Annual/Termination Reports:

[08/31/2005] [09/15/2005] [01/04/2007] [05/14/2007]

Report Information

Participants

Weinzierl, Rick, University of Illinois; Nissen, Scott, Colorado State University (scott.nissen@colostate.edu); McGrath, Meg, Cornell Univeristy (mtm3@cornell.edu); Whalon, Mark, Michigan State University (whalon@msu.edu); Holtzer, Tom, Colorado State University (tom.holtzer@colostate.edu); Mallory-Smith, Carol, Oregon State University (carol.mallory-smith@oregonstate.edu)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting was held on April 8-9, 2003 in Indianapolis, IN.

Comments on 2002 meeting in Kansas City
Participating in and meeting in conjunction with other organizations was considered an important aspect of the 2002 meeting in Kansas City. Meeting with NCC 148, Movement of Biota, provided some unique opportunities for WCC-60 participants. Mark Whalon helped to develop the meeting and Rick Weinzierl suggested NCR 148 contact weed scientists especially those interested in invasive species and GM crops. There was some interest in meeting in conjunction with this group as part of future WCC-69 meetings.

Comments from Tom Holtzer, Administrative Adviser for WCC-60
Election of new chairs and secretary was conducted. We need to consider how to attract new members for WCC-60. Tom has sent an email to other Experiment Station directors but received little response. The national multi-state reporting system is web based and involves the commitment of time. The duration of coordinating committees has increased for 3 to 5 years. Tom indicated that being a co-sponsor of a CAST meeting is good activity of the WCC-60.

Rick Weinzierl suggested that we do some self promotion and have a handouts about the group when ever we present a poster at national or regional meeting.

Resistance work is somewhat different with new insecticides that are growth regulators that have not developed resistance yet.

Tom suggested that Mark Whalon make a pitch at the opening of a CAST meeting to increase interest in the subject matter of WCC-60.

Plant Health Progress, an online journal, is a broad spectrum grower oriented journal. It was suggested that the group put together an article for this journal such as a Pesticide Outlook. Meg commented on a draft or outline of an article for general article that also included case history is one idea. This topic would fit under the plant health review section for the website. The article could make the case for the cross disciplinary aspects of resistance management. It was suggested that our group work on a single crop like potatoes. General aspect of resistance is a very large area and difficult to handle in one article. First article could be a setup article. Rick has volunteered to be the entomologist, Carol will help with general, Meg will work on with general and potatoes, Scott would help with the potato component.

Rick suggested that we look at the objectives listed to the minutes from 2002. Would there be any other thing to add to the objectives. National reporting of resistance on Resistance Pest Management Newsletter from Mark Whalon (MSU) that will be announced at the CAST meeting. If the publication is successful that will fit under objective 4. Carol suggested that resistance has fallen off the map for chemical companies, IRAC (insecticide resistance action committee), was addressed by objective 2. Mark suggested that there be a database for susceptible insect species. For work on resistance management, you need a good susceptible species.

Rick called for state reports to be given at 7:09 pm, Rick called for all members to send Nissen emails to cut and paste into minutes.

Ideas for next years meeting were discussed: Meeting with migratory people in 2004 or 2005; meet with professional society; meet with NC148; meet in Washington DC.

