Annual/Termination Reports:

[03/19/2012] [12/10/2012] [11/09/2013] [02/28/2015] [03/07/2016]

Report Information

Participants

Shapiro-Ilan, David (David.Shaprio@ars.usda.gov) USDA-ARS, Byron GA; B. Rogers Leonard (rleonard@agcenter.lsu.edu) LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA; John Bartlett (john@firegel.com) Barricade, Hobe Sound, FL; Lewis, Ed (eelewis@ucdavis.edu) University of California, Davis CA; Boetel, Mark (mark.boetel@ndsu.edu) North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; Patricia Stock (spstock@email.arizona.edu) University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Ugine, Todd (tau2@cornell.edu) Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Keyhani, Nemat (keyhani@ufl.edu) University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Bruck, Denny (Denny.Bruck@ARS.USDA.GOV) USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR; Leland, Jarrod (JRRL@novozymes.com) Novozymes Biologicals, Roanoke, VA; Dara, Surendra (skdara@ucdavis.edu) UC Cooperative Extension, San Luis Obispo, CA; Arthurs, Steven (spa@ufl.edu) University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Groden, Ellie (Eleanor.groden@umit.maine.edu) University of Maine, Orono, ME; Oi, David (david.oi@ars.usda.gov) USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL; Gilbert, Robert (guest speaker, no email provided) University of Florida, Belle Glade, FL

Brief Summary of Minutes

PRELIMINARY BUSINESS MEETING
Chairman David Shapiro-Ilan called the meeting to order at 8:33 a.m.

1. Local arrangements Committee Report. (Steven Arthurs)
Attendance for this years meeting is somewhat low due to budgetary constraints, some individuals being on sabbatical leave, and others having scheduling conflicts (individuals that communicated their inability to attend included S. Jaronski, B. Federici, P. Grewal, B. Adams, and D. Boucias).
There will not be a registration fee this year.

2. Introductions. An attendance sheet was passed around, and attendees were requested to include contact and affiliation information (included as Appendix I below). Attendees introduced themselves and provided short synopses of their programs. David Oi (USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL): fire ant management
Ellie Groden (Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME): management and ecology of invasive ants Steve Arthurs (Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL): thrips pathogens, psyllid pathogens, sod webworm mgt. Surendara Dara (UC Cooperative Extension, San Luis Obispo, CA): strawberry IPM, emphasis on fungal pathogens for pest mgt. Jarrod Leland (Novozymes Biologicals, Roanoke, VA): M. anisopliae for control of thrips, white grubs, ticks, Lygus bugs
Denny Bruck (USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR): attract and kill strategies, black vine weevil Nemat Keyhani (Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL): B. bassiana basic research with applications in mosquito mgt. Todd Ugine (Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY): Asian long-horned beetle, fungal bands, Sirex wood wasp Patricia Stock (Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ): entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), symbiosis, native isolates, interactions with other EPNs and insecticides - Mark Boetel (North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND): sugarbeet root maggot, integrated control strategies, incl. M. anisopliae Ed Lewis (Univ. of California-Davis, Davis CA): EPN soil ecology/population dynamics John Bartlett (guest, Barricade, Hobe Sound, FL): fire-blocking gel technology, potential use to protect microbials Rogers Leonard (Louisiana State Univ. AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA): S-1024 administrative advisor from experiment stations David Shapiro-Ilan (USDA-ARS, Byron GA): orchard pest suppression with microbials, EPN ecology

3. Approval of 2011 Annual Meeting Minutes.
David Shapiro-Ilan reminded the group that the 2011 minutes were distributed and asked if there were any suggested corrections or additions. He also suggested that if anyone had not seen the 2011 minutes, they take time to do so and notify either him or Mark Boetel to provide suggestions for revision. No suggestions were made from the floor. Steve Arthurs moved (seconded by Patricia Stock) that the 2011 minutes be accepted as presented. No further discussion occurred, and the motion was passed by unanimous consent.


4. Chairs report. (David Shapiro-Ilan)
David mentioned that current reporting for this meeting should be related to the previous S-1024 subprojects because we are in the interim period between ending the previous project format and are awaiting initiation of the new proposed project. He also noted the email circulated to the group by Stefan Jaronski in regards to the general lack of specific funding opportunities relating to biological and microbial control within the current framework of programs such as AFRI, NSF, etc. Several comments from the group involved concerns that it is generally difficult to acquire funding for basic and developmental research, despite it having potential for contributing to future testing and implementation of microbial strategies for arthropod pest control. Additional concern voiced by the group was that more applied research, involving field testing and deployment of biobased tools appears to get more support by granting agencies and proposal review panels. Discussion followed regarding the possibility of S-1024 composing and submitting a position statement or white paper to publicly voice these concerns. Steve Arthurs volunteered to take the lead in developing the document. It was suggested that care be taken to be diplomatic and reasonable in outlining concerns when preparing such a document.

5. Administrative Advisor and Liaison reports (B. Rogers Leonard, Bob Nowierski). B. Rogers Leonard, following up on discussion pertaining to the groups potential development of a position statement/white paper, offered to check into who would be the appropriate contact for communicating concerns regarding the AFRI program (potentially Bob Nowierski). He also suggested that it may be useful to pursue the Entomological Society of Americas Plant-Insect Ecosystems section for additional support of our position and concerns. He further indicated that stakeholder input and support would be helpful and would likely strengthen the impact of such a document, as well as educate public clientele and other stakeholders about the kind of research being done and what potential value it offers the public sector. This increased visibility and resulting stakeholder awareness could also lead to future changes in research emphasis areas within federal funding agencies to those more suited to this group. Dr. Leonard also advised that multi-state grant proposal efforts, including those that involve more than one Regional IPM Center, should be considered by individuals or groups of individuals affiliated with S-1024. These collaborations tend to be looked upon very favorably by federal funding agencies and proposal review panels.

Regarding the groups project re-write, Dr. Leonard indicated that the proposal has been sent out to five potential reviewers from the Multistate Review Committee (MRC). Two of the required three reviews of our proposal have been received thus far. The reviews have been very positive, and have included ratings of good to excellent for the proposal. As soon as the third review is received from a MRC reviewer, the process will continue toward activating the new project and funding will be reestablished. A target date for initiation has been set for April 1. The group will continue to work under temporary project number SDC344 until the proposed project is approved. Dr. Leonard had to reduce the number of characters in our report due to the 22,000-character limit, but was able to achieve this mostly by using acronyms for insect common names.

Dr. Robert Nowierski was unable to attend the S-1024 meeting this year, but had emailed a brief update on AFRI program research funding opportunities offered by NIFA a few days before the meeting (see Appendix II).

David Shapiro-Ilan thanked the subproject co-chairs for their contributions to the re-write process, especially given the short turn-around time needed. The need to expedite the re-write came as a surprise because it was thought that the approved project extension allowed for a two-year period rather than just one year. This resulted in a temporary project termination.

DISCUSSION OF PROJECT RENEWAL PROPOSAL.
No further discussion was needed.

PLENARY SESSION.
Guest speaker: Rob Gilbert, Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida
Topic: Energycane Development Program for Cellulosic Ethanol.

Presentation I: Programs include breeding cane crops for high cellulose content, and breeding for disease resistance; however, theres not much work being done on breeding for insect resistance.

Presentation II: Sweet sorghum is also being pursued as a source of biofuel, with an emphasis on sucrose production rather than cellulose. Protection from insect injury is also an issue, because insect pests, primarily stalk-boring pests, are a major problem. Chemical insecticides are used to manage these pests and good control is typically achieved; however, microbial tools would likely be beneficial, either in relation to conservation of natural enemies or applicator/worker safety. Use of microbials could also conserve the activity of current chemical tools by delaying resistance development.

SUBPROJECT MEETINGS - SESSION 1.
Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for major acreage crops. [Co-Chairs: Bob Behle and Mark Boetel]

Mark Boetel (NDSU): Mark regularly collaborates with Stefan Jaronski (USDA-ARS, Sidney, MT) and occasionally with Bob Behle (USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL). Most work is focused on development of alternatives to conventional insecticides for managing the sugar beet root maggot (SBRM). Previous IPM research included cereal cover cropping as a cultural strategy which was shown to reduce SBRM feeding injury. Cover crop impacts were additive to conventional granular chemical insecticides and Metarhizium anisopliae applied by using corn meal or grit granules. Findings on cover crop and formulation (granule vs. aqueous spray) impacts on M. anisopliae persistence in sugarbeet plant canopies is expected to be published in 2012 in Biocontrol Science and Technology. Current research involves integrating biocontrol fungi with chemical seed treatment insecticides. Fungus-based formulations and seed treatments have both consistently performed at lower levels than conventional insecticides when applied singly. In 2011, a field study was established in an area expected to have a moderate SBRM infestation, but pressure was low. All control tools, including MA1200, M. anisopliae strain DWR346, chemical seed treatment, and integrations of MA1200 + Poncho Beta seed treatment, significantly reduced SBRM feeding injury. Excessive rainfall caused a lot of variability among plots and, as a result, no significant yield impacts were detectable. Future work is planned on integrations of cover crops, M. anisopliae, and insecticidal seed treatments. Additional research is planned to further characterize Fusarium solani isolate ARSEF 7382 that was discovered by NDSU as infecting and killing SBRM pupae. An emphasis will be placed on determining if it is phytopathogenic to other crops commonly grown in rotation with sugarbeet.

Todd Ugine (Cornell Univ.): Todd noted work by Steve Wraight in which death in Colorado potato beetle occurred in later portions of the growing season, thus indicating long-term control potential. Temperature effects have been observed in relation to using M. anisopliae F52 for management of Lygus bugs in cotton. Mortality typically occurs in 5-7 days, but this does not prevent significant levels of oviposition from occurring. Warmer ambient temperatures allow for more rapid development of nymphs, and resulting accelerated molting may be negatively impacting efficacy of the fungus because it is probably discarded from the target pest bodies when exuvia are removed. Ultraviolet radiation is also a likely problem that negatively impacts persistence. Treatment applications may be best if made earlier in the spring. Field tillage results in Lygus adults typically overwintering in narrow field margins. This may offer the possibility of treating while adults are restricted in these smaller areas.

Todd, noting the relatively low attendance for this years meeting, asked a procedural question pertaining to how S-1024 promotes the meeting. Discussion led to suggestions that the meeting could be advertized (including provision of the meeting agenda) with SIP and ESA. It was also noted that there is an ESA network focused on entomopathogens.

David Shapiro-Ilan (USDA-ARS, Byron, GA): David is collaborating with Fort Valley State University (GA) on research to develop environmentally-friendly methods to manage the burrower bug, Pangaeus bilineatus (Hemiptera), a soil insect pest of peanut. The pest is so severe in some production areas that affected growers are considering abandoning peanut production if efficacious control methodology cannot be developed. Control research has included testing of entomopathogenic nematodes, Beauveria bassiana, and chlorpyrifos. Synergistic effects on control were observed between nematodes and chlorpyrifos.

Nemat Keyhani (U of FL): Research is focused on fundamental science of biocontrol fungi, with B. bassiana being used as a model system. Topics being studied include developing a better understanding of processes such as blastosphere production, fungal attachment and adhesion as mediated by fungal structures, degradation of the waxy layer of the target pests cuticle, and subsequent penetration of the cuticle. Eight cytochrome P-450s have been identified, some of which appear to mediate degradation of the host cuticle and invasion by the fungus. It is believed that some P-450s are substrate- and likely host/target-specific. Single-gene knockouts are being used to isolate and characterize gene expression patterns. Cuticular hydrocarbon research is very difficult and complicated due to a significant amount of variability between species, developmental stages, insect structures, and even different portions of the same structures being assessed. The difference between having a broad or narrow host range in fungi is also impacted by variability among cuticles of different arthropod hosts. Research is also underway on secondary metabolite production by entomopathogenic fungi. Using gene knockouts, it was determined that four putative transcription factors impact fungus virulence. Enzymes were also found to affect cuticle penetration. In other research, a gene that blocks malaria transmission has been expressed in the parasite. Work is also underway involving insect-produced peptides and hormones, specifically relating to whether production can be disrupted. Research in this area involves trypsin-modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), a decapeptide hormone that can impact the ability of mosquitoes to digest blood meals. An isolate of B. bassiana was bioengineered to express TMOF, and it results in reduced oviposition, impaired or stunted larval development, and larval mortality in mosquitoes. Similar work is being done on pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) in fire ants, and it appears to reduce time to mortality and lethal dose values. Ant necrophoretic (i.e., transport of the dead) behavior is also impacted. Specifically, if ants detect an infected individual, it is cast out of the nest. Also, once infected, workers did not form discrete bone piles of dead individuals. It appears that fire ants are able to discriminate between amidated and non-amidated peptides. The former affects necrophoretic behavior, but the non-amidated peptide does not. Research related to this topic was published in Nature Biotechnol. and PLoS One. Other research is directed at characterizing olfaction profiles in fire ants. Nemat also alerted the group that a journal article on the current status of microbial control in insect management, entitled Have Biopesticides Come of Age?, will be coming out soon (probably in March).

SUBPROJECT MEETINGS - SESSION 2
Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for ornamental, vegetable, fruit and nut crops. [Co-Chairs: Robin Stuart & Patricia Stock]

Patricia Stock (U of AZ): Research is focused on ecology of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) for arthropod management, with particular attention being paid to nematode/bacterial symbiont interactions. Soil characteristics have been found to impact biotic communities, especially the composition and densities of beneficial nematodes. Work is also being done on persistence of various nematode strains. PCR probes are being investigated to assess whether they can be used to determine the presence of nematodes and nematode-trapping/nematophagous fungi. Research is also underway to model for impacts of S. riobrave on resistance gene frequency in key cotton pests. Thus far, this work is only at the greenhouse level, but expanded research, including field testing is expected in the future. Other research involves experiments to determine the impacts of Fusarium oxysporum, a moderate plant pathogen of asparagus, on nematode population dynamics. In field research, the interactions of imidacloprid and indoxycarb with entomopathogenic nematodes are also being studied. Thus far, it appears that some combinations result in either additive or synergistic effects on control. Steinernematid host relations are being studied in a collaborative project with the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Trade-offs and benefits between targeting native or non-native hosts and the factors impacting nematode infection biology are being evaluated, and assessments in relation to primary and secondary infection phases are being made. One hypothesis related to this work is that the secondary phase may fail to degrade the host cuticle, thus resulting in nematodes being trapped inside the insect host.

