S295: Enhancing Food Safety Through Control of Food-Borne Disease Agents

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

Project Menu

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[05/09/2003] [08/26/2004] [09/01/2005] [01/06/2006]

Date of Annual Report: 05/09/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/21/2002 - 11/22/2002
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2001 - 09/01/2002

Participants

Susan Barefoot (sbrft@clemson.edu), Clemson University, Administrative Advisor;
Mindy Brashears (mindy.brashears@ttu.edu), Texas Tech University, Secretary;
Xiuping Jiang (xiuping@clemson.edu), Clemson University;
Rolf Joerger(rjoerger@udel.edu), University of Delaware;
Mike Johnson (mjohnson@uark.edu), University of Arkansas, Chair;
Guy Loneragan (gloneragan@mail.wtamu.edu), West Texas A&M University;
Melissa Newman (mnewman@uky.edu), University of Kentucky;
Stuart Price (pricesb@vetmed.auburn.edu), Auburn University;
Ram Rao (rrao@reeusda.gov), USDA CSREES, CSREES representative;
Elliott Ryser (ryser@msu.edu), Michigan State University
Karl Siebert (kjs3@cornell.edu), Cornell University;
Denise Smith (dsmith@uidaho.edu), University of Idaho;
Sue Snider (snider@udel.edu), University of Delaware;
Harshavardhan Thippareddi (hthippareddi2@unl.edu), University of Nebraska;
Margaret Venuto (mvenuto@reeusda.gov), USDA, CSREES;
Rob Williams (rcwillia@vt.edu), Virginia Tech;
Randy Worobo (rww8@cornell.edu), Cornell, chair-elect;

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Direct-feeding of microbial to cattle reduced Escherichia coli O157:H7. Sampling of fecal pats to determine prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 is not an accurate measurement due to the fact that the pathogen is not evenly distributed in the fecal pat. Time and temperature combinations for pork fabrication and production of ground pork were determined based on growth rates of Salmonella at various temperatures. Adding specific cultures of lactic acid bacteria resulted in up to 3 log reductions of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in raw ground beef. A novel mixture of colicinogenic strains has been developed that could be used to treat cattle to reduce fecal shedding. This unique probiotic mixture is based on the ability of anti-O157 colicins, the identification of specific colicins, their lack of virulence factors, the combination of a diverse type of colicins, and their ability to inhibit other E. coli strains. A combination of sodium carbonate and urea could be used as a treatment to reduce populations of Gram-negative food-borne pathogens in animal manure. Microbial contamination of animal carcasses is a result of the necessary procedures required to process live animals into retail meat. The contamination can be minimized by good manufacturing processes, but the total elimination of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms is difficult, if not impossible. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the survival of Listeria under conditions comparable to processing environments, and to determine the effect of irradiation on Listeria in packaged ready to eat foods. Results of this research demonstrated that under dry, cool conditions, Listeria was able to survive and contaminate ready to eat meat products. Irradiation was demonstrated to be an excellent intervention on pre-packaged ready to eat meats. Under experimental conditions designed to allow survival of some Listeria after irradiation, the surviving Listeria cells grew in a manner consistent with Listeria growth in non-irradiated meats. That is, irradiation did not result in an environment free of competitors, which would then allow more rapid growth of Listeria. Pathogen reduction in a calf model of E. coli O157:H7 Shedding - RpoS and GadC resulted in reduction in days of shedding of E. coli O157 in calf model. Antibiotic Administration to Reduce E. coli O157:H7 in cattle: o Administration of thjerapeutically used antibiotic tilmicosin to calves caused a transient increase in shedding. (1 log difference). However, ceftiofur-decreases shedding of O157 and normal levels return after drug clears from system. o Spectinomycin treatments resulted in significant reduction in shedding of E. coli O157:H7 o Oxytetracycline and monensin -No difference in shedding at therapeutic dose. Trans-2-nonenal inhibited E. coli O157:H7 on alfalfa sprouts. 24 h exposure eliminates O157 on seeds. In country hams L. monocytogenes could be recovered up to 6 mim and staph enterotoxin was detected at 6 min. Salmonella was destroyed during normal processing. A UV treatment resulted in a 5-log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in apple cider while dimethyl dicarbonate - sulfur dioxide resulted in 6-log reductions. Treated Red delicious apples exhibited less reduction than other varieties due to pH. Thermal processing adequacy was determined to improve the safety of meat products. The validation of lethality standards was done through challenge studies using a pathogen surrogate, a compound that relates to log reduction in pathogens (relates to a specific z value) was discovered. Phycoerythrin fluoresces in visible range and mimics the heat resistance of Salmonella. Agreement good with experimental results and model. Internalization of apples - E. coli is incorporated inside apples during growth as demonstrated using a surrogate which was infiltrated into apples in field studies. Pathogens on raw produce are reduced by UV Light o Apples 2.2 log reduction 24 mW/cm2 - EC o Lettuce - 2.7 log red Salmonella, 2.8 log red EC o Tomatos - 2.2 log red - Salmonella 15 h of chilling of ground beef meets the USDA performance standard. Treatment with nisin resulted in 2-log reduction of Listeria in frankfurters. Salmonella survived after CPC treatment on produce. Shigella at 0.05% levels resulted in a good kill. Fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters were found in raw chicken carcass rinses in commercial environments. Treatment of calves for 5 days with ceftiofur increased the number of animals shedding antibiotic resistant bacteria from 10% to almost 100%. A quantitative method to detect L. monocytogenes was developed. Kimwipes are more effective than sponges to collect samples. 3% sodium chlorate solution administered to 3 day old chicks inoculated with Salmonella decreased shedding for 4-7 days after treatment stopped.