Accomplishments

Cornell Report<br /> Meg McGrath (NY) reported on detecting resistance to QoI fungicides in isolates of the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus collected from fungicide efficacy experiments conducted in research fields in GA, NC, and NY where QoIs used alone on a weekly schedule did not provide effective control in 2002. This is the first report of resistance to this new fungicide group in the US. Most isolates from QoI-treated plots (80%) tolerated high concentrations of trifloxystrobin in a bioassay (qualitative resistance). They also exhibited reduced sensitivity to DMI fungicides, the other group of systemic fungicides registered for this disease in the US. The recommended resistance management program has been to apply QoIs in alternation with DMIs mixed with a multi-site protectant fungicide. The first QoI (Quadris) and the DMI Nova were first used commercially in the US in 1998 under Section 18 registration granted because of widespread resistance to benzimidazoles and the DMI fungicide Bayleton. At that time there was greater concern of resistance developing to Nova than Quadris because the pathogen population had already been shifting towards reduced DMI-sensitivity (quantitative resistance) and this shift was shown to impact control achieved with Nova applied at the lowest label rate. However, monitoring since 1998 has not revealed further decline in sensitivity to DMIs and Nova has continued to be effective in fungicide evaluations. One suggested change to the resistance management program for 2003 is to apply a contact fungicide with strobilurins as well as DMIs. Sulfur and mineral oil are recommended for resistance management because they were found to be more effective than other protectant fungicides for powdery mildew on the lower leaf surface. Sulfur is the least expensive fungicide for powdery mildew.<br /> <br /> Illinois Report, R.A. Weinzierl<br /> Researchers in Illinois continue to investigate pest resistance problems of a wide nature. Work is ongoing to monitor the spread of western corn rootworm populations that are resistant to crop rotation as a result of their altered egg-laying behavior, and faculty members at the University of Illinois and the Illinois Natural History Survey have contributed to decisions on refuge requirements for recently registered rootworm Bt corn hybrids. Weed scientists continue to work on ALS-resistance issues and on the potential for glyphosate resistance in the states Roundup-Ready soybean acreage. Plant pathologists are investigating soybean cyst nematode virulence to resistant cultivars. <br /> <br /> My research on the management of the codling moth in apples centers on managing insecticide-resistant populations. Insecticide failures across the lower Midwest in 2001 and 2002 prompted entomologists from five states to submit a grant proposal to the USDA CSREES Crops at Risk program. Participating states and investigators are: Illinois, R. Weinzierl; Indiana, R. Foster; Missouri, B. Barrett; Kentucky, R. Bessin and K. Haynes; Ohio, C. Welty. The summary page of the proposal follows: <br /> <br /> Growers and entomologists in the lower Midwest need detailed, regionally specific information on the field effectiveness of alternatives to organophosphate insecticides for codling moth management in apples. Field observations suggest that the reduced-risk insecticides recently registered by the US EPA may not be effective where organophosphate resistance has evolved. Additionally, male codling moths from some resistant populations are not responding normally to commercial pheromone lures. We propose the following objectives for developing alternative practices for codling moth management in Midwest apple orchards. (1) Evaluate the effectiveness of alternative insecticides for codling moth control in field trials in problem orchards where codling moth resistance to organophosphates has been confirmed or suspected and in orchards where organophosphate insecticides have remained effective; (2) Evaluate (a) sprayable formulations of codling moth sex attractants and (b) attractant-and-kill formulations of codling moth sex attractants as partial-season controls for codling moth in field trials in commercial orchards; (3) Determine whether or not pheromone communication is altered, and if so, how it is altered in codling moths from orchards where commercial lures and traps have failed (and organophosphate resistance is suspected) versus codling moths from orchards where lures and traps are functioning (and organophosphates are providing effective control); (4) Make collections of codling moth larvae for establishing colonies for use in insecticide bioassays as part of a national resistance monitoring survey currently in the planning stage and; (5) Inform entomologists around the nation and growers in the North Central region of our findings on codling moth management.<br /> <br /> To meet these objectives we will conduct coordinated, replicated field trials of alternative, reduced-risk insecticides and mating disruption products in IL, IN, MO, OH, and KY. State-of-the-art laboratory methods will be used to study pheromone chemistry and pheromone-mediated behavior at the University of Kentucky. We will communicate our results to fellow researchers via journal publications and professional meetings and to growers via Extension programs and publications. Our findings will aid growers immediately in making decisions on the implementation of alternative pest management practices for codling moth.<br />

Publications

Impact Statements

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Report Information

Participants

No meeting was held in the reporting period. However members and other affiliated individuals submitted written reports of activities. Those submitting reports are listed in the attached file.

Brief Summary of Minutes

No meeting was held in the reporting period. However, reports of activities and accomplishments were solicited from members and others who have been involved in the committee in the past. Their reports are in the attached file.

Accomplishments

Publication of the online Resistant Pest Management Newsletter is supported by the members of WERA-060 (http://www.msstate.edu/Entomology/v7n2/rpmv7n2.html)<br />

Publications

See attached file.

Impact Statements

1. None to report at this time.

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Report Information

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

An informal meeting was held during the CSREES sponsored IPM Symposium, Wednesday, April 5th, 2006 in St. Louis, MO. It was attended by Margaret McGrath, Timothy Dennehy, Mark Whalon, Bruce Paulsrud and Thomas Holtzer (administrative advisor). Discussion during the meeting included the continuing importance of pesticide resistance management both as an area of research and outreach, and also the need to continue to have the regional committee addressing the topic primarily because of value to members of the unique opportunity of being able to hold discussions across disciplines on resistance. Additional benefits that were recognized included outreach/education functions. Several options were considered for our next formal committee meeting. The best choice was identified as late March in Arizona, meeting in conjunction with WERA069: Coordination of Integrated Pest Management Research and Extension/Educational Programs for the Western States & Pacific Basin Territories. The WERA069 meeting is scheduled for March 28th and 29th. WERA060 committee member Timothy Dennehy volunteered to serve as organizer. Reports of activities and accomplishments were solicited from members and others who have been involved in the committee in the past. The attached file contains the figures referenced in the accomplishment section.