David Shapiro-Ilan (USDA-ARS, Byron, GA): In work on biobased management of pecan weevil, fungal microsclerotia appear to perform better in laboratory testing than conidia. Chromobacteria have performed well in field testing. In other research, clover cover crops appeared to increase the persistence of endemic B. bassiana. Increased persistence of B. bassiana was also observed following applications of poultry manure. A SARE grant has been received to support optimized control of peach tree borers using nematodes and bring the technology to producers. Technology being tested includes a fire-protectant polymer gel used to increase persistence of the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Impacts on nontarget organisms are also being investigated. Other work is aimed at developing microbial tools to manage plum curculio (in cooperation with Tracy Leskey, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV). Using a trap crop strategy, 1 to 2 trees along the perimeter of a grove are treated with attractant. Dropped fruit is sprayed with a solution containing nematodes to control the insects that are attracted to the baited trap trees. The impacts of irrigation on control tools and infection dynamics are also being investigated. In other work, nematode responses to electrical fields are being assessed.

Denny Bruck (USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR): Research is being carried out on chemical ecology and chemical use patterns for management of Drosophila suzukii (a.k.a., spotted-wing Drosophila). A student in the program is working on using microbials for control of D. suzukii. In black vine weevil research, studies have focused on rhizosphere colonization and efficacy testing. There appears to be a broad ability among Metarhizium and B. bassiana isolates to colonize ornamental plants. Tritrophic interactions are also being investigated between weevil larvae, entomopathogens, and ornamental plants. A former student worked on rhizoshphere colonization by several fungal isolates on blueberries, Christmas trees, grapes, and strawberries. Findings indicated that a single clade accounted for about 90% of the entries that colonized blueberries; however, there was no apparent relationship for M. anisopliae in wine grapes. A long-term goal in this project is to match fungal strains with target pests. In collaborative research with Rob Van Tol, an attract-and-kill strategy is being tested that includes an EPN that shows high virulence in adult weevils. A patent for the tool is pending. Collaborative work is also being carried out with Lee Solter (IL Nat. Hist. Survey) on an apparent high-virulence microsporidian. Cryolite is also being explored as a toxicant with the attractive bait. Trap design needs further improvements.

Ed Lewis (UC Davis): In pistachio pest management research, S. carpocapsae is being investigated as a microbial tool that can be applied using irrigation equipment to manage the navel orangeworm. In related work, waste nuts on the ground beneath trees are treated with a solution containing entomopathogenic nematodes. Assessments on persistence indicated that viable infective juveniles can persist for up to 10 weeks after application. In other research, European earwigs are susceptible to EPNs; however, they have been observed to take harborage inside trunk wrap of fruit trees. Negative interactions were observed with mites, as they were preying on the EPNs. These types of ecological interactions and pest behaviors probably explain, in part, why persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes in can be so unpredictable.

Surendra Dara (UC Coop. Extension, San Luis Obispo): Microbial control research is being conducted for insect management in strawberry production systems. Strawberry is a high-value commodity, so growers are unwilling to accept much damage or loss, and they strongly prefer control tools that provide quick pest mortality. Much of the research in this area is focused on using B. bassiana to manage various pests, either as stand-alone tools or in combination with low rates of conventional chemical insecticides. Research is being done on strawberry root colonization by Metarhizium and Beauveria. A pre-plant root dip procedure was tested for inoculation with endophytic B. bassiana. Insect growth regulators are also being tested.

Jarrod Leland (Novozymes Biologicals): Novozymes continues to develop products based on Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52. Current sales mostly involve the granular formulation for application to potting media, primarily for black vine weevil. However, they also have two EC formulations, which are registered as Met52 EC and Tick EX EC (discussed further below under Subproject 4). Sales of Met52 EC are just beginning in the US, and steps are being taken to obtain registrations in the EU and Canada. Thrips, whiteflies, and mites have been a central focus for the Met52 EC product.

Steven Arthurs (U of FL): Research on Isaria fumosoroseus strain PFR97 for whitefly control indicates that the fungus spreads quite readily. In laboratory research, there were complications associated with growth chamber contamination. In research on asian citrus psyllid management, it was found that some oils used in spray applications are incompatible with the fungus. Organic citrus producers appear to be very interested in using microbial control methodology.

SUBPROJECT MEETINGS - SESSION 3.
Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for urban and natural landscapes. [Chair: Ed Lewis]

Todd Ugine (Cornell Univ.): Todd is working with A. Hajek. Research is being conducted on applying agar-based fungal bands around tree trunks to manage cerambycid pests. Plant-based volatiles and an aggregation pheromone are used to bring pests into contact with the fungus. Agar bands appear to work better than oil-based bands. Developmental work is also being done on evaluating different fibers for incorporation into a fiber mat configuration similar to that of shag carpet to potentially increase the likelihood of pests coming into contact with fungal entomopathogens. Todd mentioned that sublethal effects have been observed in many insects following exposure to M. anisopliae, but such effects are not common with B. bassiana.

Ed Lewis (UC Davis): Studies are being done on managing the agave weevil. Adults feed on and oviposit into ornamental agave plants, and the resulting damage can cause plants to collapse. This can involve costly losses, as some of the destroyed plants are decades old and very expensive to replace. Research, partially funded by a UCMEXUS grant, involves applying a solution containing nematodes (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and steinernematid spp.) to the upper portion of plants, and allowing nematodes to swim downward and come into contact with the pest. Other research involves using EPNs to manage the Sirex species complex.

Jarrod Leland (Novozymes Biologicals): Novozymes is concentrating a lot of effort on use of F52 in Canada due to several cancellations of conventional chemical insecticide products for home applications. Uses are also being pursued for F52 on chinch bug control in turf systems.

SUBPROJECT MEETINGS - SESSION 4.
Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for medical, veterinary, and structural pests. [Chair: David Oi]

David Oi (USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL): Western widow spiders have been observed to remove prey from webs if the prey items are infected with entomopathogenic nematodes, whereas bark spiders appear to indiscriminately consume prey, whether parasitized or not. In other research, phorid fly species in the genus Pseudacteon, also referred to as ant decapitating flies, have been found to acquire and transfer microsporidia to fire ant hosts. A South American microsporidian is being studied to determine its impact on fire ant colonies. Other research involves the Caribbean crazy ant (a.k.a., raspberry crazy ant), Nylanderia pubens, which is actually believed to be from S. America, not the Caribbean. This invasive species has garnered a lot of media attention because they invade homes and significantly diminish property values. No effective control strategies are currently available to manage this pest, but efforts are underway to develop microbial control tools. Five entomopathogenic viruses have been isolated, and some may have potential to control crazy ants, but this work is preliminary at this time.

Ellie Groden (Univ. of Maine): Two years of field study have been conducted on using a combination of bait stations and B. bassiana to control the European red ant. The concept involves applying the fungus in areas surrounding the bait stations. In the first year of this project, a 50% reduction in ant densities was observed; however, there was no detection of actual infection in ants recovered in the study area. In the second year, there was no significant difference in ant numbers between treated and untreated areas. Other work is focused on a nematode that has been shown to be infective to scarabs in Europe. A key research question in this work is: are different bacteria capable of causing different mortality levels in target pests? There is also uncertainty regarding whether certain nematodes can host different bacterial associates. Further study is planned in this area.

Jarrod Leland (Novozymes Biologicals): Novozymes, in collaboration with EPA, has conducted a tick management trial at about 50 sites in the U.S., mainly involving school properties in Maryland. The project involves high-volume spray applications of Tick-ExTM (M. anisopliae) along the perimeter of properties rather than the entire area. Follow-up evaluations on residual activity and persistence indicated 20% tick mortality.
Novozymes, in collaboration with EPA, will be conducting tick management trial at about 50 sites in the U.S. with our Tick EX EC products. This product is applied in a similar manner to currently available chemical pesticides for tick management.

Ed Lewis (UC Davis): Paratonchium autumnale, a nematode parasite of the face fly, Musca autumnalis, is being studied by a graduate student in Eds program in cooperation with Harry Kaya. Research on an apparent low prevalence indicates a bias in sampling methodology because younger instars often die before adulthood. Research also indicates that this parasite exerts more significant impacts on M. autumnalis than previously thought.

FINAL BUSINESS MEETING

1. Election of Member-At-Large
Chair David Shapiro-Ilan requested nominations from the floor for Member-At-Large. Surendra Dara and Bob Behle were nominated. Surendra was elected by majority vote.

2. Discussion of group collaborative projects
Most of the discussion involved the potential development of a collaborative project on microbial control tools for use in biofuel crop production. Ed Lewis and Steven Arthurs agreed to coordinate this effort, but they may be asking for assistance from others.

3. Site selection committee report
Denny Bruck introduced discussion regarding whether it is necessary for S-1024 to hold a separate 1.5-day meeting or if it may be more efficient to meet during another conference. ESA branch meetings were considered, but this would not work because S-1024 members belong to different branches. It was suggested by B. Rogers Leonard that the group could meet at the national ESA meeting by either 1) proposing a member or P-IE symposium; or 2) requesting a separate meeting room for S-1024 as a non-ESA function, either immediately before or following the national ESA meeting. B. Rogers Leonard suggested that the group could ask for monetary support from ESAs P-IE section for having a reception at the end of the symposium. Discussion led to decisions to hold next S-1024 meeting (first meeting after renewal is initiated) during the ESA meeting in Knoxville, TN in November 2012, and to tentatively plan for the 2013 meeting to be held during the SIP meeting in Pittsburgh, PA. Denny Bruck will serve as local arrangements chair for the meeting in Knoxville. Mark Boetel mentioned that a conventional symposium format could be used for the initial portion of the event, and that a business meeting could be held immediately afterward to carry out activities associated with officer elections, planning subsequent meetings, etc.

4. Theme for next meeting presentations and discussion
The group agreed to develop a symposium using the theme of entomopathogen persistence. Denny Bruck will coordinate the effort and identify other individuals to help.

5. New business
No new business was introduced. The meeting was adjourned at 5:15 p.m.

Appendix II. (Emailed update from Robert Nowierski)

From: Nowierski, Robert
Sent: Thursday, February 02, 2012 9:20 AM
To: Arthurs,Steven; dboethel@agcenter.lsu.edu; Shapiro, David
Subject: Sorry I won't be able to make the S-1024 meeting; Information for the S-1024 Members
Importance: High

2-2-12

Dear All,

Regrettably, I wont be able to make the S-1024 meetings this year in Naples, Florida. Nonetheless, I do have some information that might be worth sharing with the S-1024 members. Just a reminder -- the proposal deadline for the Regional Integrated Pest Management Competitive Grants Program is February 29, 2012.

Also, the FY2012 RFA for the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) Foundation Program hopefully will be posted within the next few weeks. A couple of programs in the AFRI Foundation Program may provide funding opportunities for the S-1024 members. These include Plant-Associated Insects and Nematodes (Program Contact: Mary Purcell-Miramontes, 202-401-5168, mpurcell@nifa.usda.gov; and Controlling Weedy and Invasive Plants (Program Contact: Michael Bowers, 202-401-4510, mbowers@nifa.usda.gov).
In an effort to improve the quality of the AFRI Program, NIFA is holding a public meeting on February 22, 2012 to obtain public comments for consideration in the development of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2013 AFRI program solicitations and the FY 2014 Budget. Please see the following url for details: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-02-01/html/2012-2100.htm. NIFA also will hold a series of webinars in April 2012 on the AFRI Foundation Program and Challenge Areas to obtain additional stakeholder input. I would strongly encourage the S-1024 members to participate in this listening session and the appropriate webinars, as this stakeholder input will help influence the future structure and direction of the AFRI Program.

Heres wishing you all the best for a very successful meeting!

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

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Report Information

Participants

Officers 2012 Meeting

Chair: Denny Bruck, Pioneer Hi-Bred, Johnston, IA
Vice-Chair: Steve Arthurs, University of Florida, Apopka FL
Member-at-Large: Surendra Dara, Univ. of Cal. Coop. Ext., San Luis Obispo, CA
Secretary: Robert Behle, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL

Participants 2012 Meeting:

Denny Bruck (Pioneer Hi-Bred, Johnston, IA)
Surendra Dara (California Cooperative Extension)
Steven Arthurs (University of Florida)
Leellen Solter (University of Illinois)
Parwinder Grewal (Ohio State)
David Shapiro Ilan (USDA ARS GA)
Stefan Jaronski (USDA ARS MT)
Rogers Leonard (LSU AgCenter)
Margarey Skinner (University of Vermont)
Juan-Luis Jurat-Fuentes, (University of Tennessee)
Kim Patter (Washington Cooperative Extension)
Robert Behle (USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL)
Robert Behle, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL
Jarrod Leland (Novozymes Biologicals, Roanoke, VA)
Bob Nowerski (USDA NIFA, National Program Leader, Washington DC)

Brief Summary of Minutes

BUSINESS MEETING 


1. Call to order (Denny Bruck)- chair


2. Local Arrangements Committee Report (Denny Bruck). Brief description of the arrangements for this meeting, being held in conjunction with the Entomological Society of America annual meeting.


3. Introductions (13 attendees). Denny Bruck, David Shapiro-Ilan, Lee Solter, Parwinder Grewal, Stefan Jaronski, Bob Nowerski, Jarrod Leland, Robert Behle, Juan-Luis Jurat-Fuentes, Rogers Leonard, Kim Patton, Surendra Dara, Steven Arthurs.


4. Minutes of February 2012 Meeting (R. Behle). Minutes were recorded by Mark Boetel reporting the February 2012 meeting held in Naples, Florida. Minutes were approved by oral vote.


5. Chairs report (Denny Bruck). Website needs updating.


6. NIFA Administrative Advisors report (B. Rogers Leonard). This project is one of the two projects approved this cycle from about 30 submitted proposals, starting October 2012 and lasting 5 years. This years report should be relatively simple and should focus on the future work and collaborations because this is a new project. This report should be completed soon, within 90 days. A mid-term review of the project in October of 2014 will be relatively extensive. It is important to capture impacts and outcomes to justify the project. We have completed our brochure, a project requirement. Many new participants (or researchers) have been approved for participation in this project (currently 22), see the website for the current list. http://nimss.umd. edu/homepages/member.cfm?trackID=14196). Future project re-writes probably need to be initiated with 1.5 years lead time to maintain the project activity. This project provides funds to university scientists tied to the S-1052 project and can fund travel, salaries, etc. Industry and students are eligible to join, but only land grant institutions are eligible to receive funding.