Publications

Amezquita, A., M.M. Brashears, and J. Stratton. 2001. Recovery of injured pathogens on selective and non-selective media. J. Food Prot. 64(10): 1466-1471. Brashears, M.M., D. Burson, L. Boyle, F. Aramouni, J.Mann and M. Murphy. 2002. Development and Evaluation of an Advanced HACCP Workshop for Meat Processors. DFES. 22: 976-984. Fluckey, W.M., M.X. Sanchez, M.M. Brashears, S.R. McKee and D. Smith. Microbiological Profile of an Air Chilling Poultry Operation from Farm to Table. J. Food Prot. 66(2): 272. Fluckey, W.M., M.M. Brashears, S.R. McKee, and M.X. Sanchez. 2002. Microbiological Profile of Air Chilled Chickens from Farm to Table. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3. Stratton, J.E., Hutkins, R.W., Brashears, M.M., Benson, A.K. , Durso, L., McKee, S.R. 2002. Genotypic Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter Strains Collected from a Single Poultry Farm over Four Seasons. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. Khaitsa, J.L., D. R. Smith , R.A. Moxley, S. Hinkley, L.L. Hungerford, G. E. Erickson, T.J. Klopfenstein, M. Brashears. 2002. Clinical trials to test the effectiveness of cleaning pens, feeding competitive bacteria, or limiting dietary starch to reduce fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by feedlot cattle. Presented at CRWAD. St. Louis, MO. Nov, 2002. Phoon, N., S.R. McKee, and M.M Brashears. 2002. Comparison Of Shelf Life And Microbial Profile Of Immersion-Chilled And Air-Chilled Broilers. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3. S.R. McKee and M.M. Brashears. 2002. HACCP for Shell Egg Packing and Processing. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3. Harris, M., M.M. Brashears, and D. Smith. 2002. Evaluation of the Use of Lactic Acid Bacteria to Control Pathogens on Alfalfa Sprouts. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3. Brashears, M.M., M.L. Galyean, G.H. Loneragan, J.E. Mann and K.M. Killinger-Mann. 2002. Reduction of E. coli O157 in Beef Feedlot cattle with Direct-Fed Microbials. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3. Baumert, R., D.E. Burson, A.T. Waylan, E.A. Boyle, F.M. Aramouni, and M.M. Brashears. 2002. The effects on one-on-one HACCP assistance offered to meat and food processors in Nebraska, Kansas, South, Dakota and Missouri. Presented at the Reciprocal Meat Conference. Michigan State University, July 28-30 Schamberger, G. P., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2001. Strong inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by recently isolated E. coli strains. ASM Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL. Park, G.W., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2001. Factors that influence the effect of carbonate to kill Escherichia coli and Salmonella DT104 in cattle manure. IFT Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA. Schamberger, G. P., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2002. Selection of recently isolated colicinogenic Escherichia coli strains inhibitory against E. coli O157:H7. J. Food Prot. 9: 1381-1387. Park, G. W., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2002. Utilization of carbonate and ammonia-based treatments to eliminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella DT104 from cattle manure. J. Appl. Microbiol. (accepted). Emerging Issues in Food Safety. Dept. of Food and Animal Science and Human Nutrition, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 7 March 2001. Food Irradiation - What is all the Fuss About? South Dakota Public Health Conference, Pierre SD 20 - 22 June 2001. Commercial Applications of Food Irradiation. The Toxicology Forum. Given Institute, Aspen, CO. 9 - 13 July 2001 Irradiation Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in RTE Meats. American Meat Industry Foundation Research Meeting, Dallas TX 4 Dec 2001. Agricultural Bio-terrorism. 2001 Turkey Day meeting, Iowa Turkey Federation. 6 Dec 2001 Irradiation Interventions. Workshop on Biological and Chemical Agents of Terrorism in Food International Life Science Institute, Washington, DC 12-13 Dec 2001. NOTE: Meeting by invitation only. Dickson, J.S. An Introduction to Intervention Strategies. Pathogen Reduction: A Scientific Dialogue. USDA-FSIS, Georgetown University, Washington DC 6-7May 2002. Dickson, J.S. Probable Sources and Sites of Salmonella Contamination in the Pork Chain. Pork Quality and Safety Summit. National Pork Board, Des Moines, IA 18-19 June 2002. Food Irradiation. Wyoming Environmental Health Association Annual Education Conference. 25 Spet. 2002. Gillette WY. Food Irradiation. Iowa Association for Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitation. Ames, IA 30 Oct. 2002. Intervention Strategies for the Meat industry. 4th. International Congress on Food Safety and the 14th. National Reunion of Microbiology, Hygiene and Toxicology of Foods. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico 8-9 November 2002. Dickson, J.S., K. Marshall, and J. Chen. 2001. A fast and accurate accurate detection method of Escherichia coli O157:H7. American Society for Microbiology Annual meeting. Orlando, FL. 20-23 May 2001. De Roin, M.A., S. C. C. Foong and J. S. Dickson. 2001. Survival and Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes On Ready-to-Eat Meats Inoculated Using Desiccated and Nutritionally Depleted Vectors. International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN 5-8 Aug. 2001. Foong, S.C.C., G. L. Gonzalez and J.S. Dickson. 2002. Marginal safety of irradiation dosage for reduction and post-irradiation survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat (RTE) meats. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002. Gailey, J.K. J.S. Dickson and W. Dorsa. 2002. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in a simulated recirculating brine chiller system. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002. Chen, C.-M., J.G. Sebranek, J.S. Dickson, and A.F. Mendonca. 2002. Effects of pediocin and post-packaging thermal pasteurization on Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002. Chen, C.-M., J.G. Sebranek, J.S. Dickson, and A.F. Mendonca. 2002. Effects of pediocin and post-packaging irradiation on Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002. Lihono, M., A. Mendonca and J.S. Dickson. 2002. A predictive model to determine the effects of temperature, sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium chloride on thermal inactivation of starved Listeria monocytogenes in pork slurry. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002. Erdmann, J.J., J.S. Dickson and M.A. Grant. 2002. A new technique for Escherichia coli testing of beef and pork carcasses. J. Food Protect. 65:192-195. Dickson, J.S. and D.G. Olson. 2001. Growth rates of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in irradiated beef. J. Fd. Protect. 64:1828-1831. Eggenberger-Solorzano, Luisa, S. E. Niebuhr, G. R. Acuff and J.S. Dickson. 2002. Hot Water and Organic Acid Interventions to Control Microbiological Contamination on Hog Carcasses during Processing. Journal of Food Protection. 65:1248-1252. Wesley, I.V., K.M. Harmon, J.S. Dickson, A. Ramos Schwartz. 2002. Application of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the simultaneous confirmation of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species in turkey samples. Journal of Food Protection: 65:780-785. Bashor, M. P., K. M. Keener, P. A. Curtis, and B. W. Sheldon. 2002. Effect of Carcass Washing Systems on Campylobacter Contamination in Large Broiler Processing Plants. Session: Processing and Products - Carcass Microbiology. Abstract 203. Presented at the Poultry Science Association Meeting. August 11-14, 2002. Newark, DE.

Impact Statements

After HACCP implementation the numbers of washer systems, plant personnel and overall water use increased to meet the zero tolerance requirement on fecal contamination; however, the food safety benefit gained from these increases has been questioned. These results suggest that existing commercial washing systems are not effective in the removal of Campylobacter from chicken carcasses.
More than 3 million cattle per day are fed the direct-fed microbial studied in this trial.

Date of Annual Report: 08/26/2004

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/12/2003 - 11/13/2003
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2003 - 09/01/2004

Participants

Price, Stuart pricesb@vetmed.auburn.edu - Alabama; Snider, Sue snider@udel.edu - Delaware; Smith, Denise dsmith@uidaho.edu - Idaho; Janes, Marlene mjanes@agcntr.lsu.edu - Louisiana; Ryser, Elliott ryser@msu.edu - Michigan; Diez, Franscisco fdiez@umn.edu - Minnesota; Siebert, Karl kjs3@cornell.edu - New York; Worobo, Randy rww8@cornell.edu - New York; LeJeune, Jeff lejeune.3@osu.edu - Ohio; Jiang, Xiuping xiuping@clemson.edu - South Carolina; Barefoot, Susan sbrft@clemson.edu - Administrative Advisor; Rao, Ram rrao@csrees.usda.gov - USDA/CSREES Representative

Brief Summary of Minutes

Auburn (Ab AES): Developing E. coli O157:H7-specific bacteriophage as a therapeutic for pathogen reduction holds promise, because (1) phage occur naturally in the environment and therefore will not harm cattle or people; (2) phage can be delivered to cattle cheaply via water or food; (3) E. coli O157:H7-specific phage will not have adverse effects on other members of the bovine normal flora; and (4) phage can move from host to host via environmental fecal contamination, thus possibly protecting untreated cattle from E. coli O157:H7 colonization. Findings regarding antibiotic treatment and its effects on O157 shedding indicate that (1) different families of antibiotics enhance, inhibit, or have no effect on O157 shedding from experimentally infected calves; (2) studies need to be performed that show that similar results in response to antibiotic treatment occur in naturally colonized cattle, and that (3) producers treating cattle with tilmicosin should consider separating them from untreated animals.

LSU (La AES): Acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) is effective in inhibiting the growth of L. monocytogenes when this pathogen was grown on the surface of cooked roast beef at refrigerator temperatures. Furthermore, ASC had no effect on the sensory properties of the cooked roast beef products. Recurring recalls of ready-to-eat meat and poultry products due to contamination by L. monocytogenes point to a clear need to develop additional methods to prevent economic loss and possible deaths that can occur from foodborne listeriosis infections. The method reported here should prove helpful in this quest.

U. Delaware (De AES): Investigators are using in situ hybridization methods designed to reveal the location of specific phylogenetic groups with the cecae. Knowing which bacteria are localized at the cecal wall will aid in the selection of bacteria for competitive exclusion products.

U. Idaho (Id AES): Undercooked meat has been identified as a frequent cause of E. coli 0157:H7 infection for over 20 years. Requirements for the processing of meat and poultry products, in Title 9 Code of Federal Regulations, include a lethality performance standard based on destruction of Salmonella (USDA-FSIS, 2002). Performance standards allow processors the flexibility to select their own processing schedules to maximize product quality, if they can prove their process meets the lethality performance standard. Successful completion of this study will yield a computer model that can be used to compare the effect of different nonisothermal temperature histories on microbial destruction. Processors could use these models to determine the efficacy of a new/modified thermal process. A better understanding of microbial lethality and better process control will ultimately lead to a safer food supply, fewer illnesses and deaths, and reduce economic losses to the food industry.