Accomplishments

1. Submitted by member<br /> <br /> Carol Mallory-Smith<br /> Department of Crop and Soil Science<br /> 109 Crop Science Building<br /> Oregon State University<br /> Corvallis, OR 97331-3002<br /> carol.mallory-smith@oregonstate.edu<br /> <br /> Research is being conducted to evaluate gene flow via pollen and seed from Roundup Ready creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) fields. The resistance gene has been found in progeny of A. stolonifera and A. gigantea hybrids. <br /> <br /> Glyphosate resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was identified in Oregon in 2004. Research has shown that the resistance is not due to a target site mutation but rather differences in translocation between the susceptible and resistant biotypes.<br /> <br /> Several populations of Italian ryegrass with multiple-resistance have been identified. Studies on the mechanisms of resistance and the molecular basis for resistance are being conducted.<br /> <br /> A mutation for resistance to several Photosystem II inhibiting herbicides was identified. This mutation Asn266 to Thr previously had been identified in cyanobacterium but not in higher plants.<br /> <br /> <br /> 2. Submitted by member<br /> <br /> Margaret Tuttle McGrath<br /> Department of Plant Pathology<br /> Cornell University<br /> Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center<br /> 3059 Sound Avenue<br /> Riverhead, NY 11901-1098<br /> Phone: 631-727-3595 ext 20<br /> Fax: 631-727-3611<br /> mtm3@cornell.edu<br /> <br /> Resistance continues to be a critical issue with managing cucurbit powdery mildew (PM). Fungicides are an important tool for managing PM to avoid losses in quantity and/or fruit quality. This is the most common disease of cucurbit crops, which include pumpkin, squash, and melon. Products with mobility (systemic, translaminar or highly volatile) are needed to manage PM on lower surfaces, where this disease develops best. Unfortunately they are prone to resistance (R) development because of their single-site mode of action, and the pathogen has a long history of developing resistance. Recent activities include using a seedling bioassay to monitor R in commercial production fields, conducting replicated fungicide efficacy experiments to assess impact of resistance on performance of at-risk products when used alone and in fungicide programs, testing fungicide resistance of isolates from the efficacy experiment, and determining baseline sensitivity for new compounds. R to the QoI (quinone outside inhibitor) fungicide group was common in 2005 and 2006, and not surprisingly the QoI fungicide tested was ineffective. R to benzimidazole fungicides was also common although these fungicides are no longer used because of R. R to these two groups is qualitative while R is quantitative to the DMI (demethylation inhibitor) fungicide group. Moderate R to this group has been common for several years. These fungicides have remained highly effective until 2006 when they failed when used on pumpkin but surprisingly remained effective when tested in another experiment with butternut squash (different species of Cucurbita), suggesting different uptake of this systemic fungicide. Similar results occurred in GA in 2006. Adequate control of PM was obtained with fungicide programs that included a product that was completely ineffective when tested alone, documenting the difficulty of detecting R in commercial production fields. Data from monitoring R and comparing individual fungicides, which revealed occurrence of R and its impact on efficacy, provided justification for a Section 18 Emergency Exemption request to the EPA for a new fungicide (quinoxyfen) in NY. Baseline sensitivity data was obtained for quinoxyfen, which will serve as an essential benchmark for assessing whether the pathogen is developing resistance in the future. <br /> <br /> Invited Symposium Presentations on Fungicide Resistance with Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Made in 2005 and 2006:<br /> 1. Practical lessons learned about fungicide resistance from cucurbit powdery mildew. Symposium on Fungicide Resistance. Meeting of the Northeastern Division American Phytopathology Society. 11/7/06.<br /> 2. Managing cucurbit powdery mildew and fungicide resistance. Third International Cucurbit Symposium. Townsville, QLD, Australia. 9/16/05.<br /> 3. History of QoI use and resistance development in cucurbit powdery mildew. Symposium on QoI Fungicide Resistance: Current Status and Management Strategies at the American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting. 7/31/05.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 3. Submitted by (previous) member<br /> <br /> Richard A. Weinzierl, Professor and Extension Entomologist<br /> Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois<br /> S-522 Turner Hall, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue<br /> Urbana, IL 61801<br /> weinzier@uiuc.edu, Ph. 217-333-6651<br /> <br /> In Illinois, my research related to insecticide resistance has proceeded on two fronts: (1) identification of alternative insecticides that are effective for use in apples against codling moth populations resistant to organophosphates and other compounds, and (2) monitoring for pyrethroid resistance in corn earworm populations and identification of alternative insecticides that are effective against this insect in sweet corn. <br /> <br /> In apples, the neonicotinoid acetamiprid, the insect growth regulator novaluron (both registered for use in apples), and the anthranilamide rynaxypyr (not yet registered), all have been found to be effective against organophosphate-resistant populations of codling moth. This is especially important because codling moth populations that are resistant to the organophosphate azinphos-methyl also exhibit apparent cross-resistance to pyrethroids and methoxyfenozide, and these insecticides have not been effective alternatives for organophosphate-resistant codling moth control.