7. NIFA Grants Update (Bob Nowerski). Funding opportunities Agriculture Food Research Initiative (AFRI) should target 60% fundamental research and 40% applied research. Strongest proposals will contain elements of research, education, and extension. Sonny Ramaswamy is current director of NIFA. Indirect costs are capped at 30%, but are negotiable. Challenge Areas and Foundation Research (more basic research) identified by grants are most likely to be funded. NIFA fellowships can fund post-docs, and phase grants may target minorities. Among Foundational grants, Plant Health topics best cover research related to S-1052. Other pest management programs include: Regional IPM centers with seed research funds, Pest management alternatives program, extension coordination support program, IR-4, SARE, and OREI. Some funding is dependent on passage of the Farm Bill.


8. Discussion of Project Renewal. (Grop). Project renewal should begin with filing a review at 2.5 years after project initiation (winter of 2014), then begin to modify the objectives for subsequent re-write. The project must document impacts and outcomes.

Accomplishments

SUBPROJECT REPORTS - Summarizes the Initial Discussions of Ongoing and New Projects Among Projects. New activities were planned according to the recently approved project. <br /> <br /> Objective 1. Annual Crops (row crops, vegetables etc.) - Co-Chairs: Mark Boetel and Bob Behle. <br /> R. Behle reported Metarhizium anisopliae (F52) (Ma) microsclerotia granules are being evaluated for control of Blapstinus (Tenebrionidae) beetles in melon fields. Research is conducted by Eric Natwick (UC Extension) and funded by the California Melon Board. Granules may be able to address corn rootworm, as a planting time application. (see Jaronski comments) <br /> <br /> S. Jaronski is focusing on Diabrotica and looking at Ma as a complement control technology with Bt corn, targeting Bt resistant beetles. Other isolates have been identified with greater microsclerotia production than Met 52. Nematodes have also been proposed for control of Bt resistant Diabrotica (David Shapiro). <br /> <br /> S. Dara is working with many vegetables and evaluating registered products. Bagrada bug (Bagrada hilaris) is a pest on vegetables, and is susceptible to Beauveria with 80% infection. He asked about beneficial microbes for control of symphylans, but no specific pathogens were suggested. Oils were offered as a suggestion, but considered a hard sell for growers. Symphylans typically feed on decaying organic matter, but dry conditions cause them to migrate and become a home-owner nuisance (Rogers Leonard). A question was raised about control of Southern corn rootworm adults in vegetables with microbes. Some discussion followed on production and formulation types. Examples included FE9901 strain of IFR from Spain product (Nofly, Natural Industries for white flies, aphid, and thrips).<br /> <br /> D. Shapiro-Ilan identified peanut burrowing bug as an occasional pest in South GA. Chemical insecticides do not work well, but pathogens with Lorsban granular provided synergistic activity. <br /> <br /> S. Arthurs reported on Isaria products registered for citrus psyllid and for food crops. When evaluating adjuvants (oils) for impact on Ifr treatments (eg. some paraffinic oils) inhibited germination of the beneficial fungus. Neem oil is also a problem. Compatibility with pesticides completed by lab assays with 4 hour mixing time then spin out conidia and determine germination. Interactions among some surfactants killed spores. Stoller oil (OMRI certified) is an emulsifiable crop oil. Questions were raised concerning the bacteriam Chromobacterium subtsugae, which is now marketed by Marrone Bio Innovations as Grandevo. Some evaluations were mentioned with variable results. Seed corn maggot control with Met 52 in canola was proposed.<br /> <br /> Met 52 has registration for food crops, black vine weevil, aphids, thrips, mites, and ticks. Met 52 is labeled in California, but not certified as organic (J. Leland).<br /> <br /> Maximum residue levels(MRL)issues can be used to promote microbials because microbials are exempt from MRL. MRLs are often lower in other countries when compared with the US and may result in destruction of imported produce. Also, problems arise because evaluation techniques for MRL are not standardized among trading countries (S. Jaronski).<br /> <br /> P. Grewal, reported on a new project concerning organic transition program, to determine how changing to organic systems (tillage vs no-tillage) affects greenhouse gas emissions, Nitrogen synthesis/capture movement, and presence of biocontrol agents in the soil. Cover crops (Spelt, radish, clover, rye) are evaluated for allelopathy as a form of pest (weed, arthropod) control. Organic production generally uses more tillage for weed control, which impacts many ecological factors.<br /> <br /> Research progress is being made for control of Sugar Beet Root Maggot by tying microbial applications with resistant crops(S. Jaronski). <br /> <br /> Relative to tomato, a short discussion focused on the plants ability to produce defense-related compounds when treated with beneficial organisms. Host nematodes feed on leaves, overwinter in soil, but application of insect pathogenic nematodes caused decrease in plant feeding nematodes. Looking to identify defense related metabolites produced by the crop that may be induced by microbial applications (Group). There were questions on Probiotic claims and interest in formulalating a CRI proposal. <br /> <br /> Paecilomyces name has been changed to Isaria and the associated product labels are being changed accordingly (S. Jaronski).<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 2. Perennial Crops (orchards, small fruits, forage etc). - Co-Chairs: Edwin Lewis, Substituted by David Shapiro.<br /> <br /> P. Grewal evaluated the application of nematodes for control of grape root borer (Lepidoptera). Heterorhabdid species were tested. Application timing, and application techniques (irrigation, cadaver) are the treatments being compared. Cadaver treatments may be better because many vineyards are not irrigated. Efficacy is determined by counting emergence of adult.insects Cadaver technique may be applied by using a mechanical seed drill although the current evaluation was based on three cadavers placed around each vine. Bob Nowerski indicated that birds will pick up cadavers and is one reason to bury them. David Shapiro said ants and flies will not forage on infected cadavers. Parwinder Grewal indicated that Heterorhabditis is better at burrowing than Steinernema and nematodes seem to remain near the plant roots. Also, turf strips may maintain nematodes, but may invite infestations of white grubs.<br /> <br /> L. Solter determined that Nosema infect only the gut, not cephalic tissues; this impacts interpretation of pathogen transmission mechanisms. Fumagellin (antibiotic) suppresses N. apis, but N. ceranae is released more quickly from treatment and reaches higher levels. <br /> <br /> S. Jaronsk has a current focus on rangelands, specifically controlling grasshopper (GH) and Mormon cricket. Metarhizium acridum is a target pathogen for registration, but has not yet been isolated in the US. It does not overwinter and only persists for about 1 month in the field. Four hundred isolates of Beauveria bassiana have been recovered from field collected grasshoppers with up to 18% prevalence. Isolates have been screened for thermal tolerance (to withstand 6 h at 37 and 41 degrees C) and tested for production and host range. Population genetic studies of the isolates from 6 sites indicate significant variability among collections. APHIS (mandated to control GH and Mormon cricket) is supporting research to control grasshopper and a few isolates have successfully reduced density below economic thresholds. Selection of fungi based on heat exposure tolerance resulted in deleted insect infectivity and spore production. Field application and evaluation requirements (large plots size, impacts of cages, etc.) continue to hamper research. Dan Johnson (S-54) has astrain that appears to be GH selective. <br /> Kona coffee, coffee berry borer remained pest issues in Hawaii during 2010. Growers want to use Mycotrol. Fernando Vega, Rob Hollingsworth and Luis Aristizabal have been training growers in IPM techniques. Some indigenous Beauveria isolates have been collected. Compost tea is being used as a synergist with Beauveria. Jaronski 's lab experiments have not indicated synergy. Also, soil-applied treatments with microsclerotia granules (2 kg/A application) are being evaluated in Canada for control of cherry fruit fly. Larvae are being infected before pupation with a goal of decreasing subsequent populations. This work is directed by Joan Cossentine.<br /> <br /> J. Leland is evaluating codling moth control with trunk applications or treated bark mulch. These projects are coordinated with Stephan Dietrich. Projects also are evaluating applications to field-grown strawberries for control of thrips and mites. <br /> <br /> S. Dara found that phytosiids and predatory mite populations increased with use of Beauveria in strawberries. He questioned the control of spotted- wing Drosophila, pest of strawberry, raspberry and blackberry, suggesting the possibility of attracting adults to treatment areas, but noted the need to have a strong attractant. Denny Bruck had evaluated nematodes which did not show efficacy.<br /> <br /> K. Patton is studying vine weevil control in cranberry with Met 52 and PFR97. Fungi have not shown much efficacy, while nematodes have demonstrated variable efficacy. Several possible reasons for poor results by nematode applications were discussed including timing, microbe batch variation, and commercial formulation issues. Experiments for sod webworm control have not identified efficient study sites. <br /> <br /> S. Dara evaluated microbials for control of insects on strawberries to reduce the applications of chemical insecticides. He has evaluated Beauveria and Metarhizium but focused on Beauveria because Metarhizium is not labeled. A full rate of Beauveria combined with a conventional insecticide treatment controlled Lygus. Large plot studies will be used to evaluate mite, whitefly, thrips and Lygus control. Growers are increasing their interest in biological treatments as more chemical insecticides fail to control pests. Comments also identified that biological treatments provide benefits to plants beyond insect pest management. This was discussed as a future research topic. <br /> <br /> D. Shapiro-Ilan continues working on biologicals in orchard crops. For Pecan, transition to organic production iis being supported by evaluating the impact of fertilizer application and cover crop treatments on control of pecan weevil. Applications of Beauveria mixed with compost manure boosted persistence of the fungus about ten-fold for one year. Repellency and mortality of Chromobacterium subtsugae applied to the tree and nuts showed positive results for adult weevil control. Research suggestions were proposed for control of green June beetle in organic pecans. Concerns weere mentioned that fermentation ingredients can result in rejection for OMRI certification, (eg, use of non certified anti-foam during fermentation production). For peaches, above-ground lesser peach tree borer research continues to evaluate barricades for maintaining moisture to allow nematodes to enter insect galleries. For peach tree borer (at the soil surface interface), the use of barricade may benefit control by nematodes when irrigation is not available in the orchard. Various application systems are being tested. Evaluations using inbred lines are attempting to stabilize beneficial traits during nematode production.<br /> <br /> J. Leland offered to provide a recipe for a selective media without dodine (fernandaz media) to selectively evaluate Metarhizium viability.<br /> <br /> Objective 3 (Natural and Urban Landscapes -Med/vet, turf and ornamental, urban, forests) - Chairs: David Oi and Steven Arthurs. <br /> <br /> S. Arthurs reported on Albrecht Koppenhofer,s work about combinations EPNs with neonicotionids for bluegrass weevil and black cutworm control on golf courses.<br /> <br /> S. Arthurs reported for Drion Boucias on a Muscavirus (Hytrosaviridae) that causes characteristic salivary gland hypertro-phy and suppresses gonad development in their hosts. <br /> <br /> S. Arthurs reported for David Oi on host specificity of the Solenopsis invica virus 3 (SINV-3). Bait formulations are being evaluated. Also, new studies have been initiated on Caribbean crazy ant.<br /> <br /> S. Arthurs reported for Ellie Groden who is conducting a gene homology survey for fungi pathogens from the invasive European red ant. Hirsutella was found to be H. orpheocortiseptia, a new species and the first isolated in North America. E. Groden has a post-doc position for a molecular taxonomist. <br /> <br /> S. Arthurs is working on a turf grass pest (Crambidae) and also fall armyworm. S. carpocapsae appears to be a good candidate for control.<br /> <br /> L. Solter has reduced efforts on microsporidia release for Gypsy moth control. In 2010, fungi may have been out competing microsporidia to control the pest, but microsporidia survived the first season. Currently work is examining immune response of larvae when exposed to naturally occurring pathogens. Collaborations with the US Forest Service are investigating microsporidian infections in mass produced predatory beetle colonies (for control of hemlock woolly adelgid). Cold exposure tends to reduce colony infections, but suggests that overwintering is problematic for infected beetles released in field trials. <br /> <br /> P. Grewal's work suggests bacteria from nematodes use different mechanisms to kill white grub (European chafer) based on up-regulation of independent and different genes. Recent analysis demonstrated differences between bacteria relative to infection and transmission. Same technique was used to show how bacteria live inside a nematode. For survival in a non-feeding nematode stage, bacteria must support the hosts survival by reducing dependence on the nematode. Again, there are differences between the two bacteria. Some things are common-ie. imbibe more H+ ions from host, etc. Bacteria grow to some extent, but processes differ. The bacteria make a biofilm to reach eggs of nematode where infective stages develop. For infection, they get into rectal gland and breach membranes to access the ovaries. <br /> <br /> Vacant lots in Cleveland, Detroit, etc., must be mowed if grass is planted. So, municipalities support establishing urban agriculture. Studies consisted of baiting with Galleria for natural biocontrol agents and looking at soil quality. Many areas have natural biocontrol dominated by ants. In gardens, more pathogens and other biocontrol agents are present. Urban garden participants are using mostly compost rather than chemicals and 60-80% of Galleria are killed by various controls. <br /> <br /> R. Behle is evaluating application of microsclerotial granules for control of white grubs.<br /> <br /> S. Jaronski reported that Nina Jenkins has been developing a fungus for control of bed bugs. <br /> <br /> J. Leland is developing tick control strategies with Met-52 (M. anisopliae) and is initiating field trials to demonstrate efficacy. Also Met-52 is being applied to turf in Canada for control of chinch bug, billbugs and crane flies in lawns. Met-52 is labeled for control of Black Vine Weevil in nursery pots. <br />

Publications

No publications listed at this time. Project was recently approved during Oct 2012.

Impact Statements

1. Advancing the use of biologicals for pest management will reduce the impact of broad selective chemical insecticides on non-target organisms
2. Environmental pollution with conventional insecticides can be decreased with greater reliance on biocontrol strategies

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Report Information

Participants

Officers 2013 Meeting Chair: Denny Bruck, Pioneer Hi-Bred, Johnston, IA: Vice-Chair: Steve Arthurs, University of Florida, Apopka FL: Member-at-Large: Surendra Dara, Univ. of Cal. Coop. Ext., San Luis Obispo, CA: Secretary: Robert Behle, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL. Participants Ann Hayek (Cornell University): Parwinder Grewal (University of Tennessee): Tarryn Goble (Cornell University): Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes (University of Tennessee): Stefan Jaronski (USDA-ARS-Sidney MT): Jennifer Lund (University of Maine): Nicolai Meyling (University of Copenhagen): Fernando Vega (USDA-ARS-Beltsville): Surendra Dara (University of California): Robert Behle (USDA-ARS-Peoria IL): Mark Boetel (North Dakota State University): Leellen Solter (University of Illinois): Pasco Avery (University of Florida): Steven Arthurs (University of Florida): Edwin Lewis (University of California): Rogers Leonard (Louisiana State University Agricultural Center): David Shapiro Ilan (USDA-ARS-Byron GA): Shaohui Wu (Montana State University): David Oi (USDA-ARS-Gainesville FL): David Chandler (University of Warwick)

Brief Summary of Minutes

General Comments

Opening remarks and Chair Report (Denny Bruck): Welcome to all and we will begin with introductions (21 participants). Minutes for the 2012 meeting had been reviewed and posted on the NIMMS Website. Minutes for this meeting should be posted within 60 days as part of the final report. The Committee improved awareness of the working group from the Entomological Society of America (ESA) as indicated by our proposed symposium being selected as a Section Symposia.

