentucky considered the influence of kernel shape and size distribution on the compressibility and packing density of hard red winter wheat (HRW) using a laboratory setup similar to that used in powder testing. The kernel dimensional parameters (length, width, thickness) and bulk sample parameters (aerated bulk density, tapped bulk density, apparent density) were measured and additional derived parameters (equivalent spherical diameter, sphericity, flatness and elongation shape factors) were calculated for each size fraction and variety. Packing density and compressibility for each size fraction and of binary and ternary mixtures of the size fractions were determined for each variety. Packing density increased with larger kernel size while compressibility decreased. Sphericity and flatness shape factor had strong positive relationships with packing density and strong negative relationship with compressibility, while elongation shape factor showed the opposite effect on packing density and compressibility. The higher the percentage mass of the larger kernel fraction in a mixture, the higher was its packing density and the lower its compressibility. The two varieties did not significantly differ in packing density and compressibility. These results showed that kernel size distribution has significant effect on packing and compressibility of HRW wheat. Maintaining appropriate moisture content is not only important for quality but also for storage management. Existing packing models do not account for changes in moisture content due to moisture changes due to airflow. Moisture changes during aeration could have a significant impact on volume measurements that are directly related to inventory measurements. Corn samples were mechanically harvested in the field and dried in a PVC cylinder with a 6” diameter to measure volume change during drying. The samples were placed in a controlled environment at 15.5C and 70% relative humidity for 72 hours. The study results indicate that the change in volume was linearly related to the moisture removal.   Research out of the University of Idaho developed and validated an analytical method to detect mycotoxins using HPLC and LC-MS is in progress. Methods to assess the toxigenic potential of collected isolates is being developed and validated. Determination of mycotoxin concentration in both grains and extracts from fungal cultures is currently being assessed using an HPLC method with UV detection. The current limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for DON using this method are currently 50 and 100 ng/mL in standard solutions injected directly into an Agilent 1260 infinity HPLC system. LOD and LOQ in sampled grains are currently being determined, as modifications to the extraction protocol can change those values for sampled grains. Approximately 400 F. culmorum isolates have already been transferred to yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) to determine toxigenic potential. A method using agar plug extracts to quantify the amount of DON produced has been developed. Some F. culmorum isolates are also likely to be nivalenol (NIV) producers, so the incorporation of NIV standards and the development of a multi-mycotoxin method using the same HPLC-UV parameters are in progress.   Social scientists considered important interactions between producers and production and management of grains. One set of research from Montana State University used a combination of on-site experiments and market data to assess challenges and opportunities for altering production methods to increase economic and ecological sustainability in semi-arid regions, including Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming, and parts of South Dakota. The work that considered the differential impacts of fertilizer have timely and relevant implications for dryland grain producers. The insights from this research directly lead to measurable impacts for producers who wish to continue producing high-quality grains but increase the long-term viability and value of their operations through improved soil health. Producers can look to their specific situation and use the paper's findings to understand how to maximize production, quality, economic returns, and environmental sustainability in response to their choice of fertilization and cropping systems.   Another line of multidisciplinary work from Montana State University continued to evaluate insect control approaches that could be used as alternatives or partial replacements for chemical treatments (IPM approaches), in addition to approaches that could make conventional approaches more efficient. This included measuring both the treatment costs as well as the costs of failing to control insects for each approach. Food processing facilities face a high cost if they fail to control insects, but a relatively low probability of incurring those costs. To assess these issues, a real options approach is used to evaluate the decisions made by food processing facilities in order to improve timing of insect control measures to potentially reduce chemical use and cost and/or to improve effectiveness.   