<br /> <br /> Illinois efforts in corn earworm resistance management research have been conducted as part of a North Central Integrated Pest Management Center Implementation Grant project led by the University of Minnesota ("Establishing a Midwest Corn Earworm Migration and Insecticide Resistance Monitoring Network"). Bioassays (adult vial tests) of male moths taken directly from pheromone traps and bioassays using an F1 lab colony from field-collected larvae continue to indicate low to moderate levels of resistance to cypermethrin. Reduced efficacy of pyrethroids in small-plot insecticide trials also suggest a shift in susceptibility since the mid-19990s. We are continuing efforts to better understand the migration of corn earworm moths from their source regions in Texas and Louisiana and to link observations of resistance in the Midwest to observations from these source areas. In efforts to identify alternative insecticides for effective control in sweet corn, the experimental insecticide rynaxypyr has been very effective.<br /> <br /> <br /> 4. Submitted by non member<br /> <br /> Bruce E. Paulsrud<br /> University of Illinois<br /> Department of Crop Sciences<br /> S-420 Turner Hall<br /> 1102 S. Goodwin Ave.<br /> Urbana, IL 61801<br /> Phone: 217-244-9646<br /> Email: paulsrud@uiuc.edu<br /> <br /> Matthew Montgomery, Bruce Paulsrud and Scott Bretthauer (University of Illinois Extension) prepared a new fact sheet entitled, Characteristics of Fungicides for Field Crops (RPD 1002) (http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/abstracts/a1002.html). This 18-page document addresses foliar and seed treatment applications and limitations, fungicide terminology, resistance management, common fungicide families, and fungicide mode of action. It is intended to supplement the pest biology and treatment recommendations in other U of I Extension publications, such as the Illinois Agricultural Pest Management Handbook, the Field Crop Scouting Manual, and Pesticide Applicator Training manuals. Prior to this publication, information about fungicide terms, characteristics, application, and mode of action were very difficult to locate compared to that for other pesticides. With the threat of Asian Soybean Rust still looming for 2007 and beyond, this information should prove useful to agricultural clientele.<br /> <br /> 5. Submitted by member<br /> <br /> Timothy J. Dennehy<br /> Distinguished Outreach Professor<br /> Group Leader, UA Extension <br /> Arthropod Resistance Management Laboratory<br /> University of Arizona<br /> Department of Entomology<br /> Tucson, AZ 85721<br /> <br /> Research In Progress <br /> <br /> Detection and management of pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton in Arizona. With Unnithan, Tabashnik, Carriere. $40,000.00 Cotton Incorporated ($15,000); Arizona Cotton Research and Protection Council ($25,000)). Employees: 2, Student/Staff. <br /> Description: This research involves a statewide program to monitor resistance of Pectinophora gossypyiella to the Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2. Activities include collection of pink bollworm throughout the Southwest, rearing of them in the laboratory and testing for susceptibility to Cry1Ac. Cultures are selected for resistance in the laboratory and resistant phenotypes are maintained in isolated culture. <br /> Impact: This project directly addresses practical issues of resistance management in Arizona cotton. The resistance pests isolated by this program have provided the basis for highly productive research efforts in genetics and ecology of resistance based in the Tabashnik and Carriere laboratories, respectively. <br /> <br /> Susceptibility of Southwestern pink bollworm to Bt toxins, Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2. With Unnithan, Tabashnik, Carriere. $20,000.00 Monsanto. Employees: 2, Student/Staff. <br /> Description: This is a statewide program to detect resistance to Cry1Ac-based Bt cotton. It also supports a rapid response team that follows up on putative resistance problems throughout the state and the annual Arizona Bt Cotton Resistance Working Group. <br /> Impact: Sustaining Bt cotton and fostering research on genetics, ecology and molecular biology of resistance problems isolated from Arizona fields. <br /> <br /> Sustaining the successful whitefly management program in Arizona. With DeGain, Harpold . $80,000.00. Arizona Cotton Growers Association and Cotton Incorporated. Employees: 2, Student/Staff. <br /> Description: This project involves two different grants; one from State Support funds from the Arizona cotton growers, and the other from Core Funds from the cotton growers' national organization, Cotton Incorporated. This program was established in response to severe whitefly resistance crises in the early 1990's. "Soft" insecticides, like insect growth regulators have formed the basis of whitefly management in Arizona since 1996. Our challenge now is to combat resistance development and pro-actively respond to new resistance developments. Resistance monitoring serves a fundamental first step in this effort. <br /> Impact: 1. Annual data collection to detect new resistance problems. 