U. Nebraska (Ne AES): Models predicting temperature profiles in retail meat cuts during fabrication and cooked meat products during cooling have been developed based on heat transfer and mass transfer in the products. Actual temperature profiles for cooked meat products during cooling in air in various industry locations have been collected. Comparison of models predicting temperature profile to actual profiles is underway.

Texas Tech (Tx AES): Overall, results indicate that in-line treatment of chill brines with ultraviolet light (UVC) shows promise in inactivating L. monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria. Due to the low capital involved in initiating a continuous in-line UV system, the use of ultraviolet energy may prove to be beneficial for effectively controlling pathogens in recycled chill brines without interrupting the chilling operation.

VPI&SU (Va AES): Damage to apples can slightly increase the rate of internalization of E. coli O157:H7. Washing of apples, unblemished or damaged, in water containing the pathogen, could promote the internalization of E. coli O157:H7 in fresh juices produced from apples. Internalization of E. coli in apples does not occur while the fruit is on the tree if apples are sprayed two weeks before harvest or during early growth stages, and post harvest internalization should be the focus of concern. The survival of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in osmotically dehydrated fruit is influenced by the osmotic processing method used and the level of additive (i.e., CaCl2) utilized. Parameters associated with decreased survival of pathogens, and therefore, improve product safety, include increasing temperature and time of processing and increasing concentration of CaCl2. However, E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in artificially contaminated apple slices, survived osmotic dehydration processing and subsequent storage under processing and storage parameters of this study.

Clemson (SC AES): In-package pasteurization parameters will be useful for meat processors in developing rapid thermal treatments to reduce pathogens in RTE meats. Antimicrobial film development for RTE meat products can also be furthered by these results. Food Safety can be enhanced by presenting information on the transmission of bacteria from surfaces to food consumers as safe food handling is supported by applied research results. These results from our study will be useful in assessing the contribution of ceftiofur treatment of food animals to the acquisition and dissemination of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella, and the impact of antibiotic use on the microbiological safety of food.

Cornell (NY AES): Treatment with organic acids and ASC significantly reduced E. coli O157;H7 and Salmonella on beef trim prior to grinding and the results were sustained during refrigerated and frozen storage. Higher concentrations of organic acids did not have additional reduction of the pathogens and therefore the lower concentrations should be used based on economics and sensory properties. While the triangle tests indicate that there are no adverse effects on flavor and texture during the short-term, further testing is needed to determine if the acid may result in persistent pink color of the cooked patties.

MSU (MI AES): The incidence of Listeria transfer to and from implements will be used to fill some important data gaps in several USDA risk assessments for Listeria in delicatessen products. These risk assessments will ultimately be used to refine current regulations regarding the presence of Listeria in cooked/RTE foods that may, in turn, impact the current 'zero tolerance' policy regarding Listeria in such foods. An additional outcome would include the development of better recommendations for certain high-risk individuals (pregnant women, immunocompromised adults, elderly) who regularly consume delicatessen products and additional recommendations concerning the potential of expanded recalls due to cross-contamination when Listeria-contaminated delicatessen products such as sliced luncheon meats are being sold at retail.