A third avenue considered safety at grain processing facilities, which is critical to ensuring effective working environment and food quality. Grain dust explosions are a hazard to grain industry workers and the mitigation of these events requires attention to both quality and safety aspects. Training was conducted by Iowa State University researchers for workers in Indiana, Michigan, and Iowa on the prevention of grain dust explosions. The training emphasized engineering controls, properties of grain dust, and other worker-based mitigation strategies. Approximately 200 grain elevator employees were trained on prevention of grain dust explosions. These grain workers and processors now have information on daily tasks, engineering controls, and preventive operations needed to keep grain dust explosions from occurring. Additionally, a workers' compensation claims database from a major agribusiness provider was used to characterize occupational injuries in the biofuels and grain handling industries. Workers' compensation provides valuable operational insight into the safety performance of biofuel and grain handling facilities, as many facilities are too small to be subjected to OSHA inspection.   Objective 3 Accomplishments   NC-213 participants made significant efforts to establish educational programs and communicate knowledge related to grain quality issues. In Iowa, the FSMA Preventive Controls for Animal Food Safety course was taught by Iowa State University faculty and extension professionals 10 times to 352 industry participants. Participant evaluations averaged 4.75 on a 5.0 point scale. Additionally, the development of a feed technology academic minor for undergraduate students in bioprocess/food engineering, agricultural technology, animal science, food science, and agri business at Iowa State University has been offered with a courses offered in fall 2017 and spring 2018. In addition, other significant publications included the updated version of the grain drying, handling, and storage handbook (MWPS-13) was released in spring 2017. The book has been used as a supplemental text for grain handling and processing courses at the undergraduate level for many years.   Researchers from Iowa State University also moved forward an ongoing relationship with a major agribusiness insurance company. One of the primary goals of this collaboration is to solidify the mindset for grain handlers that the quality of grain and the safety of their workers are closely linked. The collaboration led to a a webinar for insurance clients, which was presented in early 2017 to address linkages between grain quality and safety. Additionally, producers and the grain industry received advance forecasts of crop quality and storability conditions for 2017.  Processors received advance estimates of product yields from both corn and soybeans. Collectively the training modules were downloaded 698 times in CY2016.  The newsletter has 3000 regular subscribers and is downloaded an average of 30,000 times per month.   In the northern Great Plains, outreach by faculty at Montana State University and the University of Idaho resulted in several presentations made to commodity clientele regarding identification of pre- and post-harvest pest species, losses these cause and best practices for safe storage and prevention of economic losses. These include training workshops for crop consultants and educational modules presented for State of Montana Commercial and Private Applicator Certification Credits. Several publications focused on the genetics or expression of host plant resistance to insect pests of cereal grains. Additionally, continued collaboration with wheat growers, from whom soil samples are collected, have also agreed to the sampling of grains from their fields. Sampling of wheat heads and collection of grains will be performed during sampling in March and June 2017. Seasonal soil sampling has already been performed during June and September 2016, and sampling is scheduled to take place in December 2016. Grain samples will be analyzed for fungal populations and mycotoxin concentration upon harvest, using plating methods for relevant fungi and HPLC-UV for mycotoxin concentrations.   Numerous blog posts and recorded podcasts by Montana State University collaborators directly address applied, measurable issues related to wheat markets in a timely and relevant fashion. Many topics discussed issues about market valuation of wheat quality in the northern Great Plains, and the impacts of weather (drought) and associated pest influences on market availability and economic outcomes of decreased quality. In 2017, the www.AgEconMT.com project and website, on which blog posts and podcasts are posted, received over 11,500 visitors. Many of these visitors are consumed information related to wheat quality and marketing issues. The project has also had a significant impact in social media, with over 124,500 individuals having seen blog posts and podcasts distributed via the Twitter platform, and 1,174 interactions with those tweets (including clicking on the link to read the article, replying and beginning a conversation about a blog post or podcast, and retweeting the topic).