2. Isolation and characterization of new resistance factors prior to them becoming widespread in the field. 3. Development of resistance management strategies prior to the spread of new resistance factors. 4. Promoting collaboration and linkages with other laboratories willing to work on more fundamental aspects of the genetics, molecular biology, ecology, and toxicology of novel resistance mechanisms in whiteflies. <br /> <br /> DNA markers for pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton. With Tabashnik (PI), Morin, Carrière. $86,000.00. USDA-NRI. Employees: 1, Staff. <br /> Impact: Characterization of the mechanisms by which pink bollworm are able to overcome the toxic action of Bt toxin, Cry1Ac. 2. Develop highly sensitive methods for detection of resistance mutations in moths caught in pheromone traps. This will provide improve our ability to detect conditions under which resistance will develop and recommend alternatives. <br /> <br /> Assessing and minimizing risk of pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton. With Carrière (PI) Tabashnik, Morin. $120,000.00 USDA-BRAG. Employees: 2, Staff. <br /> <br /> Genetics and management of whitefly resistance to pyriproxyfen. With Carrière (PI), Horowitz, Morin, Tabashnik. $120,000.00 USDA NRICG. Employees: 1, Student/Staff. <br /> Description: This project investigates the genetics, fitness, and molecular markers of the pyriproxyfen-resistant strain that my lab spent the last five years isolating from Arizona cotton. The goal, done in conjunction with parallel work in Israel, will be to develop and apply resistance models that incorporate the new information into optimal management plans. <br /> <br /> Provide critical information for detection and management of key resistance problems in Arizona. <br /> Arizona Bt Resistance Working Group. Each of the past ten years I have coordinated a multi-agency meeting to address both extension and research coordination as it pertains to detection and management of resistance to Bt cotton in Arizona. <br /> <br /> Arizona Whitefly Resistance Working Group. I have convened this group each of the past ten years to foster collaboration in extension and research of whitefly resistance management. <br /> <br /> Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci in Arizona. I have cooperated with Judy Brown in Plant Sciences on the subject of biotypes of Bemisia tabaci. In 2001, Judy's group taught my technician to conduct pcr and sequencing of the mCO1 gene used for identification of whitefly biotypes. This work has continued in my lab since that time and led to the first detection of the Q biotype in the New World. <br /> <br /> Impact: We were the first to discover the Q biotype of B. tabaci in the New World. We have shown that this new biotype is resistant to many, if not most of the insecticides currently in use in integrated management of whiteflies in the Southwest. This finding has permitted the establishment of a national task force to survey states for the Q biotype and to formulate research priorities impacting management of the new pest. <br /> <br /> 6. Submitted by member<br /> <br /> Blair Siegfried<br /> Department of Entomology<br /> University of Nebraska<br /> Lincoln, NE 68583-0816<br /> <br /> DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CORN INSECT PESTS IN NEBRASKA<br /> <br /> Resistance management of pest insect species represents a serious challenge to corn growers that utilize both transgenic corn varieties as well as conventional pesticides. Research associated with this project is intended to provide information for design of effective and long-term pest management solutions.<br /> <br /> Individual European corn borer that have been phenotyped for resistance to Bt toxins have been sent to collaborators at the USDA ARS Corn Insect and Crop Genetics Research Lab who are currently developing linkage maps using AFLP markers to identify quantitative trait loci for mapping resistance genes. Additionally, we have been collaborating with researchers at the University of Valencia, Spain to clone putative receptors that have previously been identified as being involved with resistance.