Advisors Report (Rogers Leonard). There are 24 members listed on the NIMMS website as associated with this working group. The purpose is to provide funding for travel for members of land grant universities and is designated as part of the southern region. This is an open meeting, but requires an active project and an annual report for each year of the active project. Robert (Bob) Nowierski is the Federal NPL for this group and is making a presentation at the ESA Symposium. This project ends September 2017.

The group might consider support of community gardens and projects supporting water quality, both federally supported missions. The group was able to garner funding to support travel of invited speakers for the symposium, $1250 for Nicolai Meyling. The meeting report is due 60 days after the meeting. The report may include relevant publications as additional support of the interactions and accomplishments of this working group. Additionally, grant titles, and authors could be listed. Also the biocontrol short course will be listed.

Group History (Denny Bruck): Meeting dates were recently (since 2012) changed to coincide with the ESA meeting to garner additional support and recognition while reducing travel costs for members who can attend both meetings simultaneously. Additionally the change supports the ability of the group to submit and support symposium titles for the ESA meeting.

We have a need to update the member and email lists. Lee S. will attempt to coordinate the S1052 working group email list with the Society for Invertebrate Pathology. Connections will help to foster
networking among members.

Committee Elections: Each member serves a 2 year term before proceeding to the next position. Denny Bruck steps down after 2 years as chairman and passes this leadership position to Steve Arthurs (former vice chair). Surendra Dara transitions to Vice-Chair from Member-at-Large (MAL). Robert Behle was nominated and elected as the new MAL by vocal vote. Tarryn Goble and Pasco Avery were nominated to fill the Secretary position. Tarryn was narrowly elected as Secretary.

2014 Meeting: We plan to hold the next meeting in Portland, OR, on 15th November 2014, the day before the ESA meeting. We decided to sponsor another member symposium at the ESA Conference, with the theme: ‘Thinking outside the Box: Incorporating Microbials into IPM Programs’.

New business: No new business was introduced. The meeting was adjourned at 6 p.m.

Accomplishments

The subproject reports summarize discussions of ongoing and new research efforts. This was the first report for the new project. Progress was made for all three objectives. <br /> <br /> Subproject 1. Annual Crops (field crops, vegetables, etc) <br /> Co-Chairs: Mark Boetel and Bob Behle <br /> Mark reported recent research using Metarhizium microsclerotia granules for control of sugar beet root maggot (in collaboration with Jaronski). Late planting for the 2013 growing season put application timing out of synchronization with the insect’s life cycle. <br /> <br /> Metarhizium anisopliae strain MA1200 isolated from sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) performed better than commercial F-52 strain (opposite of lab bioassay results) possibly because of better survival in the soil (Stefan Jaronski). Alternative to at-planting applications are band-over-row sprays of the fungus can be timed with the insect’s immigration into sugar beet fields to oviposit. The sprays are intended to place spores in the immediate area of egg laying and neonate migration to the roots. However significant water (80 gallons per acre) is required to sufficiently wet the soil, even with a 5 inch band. Efforts are currently underway to “piggyback” the Metarhizium application with herbicide or disease control applications, as well as, soil-incorporated insecticides, primarily the chloronicotinyls. Insecticidal activity in laboratory bioassays is currently estimated at 250,000 conidia per CC of soil for an LC50. The maximum application rate of any kind of granular formulations of fungus is considered to be 20 pounds per acre. As for research on the benefits of cover crops, the best results have been achieved with cereal grain cover crops intended for wind erosion control, which also helped chemical pesticide control and encouraged fungal infections. <br /> <br /> For wheat, control of wireworm is a concern in cereal crops. Beauveria is being evaluated for control of wheat stem sawfly (with collaborator Gadi Reddy, Montana State University). Fourteen isolates of Beauveria, isolated from post diapause larvae still in their hibernacula, may be endophytes in wheat and provide a form of host plant resistance for control. They are currently conducting a fall survey to determine the spread of Beauveria endophytes infecting sawfly across the Montana wheat region, to be followed by a more extensive spring survey. In addition, experimental work has started examining potential of establishing Beauveria endophytism in a spectrum of wheat varieties, using several wheat stem sawfly-derived isolates. <br /> <br /> Ed Lewis reported that Symphylans are damaging organic strawberries and vegetables in California. A request was made for assistance to develop suitable control measures. John Umble (OSU) was suggested as a contact for assistance. One suggestion was to use tobacco as a green manure treatment.<br /> <br /> As part of a project with the correctional system, Surendra Dara studied the impact of Beauveria bassiana on insect pests of strawberries. No pest infestations were detected to measure the impact, but there was significant growth promoted by Beauveria bassiana. Yield data was not collected. Root dips at planting were expected to promote plant growth and establish B. bassiana in the environment. Beauveria is being incorporated into IPM control of insects, reducing chemical applications and to manage development of resistance by Lygus bugs. Some combined treatments are similar to positive responses from chemical control applications. Progress in control of spider mites was obtained when applying reduced rates of chemicals with Beauveria. Fungicides are often applied, and the application timing and compatibility among treatments to strawberries needs further evaluation. Also, thrips control measures in lettuce are being evaluated, as well as spider mite control with Beauveria ES (1 qt/A) with Acramite. Marrone Bio Innovations has a new product, Venerate (MBI 206), that controls spider mites. Bagrada Bug is a new/emerging pest in cole crops and preliminary assays show good potential of B. bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea, and to some extent M. brunneum.<br /> <br /> Parwinder Grewal reported that the Organic transition project is evaluating crop rotations, and tillage practices relative to commercial organic farming. Cover crops include radish, rye, and clover. Galleria spp. were used to bait entomopathogens and evaluate nematode diversity as a bio-indicator of ecosystem maturity among treatments. First year results show no EPNs, Beauveria, was common.<br /> <br /> Juan Jurat-Fuentes found that soluble cadherin protein mixed with Bt products enhanced activity of Bt. Efficacy improved from 10 to 90% mortality. Potentially, this may be used to expand host range of Bt products or lower production costs. Enhancement may be in the form of improved “speed” of activity. The effect was observed over different insect Orders. Industry has not yet shown interest in the technology. An additional contact may be Valent Biosciences. A colony of armyworm with field-evolved resistance to Bt corn has been established and displayed cross resistance to other cry proteins in transgenic crops, but not to commercial Bt pesticides.<br /> <br /> Robert Behle reported that Blapstinus spp. beetles are a pest of melons in southern California. Damage to the crop is in the form of feeding on the rind. Efforts to control adult beetles with granules containing Metarhizium microsclerotia have been largely unsuccessful in the field, even though laboratory assays demonstrate adults and larvae are susceptible to infection by the fungus. Hot dry environmental factors may inhibit effective control.<br /> <br /> Stefan Jaronski commented that in Ecuador, weevils migrating to potato plants are being controlled by Beauveria-contaminated traps that provide shade and catch migrating beetles. This is an example of successfully using entomopathogenic fungi and the insect behavior to develop a control strategy. <br /> <br /> Combined biological methods are being evaluated for control of cabbage root maggot in a collaborative project with the Swedish Agricultural University (Nicolai Meyling). Combined applications of parasitoids (Trybiographa rapae) and fungus (Metarhizium brunneum) provided an additive effect in caged field experiments.<br /> <br /> Canada has certified use of honeybees to carry Beauveria to flowers as an application method (Stefan Jaronski). Similar concepts exploiting insect behavior include use of male-attractive traps to inoculate males which then transfer inoculum to females during mating at a later time.<br /> <br /> Subproject 2: Perennial Crops (orchards, small fruits, forage, etc.)<br /> Co-Chair: Ed Lewis<br /> Ed Lewis reported that persistence of EPNs in pistachio as relates to soil type is being studied in an effort to develop methods for improved navel orange worm control. Larvae overwinter in nuts on the ground and are controlled by nematodes (mainly S. carpocapsae) applied through the irrigation system. Persistence of EPNs has been shown to last about 10 weeks after applications in February. Better persistence was observed on the north side of tree. S. carpocapsae are eaten by a specific mite, but also infect earwigs. Particle size and salinity are important soil factors for nematode persistence.<br /> <br /> Grape root borer was controlled by the application of nematodes using the “cadaver” formulation (Parwinder Grewal). Specialized application equipment (disk cut trench) has been developed and persistence is currently being evaluated. Storage of the cadaver formulation may be an issue due to contamination by saprophytic fungi. <br /> <br /> Metarhizium and Beauveria are being evaluated for Drosophila suzukii fly control on cane berries, particularly those grown in tunnels, targeting the larvae as they drop to the ground to pupate (Stefan Jaronski). It was questioned if nematodes would infect pre-pupal larvae.<br /> <br /> Steve Arthurs stated that citrus greening disease remains a problem in Florida. Greening will ultimately be controlled by resistant rootstock. However, Isaria fumosorosea blastospores may be used for control of the psyllid vector, achieving about 50% population reduction in our tests. Our experiments with Pasco Avery show that I. fumosorosea blastospores interact with various adjuvants used in citrus production. <br /> <br /> I. fumosorosea was persistent in the field for 21 days on infected psyllids. Psyllids stop feeding within 2 days when infected (Pasco Avery). Related data from L. Lacey demonstrated lower plant disease (zebra chip) transmission (to potato) from psyllids that were treated with entomopathogenic fungi including I. fumosorosea. A paper in has been recently published on compatibility of oils with I. fumosorosea. <br /> <br /> David Shapiro Ilan‘s research demonstrated longer persistence of fungal agents applied as a part of compost for organic or conventional production of orchard crops (cooperator = Wayne Gardner). Peach tree borer can be infected by nematodes with high efficacy levels. Lesser peach tree borer attacks trees above ground and the use of Barricade can be used to maintain moisture necessary for nematodes to seek the larvae of LPTB (cooperators from the group include Bob Behle & Ed Lewis). High concentrations of Barricade require dual application; lower concentrations are being studied for a single application with Barricade and nematodes combined (and showing promising results thus far). Ed Lewis’s student indicates that Barricade at 0.5% v/v allow the nematodes to orient to the host, whereas a thicker Barricade concentration inhibited orientation of the nematodes. Plum curculio suppression is being explored through an integrated system using trap trees to attract insects and then controlling them in the soil with nematodes. The current expectation is that approximately three trap trees per hectare will be sufficient. Several field trials in the Mid-Atlantic States and New England indicate that plum curculio suppression was achieved using nematodes without irrigation. Entomopathogenic nematodes responded directionally to electrical current, magnetic fields and electric field. It has been demonstrated that the nematodes migrate in mass groups.<br /> <br /> Red bay ambrosia beetles are attacking avocado trees in Florida and vectoring the laurel wilt disease (Pasco Avery). Collaborators (Daniel Carrillo et al.) have evaluated commercial fungal pathogens for control of this beetle. Field collected beetles may have endemic Beauveria at a relatively high proportion in the population. <br /> <br /> Subsection 3 – Natural and Urban Landscapes (turf and ornamental, urban, forests) <br /> Co-Chairs: David Oi and Steve Arthurs<br /> David Oi reported that fire ant virus has been harvested from ant colonies and can be applied using various baits. The virus is found naturally in the US. Efforts continue toward importing a microsporidian pathogen of fire ants, Vairimorpha invictae, from Argentina as a classical biocontrol agent. Both organisms cause lateral infection of colony members. The tawny crazy ant, an invasive ant from South America, also has a potential viral pathogen.<br /> <br /> The webworm (Lepidoptera: Crambida) is an important lawn pest in the southeast and is susceptible to nematodes (Steve Arthurs). A commercial product Millennium® based on S. carpocapsae is being evaluated by a graduate student. An invasive thrips species (chilli thrips) is a major pest of roses in the southeast and may develop insecticidal resistance. The pest attacks new leaves and buds. A project with the LSU AgCenter (Yan Chen) evaluated biorational insecticides in combination with fertilizer treatments to manage the pests in nurseries. <br /> <br /> I. fumosorosea product Pfr97 20% WDG has shown potential for controlling an invasive whitefly pest in Florida (Pasco Avery). Lab experiments demonstrate fungal infection of nymphs and adults.<br /> <br /> Sirex (wood wasp) nematodes have provided control of this pest in South Africa (Ann Hajek). It has a symbiotic fungi for larval food. Sirex invaded, bringing a nematode pathogen, which is non-sterilizing nematode and provides poor control. Classical control concerns were raise about the impact of this non-sterilizing nematode on native sterilizing Sirex species. As a result, there will be a focus on studying the biology of this system.<br /> <br /> Tarryn Goble indicated that Asian longhorned beetle eradication is not complete. USDA-APHIS is supporting imidacloprid for control of the beetle, but titer is too low for adequate control. Since fungal banding are too labor intensive, hydromulch with fungal agents (M. brunneum microsclerotia) is being evaluated for sprayable application to trees. Rehydration may cause additional conidia production. Adding 3% psyllium (Plantago) (as a tackifier) helps Hydromulch applications stick to the trees but decreases conidia production. Female beetles die more quickly than males. <br /> <br /> Leellen Solter reported that microsporidia are a problem in coccinellid production and research on this problem was being funded by a USDA Forest Service grant. Exotic beetles are released in large numbers for control of woolly adelgid infesting eastern Hemlocks. Unfortunately, microsporidia have been released with the beetles, though the pathogen remains at low field prevalence. Immune responses of gypsy moth being challenged with naturally occurring pathogens are being studied. The Gypsy moth genome is being evaluated with proteomic data to determine gene response. As for research on bees, Koppert is working to verify absence of Nosema pathogens in colonies mass-reared for pollination services. Honeybee microsporidia were determined to only attach the gut and current control with fumagillin has resulted in enhancing microsporidia production in the laboratory.<br /> <br /> In Europe, invasive Harmonia axyridis ladybeetles are considered a nuisance pest in parks (Nicolai Meyling). A graduate student is looking at fungal infections of H. axyridis and have found mostly I. farinose in summer. These counts were correlated with high counts on leaves of Tilia sp. trees which are the habitat of H. axyridis in the study area.<br /> <br /> Shaohui Wu is studying control of masked chafer grubs with EPN and reported specific-variable control under laboratory conditions (Hb > Hm > Sf > Sr). Interactions of EPN with fungi (Ma and Bb) and showed an additive effect for insect control. Field trials were inconsistent. Granule Ma dissolved in water was better than the EC formulation. Interactions were complex: decreased Ma germination and some nematodes may have shed their sheath to escape fungal infections.<br /> <br /> In England and the Netherlands, pine processionary moths cause an allergic reaction due to urticating hairs (Dave Chandler). Sprays of Bt have been applied in field areas. Metarhizium and Beauveria need to be tested. Also, research is being conducted on control of thrips in strawberries to develop basic information about biocontrol applications. <br /> <br /> Stefan Jaronski reported on grasshopper control in rangelands. APHIS has raised questions about persistence of exotic Green Muscle (Metarhizium acridum) fungus and its spread under field environments. Long-term persistence tests under permit from APHIS indicate that infectious residues of the fungus persist only about 2 months in the summer and do not persist through winter months into the next year, on the Northern Plains. Currently, 400 isolates of Beauveria have been collected from living grasshoppers in MT and ND. Based on the Bloc gene sequence they represent a wide variety of clades. About 150 have been screened for transient high heat tolerance (6 hours at 37C or 41 C) of vegetative mycelium, simulating one day of grasshopper behavioral fever, as well as characterized for growth rates over the range of 9-34 C. About 1/3 of 150 Metarhizium spp. isolates, chosen from among several thousand from grasshopper breeding habitat soils across western U.S. made by Don Roberts, Utah State University, immediately resume growing after 6 hours at 37 degrees C, but only M. acridum resumes immediate growth after 6 hours at 41 degrees C (equivalent to a day of behavioral fever). A key to M. acridum success seems to be its ability to resume growth immediately when temperatures decrease to 20-28 degrees C such as in the evening. The other fungi have a latent (no- growth) period after exposure to the two high temperatures, from 12 to 96 hours. Research is also being conducted to discover a Bt that is active against locust (Cry 7 Ac), based on reports from China. The extensive ARS culture collections are being screened using molecular probes for the appropriate gene and subsequent bioassays of potential candidates (collaboration with ARS, Beltsville MD). The goal is to apply the Bt <br />