Publications

Objective 1:   Licht, M., C.R. Hurburgh, M. Kots, P. Blake, and M. Hanna. 2017. Is there loss of corn dry matter in the field after maturity? 2017 Integrated Crop Management Conference Proceedings, 35-39.   Bhadra, R., K.A. Rosentrater, and K. Muthukumarappan. 2017. Modeling distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) mass flow rate as affected by drying and storage conditions. Cereal Chemistry, (4(2), 298-309.   Xing, F., Yao, H., Liu, Y., Dai, X., Brown, R. L., Bhatnagar, D. (2017). Recent Developments and Applications of Hyperspectral Imaging for Rapid Detection of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Food Products. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1363709   Hruska, Z., Yao, H., Kincaid, R., Brown, R. L., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T. E. (2017). Temporal effects on internal fluorescence emissions associated with aflatoxin contamination from corn kernel cross-sections inoculated with toxigenic and atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus. Frontiers in Microbiology. V8, 1718. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01718.   Xing, F., Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Zhu, F., Kincaid, R., Brown, R., Bhatnagar, D., & Liu, Y. 2017. Detecting peanuts inoculated with toxigenic and atoxienic Aspergillus flavus strains with fluorescence hyperspectral imagery. Proceedings of SPIE, “Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety IX”, 1021701.   Yao, H., Zhu, F., Xing, F., Hruska, Z., Liu, Y., Brown, R., Bhatnagar, D. 2017. NIR Spectroscopy Analysis of Aspergillus flavus-Inoculated Peanut Kernels. 18th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy. ICNIRS-1233. Copenhagen, Denmark. June 11 -15.   Sabillón L, Bianchini A, Stratton J, Rose DJ. 2017. Effect of saline organic acid solutions applied during wheat tempering on flour functionality. Cereal Chemistry 94:502-507.   Poudel R, Bhatta M, Regassa T, Rose DJ. 2017. Influence of foliar fungicide treatment on lipolytic enzyme activity of whole wheat. Cereal Chemistry 94:633-639   Navrotskyi S, Baenziger PS, Regassa T, Guttieri MJ, Rose DJ. Variation in asparagine concentration in Nebraska wheat. Cereal Chem. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10023">https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10023</a>   Deng, L., Elias, E.M., and Manthey, F.A. 2017. Relationship between grain, semolina, and whole wheat flour properties and the physical and cooking qualities of whole wheat spaghetti. Cereal Chem. 94:801-804.   Deng, L., Elias, E.M., and Manthey, F.A. 2017. Influence of durum genotype on whole wheat and traditional spaghetti qualities. Cereal Chem. 94:857-865.   Baasandorj, T. (2016). Hard red spring wheat quality evaluation with various roller mill types and breadmaking methods. PhD Dissertaion. North Dakota State University. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1858816358?accountid=6766   Tim Herrman and Harinder Makkar. 2016. Aflatoxin proficiency testing in labs. Feedipedia, Broadening Horizons. December #36   Quantification of betaglucans, lipid and protein contents in whole oat groats (A.sativa. L) using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy 2017. Gracia Montilla-Bascon, Paul R Armstrong, Rongkui Han and Mark Sorrells. J. of Near Infrared Spectroscopy.  25(3) 172–179   Objective 2:   Atungulu G. G. & Olatunde G. A., Sammy Sadaka. 2017.  Impact of Rewetting and Drying of Rough Rice on Prediction of Moisture Content Profiles during On-Farm In-Bin Drying and Storage. Drying Technology. Published online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2017.1345933.   Olatunde G. A & Atungulu G. G. 2017. Potential of Turbulence Interference in Rough Rice bin Drying and Storage System Fitted with Cabling Technology. Biosystems Engineering 163(2017), 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.08.010.   Atungulu, G. G., and G. A. Olatunde. 2017. Assessment of New In-Bin Drying and Storage Technology for Soybean Seed. Drying Technology. Published online:  http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2017.1335751.   