<br /> <br /> Monitoring programs for the European corn borer have continued in 2006. Routine monitoring of European corn borer populations at diagnostic concentrations have indicated that this target pest species of transgenic maize remains susceptible to Cry1Ab and Cry1F toxins. Laboratory selections for resistance to both toxins have resulted in significant levels of resistance. Additional strains from field populations have been identified and are currently being characterized with regard to inheritance, fitness, and biochemical basis of resistance. Additionally, we have initiated experiments to document the ability of these strains to utilize transgenic plant tissues. Preliminary results indicate that although survival is significantly reduced, it appears that development of the resistant strains on transgenic plants is possible. The resistance to Cry1Ab is associated with reduced binding to a cadherin-like protein from the midgut brush border membrane. However, resistance to Cry1F remains uncertain, because assays to measure toxin binding and midgut proteolosis have not indicated and differences between resistant and susceptible strains. The genes for putative toxin receptors been cloned and sequenced and expression studies indicate that this protein is involved with both binding and toxicity. Susceptibility assessment of corn rootworm larvae to the Cry3Bb toxin has continued with representative field populations. Additional studies have been initiated to measure baseline susceptibility to Cry 34/35 which has recently been registered for corn rootworm control and the neonicotinoid insecticide chlothianidin which is the active ingredient used as a seed treatment of rootworm management. We are currently developing RNA interference assays to assess gene function and identify potential target sites for novel control strategies. <br /> <br /> <br /> 7. Submitted by non member<br /> <br /> David Mota-Sanchez<br /> 206 Center for Integrated Plant Systems and<br /> Department of Entomology<br /> Michigan State University<br /> East Lansing, MI 48824<br /> Email: motasanc@msu.edu<br /> <br /> and member<br /> <br /> Mark Whalon<br /> Department of Entomology<br /> Michagin State University<br /> B11 Integrated Plant Systems Center<br /> East Lansing, MI 48824-1311<br /> Phone: (517) 353-9425<br /> Email: whalon@msu.edu<br /> <br /> The Arthropods Resistant to Pesticides Database (ARPD) new system and the Resistant Pest Management Newsletter<br /> <br /> Mark E. Whalon, David Mota-Sanchez, Robert M. Hollingworth and Theresa Baker<br /> Department of Entomology, Michigan State University. B-11 CIPS East Lansing, MI 48823<br /> <br /> A) The Arthropods Resistant to Pesticides Database (ARPD) system<br /> <br /> Resistance is a widespread phenomenon where arthropod populations develop the ability to avoid the lethal effects of normally fatal concentrations of one or more pesticides. The occurrence of pesticide resistance frequently leads to the increased use, overuse and even misuse of pesticides that pose an even greater threat or impact to the environment, phytosanitation, market access, global trade and public health. The economic impact of pesticide resistance has been estimated at $1.4 billion to over $4 billion annually. A 1984 study initiated by the Board on Agriculture of the National Research Council made 16 recommendations, one of which identified the world wide need for a central and permanent data bank of resistance information. Thus developed the MSU resistance database (www.pesticideresistance.org) and a new system, Arthropods Resistant to Pesticides Database (ARPD) system that includes a web-based, resistance case entry system that will rapidly update resistance cases in ARPD. This effort was supported through a partnership between USDA/CSREES/IPM, Michigan State University (MSU) and the International Resistance Action Committee (IRAC). The current number of cases and species in the word is 7,444 and 550, respectively. Resistance is a significant and on-going issue for trade, homeland security, animal and human health protection and agricultural profitability. Now we have a web site that received over 500,000 visits per year in 2005 and 2006. Starting December the 6th we have transferred the current MSU resistance database to the new ARPD (www.pesticideresistance.org), and develop a capability for remote ARPD submitting, searching, extracting and analyzing resistant events. In the near future routine reports will include number of resistant species, pesticides, mode of action, use and classification. Our goal is to reduce the reporting and analysis burden in such a way that routine analysis tables, figures and reports could be generated and posted monthly (please see Fig 1). In addition, remote ARPD literature searches would be accessible to users. <br /> <br /> B) The Resistant Pest Management Newsletter<br /> <br /> The Resistant Pest Management Newsletter was developed to spread knowledge of resistance around the world. The goal of the RPM Newsletter is to inform Pesticide Policy workers worldwide of ongoing changes and advances in pesticide resistance management, provide an archival resource to national and international leaders, and enhance communication of ideas among colleagues worldwide. Since its beginning in 1989, the newsletter has published nearly 550 articles and abstracts (fig 3). The Bi-annual publication has 1,091 electronic subscribers, and hard copies are sent to 58 libraries worldwide. Countries with libraries that are currently receiving the RPM newsletter include the United States, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, India, Japan, Taiwan, Egypt, Kenya, Costa Rica, Australia, Malaysia, and New Zealand. The newsletter can be viewed online (http://whalonlab.msu.edu/rpmnews/) and has received 12,076 visitors since May 2005. (fig. 2)<br />