Publications

Avery, P. B., Pick, D. A., Aristizábal, L. F., Kerrigan, J., Powell, C. A., Rogers, M. E., & Arthurs, S. P. (2013). Compatibility of Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Blastospores with agricultural chemicals used for management of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Insects 4(4): 694-711.<br /> <br /> Bitsadze, N., Jaronski, S., Khasdan, V., Abashidze, E., Abashidze, M., Latchininsky, A. Samadashvili, D., Sokhadze, I., Rippa, M., Ishaaya, I., and Horowitz, A.R. (2013). Joint action of Beauveria bassiana and the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron and novaluron, on the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Journal of Pest Science 86(2): 293-300.<br /> <br /> Boetel, M.A., Majumdar, A., Jaronski, S.T., and Horsley, R.D. (2012). Cover crop and conidia delivery system impacts on soil persistence of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in sugarbeet. Biocontrol Science and Technology 22(11): 1284-1304.<br /> <br /> Park, S. J., Taylor, R. A. J., & Grewal, P. S. (2013). Spatial organization of soil nematode communities in urban landscapes: Taylor's Power Law reveals life strategy characteristics. Applied Soil Ecology, 64, 214-222.<br /> <br /> Hajek, A. E., Longcore, J. E., Rabern Simmons, D., Peters, K., & Humber, R. A. (2013). Chytrid mycoparasitism of entomophthoralean azygospores. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 114(3): 333-336.<br /> <br /> Huang, W. F., Solter, L. F., Yau, P. M., & Imai, B. S. (2013). Nosema ceranae escapes Fumagillin control in honey bees. PLoS pathogens 9(3): e1003185.<br /> <br /> Jaronski, S.T. 2013. Mass production on Entomopathogenic fungi: State of the art. In, Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms. (J.A. Morales-Ramos, M. G. Rojas, and D.I. Shapiro-Ilan, Eds.) Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam. pp. 357-415.<br /> <br /> Jaronski, S.T. 2013. Mycosis inhibits cannibalism by Melanoplus sanguinipes, M. differentialis, Schistocerca americana, and Anabrus simplex. Journal of Insect Science 13:122. Available online: http://www.insectscience.org/13.122.<br /> <br /> Elmowitz, D. E., Ebssa, L., & Koppenhöfer, A. M. (2013). Overwintering behavior of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema scarabaei and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and their white grub hosts. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 148(3): 246-258.<br /> <br /> Meikle, W.G., M.-C. Bon, S.C. Cook, C. Gracia, and S.T. Jaronski. 2013: Two strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria differentially affect survivorship of waxworm (Galleria mellonella) larvae exposed to an arthropod fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana. Biocontrol Science and Technology.<br /> <br /> Petzold-Maxwell, J., Jaronski, S.T., Clifton, E.H., Dunbar, M.W., Jackson, M.A., and Gassman, A.J. (2013). Interactions among Bt maize, Entomopathogens, and rootworm species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Field: Effects on Survival, Yield, and Root Injury. Journal of Economic Entomology 106(2): 622-632.<br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Wright, S. E., Tuttle, A. F., Cooley, D. R., & Leskey, T. C. (2013). Using entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar: Effects of irrigation and species in apple orchards. Biological Control 67(2): 123-129.<br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Gardner, W. A., Wells, L., Cottrell, T. E., Behle, R. W., & Wood, B. W. (2013). Effects of entomopathogenic fungus species, and impact of fertilizers, on biological control of pecan weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environmental Entomology 42(2): 253-261.<br /> <br /> Tanaka, S., Miyamoto, K., Noda, H., Jurat?Fuentes, J. L., Yoshizawa, Y., Endo, H., & Sato, R. (2013). The ATP?binding cassette transporter subfamily C member 2 in Bombyx mori larvae is a functional receptor for Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis. FEBS Journal.<br /> <br /> Valles, S. M., Porter, S. D., Choi, M. Y., & Oi, D. H. (2013). Successful transmission of Solenopsis invicta virus 3 to Solenopsis invicta fire ant colonies in oil, sugar, and cricket bait formulations. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology.<br />

Impact Statements

1. Identifying alternatives to chemical control standards offer opportunities for organic production, environmental safety, and sustainable pest management tools. Participants evaluated microbial control options against a range of important pest arthropods in diverse habitats. Entomopathogenic fungi offer prospects to supplement chemical insecticides and manage pest resistance
2. Enhancing delivery systems for biological products promote producer adoption with greater product efficacy. Formulations of Bt, Metarhizium, and nematodes were improved and demonstrated better pest management characteristics.
3. Outreach efforts to stakeholders were used to demonstrate biocontrol opportunities in on-farm environments. Several participants of the Project worked closely with growers and other stakeholders in education and validation projects involving microbials in pest management.

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Report Information

Participants

Participants:

•Officers 2014 Meeting - Chair: Arthurs, Steve (University of Florida); Vice-chair: Dara, Surendra (University of California); Member-at-Large: Behle, Bob (USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL); Secretary: Goble, Tarryn (Cornell University)

•Other Attendees: Lacey, Lerry (IP Consulting); Jurat-Fuentes, Juan Luis (University of Tennessee); Jaronski, Stefan (USDA-ARS, Sidney, MT); Boetel, Mark (North Dakota State University); Avery, Pasco (University of Florida); Leonard, Rogers (Louisiana State University Agricultural Center); Shapiro Ilan, David (USDA-ARS, Byron, GA); Bruck, Denny (Pioneer Hi-Bred); Patten, Kim (Washington State University); Metzger, Chase (Washington State University); Moura Mascarin, Gabriel (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation); Kabori, Nilce (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation); Solter, Leellen (University of Illinois); Goble, Tarryn (Cornell University); Boucias, Drion (University of Florida); Leland, Jarrod (Novozymes Biologicals); Mafra-Neto, Agenor (ISCA Technologies); Nowierski, Robert (USDA-NIFA, National Program Leader, Washington DC): Lima Caetano, Isis (Cornell University); O’Donnell, Kaitlyn (University of Maine); Verle Rodrigues, Jose (University of Puerto Rico-Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo).

Brief Summary of Minutes

Business Meeting

Opening Remarks - S. Arthurs (2014 chair): Welcome to all and begin with introductions (23 participants). Minutes for the 2013 meeting had been reviewed and posted on the NIMSS Website. Minutes for this meeting are required to be posted within 60 days for the report.

Chairs Report - S. Arthurs: Participants were happy with the new format of the working group meeting coinciding with the ESA national meeting. We had a second member symposium accepted for this 2014 ESA meeting entitled “Thinking outside the box: Entomopathogens in IPM systems”. The purpose of the working group was provided for several new members. ESA provided registration waivers for several student speakers.

AES Administrative Advisors Report - B. Rogers Leonard: Background to project was provided. Project purpose is to provide opportunities to establish multi-state collaborations for research. In some states, funding for travel for members of land grant universities. “S” designates this as a Project initiated in the Southern region. This is an open meeting, but requires an active project and an annual report for each project year. He emphasized the impact of multistate projects. To become a member, delegates can register through the NIMMS site with approval from their state experiment station. This project ends September 2017. It was recommended that this group consider submitting a nomination for the USDA-NIFA’s Southern Region Project Award. In previous years Southern project groups working on pecan and sweet potato won this award. Four years ago the Southern project on soybeans won the national award. There is a history of success.

National Program Leader- Robert (Bob) Nowierski: Bob provided information on a USDA NIFA grants program called the ‘Crop Protection and Management Program’ (CPPM) that could provide funding opportunities for the S1052 group. This grant program is comprised of three major elements: the Applied Research and Development Program – ARDP (R.. Nowierski directs), the Extension Implementation Program (Marty Draper directs) and the Regional Coordination Program (Herb Bolton directs). The ARDP program will fund three types of projects: Applied Research only; Research-directed projects (must contain at least 20% extension); and Extension-directed projects (must contain at least 20% research). The Request for Applications (RFA) for the program is expected to be posted on the NIFA website (www.nifa.usda.gov) in January 2015. Applications may only be submitted by colleges and universities. However, ARS scientists can obtain funding through a sub-contractual arrangement. Contact Bob Nowierski at: Rnowierski@nifa.usda.gov if you have any questions about this grant program.

Educational Opportunity - Lee Solter: Reported on an educational short course in Insect Pathology directed through the University of Illinois. Currently 1-week and 1-semester graduate courses are provided. Lee Solter, Ann Hajek, Lerry Lacey and Rich Humber will offer a beginner course in Insect Pathology at Cornell University in the 2nd week of June 2015. They are trying to obtain IOBC support. If there is interest, an 8-week course can be offered in the region from University of Illinois at about $500 per student. It is unclear whether students from other institutions could get credit for this. Bob Nowierski suggested Lee take examine the ‘IPM cubed’ online courses (Integrated Pest Management Education at the University of Minnesota), which are approved for certified crop advisor CEUs (found at: www. umn.edu\IPM3). Lee and research associate Wei-Fone Huang are currently undertaking a microsporidia sequencing project (using the SSU rRNA gene) in order to archive the Illinois Natural History Survey collection in GenBank., If anyone would like live spores from the collection, please contact Lee.

The next 1052 working group meetings were scheduled for 2015 (Minneapolis, MN) and 2016 (Orlando, FL). The group settled on the symposium themes ‘Manipulation of Host Behavior to Enhance Microbial Control’ (2015) and ‘Regional Status of Microbial Control Programs’ (2016).

Elections will be undertaken at the 2015 meeting.