Accomplishments

Publications

Presentations/Abstracts S.B. Price, J.C. Wright, and F.J. DeGraves. 2002. Antibiotic-induced modulation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 shedding in experimentally infected calves. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, St. Louis, November 10-12. S.B. Price, J.C. Wright, F.J. DeGraves, and J.W. Foster. 2003. Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteriophage as a tool for pathogen reduction in cattle. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, November 9-11. Marlene E. Janes. 2003. Edible films for controlling foodborne pathogens. Presented at the Seafood technology innovations conference in Orlando, FL, February. Marlene E. Janes and M. G. Johnson. 2003. Control of Campylobacter jejuni on the surface of raw chicken coated with ehtylenediaminetetraacetate with or without edible zein films containing nisin. Presented at the IAFP meeting in New Orleans, LA, August. Bwalya Lungu, Marlene E. Janes and M. G. Johnson. 2003. Partial reduction of Listeria monocytogenes on full fat turkey frankfurters held at 4 and 8°C using zein coatings containing nisin and EDTA. Presented at the ASM meeting in Washington D.C., June. Aisha Abushelaibi, David Bankston and Marlene E. Janes. 2003. The effect of temperature fluctuations on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhmurim inoculated on the surface of raw irradiated chicken. Presented at the IFT meeting in Chicago, IL, July. Julie T. Nguyen, Richelle Beverly, Ligia Da Silva and Marlene E. Janes. 2003. Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in cattle at agricultural research stations in Louisiana. Presented at the IFT meeting in Chicago, IL, July. Richelle Beverly, Witoon Prinyawiwatkul, and Marlene Janes. 2003. Antimicrobial effect of cranberry juice against Listeria monocytogenes. Presented at the IFT meeting in Chicago, IL, July. Eifert, J. 2002. Inactivation of Salmonella on the surface of strawberries and cut cantaloupe by gaseous ozone. Ozone III: Agricultural & food processing applications of ozone as an antimicrobial agent, Fresno, CA, October 29. Eifert, J., Bergstrom, T., Brown, C. and Arritt, III, F. 2003. Fine scale measurement of strawberry and cantaloupe surface area. Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, New Orleans, LA. August 13. Eifert, J., Sanglay, G. and Lee, D. 2002. Prediction of Raw Produce Surface Area from Weight Measurement. Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, San Diego, CA. July 1. Hartman, A.D., R.C. Williams, S.S. Sumner, and B.W. Zoecklein. 2003 The efficacy of antimicrobial treatments for the inhibition of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in apple and tomato juices. Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, New Orleans, LA, August 10-13. Hereford, M.L., S.S. Sumner, R.C. Williams, M. Pierson, R. Marini, R. Worobo, and D. Kang. 2003 Effects of apple development stages on the internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 as observed under field and laboratory conditions. Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, New Orleans, LA, August 10-13. Kniel, K., Sumner, S., Lindsay, D.S., Hackney, C.R., Pierson, M.D., Zojara, A., and Golden, D.A. 2002. The Use of Oxidation to Control Cryptosporidium infectivity. Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, San Diego, CA Piotrowski, C.L., R.C. Williams, S.S. Sumner, J.E. Marcy. 2003. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in fruit juices during refrigeration and temperature-abusive storage. Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, New Orleans, LA, August 10-13. Raiden, R., Sumner, S., Pierson, M. Eifert, J., and Williams R. 2002. Efficacy of Detergents to Enumerate Salmonella from the Surface of Fresh Produce. Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists, Anaheim, CA. June 16. Raiden, R., Sumner, S., Pierson, M. and Eifert, J. 2002. Efficacy of Detergents to Enumerate Pathogenic Microorganisms from the Surface of Fresh Strawberries. Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, San Diego, CA. July 3. Sanglay, G., Eifert, J., Pierson, M. and Sumner, S. 2002. Ultrasonic Treatment of a Rinse Solution to Enhance Enumeration of Salmonella spp. from Produce Surfaces. Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, San Diego, CA. July 3. Williams, R.C., D.A. Golden, and S.S. Sumner. 2002. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in Apple Cider and Orange Juice by Combination Treatments of Ozone, Chemical Preservatives, and Refrigerated Storage. Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, San Diego, CA. June 30 ?July 3. Yaun, B., Sumner, S., Eifert, J., and Marcy, J. 2002. UV-C Destruction of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the Surface of Agar and Fresh Produce. Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, San Diego, CA. July 2. Dawson, P.L. Research Review. Meat Processing. April 2003. Dawson, P.L. Research Review. Meat Processing. October 2003. Dawson, P.L., Acton, J.C. and Ogale, A.A. 2002. Biopolymer films and potential applications to meat and poultry products. Proc. Recip. Meat Conf. 54:75-81. Acton, J.C., Terlizzi, F.M., Skelley, G.C. and Friesen, R.K. 2002. Characteristics of liverwurst prepared with pork, beef or chicken liver. Proc. Intl. Cong. Meat Sci. Technol. 48(I):122-123. Clark, J., Y. Sun, and X. Jiang. 2003. Application of immuno-nanoparticles for detection of foodborne pathogens. 1st SC LIFE Colloquium of Undergraduate Research. Columbia, SC, April, 2003. Lee, E.H., Y. Hua, and X. Jiang. 2003. Determination of antiobiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from calves. 1st SC LIFE Colloquium of Undergraduate Research. Columbia, SC, April, 2003. Collins, S., and X. Jiang. 2003. Identification of mold contamination in MAP-packed pizza crust. 1st SC LIFE Colloquium of Undergraduate Research. Columbia, SC, April, 2003. Jiang, X., H. Yang, B. Dettman, and L. McCauski. 2003. Characterization of ceftriaxone-resistant bacteria isolated from calves. Abs. 103rd Gen. Mtg. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Washington, D.C., May 2003. Islam, M., J. Morgan, M.P. Doyle, and X. Jiang. 2003. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in manure compost applied to soil to grow vegetables in a growth chamber. Abs. 90th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, Aug., 2003. Islam, M., J. Morgan, M.P. Doyle, S. Phatak, P. Millner, and X. Jiang. 2003. Fate of avirulent salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on selected vegetables grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. Abs. 90th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, Aug., 2003. Hua, Y., B. Dettman, C. Mix, J. Beam and X. Jiang. 2003. Prevalence of ceftriaxone-resistant commensal bacteria on dairy and poultry Farms. ASM Southeast Regional Annual Meeting. Athens, GA, Oct. 2003. Elkin, T., H. Li, S. Taylor, Y. Lin, X. Jiang, and Y. Sun. 2003. Interactions of nanomaterials with pathogenic bacterial cells. ASM Southeast Regional Annual Meeting. Athens, GA, Oct. 2003. Daly, M.P., Kartika, S., Halpin, E., Candogan, K. and Acton, J.C. 2002. Chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of marinated chicken breasts. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting, June 15-19, Anaheim, CA. Dawson, P.L., Acton, J.C. and Ogale, A.A. 2002. Biopolymer films and potential applications to meat and poultry products. Presented at the 54th Reciprocal Meat Conference of the American Meat Science Association, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, July 28-31. Dawson, P.L. McCormick, K., Han, I..Y., Sheldon, B.W., and Acton, J.C. 2002. In-package pasteurization combined with biocide-impregnated protein films to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in low-fat turkey bologna. Poult. Sci. 80(SUPP1): 15-16. Galyean, R.D., F.B. Wardlaw, S. Phimphilai. 2002. Mineral components of feed grade egg products. Presented at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, University of Delaware. Hughes, L.A., Sheldon, B.W., and Dawson, P.L. 2002. Decimal reduction values and z-values of Escherichia coli O157;H7 and Campylobacter jejuni on surfaces of bologna. Poult. Sci. 80 (SUPP1): 15. Park, S.I., Marsh, K.S., Dawson, P.L., Acton, J.C. and Han, I. 2002. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan incorporated into polyethylene films. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting, June 15-19. Phimphilai, S., R.D. Galyean, and F.B. Wardlaw. 2002. Analytical Comparison of Nutrient Components in Feed-Grade Egg Product Manufactured from Various Sources of Raw Material to Nutrient Component Inedible Whole Egg Product. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists, Anaheim, CA. Dawson, P.L. 2002. Use of nisin in antimicrobial packaging. Kraft Foods symposium with Danisco Ingredients. November, Chicago, IL Dawson, P.L. 2002. Use of nanoparticles as biosensors against food and water bioterrorism. November, FDA headquarters, College Park, MD. With Analex Corporation. Dawson, P.L. 2002. Research in the College of Agriculture, Forest, and Life Sciences, November. Clemson University Research Celebration, Brooks Center for the Performing Arts, Clemson, SC. Dawson, P.L. 2003. Antimicrobial films. Horticulture Seminar, March 7th. Clemson University. Dawson, P.L. 2003. Nanotechnology and Food Protection. June 2nd. Clemson University, To the REU Nanotechnology for Food Science Summer Internship Program. Dawson, P.L. 2003. Antimicrobial Films. Carolina Section meeting of the American Society of Microbiology. Athens, GA. October 31st. Dawson, P.L. and Acton J.C. 2003. Examining the technical performance of anti-microbial additive to food packaging. Anti-Microbials 2003. Brussels, Belgium. November 5-6. Dawson, P, Han I., Cox, E., Black, C. and Simmons, L. 2004. Food contact time effects on pick-up of Salmonella Typhimurium from tile, wood, and carpet. Testing the five-second rule. The 2nd Global Congress dedicated to Hygenic Coatings & Surfaces, Proceedings. Orlando, FL January 26-28. Elam, N.A., J.F. Gleghorn, J.D. Rivera, M.L. Galyean, M.M. Brashears, and S.M. Younts-Dahl. 2003. Effects of live cultures of Lactobacillus acidphilus (Strains 45 and 747) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii on performance, carcass and intestinal characteristics, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 shedding of finishing beef steers. Presented at the annual meeting of the ASAS/ASDA. Phoenix, AZ. L. Flowers, M. Costello, P. M. Gray, D. Kang, M. M. Brashears, A. Echeverry, J. E. Mann, W. R. Henning, E. W. Mills, and C. N. Cutter. 2003. A Microbiological Profile Of Red Meat Carcasses Processed In Very Small Establishments In Three Geographical Regions Of The United States. 2003. Proceedings of the 56th Reciprocal Meat Conference. Fluckey, W.M., G.H. Loneragan, and M.M. Brashears. 2003. Antibiotic Susceptibility and Cross Contamination of Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Feedlot Cattle and Their Carcasses. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. August 9-13. New Orleans, LA. Loneragan, G.H. and M.M. Brashears. 2003. Avenues for pre-harvest control of E. coli 0157 in cattle. Presented at the 10th Triennial ISVEE (International Symposium for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics) Santiago, Chile. Nov. 17-21. Loneragan, G.H., M.M. Brashears, D.R. Ware, S. Younts-Dahl, M.L. Galyean. 2003. Direct-fed microbials and pre-harvest risk reduction of E. coli O157. 10th Triennial ISVEE (International Symposium for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics). Santiago, Chile. Nov. 17-21. Loneragan, G.H., M.M. Brashears, and G. Dewell. 2003. Potential for Underestimation of E. coli O157:H7 Prevalence in Beef Feedlot Cattle. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. August 9-13. New Orleans, LA. Loneragan, G.H. and M.M. Brashears. 2003. Epidemiological Characteristics of E. coli O157 in cattle. Presented at the 53rd Annual Southwest Conference on Diseases in Nature Transmissible to man. June 25-27. Amarillo, TX. G.H. Loneragan, M.M. Brashears, D.U. Thompson. 2003. Ecology and Feedlot Epidemiology of E. coli O157:H7. Presented to the Plains Nutrition Council. San Antonio, TX. April 3-4. Mann, J.E., M.M. Brashears, and L.M. Smith. 2003. Validation of time and temperature values as critical limits for ground pork processing and storage. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. August 9-13. New Orleans, LA. Mann, J.E. and M.M. Brashears. 2003. Validation of time and temperature values as critical limits for pork fabrication and storage. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. August 9-13. New Orleans, LA. Mann, J.E. and M.M. Brashears. 2003. Evaluation of Hot Water Immersion for Reduction of E. coli O157:H7 on Beef Shanks. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. August 9-13. New Orleans, LA. Keskinen, L., E.C.D. Todd, and E.T. Ryser. 2003. Qualitative assessment of biofilm formation in Listeria monocytogenes. Abst. Ann. Mtg. Inst. Food Technol., Chicago, IL Keskinen, L., and E.C.D. Todd, and E.T. Ryser. 2003. Quantification of biofilm formation by cold injured and cold starved Listeria monocytogehes. Abst. Ann. Mtg. Int. Assoc. Food Prot., New Orleans, LA. Pierre, P.M., and E.T. Ryser. 2003. Efficacy of capric/caprylic acid, lactic acid, glycerol monolaurate and peroxyacid alone or in combination for inactivating escherichia coli 0157:H7 on artificially contaminated alfalfa seeds. Abst. Ann. Mtg. Intern. Assoc. Food Prot., New Orleans, LA Vorst, K., and E.T. Ryser. 2003. An improved method for quantitative recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from surfaces. Ann. Mtg. Int. Assoc. Food Prot., New Orleans, LA Vorst, K., and E.T. Ryser. 2003. Quantitative transfer of Listeria monocytogenes during commercial slicing of delicatessen meats and cheeses. Ann. Mtg. Int. Assoc. Food Prot., New Orleans, LA. Wesche, A., B.P. Marks, and E.T. Ryser. 2003. Thermal resistance of heat, cold and starve injured Salmonella in ground turkey. Ann. Mtg. Inst. Food Technol. Chicago, IL Wesche, A., B.P. Marks, and E.T. Ryser. 