Publications

Aliano, N.P., M.D. Ellis, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Acute contact toxicity of oxalic acid to Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and their Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hosts in laboratory bioassays. J. Econ. Entomol. 5: 1578-1582.<br /> <br /> Alves, A.P., T. Spencer, B.E. Tabashnik, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Inheritance of resistance to the Cry1Ab Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 494-501.<br /> <br /> Brown, J.K. & T.J. Dennehy. 2006. First report of the Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in the U.S.A. and resistance to insecticides in an Arizona population. European Whitefly Studies Network Newsletter. http://www.whitefly.org/whiteflyforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=32&PN=1.<br /> <br /> Caprio, M.J., T.J. Nowatzki, B.D. Siegfried, L.J. Meinke, R.J. Wright, and L.D. Chandler. 2006. Assessing the risk of resistance to aerial applications of methyl-Parathion in the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 483-493.<br /> <br /> Carriere Y, C. Ellers-Kirk, R. Biggs, B. Degain, B. Holley, C. Yafuso, P. Evans, T.J. Dennehy, and B.E. Tabashnik. 2005. Effects of cotton cultivar on fitness costs associated with resistance of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) to Bt cotton. J. Econ Entomol. 98: 947-954. <br /> <br /> Carriere Y, C. Ellers-Kirk, K. Kumar, S. Heuberger, M. Whitlow, L. Antilla, T.J. Dennehy, B.E. Tabashnik. 2005. Long-term evaluation of compliance with refuge requirements for Bt cotton. Pest Management Science 61:327-330. <br /> <br /> Davey, J. F. and McGrath, M.T. 2006. Sensitivity to the fungicide quinoxyfen of powdery mildew isolates collected from pumpkin in New York in 2004. Phytopathology 95.<br /> <br /> Dennehy, Timothy J., Benjamin A. DeGain, Virginia S. Harpold, Judith K. Brown, Shai Morin1, Jeff A. Fabrick, Frank Byrne, Robert L. Nichols. New whitefly biotype with high levels of resistance to insecticides. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. 5 pp.<br /> <br /> Dennehy, T.J., B. DeGain, G. Harpold, J. K. Brown, F. Byrne, S. Morin, R.L Nichols. 2006. First new world report of Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) reveals high levels of resistance to insecticides. RPM Newsletter 15:18-19. <br /> <br /> Dennehy, T.J., B.A. DeGain, V.S. Harpold, J.K. Brown, S. Morin, J.A. Fabrick and R.L. Nichols. 2005. New challenges to management of whitefly resistance to insecticides in Arizona. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Vegetable Report. 31 pp. Series P-144. D. N. Byrne and P. Baciewicz, eds. http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1382/index.html. <br /> <br /> Marklund, Samielle K., Teresa A. Hauser, Steven A. Kolmes, David B. Alexander and Raymond R. Bard, Ben DeGain, Virginia S. Harpold, and Timothy J. Dennehy. 2005. Influences of a neonicotinoid insecticide on cantaloupe plants (Cucumis melo) and Bemisia tabaci. Proc. 2005 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN. Pp 1594-1603.<br /> <br /> McGrath, M.T. 2006. Occurrence of fungicide resistance in Podosphaera xanthii on Long Island, NY, in 2004 and impact on cucurbit powdery mildew control. Phytopathology 95.<br /> <br /> McGrath, M. T. 2005. Evaluation of fungicide programs for managing pathogen resistance and powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V049.<br /> <br /> McGrath, M. T., and Davey, J. F. 2006. Evaluation of fungicide programs for managing powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V038.<br /> <br /> McGrath, M. T. 2005. Occurrence of resistance to QoI, DMI, and MBC fungicides in Podosphaera xanthii in 2004 and implication for controlling cucurbit powdery mildew. Resistant Pest Management 14(2). http://whalonlab.msu.edu/rpmnews/vol.14_no.2/globe/rpm_g_mcgrath.htm.<br /> <br /> Nowatzki, T.M., X. Zhou, L.J. Meinke, T.T. Vaughn, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein on the feeding behavior and longevity of adult western corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 927-930.<br /> <br /> Parimi, S., L.J. Meinke, B.W. French, L.D. Chandler, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Persistence and stability of methyl-parathion and aldrin resistance in western corn rootworms. Crop Protection. 25:269-274.<br /> <br /> Sappington, T.W., B.D. Siegfried, and T. Guillemaud. 2006. Coordinated Diabrotica genetics research: accelerating progress on an urgent insect pest problem. Amer. Entomol. 52: 92-99.<br /> <br /> Siqueira, H.A.A., J. Gonzalez-Cabrera, J. Ferre, R. Flannagan, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Cry1Ab binding analyses in resistant and susceptible strains of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 5318-5324.<br /> <br /> Sisterson, Mark S.,Yves Carrière, Timothy J. Dennehy, and Bruce E. Tabashnik. 2005. Evolution of resistance to transgenic crops: interactions between insect movement and field distribution. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1751-1762.<br /> <br /> Tabashnik BE, R.W. Biggs, D.H. Higginson, S. Henderson, D.C. Unnithan, G.C. Unnithan, C. Ellers-Kirk, M.S. Sisterson, T.J. Dennehy, Y. Carriere, and S. Morin. 2005. Association between resistance to Bt cotton and cadherin genotype in pink bollworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 98:635-644. <br /> <br /> Tabashnik, B.E., T. J. Dennehy, and Yves Carrière. 2005. Delayed resistance to transgenic cotton in pink bollworm. Proc. National Academy of Sci. 102:15389.<br />

Impact Statements

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Report Information

Participants

Fred Brooks, American Samoa Community College;
Virginia Barkley, University of Arizona;
Tim Dennehy, University of Arizona;
Marty Draper, National Program Leader, Plant Pathology USDA/CSREES (by phone);
Peter Ellsworth, University of Arizona;
Al Fournier, University of Arizona;
Tom Holtzer, Colorado State University (Administrative Advisor);
Meg McGrath, Cornell University;
Scott Nissen, Colorado State University;
Ed Peachy, Oregon State University;
Carolyn Pickel, University of California Statewide IPM Program;
Bob Schlub, University of Guam;
Blair Siegfried, University of Nebraska;
Maria Sims, University of Arizona;
Jennifer Snyder, University of Arizona