Deandrae L. Smith, Griffiths G. Atungulu. 2017. Impact of drying deep beds of rice with microwave set at 915 MHz frequency on the rice milling yields. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 45 (2018) 220–227. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.10.009">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.10.009</a>.   Olatunde G., Atungulu G., Deandrae Smith. (2017). One-pass drying of rough rice with an industrial 915 MHz microwave dryer: Quality and energy use consideration. Biosystems Engineering, 155, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.12.001.   Atungulu G., Thote S., and Wilson S. 2017. Dry Matter Loss for Hybrid Rough Rice Stored under Reduced Oxygen Conditions. Cereal Chemistry. 94 (3): 497-501.   Okeyo A., Olatunde G., Atungulu G., Sadaka S., McKay T. 2017. Infrared Drying Characteristics of Long-grain Hybrid, Long-grain Pureline, and Medium-grain Rice Cultivars. Cereal Chemistry. 94(3):251-261.   Shantae A. Wilson, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Gbenga Olatunde. 2017. Quality, Decontamination, and Energy Use Considerations during Radiant-Heat and Tempering Treatments of Shelled Corn. Cereal Chemistry. 94 (4): 705-711.   Wilson S.A, Okeyo A.A, Olatunde G.A, and Atungulu G.G. 2017. Radiant heat treatments for corn drying and decontamination. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation.  41(1), 2017; 00e13193. doi:10.1111/jfpp.13193.   Steve C. Ricke, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Chase E. Rainwater, Si Hong Park. 2017. Food and Feed Safety Systems and Analysis. Academic Press, Elsevier, London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom.   G.G. Atungulu, Z. Mohammadi-Shad and S. Wilson. 2017. Mycotoxin Issues in Pet Food. In: Food and Feed Safety Systems and Analysis. Steve C. Ricke, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Chase E. Rainwater, Si Hong Park (eds). Academic Press, Elsevier, London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom. Pg. 25-39.   Gbenga A. Olatunde and Griffiths G. Atungulu. Emerging Pet Food Drying and Storage Strategies to Maintain Safety.  In: Food and Feed Safety Systems and Analysis. Steve C. Ricke, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Chase E. Rainwater, Si Hong Park (eds). Academic Press, Elsevier, London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom. Pg. 45-58.   Anne Huss, Roger Cochrane, Cassie Jones and Griffiths G. Atungulu. Physical and Chemical Methods for the Reduction of Biological Hazards in Animal Feeds In: Food and Feed Safety Systems and Analysis. Steve C. Ricke, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Chase E. Rainwater, Si Hong Park (eds). Academic Press, Elsevier, London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom. Pg. 83-92.   Xuhui Zhuang, Chen Zhao, Keshun Liu, Peter M. Rubinelli, Steven C. Ricke and Griffiths G. Atungulu. Cereal Grain Fractions as Potential Sources of Prebiotics: Current Status, Opportunities, and Potential Applications In: Food and Feed Safety Systems and Analysis. Steve C. Ricke, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Chase E. Rainwater, Si Hong Park (eds). Academic Press, Elsevier, London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom. Pg. 173-187.   Xiaotuo Wang, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Ragab Gebreil, Zhengjiang Gao, Zhongli Pan, Shantae A. Wilson, Gbenga Olatunde, David Slaughter. Sorting in-shell walnuts using near infrared spectroscopy for improved drying efficiency and product quality. International Agricultural and Biological Engineering Journal. 26(1), 165-172.   Ragab Khir, Griffiths Atungulu, Ding Chao, Zhongli Pan. Influences of harvester and weather conditions on field loss and milling quality of rough rice. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 10(4), 216-223. DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20171004.2993.   