Accomplishments

Accomplishments<br /> <br /> Subproject 1. Annual Crops<br /> <br /> Jaronski: Wheat stem sawfly larvae were collected in several states and 30 fungal isolates additional to the original ones, were obtained. Looking at endophytic Beauveria bassiana, Jaronski has indirect evidence that GHA strain can become endophytic in wheat, coincident with reports from Texas A&M that GHA can be deliberately made endophytic in cotton. Met 52G microsclerotia have been licensed by Koppert from USDA and a European patent on the technology granted (U.S. patent still pending). Field evaluations of fungi against wireworms had some encouraging results in 2014; both Beauveria GHA and Metarhizium brunneum F52 on corn grit granules were applied in furrow; wireworms may be attracted to sporulated granules applied at seeding. Band over row sprays at planting were also effective in protecting yield. Both these projects need post docs, so Stefan made an announcement to anyone who knows of interested candidates. Funding is provided by Montana State University and the Wheat Commission. <br /> <br /> Dara: Has been working to integrate IPM with clientele farmers as a Strawberry and Vegetable Crops Advisor in California. Currently most growers only rotate chemicals with different modes of action but do not employ biological pesticides and biological control agents. He has been testing Beauveria bassiana GHA (Botaniguard®) and Met 52 (he only works with registered microbials) in field trials against mites and other pests. Results so far look good showing the potential of microbials in the strawberry IPM program. B. bassiana was also shown to increase strawberry yield and growth during parts of the production season. Dara has also seen positive results using microbials against green peach aphid; plants look healthier and stronger. Trials in raised beds also showed that strawberry plants were healthier compared to the control plants where B. bassiana was applied as root dip and soil treatment. Last year he applied Beauveria GHA, Isaria and Met 52 to cabbage and found Beauveria to be best possibly due to the microbials aiding to combat water stress. He stressed the importance of demonstrating the success of these microbials in field trials, since farmers need proof. Work on stink bugs: organic growers are having a hard time controlling this pest and the hunt for natural enemies is a key priority. Dara will visit India to look for natural enemies. <br /> <br /> Leland: Reported that costs and application rates are critical to the successful commercialization of microbials. Has been working with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). His company is currently screening several thousand microbes for impacts of plant growth and resistance to pests and diseases. Three major Novozymes company goals are 1) to explore avenues for all existing Met 52 products; 2) A new company approach to the discovery of novel strains/isolates is to grow up about 2000 microbes and test these in the field. If any positive results are seen by a particular strain then it will be developed further; 3) They are also working on foliar sprays.<br /> <br /> Jurat-Fuentes: Has been evaluating corn and soybean pest susceptibility to Bt through Cry toxin interaction with insect midgut receptors. Currently working to develop new toxins as alternatives to current Bt toxins that are at risk of becoming ineffective due to resistance. Fall armyworm with field-evolved resistance to Bt corn were demonstrated not to display cross resistance to commercial Bt sprays. A Bt-enhancer, an insect receptor (cadherin)-based synergist of Bt toxins, provides a way to overcome Bt resistance and increase killing of relatively Bt-tolerant insects. Work has been done with this Tenebrio peptide that enhances activity against coleopteran pests. Kudzu bugs (Megacopta cribaria) are also a big pest problem in the South on soybeans. Currently working on developing gene silencing through RNA interference as a potential to control this pest. A colony of kudzu bug has also been started if anyone is interested in obtaining these insects. Chase Metzger wondered how effective these Bt sprays might be against blackheaded fireworm (Tortricidae), which have been a serious pest on cranberries. The pest infests and pupates in the tip of the plant and in really bad infestations can eat the entire plant except the stem. He has tried Entrust®, Pyganic®, Grandevo®, Venerate®, Dipel® and Met 52 granules in his cranberry plot trials. It was discussed that Met 52 granules might not persist well in the boggy cranberry fields, as was found by a Finnish researcher (VÄNNINEN, I., TYNI-JUSLIN, J. & HOKKANEN, H. 2000. Persistence of augmented Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in Finnish agricultural soils. BioControl 45: 201-222).<br /> <br /> Mascarin: Has been working with Mark Jackson (USDA), finishing his PhD on a fermentation method to increase blastospore production and stability of B. bassiana which allows for much faster and less extensive production compared with traditional solid substrate fermentation of conidial formulations. Only some strains of Beauveria can produce blastospores, others only produce hyphal strands. Spray-dried product has good shelf life, which is 6 months at 28°C. Provisional patent is pending. Microsclerotia of Metarhizium have been tested to have a one year shelf life when vacuum packed. It may be possible to produce Metarhizium blastospores (strains from Brazil) but more work is needed.<br /> <br /> Kobori: In Mark Jacksons lab, has been working to develop microsclerotia for Trichoderma fungus. Trichoderma microsclerotia have now been produced using liquid fermentation. Shelf life more than one year was confirmed. Provisional patent is pending.<br /> <br /> Boucias: Has been working with Burkholderia bacteria that are associated with the caecum and ovaries of chinch bugs. These bacteria are thought to act as detoxifying compounds for their host. Bacteria can be acquitted horizontally or vertically (ovary). A ten-fold difference in the quantities of gut bacteria between individuals have been observed, which may be correlated with insecticide resistance, which would represent a new mechanism of insecticide resistance. Drion traveled to Japan recently to speak with Kakuchi et al. regarding Burkholderia. <br /> <br /> Avery: Has been working with yellow margined leaf beetle (chrysomelid) – an important pest of crucifers in the southeast region. Reported that the fungus Isaria fumosorosea is not effective against this pest, possibly due to the production of glycosinolates from cole crop hosts (antagonism). Some efficacy against eggs and early instars was observed in the laboratory trials. Work is ongoing investigating the effect of Isaria on reducing the fecundity of the female after becoming infected. Molting has been observed to be hindered after infection with Isaria. Beauveria bassiana isolates from Brazil can kill this insect species. Spined soldier bug is used as a predator in this system and is obtained from Canada, it was tested. Cultural control remains an important IPM tool in this system, if the 1st and 2nd leaves are broken off the plant, this can significantly reduce egg infestations by yellow margin leaf beetles. Organic farmers are looking for help! <br /> <br /> Subproject 2. Perennial Crops<br /> <br /> Koppenhöfer: Previously, we surveyed for native entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in NJ highbush blueberry fields and surrounding native pine areas that also contain blueberries and related species. Steinernema glaseri was the only species isolated from cultivated blueberry. In the native areas two other species were found rarely, but the dominant species was a potentially new species close to S. glaseri. DNA studies suggested enough difference from S. glaseri that we will conduct further work to determine its species status and characterize its potential as a control agent.<br /> <br /> Jaronski: Has also been looking at controlling spotted wing Drosophila in tunnel crops: blackberries and raspberries using various combinations of Beauveria GHA + spinosad sprays, F52 microsclerotia and Met 52 EC. This is cooperation with Tanigoshi and Gerdeman at WSU, Mt. Vernon WA. The late instar larvae drop to the ground to pupate in the soil and the idea is to create an infectious mine field to ultimately reduce the adult population in the next cycle. The pupae can be infected but it’s difficult to tell because they don’t display signs of sickness for up to 5 weeks sometimes.<br /> <br /> Goble: Has been working with F52 microsclerotia to control Asian longhorned beetles. Incorporating these microsclerotia granules into hydromulch [a mixture of water + wheat straw mulch + psyllium tackifier], represents a novel mycoinsecticide that can be sprayed onto the trunks of forest or orchard trees to control insect pests. The fungus applied in hydromulch using psyllium (as a tackifier 6-8%) in paint sprayer equipment, can significantly reduce beetle fecundity and survival when they are exposed to sprayed logs and bark surfaces, with profuse spore production. Logs that received Mb MS-hydromulch produced more conidia and the median survival times of beetles were lower (18-22 d) in these treatments compared with logs that received no hydromulch (median survival 23-26 d) and had less conidia, which increased the survival time. Hydromulch can persist for up to 100 days in the field, with sometimes very little material loss due to weathering. Spore production continues to increase over a 30 day period depending on increased moisture (rainfall, RH) and temperature, as well as time. Overall beetle mortality when exposed to wood pieces in the various sprayed replicates ranged from 36-93% depending on the production of conidia within the hydromulch, which was ultimately dependent upon the weather. <br /> <br /> Mafra-Neto: A chemical ecologist researcher, CEO and Director of Research and Development at ISCA Technologies, Inc. which he founded in 1996 in Riverside, California, a company specializing in the development of semiochemical solutions for pest management, robotic smart traps and nanosensors. Insect pathogens may be able to be incorporated in his companies patented wax pheromone release technology (SPLAT) especially if combined with insect attractants. He joined the meeting to collaborate and help other members with formulation needs in their existing projects. <br /> <br /> Verle Rodrigues: Reported on work in Puerto Rico screening endemic B. bassiana strains against coffee berry borer (CBB). Coffee is grown in the mountains (sensitive habitats) in Puerto Rico, which represents a huge challenge for control options hence the need for microbials. Some farmers report around 28% crop loss due to the pest, while other famers report between 60-80%. Currently only Beauveria GHA commercial strain is registered for control against this new invasive pest. Monitoring and surveys are currently undertaken on 200 farms. NEPAL: Rodrigues worked in Nepal recently with coffee white stem borer (cerambycid, Xylotrechus quadripes) that is an important pest in the Southeast Asia region. The larvae spend all of their time inside the coffee stem and are difficult to control. In Nepal, up to 80% crop damage is reported so there is reason to be alarmed about this pest. Finally it was reported that a number of mites are also important pests: Brevipalpus spp, which can transmit a virus and red palm mite, which is a pest of coconut product. They are looking at spraying these pests with entomopathogenic fungi but targeted applications are difficult. <br /> <br /> Shapiro-Ilan: In pecan an Organic Transitions project is targeting pecan weevil with nematodes, fungi and Grandevo®. Beauveria bassiana applied with composted manure in a pecan systems appears to enhance fungal persistence. The soil around the pupal cell of pecan weevil was found to be inhibitive to B. bassiana (potentially protecting the insect from infection, mechanism yet unknown). In peaches (working with Bob Behle and others), high levels of efficacy against peachtree borer and lesser peachtree borer are obtained using Steinernema carpocapsae; the sprayable gel Barricade® can be used to protect nematodes from environmental extremes aboveground or in soil (e.g., in lieu of irrigation). Targeting plum curculio, an integrated sentinel tree approach using Steinernema riobrave as a soil treatment appears promising. Metabolites from nematode bacterial symbionts are showing promise for control of various plant diseases in peach and pecan. Working with Ed Lewis and others, entomopathogenic nematodes were found to exhibit aggregative dispersal behavior (thus moving through soil perhaps akin to a pack of wolves). Also, it was reported that a new book has been published entitled: “Mass production of beneficial organisms: invertebrates and entomopathogens” (Elsevier) Edited by Juan Morales-Ramos; M. Guadalupe Rojas; David Shapiro-Ilan. <br /> <br /> Boetel: - Reported on the latest in furrow applications with Metarhizium anisopliae (MA1200) and Metarhizium brunneum (F52) spores formulated on corn grit (collaboration with Jaronski) for control of sugarbeet root maggot. These fungal granular formulations are thought to be more appropriate for growers controlling sugar beet root maggot than conventional organophosphates. Growers are currently still mainly using chlorpyrifos, terbufos and thimet which are very toxic to the environment. Tests conducted with fungal granular formulations and a new resistant variety of sugar beet in 2014 were encouraging becasue the fungal treatments did not differ significantly from the chemical standard. This is the first successful sugarbeet field trial in a number of years. <br /> <br /> Subproject 3. Natural and Urban Landscapes<br /> <br /> Koppenhöfer: We showed that EPNs can provide control (average 65%) of moderately high larval populations of the annual bluegrass weevil (ABW) on golf course fairways. However, control rates were about 20% lower than for standard insecticides and tended to further fall behind at high ABW densities. In 2013 we observed that nematodes- imidacloprid combinations gave additive ABW control. To examine the effect of split application on efficacy of nematodes and nematode-imidacloprid combination we conducted a field study in 2014. The nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and imidacloprid were applied alone or in combination or half rates either as single or split applications. All treatments except imidacloprid alone provided significant control. Nematode imidacloprid combinations but not nematodes alone were significantly better than imidacloprid alone. Split application of nematodes whether for nematodes alone or combinations showed greatest potential. Where imidacloprid is already used for white grub control, its combination with split nematode application could be an effective option for ABW larval control. In spring applications, a product based on the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was ineffective against ABW adults and larvae but synergized strongly with the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin against pyrethroid resistant ABW. B. bassiana did not interact with the neonicotinoid imidacloprid against ABW larvae. B. bassiana was ineffective against young oriental beetle larvae. It did however synergize with a product based on azadirachtin, but control levels were moderate.<br /> <br /> Jaronski: Grasshoppers in rangelands- 150 B. bassiana and 150 Metarhizium isolates (from D. Roberts) have been screened during the past 5 years in a program to identify candidates for grasshopper control. None have shown good, economical field efficacy.. Field release of M. acridium (commercialized in Africa and Australia), which is an effective pathogen and specific to Orthoptera, is still not allowed in Unites States because the species is not indigenous. However, data collected during past two years indicate this fungus cannot overwinter in the Northern Plains. Efforts are still underway to secure APHIS permits for field testing. , Grasshopper pathogens collected locally have not had any major effect in controlling these pests because the insects exhibit a behavioral fever. Still recovering new B. bassiana isolates from grasshoppers for population genetics analysis DNA analysis (so far 731 isolates have been collected from 5 locations in 2014, with prevalence of infections among living grasshoppers ranging from 14-56%). In contrast only one Metarhizium isolate was isolate from grasshoppers in 2014. New Chinese Bt for locust control is available and patented in China only (a company in China has the license to mass-produce this locust-active strain of Bt). ARS Beltsville and Sidney MT are currently screening the vast ARS Bt collection for locust-active isolates. <br /> <br /> Lima Caetano: To control Sirex noctilio, the nematode Deladenus siricidicola Kamona (imported from Australia), which sterilizes female wasps, has been extensively and successfully used as a biological control agent in the Southern Hemisphere. Curiously, a non-sterilizing (NS) strain of D. siricidicola is commonly found in North America and it is thought that the NS strain was introduced with S. noctilio when this woodwasp was introduced to North America. Finding an appropriate biological control agent in North America has been challenging due to the existence of native species of Sirex woodwasps that are not considered pests but are part of the decomposer community in forests. Therefore, evaluation of biological control agents requires studies of host specificity of the nematodes. At Hajek lab, we evaluated the NS strain of D. siricidicola, which is poorly understood and is a potential competitor of D. siricidicola Kamona. D. siricidicola has two forms: a form that parasitizes S. noctilio and a mycophagous form that feeds on the Sirex fungal symbiont Amylostereum. The goal of this study was to compare associations between the NS and Kamona nematodes and different isolates of the symbiotic fungus, mainly to evaluate the ability of the nematodes to develop and reproduce when feeding on different isolates of Amylostereum associated with Sirex in North America. We found that both strains of nematodes grow better when feeding on the three strains of A. areolatum that are assumed to have been introduced to North America with S. noctilio and they did not grow on A. chailletii. Comparing the growth of the two nematodes on different fungi, we saw significant difference on A. areolatum BD, which favors D. siricidicola NS growth.<br /> <br /> O’Donnell: Representing work done at the University of Maine-a post doc is working on the recovery of USA collected Hirsutella isolates from European fire ants. Other work by Eleanor Groden has looked at the bacterial symbionts of a mermithid nematode found in ants. Kaitlyn is looking at the development and survival of winter moth on lowbush blueberry in relation to other host plants (cherry, oak, apple, maple and birch). NPV viruses have been found in winter moth caterpillars. <br /> <br /> Verle Rodrigues: Spoke about the bacterial symbiont in false spider mites, which are thought to be gut symbionts. They are using next generation sequencing to determine frequency and abundance of Cardinium, as well other symbiont associated to plant mites. He also mentioned Wolbachia, Burkholderia bacteria found in coffee berry borer in Puerto Rico, which feed on coffee. This is amazing since caffeine is toxic to insects.<br /> <br /> Leland: There was a brief report back on the successful use of the granular product Met 52 used against vine weevil in Europe and chinch bugs in Canada. <br /> <br /> Avery: It was reported that Talus® (an insect growth regulator) + IFR (Isaria fumosorosea fungus) were shown to be compatible for combined use and control of Madeira mealy bug. After fungal infection, the nymphs can shed the Isaria spores (IFR) through the molting process until the adult stage. Once adults are infected, they will succumb to the infection quickly and die, also eggs in the ovisac are susceptible to these treatments. <br /> <br /> Steven Valles, Sanford Porter, and David Oi (ARS-Gainesville): Fire ant pathogens Kneallhazia solenopsae and Solenopsis invicta virus-3 as well as fire ant decapitating phorid flies, were released in the Palm Desert area of California with the assistance of the Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District. Releases were made in May and June 2014 in urban, irrigated habitats. All three agents have been detected in late October, thus surviving the summer desert climate. More releases and monitoring to confirm establishment and spread are planned for 2015. In a cooperative project with the Foundation for the Study of Invasive Species (formerly USDA-ARS South American Biological Control Laboratory) over 180 colony fragments of S. invicta, and colonies infected with the microsporidium Vairimorpha invictae, were collected in Argentina and hand carried to the ARS quarantine facility in Gainesville, FL. Colony fragments are being screened for new pathogens in an effort to discover new bio control agents, and V. invictae infected colonies are being used to develop methods to produce inocula. This is the first shipment from Argentina since 2012, because of difficulties in obtaining Argentine export permits.<br /> <br /> Arthurs: Reported that a couple of his graduate students were presenting at the ESA meeting. One was working on screening commercial nematodes against grass webworm (Crambidae) in turf. Another student was working on testing pathogen mixtures against thrips in roses. <br />

Publications

Impact Statements

1. The role of biological insecticides in integrated pest management was demonstrated in several cropping systems.
2. Significant advances for biological insecticide production and formulation processes were reported by participants which should improve technology efficiency.
3. Biological insecticide-resistant insect populations were identified which may limit the effectiveness of selected products.