2003. Efficacy of Oxyrase and sodium pyruvate for recovering heat, cold and starve injured Salmonella. Ann. Mtg. Inst. Food Technol. Chicago, IL Warsow, C.R., A. Orta Ramirez, A.M. Booren, E.T. Ryser, and B.P. Marks. 2003. Effects of vacuum tumbling on Salmonella migration into the interior of intact, marinated turkey breasts Ann. Mtg. Inst. Food Technol. Chicago, IL. Smith, L., J.E. Mann, and M.M. Brashears. 2003. Reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in refrigerated ground beef by Lactobacillus spp. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. August 9-13. New Orleans, LA. Stratton, J.E., R.W. Hutkins, and M.M. Brashears. 2003. Genotypic characterization by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter strains isolated from poultry littler. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. August 9-13. New Orleans, LA. Younts-Dahl, S, M.M. Brashears, M.L. Galyean, G.H. Loneragan, and N. Elam. 2003. Prevalence of E. coli O157 among finishing beef cattle supplemented with live cultures of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. August 9-13. New Orleans, LA. Younts-Dahl, S, M.M. Brashears, M.L. Galyean, and G.H. Loneragan. 2003. Supplementing feedlot cattle diets with whole cottonseed to decrease the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. August 9-13. New Orleans, LA. R.W. Worobo. 2003. Effects of apple development stages on the internalization of Escherichia coliO157:H7 as observed under field and laboratory conditions. IAFP 2003. New Orleans, LA. R.W. Worobo. 2003. Modeling of Escherichia coliO157:H7 inactivation by UV irradiation and different pHs in apple cider. IAFP 2003. New Orleans, LA. R.W. Worobo. 2003. Biochemical and genetic characterization of mattacin (polymyxin M). ASM 2003. Washington, D.C. R.W. Worobo. 2003. Identification and characterization of bacterial antimicrobial peptides with potential medical, agriculture and food applications. Cornell Nutrition Conference, Syracuse, NY. October 22, 2003. Wang, L., A. Amézquita and C.L. Weller. 2003. An integrated mathematical model of heat transfer and temperature-dependent growth in cooked meats during air blast chilling. In Proc. Eighth Conference on Food Engineering, San Francisco, CA, 16-21 November. Publications Price, S.B., C.-M. Cheng, C.W. Kaspar, J.C. Wright, F.J. DeGraves, T.A. Penfound, M.-P.C. Cornet, and J.W. Foster. 2000. Role of rpoS in acid resistance and fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:632-637. S. Vaidya, A. Orta-Ramirez, D.M. Smith and R.Y. Ofoli. 2003. Effect of heat on phycoerythrin fluorescence: Influence of thermal exposure on the fluorescence emission of R-Phycoerythrin. Biotechnology Bioengineering 83: 465-473. Lee, D.J., Eifert, J.D., Zahn, P. and Westover, B. 2003. Fast surface approximation for volume and surface area measurements using distance transform. Opt. Eng. 42(10):2947-2955. Lorca, T.A., Claus, J.R., Eifert, J.D., Marcy, J.E. and Sumner, S.S. 2003. Penetration of surface-inoculated bacteria as a result of electrically generated hydrodynamic shock wave treatment of boneless, skinless chicken breasts. Poul. Sci. 82(7):1205-1210. Raiden, R., Quicho, J.M., Maxfield, C.J., Sumner, S.S., Eifert, J.D. and Pierson, M.D. 2003. Survivability of Salmonella and Shigella spp. in sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and Tween 80 at 22 and 40C. J. Food Prot. 66(8):1462-1464. Yaun, B.R., Sumner, S.S., Eifert, J.D. and Marcy, J.E. 2003. Response of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 to ultraviolet energy. J. Food Prot. 66(6):1071-1073. Jiang, X., J. Morgan, and M. P. Doyle. 2003. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during composting in a laboratory-scale bioreactor. J. Food Prot. 66:25-30. Jiang, X., J. Morgan, and M. P. Doyle. 2003. Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cow manure compost. J. Food Prot. 66:1771-1777. Islam, M., J. Morgan, M.P. Doyle, and X. Jiang. 2003. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in manure compost-amended soil and on carrots and onions grown in an environmentally controlled growth chamber. (in press). Teerakarn, A., D.E. Hirt, J.R. Rieck, J.C. Acton, and P.L. Dawson. 2002. Nisin diffusion in protein films: Effects of time and temperature. J. Food Sci. 67:3019-3025. Dawson, P. L., G.D. Carl, J.C. Acton, and I.Y. Han. 2002. Effect of lauric acid and nisin-impregnated soy-based films on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on turkey bologna. Poultry Sci. 81:721-726. Pol, H., P. Dawson, J. Acton, and A. Ogale. 2002. Soy protein isolate/corn zein laminated films: transport and mechanical properties. J. Food Sci. 67:212-217. Dawson, P.L. 2002. Active Packaging: Coatings and films for extending shelf life. World Market Series Business Briefing: Life Sciences Technology. World Markets Research Centre. London, UK. Moore, M.A., I.Y. Han, J.C. Acton, C.B. Barmore, and P.L. Dawson. 2003. Effects of antioxidants in polyethylene film on fresh beef color. J. Food Sci. 68:99-104. McCormick, K., Han, I.Y., Sheldon, B.W., Acton, J.C., and Dawson, P.L. 2003. D- and Z-values for Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in packaged low-fat ready-to-eat turkey bologna subjected to a surface pasteurization treatment. Poultry Sci. 82:1337-1342. Dawson, P.L., Hirt, D.E., Rieck, J.R., Acton, J.C., and Sotthibandhu, A. 2003. Release of nisin from cast and heat-pressed protein films. Food Research International. (Accepted). Dawson, P.L. and B.W. Sheldon. 2003. Nisin in the decontamination of animal products, In ?Natural Antimicrobials for the minimal processing of foods. S. Roller, ed. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, England. Brashears, M.M., M.L. Galyean, J.E. Mann, K. Killinger-Mann, and G. Loneragan. 2003. Reduction of Escherichia coli O157 and Improvement in performance in beef feedlot cattle with a Lactobacillus Direct Fed Microbial. J. Food Prot. 66: 748-754. Brashears, M.M., D. Jaroni, and J. Trimble. 2003. Isolation, Selection and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria for a Competitive exclusion Product to Reduce Shedding Of E. coli O157:H7 in Cattle. J. Food Prot. 66(3): 355. Elam, N.A., J.F. Gleghorn, J.D. Rivera, M.L. Galyean, P.J. Defoor, M.M. Brashears, and S.M. Younts-Dahl. 2003. Effects of live cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus (Strains NP45 and NP51) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii on performance, carcass and intestinal characteristics, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 shedding of finishing beef steers. J Anim Sci. (In Press) Younts-Dahl, S.M., M.L. Galyean, G.H. Loneragan, N. Elam, M.M. Brashears. 2003. Prevalence of E. coli O157 in Beef Feedlot cattle and on hides at slaughter after supplementation with Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium-based direct-fed microbials. J. Food Prot (In Press). Dowd, S., J.Thurston-Enriquez, and M.M. Brashears. 2003. Environmental Reservoirs and Transmission of Foodborne Pathogens in Pre-Harvest and Post-Harvest Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions. Brashears, M.M., A. Amezquita, and D. Jaroni. 2003. Control of Food-borne Bacterial Pathogens in Animals and Animal Products through Microbial Antagonism. Food Biotechnology. Martin, N., Hu, H., Moake, M., Churey, J. J., Whittal, R., Worobo, R. W. and J. C. Vederas. 2003. Isolation, structural characterization, and properties of mattacin (polymyxin M), a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by Paenibacillus kobensis M. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278, 15:13124-12132. Tandon, K., Worobo, R.W., Churey, J.C., and O.I.Padilla-Zakour. 2003. Storage quality of pasteurized and UV treated apple cider. Journal of Food Processing and Packaging. 27, 1: 21-35. Oh, S., Kim, M., Churey, J. J., and R. W. Worobo. 2003. Purification andcharacterization of an antilisterial bacteriocin produced by Leuconostoc sp. W65. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 13, 5: A. Quintero-Ramos, Churey, J., Hartman, P., Barnard, J. and R. W. Worobo. Modeling of Escherichia coli: O157:H7 Inactivation by UV Irradiation at different pHs in Apple Cider. Journal of Food Protection. Accepted September 29, 2003. H. Hu, Churey, J.J. and R. W. Worobo. Heat treatments to enhance the safety of artificially contaminated mung bean seeds. Journal of Food Protection. Accepted October 6, 2003. Rodgers, S.L., J.N. Cash, M. Siddiq and E.T. Ryser. 2003. A comparison of chemical sanitizers for inactivating Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on apples, lettuce, strawberries and cantaloupe. J. Food Prot. (accepted). Rodgers, S.L., J.N. Cash, and E.T. Ryser. 2003. Reduction of microbial pathogens during apple cider production using sodium hypochlorite, copper ion and sonication. J. Food Prot. (accepted). Cagri, A., Z. Ustunol, W.N. Osburn, and E.T. Ryser. 2003. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes on hot dogs using antimicrobial whey protein based edible films. J. Food Sci. 68:291 299. Cagri, A., Z. Ustunol, and E.T. Ryser. 2003. Hot dog!: Antimicrobial whey protein-based casings Coming to a store near you? Mich. Dairy Rev. 8:(2)15 17. Funded Grants: Novel Molecular Approaches to Eradicate E. coli O157:H7 from the Bovine GI Tract. USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program. PI: John Foster, University of South Alabama. Co-Inv: Stuart Price [Auburn PI], Jim Wright, and Fred DeGraves. 1/1/01-12/31/03. Auburn sub-contract: $54,308. Pathogen Reduction in E. coli O157:H7 Colonized Calves Using E. coli O157-Specific Bacteriophage. Auburn College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Health and Disease Research Funds. PI: Stuart Price; Co-inv: James Wright and Fred DeGraves. 10/1/01 - 9/30/03. $39,464. Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Enterohemorrhagic Pathogenicity Factors, and E. coli O157:H7 by Quantitative Real-Time Fluorogenic Polymerase Chain Reaction in Cattle of Alabama. Auburn College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Health and Disease Research Funds. PI: Fred DeGraves; Co-Inv: Stuart Price and James Wright. 10/1/01 - 9/30/03. $39,100. Catalase-Peroxidase from E. coli O157:H7: A Novel Defense Against Peroxynitrite and Other Peroxides. Faculty Mentoring Program Proposal, Office of the Vice President for Research, Auburn University. Junior Faculty Member: Doug Goodwin, Department of Chemistry; Mentor: Stuart Price. 2/1/02 - 1/31/03. $4,000. Purification of lysozyme from shell liquor of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and its use in antimicrobial films to preserve smoked fish. PI - Jerome La Peyre, Co-PI?s Marlene E. Janes and Q.G Xue; Louisiana Sea Grant College Program; June 03/June 05, $175,200. Optimization of Ozone Treatment of Louisiana Seafood to Improve Product Quality, Safety, and Shelf Life. PI ? Jon Bell, Co-PI Marlene E. Janes; Louisiana Sea Grant College Program; June 03/ June 05, $58,818. Reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in Beef Feedlot Cattle using Varying Doses of a Direct-Fed Microbials. PI: Mindy Brashears. American Meat Institute/National Cattleman?s Beef Association. $154,000. Validation of Multi-Hurdle Antimicrobial Treatments to Reduce E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. In Beef Trim and Ground Beef in Small and Very Small Processing Facilities. PI: Mindy Brashears. USDA/FSIS. $25,000. Impact on Hide Interventions and Cleaning on the Microbial Quality of Beef Carcasses in Small and Very Small Processing Plants. PI: Mindy Brashears. Other PI ? Guy Loneragan. USDA/FSIS. $25,000. Reduction of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 in beef cattle in commercial feedlots. PI: Mindy Brashears. Other PI ? Guy Loneragan, Nutrition Physiology Corporation. $61,000 Center for Food Industry Excellence. PI: Mindy Brashears. Other PI ? John Blanton, Christine Alvarado, Chance Brooks, Janice Boyce, Leslie Thompson, Linda Hoover, Mark Miller, Kevin Pond. USDA. $232,252. Pen Origin Dust Control Using Feedlot Effluent and E. coli O157 Status of Market Ready Feedlot Cattle, PI: Mindy Brashears. ContiBeef ? $50,000 Effects of live cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus on performance, carcass characteristics, and shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in finishing beef steers, PI: Mindy Brashears. Nutrition Physiology Corporation, $60,000 Reduction of Salmonella and E. coli O157 in Beef Feedlot Cattle and Hides Using Direct-Fed Microbials in a Commercial Feedlot Setting. PI: Mindy Brashears. Nutrition Physiology Corporation, $72,000. Antibacterially Active Honey Used as a Preservative in Raw Meats, Fruits, and Vegetables. PI: Worobo. NHB, $18,000 (09/15/02 ? 09/14/03). Isolation, Purification, and Identification of Proteinaceous Antibacterial Compounds Found in Specific Honey Samples. PI: Worobo. NHB, $55,000 (09/15/02 ? 09/14/05). Microbial control in sap systems. PI: Worobo. North American Maple Syrup Council, $3,000 (09/01/03 ? 08/31/04) An Energy Efficient System to Recover Valuable by-products from Grape Pomace. PI: Padilla-Zakour, CoPI: Worobo, Hang, Roberts. NYSERA $240,000 (09/01/03 ? 08/31/04) Transfer coefficients for Listeria monocytogenes from biofilms on conveyor belt materials to smoked turkey breast. Ryser, E.T., and E.C.D. Todd. 2003. ILSI $60,000 (pending). Modeling pathogen migration and thermal resistance in marinated whole muscle meat and poultry products. Marks, B.P., E.T. Ryser, A.M. Booren and A. Orta Ramirez. 2003. USDA NRI (Food Safety) $290,000 Transfer coefficients for Listeria monocytogenes to and from food contact surfaces found in meat fabrication facilities. Ryser, E.T., and E.C. D.Todd. 2003. USDA ARS/NAFS $124,000 Microbial standards and reduction strategies for highbush blueberries. Todd, E.C.D., E.T. Ryser, and E.J. Hanson. 2003. MAFMA $50,000 Microbial reduction strategies for highbush blueberries. Todd, E.C.D., E.J. Hanson, E.T. Ryser, and A.M.C. Schilder. 2003. United States Highbush Blueberry Council $76,000. Optimizing the design and operation of commercial cooking systems for ready to eat meat and poultry products. Marks, B.P., E.T. Ryser, and A. Orta Ramirez. 2003. USDA NRI (Food Safety) $196,775 Conductometric biosensor for foodborne pathogen detection in fresh produce. Alocilja, E., E.T. Ryser, and E.C.D. Todd. 2003. USDA NRI (Food Safety) $100,000