Griffiths Atungulu. Infrared Food Processing Technology: Fundamentals and Case Studies of Recent Advances in Grain Processing. In: Alternatives to Conventional Food Processing: 2nd Edition Edited by Andrew Proctor. Green Chemistry Series No. 53. The Royal Society of Chemistry; Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK. (In Press).   Griffiths Atungulu, Gbenga Olatunde, Sammy Sadaka. Rice Safety. In: Rice Engineering.  Edited by Zhongli Pan & Gabreil Ragab Khir.  Destech Publications, 439 North Duke St., Lancaster, Pennsylvania  17602. (In Press).   Griffiths Atungulu, Gbenga Olatunde, Sammy Sadaka.<a name="_Toc442107885"></a> Rice Aeration: Fundamental and principles. In: Rice Engineering.  Edited by Zhongli Pan & Gabreil Ragab Khir.  Destech Publications, 439 North Duke St., Lancaster, Pennsylvania  17602. (In press).   Ramaswamy, S.K. and G.A. Mosher. 2017. Using workers’ compensation claims data to characterize occupational injuries in the commercial grain elevator industry. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 23(3), 203-217.   Sharma, R. and C.R. Hurburgh. 2017. Bulk product traceability – challenges and opportunities. Book chapter.     Bekkerman, A. “Data-Driven Innovation: An Integrated Public-Private R&D Framework for the 21st Century.” In proceedings, Grain Elevators and Processors Society Exchange, March 2017.   Bekkerman, A., and M. Taylor. “Influence of Shuttle Loaders on Grain Markets in Kansas and Montana.” Arthur Capper Cooperative Center Fact Sheet Series, Paper #10, August 2017.   Fulbright, J., K. Wanner, A. Bekkerman, D. Weaver. Wheat Stem Sawfly Biology. Montana State University Extension, MontGuide (MT201107AG), March 2017.   John, A. A., Jones, C. A., Ewing, S. A., Sigler, W. A., Bekkerman, A., & Miller, P. R. (2017). Fallow replacement and alternative nitrogen management for reducing nitrate leaching in a semiarid region. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 108(3), 279-296.   Maxwell, B., B. Weed, L. Ippolito, A. Bekkerman, M. Boone, M. Mills-Novoa, D.Weaver, M. Burrows, and L. Burkle. “Agricultural and Climate Change in Montana.” Chapter in 2017 Montana Climate Assessment, Whitlock C., Cross W., Maxwell B., Silverman N., and Wade AA, eds. Bozeman and Missoula MT: Montana State University and University of Montana, Montana Institute on Ecosystems. September 2017.   Bhadra, R., M.E. Casada, S.A. Thompson, J.M. Boac, R.G. Maghirang, M.D. Montross, , A.P. Turner, and S.G. McNeill. 2017. Technical note: Field-observed angles of repose for stored grain in the U.S. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33(1): 131-137.   Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, N.K. Koeninger, S.G. McNeill, M.E Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, and S.A. Thompson 2017. Technical Note: Stored grain volume measurement using a low-density point cloud. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33(1): 105-112.   Bhadra, R., M.E. Casada, S.A. Thompson, M.D. Montross, A.P. Turner, S.G. McNeill, R.G. Maghirang, and J.M. Boac. 2018. Stored Grain Pack Factor Measurements for Soybeans, Sorghum, Oats, Barley, and Wheat. Transaction of the ASABE. In press.   Objective 3:   Maier, D., S. McNeill, and K. Hellevang. Grain Drying, Handling, and Storage Handbook. MWPS-13, Third Edition. Midwest Plan Service, Ames, IA.   Xiao, J. C. Hart, and S.H. Lence. 2017. USDA forecasts of crop ending stocks: How well have they performed? Applied Economics Perspectives and Policy, 39, 220-241.   Hurburgh, C.R. 2016. Quality in the 2016 crop. Proceedings of the 28th Integrated Crop Management Conference, ISU Extension and Outreach, Ames, IA. November 30, 2016.

Impact Statements

In 2017, the www.AgEconMT.com project and website, on which blog posts and podcasts are posted, received over 11,500 visitors. Many of these visitors are consumed information related to wheat quality and marketing issues. The project has also had a significant impact in social media, with over 124,500 individuals having seen blog posts and podcasts distributed via the Twitter platform, and 1,174 interactions with those tweets (including clicking on the link to read the article, replying and beginning a conversation about a blog post or podcast, and retweeting the topic).