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Report Information

Participants

2015 Officers in attendance
• Chair: Arthurs, Steve (University of Florida)
• Vice-chair: Dara, Surendra (University of California)
• Member-at-Large: Behle, Bob (USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL)
• Secretary: Goble, Tarryn (Cornell University)

Other attendees:
• Antwi, Frank (Montana State)
• Aristizabal, Luis (University of Florida)
• Barbercheck, Mary (Penn State)
• Boetel, Mark (North Dakota State)
• Boucias, Drion (University of Florida)
• Ferda, Amber (Montana State)
• Klick, Jimmy (Driscolls)**
• Leonard, Rogers (Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center)
• Lewis, Ed (University of California, Davis)
• Miller, John (Montana State)
• Morris, Erin (Michigan State)
• Portman, Scott (Montana State)
• Reall Lincoln, Tamra (USDA-ARS)
• Reddy, Gadi (Montana State)
• Schmidt, Jason (University of Georgia)
• Shapiro Ilan, David (USDA-ARS)
• Verle Rodrigues, Jose (University of Puerto Rico)
• Wraight, Steve (USDA-ARS)

**It should be noted that Jimmmy Klick representing a stakeholder group participated in the meeting.  

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting was called to order by Project S-1052 chairman, Steve Arthurs, at 8:30 am on Saturday, 14 November, 2015, in the Hyatt Regency (Minneapolis, MN) in conjunction with the Entomological Society of America’s 2015 Annual Meeting.   

Introductions: Welcome to all and begin with introductions (22 participants). Recap project objectives. There are 27 members of this working group listed on the NIMMS web site (an increase of 23 from last year’s list). Attendees introduced themselves and provided synopses of their research programs and other responsibilities. (S. Arthurs)

Approval of 2014 Annual Meeting Minutes: The 2014 minutes were distributed (available on website). No suggestions from the floor for changes. A motion to accept the 2014 minutes was made (Surendra Dara) and seconded (David Shapiro-Ilan). The motion passed unanimously. Minutes for this meeting are required to be posted within 60 days for the report. (S. Arthurs)

Chairs Report –: Participants are happy with the new format of the working group meeting coinciding with the ESA national meeting. We have a member symposium entitled “Ecological Engineering to Improve Microbial Control Agents” with 8 speakers. We obtained $1500 funding through ESA to support Dr. Ivan Hiltpold attending from Western Sydney University. We also had a member symposium “Regional Status of Microbial Control Programs” with 10 speakers accepted for the 2016 International Congress of Entomology. We have been awarded Complimentary Registrations and $2,000 Travel Stipend from ESA for this symposium. (S. Arthurs)

LGU Administrative Advisor’s Comments –The purpose and background of the working group was provided. 20% of NIFA funds are allocated for regional type activity. Emphasis on establishing multi-state collaborations thorough funding travel. To become a member, delegates can register through NIMMS with approval from their state experiment station. The organizing committee should invite representatives from industry to improve collaboration opportunities. Industry can be official members. Previously, the group comprised 50% industry; 25% university staff and students and 25% USDA; this is not the current status of the group. Donna Pearce (southern region administrator) can help with this objective. Members of the working group should not overlap project objectives from multistate projects with personal HATCH projects (or other USDA projects) to avoid issues of duplication of reporting. The S1052 project ends September 2017 (the deadline for proposals is February 2016). This group should consider submitting a nomination for the USDA-NIFA’s Southern Region Project Award (deadline February). Project organizers should start planning new objectives and impact statements for a new project. Projects including ‘hot topics’ such as climate change, organic agriculture, and water-conservation are more likely to be funded. The website needs to be updated. (R. Leonard)

Officer Elections: S. Arthurs is replaced by S. Dara as project chair. R. Behle is vice-chair. J. Klick was elected as member-at-large by the group. T. Goble will remain as Secretary.