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 09/01/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/11/2004 - 11/12/2004
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2004 - 12/01/2004

Participants

Technical Committee:

Brashears, Mindy (mindy.brashears@ttu.edu) - Texas Tech;
Diez, Francisco (FDIEZ@che.umn.edu) - U. Minn;
Dickson, Jim (jdickson@iastate.edu) - Iowa State;
Eifert, Joe (jeifert@vt.edu) - Virginia Tech;
LeJeune, Jeff (lejeune.3@osu.edu) - Ohio State;
Loneragan, Guy (gloneragan@wtamu.edu) - West TAMU;
Janes, Marlene (mjanes@agctr.lsu.edu) - LSU;
Jiang, Xiuping (xiuping@clemson.edu) - Clemson U;
Newman, Melissa (mnewman@uky.edu) - U. Kentucky;
Price, Stuart (pricesb@vetmed.auburn.edu) - Auburn;
Snider, Susan (snider@UDel.edu) - U. Delaware;
Siebert, Karl (kjs3@cornell.edu) - Cornell;
Smith, Denise (dsmith@uidaho.edu) - U. Idaho;
Weller, Curt (cweller@unlnotes.unl.edu) - U. Nebraska;
Worobo, Randy (rww8@nysaes.cornell.edu) - Cornell;
Yan, Zhinong (yanzh@msu.edu) - Michigan State;

Advisor/USDA Representative:

Barefoot, Susan (sbrft@clemson.edu) Clemson U.;
Rao, Ram (rrao@CSREES.USDA.GOV) USDA CSREES

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

See minutes

Publications

Kniel, K. E., Sumner, S. S., Lindsay, D. S., Hackney, C.R., Pierson, M.D., Zajac, A.M., Golden, D.A., and Fayer, R. 2004. Effect of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide on Cryptosporidium parvum viability in fruit juices. J. Food Prot. In press. Kniel, K. E., Sumner, S. S., Lindsay, D. S., Hackney, C.R., Pierson, M.D., Zajac, A.M., Golden, D.A., and Fayer, R. 2004. Effect of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide on Cryptosporidium parvum viability in fruit juices. J. Food Prot. In press. Yaun, B.R., S.S. Sumner, J.D. Eifert, and J.E. Marcy. 2004. Inhibition of pathogens on fresh produce by ultraviolet energy. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 90:1-8. Raiden, R. M., S. S. Sumner, J. D. Eifert, and M. D. Pierson. 2003. Efficacy of Detergents to Remove Salmonella and Shigella spp. from the Surface of Fresh Produce. J. Food Prot. 66: 2210-2215. Price, S.B., J.C. Wright, F.J. DeGraves, M.-P.C.- Cornet, and J.W. Foster. 2004. Acid resistance systems required for survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the bovine gastrointestinal tract and in apple cider. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:4792-4799. M.E. Janes, M. G. Johnson and K. S. Kim. 2004. Transmission electron microscopy study of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple tissue. J. Food Prot. (accepted). M. J. Cho, R. W. Buescher, M. Johnson, and M. Janes. 2004. Inactivation of pathogenic bacteria by cucumber volatiles (E, Z)-2,6-nonadienal and (E)-2-nonenal. J. Food Protection 67:1014-1016. M.E. Janes and N. Cook. 2004. Molecular based methods directed towards probiotics. Chapter in Probiotics in Food Safety and Human Health. CRC Press LLC, Editor Goktepe and Juneja (accepted). Franklin, S.T. and M.C. Newman, 2004. Evaluation of mannan oligosaccharide on the immunological and microbiological status of dairy cows and their calves. J. Dairy Sci.. Behrends, J.M., W.B. Mikel, C.L. Armstrong, and M.C. Newman. 2003. Color stability of semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris steaks packaged in high oxygen modified atmosphere. Journal of Animal Science. 568:1-9. Toro, H., S.B. Price, S. McKee, F.J. Hoerr, J. Krehling, M. Perdue, and L. Bauermeister. 2005. Use of bacteriophages in association with competitive exclusion to reduce Salmonella from infected chickens. Avian Dis. In press. Price, S.B., J. Wright, F. DeGraves, J. Stinson, T. Frerichs, Z. Aliabadi, and J.W. Foster. Identification and Characterization of E. coli O157:H-Specific Bacteriophages from Cattle. Submitted to Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May, 2004. Returned with revisions, November, 2004. T.R. Hamilton-Kemp, M.C. Newman, R.W. Collins, H. Elgaali, K. Yu and D. D. Archbold. 2003. Production of the long chain alcohols decanol and dodecanol by Escherichia coli. J. Basic Microbiol. (submitted ). Amézquita, A., C.L. Weller, L. Wang, H. Thippareddi and D.E. Burson. 2005. Development of an integrated model for heat transfer and dynamic growth of Clostridium perfringens during cooling of cooked boneless hams. Intl. J. Food Micro. In press. A. Quintero-Ramos, Churey, J., Hartman, P., Barnard, J. and R. W. Worobo. 2004. Modeling of Escherichia coli: O157:H7 Inactivation by UV Irradiation at different pH Values in Apple Cider. 2004. Journal of Food Prot. 67, 6: 1153-1156. H. Hu, Churey, J.J. and R. W. Worobo. 2004. Heat treatments to enhance the safety of contaminated mung bean seeds. Journal of Food Prot.. 67, 6: 1257-1260. Melissa A. Mundo, Olga I. Padilla-Zakour*, and Randy W. Worobo. Growth Inhibition of Foodborne Pathogens and Food Spoilage Organisms by Select Raw Honeys. International Journal of Food Microbiology 97: 1-8. N. Basaran, A. Quitero-Ramos, Churey, J. J., and R. W. Worobo. Influence of apple cultivars on inactivation of different Strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple cider by UV irradiation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 6061-65. Dimethyl Dicarbonate and Diethyl Dicarbonate. Worobo, R. W., Golden, D., and C. S. Ough. In Antimicrobials in Foods. Third Edition. Marcel Dekker, Inc. Microbiology of Fruit Products. Worobo, R. W. and D. F. Splittstoesser. In Processing Fruits: Science and Technology, volume 1: Biology, Principles, Applications. Genetic Characterization of Antimicrobial Peptides. Hu, H., M. M. Moake, and R. W. Worobo. In Food Biotechnology. (See summary of minutes)

Impact Statements

See minutes

Date of Annual Report: 01/06/2006

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/16/2005 - 11/17/2005
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2005 - 12/01/2005

Participants

Barefoot, Susan (sbrft@clemson.edu) - Clemson University;
Blanton, John (john.blanton@ttu.edu)- Texas Tech University;
Brashears, Mindy (mindy.brashears@ttu.edu) - Texas Tech University;
Dickson, James S. (jdickson@iastate.edu)- Iowa State University;
Goodridge, Lawrence (lgoodrid@uwyo.edu) - University of Wyoming;
Janes, Marlene (mjanes@agctr.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University;
Jiang, Xiuping (xiuping@clemson.edu)- Clemson University;
Johnson, Michael (mjohnson@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas;
Karunesena, Enusha (enusha.karunesena@ttu.edu)- Texas Tech University;
Kniel, Kali (kniel@udel.edu)- University of Deleware;
LeJeune, Jeffrey (lejeune.3@osu.edu)- Ohio State University;
Marshall, Douglas L. (microman@ra.msstate.edu)- Mississippi State University;
Newman, Melissa (mnewman@uky.edu)- University of Kentucky;
Price, Stuart B. (pricesb@vetmed.auburn.edu)- Auburn University;
Rao, Ramkishan(rrao@CSREES.USDA.GOV)- USDA CSREES;
Siebert, Karl (kjs3@cornell.edu)- Cornell University;
Subbiah, Jeyamkondan (jsubbiah2@unlnotes.unl.edu) - University of Nebraska;
Williams, Rob (rcwillia@vt.edu) - Virginia Tech;
Worobo, Randy (rww8@cornell.edu) - Cornell University

Brief Summary of Minutes

I. Self Introductions

II. Administrative Advisor Comments - Susan Barefoot
Emphasized the importance of completing annual report.
Emphasized the importance of completing our updated plan/proposal.
Overview of the success of the "Food Safety from the Surface Up" Conference

II. USDA CSREES Representative comments - Ram Rao
" Suggests Nomination for Secretarys Honors Award
" Handout on RFAs Current
" Epi grants are both pre and post harvest
" Special emphasis area is retail to consumer in NIFSI- letter of intent for special emphasis grants only

III. Group Presentations were given by each of the participants. An overview is listed below and detailed reports are at the end of the minutes.