Accomplishments

<p>In addition to the participants at the meeting, other S-1052 members including: David Oi, Stefan Jaronski, Albrecht Koppenh&ouml;fer, Gabriel Mascarin, Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes, Parwinder Grewal and Ann Hajek provided reports of research progress captured in this section of activities, outputs and short-term outcomes. &nbsp;</p><br /> <p><strong>Subproject 1. Annual Crops</strong></p><br /> <p>Testing in vivo and in vitro production techniques of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) was continued for black cutworm. Several participants expressed an interest of testing products in turfgrass and vegetables. <em>(Behle)</em></p><br /> <p>Research on sugarbeet root maggot (SBRM), management in North Dakota. An integrated approach used two fungal formulations (<em>M. anisopliae</em> MA1200 conidia corn meal granules, and <em>M. brunneum</em> F52 microsclerotia on diatomaceous earth granules). These formulations were applied via conventional equipment. Formulations were tested alone and in combination with SBRM-resistant germplasm, Poncho Beta (clothianidin plus beta-cyfluthrin) chemical seed treatment insecticide; and Counter 20G (terbufos), a standard organophosphate. SBRM control provided by combining fungal granules with Poncho Beta was similar to terbufos alone, but neither fungal treatment provided significant sucrose yield increases. Two things potentially impacting the results were a late planting date and high SBRM infestations. As a result, plants were small and highly vulnerable to SBRM attack at the initiation of the larval feeding period.&nbsp; Findings suggest that sugarbeet production in SBRM-infested areas would be compromised, but may be sustainable if conventional insecticides like terbufos are not available in the future. Further research on alternative control tools is anticipated. This work represented a collaborative effort between North Dakota State University (Fargo, ND), USDA-ARS (Sidney, MT), and USDA-ARS (Fargo, ND). <em>(Boetel)</em></p><br /> <p>A student completed two-years of PhD training at USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, under supervision of Mark Jackson and Robert W. Behle on technologies for liquid culture of shelf-stable blastospores of <em>Beauveria spp</em>. and microsclerotia of <em>Trichoderma</em> spp., coupled with convective drying systems. These technologies were submitted by USDA-ARS for PCT patents. Current work includes seed coatings with beneficial microorganisms. Partners are needed to focus on the deployment of these fungal propagules to other herbivore&ndash;pathogen&ndash;plant systems. Additional projects at Embrapa (Brazil) evaluated novel formulation and delivery systems for pests of bean, soybean, cotton, rice etc. <em>(</em><em>Mascarin)</em></p><br /> <p>Work is continuing with several pathogens against wheat stem sawfly larvae. Several strains of <em>Beauveria spp</em>. have been obtained, and a patent for their use has been filed by USDA-ARS, (Sidney, MT) and MSU. &nbsp;Scott Portman (postdoctoral scientist) tested entomopathogenic nematodes in stubble (no till), but efficacy was limited by the larval plug hole which is hydrophobic. Selected surfactants were used to improve penetration. &nbsp;Weather conditions in Montana during the fall were hard (cold, dry and windy) and not conducive to these tests. &nbsp;Another project with entomopathogenic fungi (Amber Ferda) against the wheat stem sawfly also was limited by larval concealment and weather conditions. Further work was done (Frank Antwi) with fungal-seed coating technology against wireworms, however granular applications of the fungus worked better. &nbsp;Additional work with pathogens is being performed with canola flea beetle and alfalfa weevil. &nbsp;New <em>Beauveria spp</em>. combination products by Lavarlam are being commercialized and include X-pulse (pyrethrum plus <em>Beauveria spp.</em>) and X-pectro (neem plus <em>Beauveria spp.</em>). &nbsp;It was recommended that both need to be tested in organic systems. There was a question of <em>B. bassiana</em> persistence in wheat soils. <em>(Reddy)</em></p><br /> <p>Scientists in California are working to integrate IPM in strawberries and vegetable crops. Bagrada bug is new pest of cole crops, corn, peppers, potatoes, tomatoes and other crops. &nbsp;This pest is attracted to brown marmorated stink bug traps. <em>&nbsp;B. bassiana</em> and azadirachtin, alone and in combination were evaluated for root aphid on organic celery. The products, Grandevo and Venerate, worked reasonably well against Bagrada bug and root aphids in celery. Mycotrol (<em>B. bassiana</em> GHA) and orange peel derivative were tested against Bagrada bug in winter cole crops. &nbsp;Mycotrol-O plus OroBoost plus azadirachtin was a recommended product. Grandevo&rsquo;s performance against <em>Lygus spp.</em> remains inconsistent. Growers are currently using predatory mites for spider mite control and bug vacuums for <em>Lygus spp</em>. &nbsp;Mycotrol-O (organic) lost its organic label leaving few available products for this market. Alfalfa fields can be mowed and used as an insect pest trap crop for strawberry. Growers remain critical of microbial control. Organic tomatoes have a lack of good insecticides. Physical barriers &ndash; row covers &ndash; are not practical for effective field control in California systems.&nbsp; Classical biocontrol remains the best option. <em>(Dara)</em></p><br /> <p>Grandevo was not effective against thrips in trials. <em>(Wraight)</em></p><br /> <p>Gandevo and Venerate were tested against pecan weevil in pecans with very positive results. <em>(Shapiro-Ilan)</em></p><br /> <p>The effectiveness of Gemstar (<em>Heliothis</em> NPV) was questioned and suggested for testing in 2016. &nbsp;IPM programs using trap crops (alfalfa) for <em>Lygus spp</em>. were for organic strawberry. <em>(Klick)</em></p><br /> <p>Testing effect of organic management practices on natural abundance of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) in corn and soybean systems. Collected &gt; 100 isolates of <em>Metarhizium</em> <em>spp</em>. (<em>M. robertsii</em>; <em>M. brunneum</em>; <em>M. anisopliae</em>). EPF more abundant in corn and negatively associated with copper or zinc, that is associated with manure build up. Results suggest that <em>Metarhizium</em> <em>spp.</em> are more tolerant of disturbance in agricultural systems, whereas <em>Beauveria spp.</em> are more often associated with natural habitats. <em>(Barbercheck)</em></p><br /> <p>Tomato growers requested assistance in solving a recent problem of root knot nematode. Recent work (Turkish trials) indicated that bacteria associated with EPN can decrease plant pathogens. Tomato plant roots dipped in bacterial cultures mixed with carboxymethyl cellulose significantly reduced plant diseases at efficacy levels similar to that of selected chemical fungicides. &nbsp;The bacterium may need to be registered separately for future commercialized products. &nbsp;This Turkish scientist (Selcuk Hazir) also has been working on <em>Photorhabdus</em> <em>spp.</em> and <em>Xenorhabdus</em> <em>spp</em>. metabolites for suppression of plant diseases; most recently he has been collaborating with Shapiro-Ilan.&nbsp; This work has led to a patent for use of these metabolites against pecan and peach diseases. <em>(Lewis)</em></p><br /> <p>Work continued to progress for the development of RNAi gene silencing for control of kudzu bug. A new<em> Bacillus thuringiensis</em> (Bt) toxin (Cry1Ie), developed as an alternative for <em>Ostrinia nubilalis</em> in Bt crops, expressed activity against coleopterans. <em>(Jurat-Fuentes)</em></p><br /> <p>Ongoing studies indicated success in extracting compounds of bacteria and fungi isolated from ephemeral sponges in rainforests in the Amazon. <em>(Verle Rodrigues)</em></p><br /> <p><strong>Subproject 2. Perennial Crops</strong></p><br /> <p>Research on cowpea (black eyed pea) weevil was done in Georgia. &nbsp;Infestations from this pests increase in fields adjacent to a forest border because the adults overwinter in leaf litter. These areas require significant levels of chemical mediation.&nbsp;&nbsp; Selected nematodes such as <em>H. bacteriophora</em>, <em>S. feltiae</em>, <em>S. riobrave,</em> etc. were applied to the soil to target the cowpea weevil adults. Epizootics (possibly <em>B. bassiana</em>) in kudzu bug infestations also were reported in Georgia. <em>(Schmidt)</em></p><br /> <p>Projects on two pests (citrus psyllids and <em>Bemisia</em> <em>spp.</em> whiteflies) challenged with <em>Isaria fumosorosea </em>were completed. Another project with Chinese collaborators quantified host immunological response to infection through upregulated enzyme systems. <em>(Arthurs)</em></p><br /> <p>Work with <em>B. bassiana</em> (GHA) against coffee berry borer (CBB) in Hawaii indicated that residual activity of the fungus was limited (one week). The action threshold for coffee damage is &gt; 2%. In Hawaii, <em>B. bassiana</em> formulations are applied once per month for CBB management.&nbsp; Sanitation is extremely important, but problems arise from neighboring coffee farms that do not control the pest. <em>(Wraight)</em></p><br /> <p><em>Burkholderia</em> bacterial endosymbionts were associated with caecum and ovaries of southern chinch bug (turf pest). These bacteria (acquired horizontally or vertically) can detoxify compounds in their host. Lab studies showed that selected bacteria provide resistance against entomopathogenic fungi and some pesticides. The resistance apparently correlated with number of bacteria (but not necessarily ribotypes) found inside the insect. These bacteria might be targeted with antibiotics. Some stink bugs also contain Burkholderia bacteria. Another scientist (recently retired) worked on phage therapy, with difficulty getting phages into the insect midgut. <em>(Boucias)</em></p><br /> <p>The interactive effect of plant domestication and perennial cultivation on abundance, diversity and virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) was associated with highbush blueberry. The rhizospheric soil of plants was sampled in wild and cultivated sites within the Pinelands National Reserve, New Jersey. Soil samples were baited with wax moth larvae and isolated EPN identified using molecular barcoding. The virulence of three native isolates was assessed against oriental beetle larvae. EPN diversity was higher in rhizospheric soil associated with wild plants than in plants from cultivated fields. Only <em>Steinernema glaseri</em> was isolated from cultivated fields. However, EPN abundance was higher in the cultivated sites. &nbsp;A PCA analysis of soil characteristics linked higher plant nutrients in soil from cultivated fields but higher soil moisture, organic matter, boron and lower pH at wild plant-associated soil sites. Cultivation of domesticated blueberries may increase the abundance of EPN species that is more virulent against the presumed host, <em>A. orientalis</em> but appears to eliminate genetic variability from the EPN community. <em>(Koppenh&ouml;fer)</em></p><br /> <p>A beetle, Fuller rose weevil (FRW), has become a new pest target in California citrus due to new trade importation restrictions. Several microbial control measures were tested. Results indicated that FRW larvae can be parasitized by EPN. A mixture of <em>S. carpocapsae</em> and <em>H. bacteriophora</em> is a promising strategy to target larvae and adults simultaneously. <em>(Lewis)</em></p><br /> <p>Work continued to progress with hydromulch (<em>Metarhizium brunneum</em> F52 microsclerotia plus water + wheat straw mulch + psyllium tackifier). In July field trials were conducted at the USDA-ARS Fruit and Tree Nut Research Unit (Byron, Georgia) against pecan weevil. The treatments compared hydromulch with the commercial product Mycotrol (applied in oil).&nbsp; Results showed that the latter treatment was more effective. Optimizing the formulation ratios is needed to enhance control and follow-up studies in pecans and turf are planned. <em>(</em><em>Goble)</em></p><br /> <p>New isolates (200) of <em>Beauveria</em> <em>spp</em>. were characterized from coffee berry borer (CBB) in Puerto Rico. Currently only <em>Beauveria </em>GHA is registered for pest management. Endemic strains of fungi and bacteria collected from coffee plantations may provide better control CBB options. Additional collaboration is occurring with Hawaii coffee growers. <em>(Verle Rodrigues)</em></p><br /> <p>White grubs (<em>Cyclocephala hirta </em>and <em>C. longula</em>) are major pests encountered in organic blueberries. &nbsp;The EPN, <em>H. bacteriophora</em> (1 billion IJs/A), provided 40% control of third instar white grubs.&nbsp; Growers now use these treatments commercially, but pest thresholds have not yet been established in this crop. Research projects in Mexico tested botanical and microbial products in blackberries and raspberries against broad mites. Sulfur and PFR plus azadirect performed best in small scale field trials against mites. Performance of new acaracidal oils (Ecotec, Tritech, and Pestout) were discussed<em>. (Klick)</em></p><br /> <p>Peach tree borer (PTB) was targeted with EPN (<em>Steinernema carpocapsae</em>) and applied with handgun, smart trunk sprayer, boom sprayer, or irrigation. &nbsp;Barricade gel was applied with EPN in orchards where there is no irrigation. EPN also worked well against lesser PTB when using Barricade. &nbsp;Sunscreen adjuvants (e.g. TiO2) are being evaluated to enhance the Barricade treatment and further protect EPN. &nbsp;The use of a trap tree containing an insect attractant coupled with EPN helped control Plum curculio weevils organically. &nbsp;In pecans, the biopesticide, Grandevo (applied in the canopy), as well as EPN and fungi (in the soil) were tested against pecan weevil. The programs worked as well as the current organic standard. Other scientists from Brazil and Turkey are working on nematode production and are using bacterial metabolites against plant pathogens. <em>(</em><em>Shapiro-Ilan)</em></p><br /> <p><strong>Subproject 3. Natural and Urban Landscapes</strong></p><br /> <p>Commercial entomopathogenic fungi were tested against chilli thrips on roses in Florida. Bioinsecticide programs provided significant control (typically &asymp; 50-80% control), but were consistently less effective when compared with spinosad. No differences between standalone treatments and rotations were observed. Spinosad was most effective (85%+ control), however, western flower thrips have developed resistant to spinosad in Florida. <em>(Arthurs and Aristizabal)</em></p><br /> <p>The USDA &ndash; ARS, Gainesville, FL provided a report from a cooperative project with the Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District. &nbsp;Fire ant pathogens (<em>Kneallhazia solenopsae</em> and <em>Solenopsis invicta</em> virus-3) and decapitating phorid flies were established in the Palm Desert area of California during 2014. Fire ant nest counts have not declined at sites where the pathogens have established, but it is probably too early to assess population impacts. Mandatory water conservation regulations initiated in 2015 also may impact these projects. A microsporidian pathogen (<em>Myrmecomorba nylanderiae</em>) of the invasive tawny crazy ant was discovered and described by University of Texas and USDA - ARS (Gainesville, FL) researchers. &nbsp;Mechanisms of transmission and impact on ant colonies are unknown. The cooperative project with the &ldquo;Foundation for the Study of Invasive Species&rdquo; to locate new pathogens of imported fire ants is continuing. <em>(</em><em>Valles, Porter, and Oi)</em></p><br /> <p>Progress was provided on rangeland grasshopper research in Sidney, MT. &nbsp;A candidate <em>Metarhizium spp</em>. isolated by Don Roberts (Utah State), plus the African and Australian <em>M. acridum</em> strains are currently in field tests against <em>Melanoplus differentialis</em> using outdoor cages to allow normal thermoregulation. The nonindigenous <em>M. acridum</em> strains overcome host thermoregulation, but the native strains do not. Discussions are underway with BASF regarding a commercialization agreement for a selected <em>M. acridum</em> strains to be used in North America (BASF owns &lsquo;Green Guard&rsquo; and has license for &lsquo;Green Muscle&rsquo;). USDA-ARS (Sidney, MT) scientists are collaborating with a startup company, Ecopesticides LLC, to develop and commercialize UV protectant technologies, which seem to be both practical and effective, for chewing insect pests. Work with these technologies are being extended to <em>Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) </em>strains.&nbsp; Cooperative projects among USDA-ARS scientists (Sidney and Beltsville, MD) are screening the very large USDA-ARS Bt culture collection for grasshopper-active strains, using molecular techniques based on recent Chinese publications. <em>(Jaronski)</em><strong><em>&nbsp;</em></strong></p><br /> <p>Work was reported with the nematode, <em>Deladenus siricidicola, </em>which attacks invasive <em>Sirex</em> woodwasps. Surveys indicated that the pest, <em>S. noctilio,</em> has killed pine trees in seven states and is spreading south and west across the US. &nbsp;The nematode, <em>D.</em> <em>siricidicola,</em> sterilizes woodwasps eggs and has been a very successful biological control agent in Australia, but the <em>Deladenus</em> <em>spp.</em> strain currently in North America does not sufficiently sterilize these wasps.&nbsp; There is a project underway to determine if a native nematode, <em>D. proximus</em> can sterilize <em>S. noctilio</em>. <em>(Hajek and Goble)</em></p><br /> <p>A novel fungal formulation &lsquo;hydromulch&rsquo; containing <em>M. brunneum</em> F52 microsclerotia, wheat straw and a tackifier product was tested against the invasive pest, Asian longhorn beetle. The slurry is applied to trees in an attempt to infect and kill the adult beetle as it climbs the tree. There are technical challenges to maintain the effectiveness of the formulation post- application. A trial with the hydromulch was conducted against Pecan weevil with Shapiro-Ilan. &nbsp;Results were disappointing and changes to the formulation are proposed. There are opportunities to apply the mulch as a ground application against stages (pupating) of other insects in the soil such as fruit flies<em>.</em><em> (Goble)</em></p><br /> <p>Reports with EPNs and their interaction with imidacloprid were reported from greenhouse and field trials. &nbsp;Treatment combinations provided additive mortality when applied against annual bluegrass weevil (ABW) larvae.&nbsp;Thus, where imidacloprid is already used for white grub control, its combination with EPN could be a good option for ABW control. These observations have been confirmed with both pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant ABW populations. Tests were also evaluated fungi spp. for control of these pests. &nbsp;A product based on <em>Beauveria bassiana</em> was ineffective against pyrethroid-resistant ABW adults, but its performance was synergized with the pyrethroid, bifenthrin. Conversely, <em>B. bassiana</em> did not interact with chlorpyrifos against pyrethroid-resistant ABW adults. Chlorpyrifos used alone was ineffective against pyrethroid-resistant ABW adults. The lack of an effective synthetic adulticide to manage pyrethroid-resistant ABW adults increases the value of a <em>B. bassiana</em>-bifenthrin combination. (<em>Koppenh&ouml;fer)</em></p><br /> <p>The performance of the <em>Metarhizium</em> F52 microsclerotia was measured against Japanese beetles in turf trials at Purdue. Two applications of the fungus with imidacloprid in August and September provided 50-60% control, compared with 90-100% for imidacloprid used alone. (<em>Behle)</em></p><br /> <p>Entomopathogenic fungi were studied against founding pairs of termites. <em>(</em><em>Lincoln)</em></p><br /> <p>The efficacy of <em>Isaria fumosorosea</em> and an IGR (Talus) were tested alone and in combination against rugose spiraling whitefly in semi-field studies. The combination treatment worked best. In another study, the efficacy (and compatibility) of <em>I. fumosorosea</em> and the predatory lady beetle, <em>T.</em> <em>montezumae</em>, was tested against green croton scale. Both the predator and fungus provided significant control of croton scale in greenhouse trials. The fungus was compatible with the predator and readily transferred fungal spores in laboratory tests. <em>I. fumosorosea</em> and <em>T.</em> <em>montezumae</em> are potential biocontrol agents for management of green croton scale. &nbsp;Additional biopesticide trials were conducted against several pests including Sri Lankan weevil, Madeira mealybug, and ambrosia beetles<em>. (Avery)</em></p><br /> <h3><strong>Patents</strong></h3><br /> <p><strong>Kobori, N., Mascarin, G.M., and Jackson, M.A.</strong> Fungal compositions for use in controlling plant disease and improving plant health. 2014 Patent Application: USDA Docket No. 0109.14</p><br /> <p><strong>Mascarin, G.M., and Jackson, M.A.</strong> Liquid Culture Fermentation for Production of Shelf Stable Blastospores&rsquo;. 2014 Patent Application: USDA Docket No. 22.14</p><br /> <p><strong>Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., W. L. Tedders, J. A. Morales-Ramos, and M. G. Rojas. </strong>US Patent 8,677,935. System and Method for Producing Beneficial Parasites. Issued March 25, 2014.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Publications

<p><strong>Aristiz&aacute;bal, L.F., Ortiz, A.L., Quintero, J.C., L&oacute;pez-Nu&ntilde;ez, J.C., Arthurs, S.P. 2015.</strong> Effect of Colombian strains of <em>Steinernema colombiense</em> (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and <em>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</em> (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) against <em>Eurhizococcus colombianus</em> (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) and <em>Aeneolamia</em> (Hemiptera: Cercopidae). Florida Entomologist 98: 981-983.<strong>Dolinski, C. D. I. </strong></p><br /> <p><strong>Shapiro-Ilan, and E. E. Lewis. 2015</strong>. Insect cadaver applications: pros and cons. Pp. 207-230, in: Campos-Herrera, R. (Ed.), Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests - Ecology and Applied Technologies for Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection. Springer Publishing.</p><br /> <p><strong>Goble, T.A., Hajek, A.E., Jackson, M., Gardescu, S. 2015.</strong> Evaluating <em>Metarhizium brunneum</em> F52 microsclerotia applied in a hydromulch for potential control of adult Asian longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 108: 433-443.</p><br /> <p><strong>Gumus, A. Karagoz^,M., Shapiro-Ilan, D. and Hazir, S. 2015</strong>. A novel approach to biocontrol: release of live insect hosts pre-infected with entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 130: 56-60.</p><br /> <p><strong>Lacey, L. A., D. Grzywacz, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, R. Frutos, M. Brownbridge, and M. S. Goettel. 2015.</strong> Insect pathogens as biological control agents: back to the future. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 132: 1-41.</p><br /> <p><strong>Oi, D. H., Porter S. D., and Valles S. M. 2015.</strong> A review of the biological control of fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol. News 21: 101-116.</p><br /> <p><strong>Plowes, R.M., Becnel, J.J., LeBrun, E.G., Oi, D.H., Valles, S.M., Jones, N.T., and Gilbert, L.E. 2015.</strong> <em>Myrmecomorba nylanderiae</em> et sp. nov., a microsporidian parasite of the tawny crazy ant <em>Nylanderia fulva</em>. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 129: 45&ndash;56.</p><br /> <p><strong>Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Cottrell, T.E., Mizell, R.F. III., Horton, D.L., and Abdo, Z. 2015.</strong> Field suppression of the peachtree borer, <em>Synanthedon exitiosa</em>, using <em>Steinernema carpocapsae</em>: Effects of irrigation, a sprayable gel and application method. Biological Control 82: 7&ndash;12.</p><br /> <p><strong>Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mizell, R.F. 2015.</strong> An insect pupal cell with antimicrobial properties that suppress an entomopathogenic fungus. &nbsp;Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 124: 114&ndash;116.</p><br /> <p><strong>Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. S. Hazir, and L. Leite. 2015.</strong> Viability and virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes exposed to ultraviolet radiation.&nbsp; Journal of Nematology 47: 184&ndash;189.</p><br /> <p><strong>Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., and Raymond, B.</strong> Limiting opportunities for cheating stabilizes virulence in insect parasitic nematodes. Evolutionary Applications. In Press. Accepted 11-16-2015.</p><br /> <p><strong>Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., and C. Dolinski. 2015</strong>. Entomopathogenic nematode applications technology. Pp. 231-234, in: Campos-Herrera, R. (ed.), Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests - Ecology and Applied Technologies for Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection. Springer Publishing.</p><br /> <p><strong>Tian, J., Diao, H., Liang, L., Arthurs, S., and Ma, R. 2015.</strong> Pathogenicity of <em>Isaria fumosorosea</em> to <em>Bemisia tabaci</em>, with some observations on the fungal infection process. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 130: 147-153.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Impact Statements

1. Multiple patents were filed on novel biopesticides with industry collaborations for commercialization.

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