Jim Dickson Iowa State
HACCP validation studies
Developed gram negative indicator organisms for O157
Must confirm that they are not pathogenic
Antibiotic Resistance in Antibiotic free swine

Rob Williams - Virginia Tech
UV light and chemical preservatives apple cider
High pressure processing in combination with chemical preservatives for reduction of E. coli and Salmonella in apple juice and orange juice
Quantitative recovery of LM and Salmonella from environmental sampling media
Prediction of surface area from weight measurement
Optimization of recovery and detection for cryptosporidium in foods
Dairy and Juice tanker sanitation
UV irradiation on reduction of pathogens and chemical indicators of mild

Mindy Brashears-Texas Tech University
Pre-Harvest Methods Developed
Pre-harvest Interventions
Post-Harvest Interventions
Antibiotic Resistance Studies

JM Subbiah University of Nebraska
Modeling temperature changes/loss/cooling.
Creating a Web interface

Marlene Janes Louisiana State University
Acidified sodium chloride effects on LM in Hams and cheese
Copper and brass reductions of LM both inhibited at various temperatures
Drain replacement total counts. 1-3 log reduction on copper surfaces in processing plants

Randy Worobo Cornell
Antimicrobial proteins
Glocose oxidase system and gluconic acid as a side product
Honey microflora Manuka honey
Range of isolates

Doug Marshall Mississippi State
Pre and post interventions
Aquaculture
Growth of Vibrio over season 10 h hold
Phage for human therapy
Streptococcus iniae
Antibiotic use in aquaculture
Stress adaptation of microbiology
Salmonella survival in the gut of a shrimp

Stewart Price-Auburn
BVDV virus and E. coli O157
4 calves inoculated and mid-week O157 shed at more

Jeff Lejune- Ohio State University
STEC E. coli
Q alleles human isolates vs bovine isolates
Q933 and Q21 isolates less susceptible to processing treatments
Toxin negative isolated from humans still cause illness
STEC negative O157 phages can carry toxins to negative and cause them to be pathogenic
Use of antibiotics in humans can cause more toxin production. No difference in toxin production after exposure to antibiotics in vitro.
Phages that infect O157 are different from O26 and O11 in the US.

Melissa Newman- Kentucky
Use of decanol as an antimicrobial
Use of yeast cell extract as a curing agent for antimicrobial drug resistance

Lawrence Goodridge-University of Wyoming
Use of bacteriophage in reducing E. coli O157 in cattle
HPP in almonds
E. coli group present in bovine, but not pathogenic

Xiuping Jiang Clemson (South Carolina)
Manure Composting

IV. Sections of the Renewal Document were completed to be put together by executive group. Final version will be distributed by January 30, 2006

V. Location of 2006 Meeting
Possibilities Orlando, Nashville, New York

See attachment for complete minutes.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Objective #1. Pre-harvest reduction of food-borne pathogens in animals and the environment. (Texas Tech) Developed methods to quantify E. coli O157 in cattle feces and hides Validated use of rapid methods for detection of E. coli O157 Mapped the prevalence patterns of E. coli and Salmonella on hides of cattle Determined optimum direct-fed microbial doses for effective inhibition of E. coli O157 in cattle Determined antibiotic resistance patterns in cattle Determined the impact of transportation on cross-contamination Determined the impact of dust on cross-contamination (Auburn) BVDV-infected calves showed anticipated signs of immune suppression, including a marked leucopenia and neutropenia, compared to sham-infected calves. BVDV-infected calves showed higher shedding of O157 compared to sham-infected calves. Most dramatic difference occurred on days 13-15, when BVDV-infected calves were severely leukopenic and neutropenic. (Wyoming) Bacteriophage cocktail can eliminate E. coli O157:H7 in fecal material and may be effective in eliminating E. coli O157:H7 in the live animal. (Louisiana State University) Every summer the oyster industry is threatened by closure of water ways and recall of oysters due to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus contamination. Our results indicate that bacteriophages active against the virulent Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus are naturally found in oysters and could possibly be used as a processing aid to control these pathogens in live oysters. Bacteriophage treatments alone or in combination with UV-light exposure were effective in reducing V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus population in raw oysters. Objective #2. Chemical and physical decontamination in food processing plant environments. (Texas Tech) Investigated various interventions on beef trim Determined the impact of various interventions on poultry Validated various methods for rapid detection of pathogens in trim, on carcasses and ground beef (Wyoming) Phast Swab is feasible for detection of E. coli O157:H7 on beef carcasses. If a different sampling device is employed, liquid samples can be tested for the presence of E. coli O157:H7 using the Phast Swab. High pressure processing technique is rapid, very effective at reducing Salmonella on the surface of raw almonds, and is amenable to industry use as a method to process raw almonds to reduce microbial load immediately before packaging. (Louisiana State University) Acidified sodium chlorite can be effective as a processing aid for inhibiting the growth of L. monocytogenes counts on ready-to-eat meat products.

Publications

See minutes attachment

Impact Statements

Approximately $3.7 million in funded projects. List follows:
Impact of Primary Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection on the Duration and Level of Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Animal Health and Disease Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University. PI: Paul H. Walz; Co-investigators: Stuart B. Price, Julie G. Waldrop, James C. Wright, and M. Daniel Givens. 10/1/04 - 9/30/06. $40,000.
Novel Approaches for Reducing Shedding of Salmonella from Chickens. Animal Health and Disease Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University. PI: Stuart B. Price; Co-investigator, Haroldo Toro. 10/1/05-9/30/07. $36,319.
Pathogen Reduction in Calves Colonized with Salmonella Species. Animal Health and Disease Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University. PI: James C. Wright. Co-Investigators, Stuart B. Price, Paul H. Walz. 10/1/05-9/30/06. $19,992
Identification and Characterization of Novel Virulence Determinants from Brucella abortus Using In Vivo Induced Antigen Technology (IVIAT). University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Grants Program. $60,000. January, 2005 to January, 2008. PI. G Andrews, L. D. Goodridge (Co-PI), W. Edwards (Co-PI)
Evaluation of a Bacteriophage Cocktail to Reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shedding in Beef Cattle. National Cattlemens Beef Association, $75,000. February 2005, to May, 2006. PI: L. D. Goodridge, J. Scanga, J. LeJuene
Development of a Luminescent Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7.Wyoming National Aeronautics and Space Agency EPSCoR Program, $41,745. March 2005 to March, 2006. L. D. Goodridge
Development of a One-Tube Colorimetric Assay for Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Food Animals. United States Department of Agriculture National Research Initiative Program. $100,000. September, 2005 to August, 2008. PI: L. D. Goodridge
Development of a Lateral Flow Device for Rapid Chute Side Detection of Brucella abortus infection in Elk. United States Department of Agriculture Special Grants Program. $80,000. September, 2005 to August, 2007. (PI) L. D. Goodridge, G. Andrews (Co-PI), W. Edwards (Co-PI)
Ecology and control of pathogenic strains of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio arahaemolyticus in U.S. Gulf Coast oysters. Lee-Ann Jaykus, Andy De Paola, Marlene Janes, Jon Bell, John Supan; Oct. 2004/ Sept. 2007, $1.4 million (LSU Ag Center portion $415,504), Funded.
Control of Listeria monocytogenes in crawfish and shrimp processing facilities using copper, copper-based alloys or coatings containing copper ions. PI as M. E. Janes, Co- PI J. Bell, USDA Aquaculture Special Grants Program; 09/05 to 09/06, $24,000.
Detection of Vibrio vulnificus by direct colony immunoblot PI as M. E. Janes, Co-PI J. Simonson and J. Bell. National Louisiana Sea Grant College Program 06/05 to 07/07, $94,537
Increasing the survival and shelf-life of Gulf Coast Oyster by controlling air exposure: Potential role of stress proteins. Gulf Oyster Industry PI as J La Peyer and Co-PI M. E. Janes National Louisiana Sea Grant College Program 06/05 to 07/07 $192,126
Efficacy of Post-Processing Interventions for the Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes on Frankfurters. Robert C. Williams, David A. Golden (University of Tennessee), Susan S. Sumner, Svetlana Zivanovic (UT), P. Michael Davidson (UT). USDA- IREE-CGP-NIFSI. $599,895
Norwalk Virus Inactivation by High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing: A Comprehensive and Integrated Program for Research and Outreach. George Flick, Daniel Holliman, Angela Correa. USDA- IREE-CGP-NIFSI. $600,000.
Food Safety from the Surface Up: A Conference. PI: Susan F. Barefoot, Co-I: P.L. Dawson, E.H. Hoyle. USDA CSREES NIFSI. October 2004- September 2006. $31,500