Brief Summary of Minutes

2007 Meeting of WERA-060
7 May 2007
Grace Inn, Ahwatukee (Phoenix), Arizona

Tom Holtzer, Administrative Advisor. Tom reviewed the administrative requirements for WERA60 with special emphasis on submission for renewal. [WRCC60 was started in early 1980's, when Tom did honest work for a living (spider mites in corn at University of Nebraska). This background is good for facilitating communication and setting of research agendas.] Within WERA060 there has been a lack of coordination and participation in several of the last 5 years. The Committee has not formally met in 2 years, although an informal meeting was held in conjunction with the IPM Symposium in 2006.

A great deal of discussion centered around future directions for WERA060. General questions discussed included: a) Are there some key themes that cut across disciplines? b) Do we have a critical mass of people to do the things that a coordinating committee should do? c) Can we prepare a suitable renewal proposal by the 15 May deadline? d) What will our focus be?

The committee decided to narrow the scope of future efforts to implementation of resistance management approaches and to focus on any and all science that has direct application to monitoring and management of resistance problems.

Possible needs to be addressed and objectives to be pursued, raised in the discussion:
1) Regional coordination of research efforts and priorities (e.g., PIPE concepts re: resistance).
2) Definite need for communication among resistance workers, but is this the forum for doing this. Are we too broad to be useful? Data-exchange is too diverse.
3) Need for dealing with IPM-issues to provide balance to the emphasis of IRAC, FRAC, and HRAC (Definitions: Insecticide, Fungicide, Herbicide Resistance Action Committees, respectively). Influence policy (Res-Ext). USDA, APHIS. Provide unbiased, research-based findings.
4) Promote and support the Resistant Pest Newsletter as a vehicle for information exchange and global dissemination.
5) Developing resistance priorities for research and extension to centers and other entities.
6) Organize symposia, interact with IRAC (etc.), interact with funding agencies, promote resistant pest newsletter.

If a symposium were to be part of WERA060s contribution, would it be part of a more specific society (e.g., Weed Science Soc.)? Discussion followed. Over the past 20 years, WRCC60/WERA60 tried to convene at major entomological, pathology and weed meetings. In most cases, this approach failed to attract much more than a narrow slice of the membership. A suggested alternate approach is to seek major multi-disciplinary meetings that address resistance. Examples are the National IPM symposia (every four years), American Chemical Society Agrochemicals Division meetings, Pan-Pacific Conference on Pesticide Science, the IUPAC Congress on Pesticide Chemistry, and similar meetings that cut across pest groups and have a substantial focus on resistance.

Additional questions arose regarding future roles for the committee: Do we need to re-focus only on resistance management as it is applied in IPM? Are there too few of us that focus on field applications to meet critical mass needs? Is there a unique need for a resistance coordinating committee within CSREES, or are needs being met through other venues?

Group discussion followed. It was decided that the membership of the group has changed from those interested in more fundamental aspects of resistance mechanisms, modeling and ecology to those doing more hands-on implementation of resistance monitoring and management, within the context of larger IPM programs. It was decided to submit a renewal proposal for WERA60 with a narrow scope -- one that focused primarily on implementation of resistance management in IPM systems and exchange and dissemination of resistance information.

Brief statements from those participating in the meeting:

Al Fournier, University of Arizona, Local Arrangements (w/ Peter Ellsworth). Al summarized the agenda of the joint meetings (w/ WERA69) and the agricultural tours offered on Tuesday, 8 May.

Carolyn Pickel, University of California Statewide IPM Program. Carolyn represented a number of UC researchers unable to attend the meeting. Codling moth resistance to organophosphate insecticides continues to be a major topic in CA. Beth Grafton-Cardwell continues to do research on scale resistance in citrus. This is a very important issue to their growers. Practitioners do the wrong things many times. They continue to combat over-reliance on pyrethroid insecticides.

Scott Nissen, Colorado State University. Cases of weed resistance have increased since 1975 or 1980, mainly due to types of herbicides deployed. Much of this has been the result of deployment of transgenic Roundup-ready crops. Innovation has declined as growers have placed greater reliance on fewer herbicides with limited range of modes of action. Resistance to ALS-inhibitors & dicamba resistance is on the increase. An 8-9 year replicated assessment has been conducted of Round-up-ready crops versus conventional crops in 4-states. This showed that they are strongly selecting for resistance in high-plains states.

Carol Mallory Smith is leading study with Scott to investigate gene-flow between transgenic and non-trangenic herbicide-resistant wheat. There is now 250,000 acres of transgenic wheat planted. Gene flow has been shown (?) into jointed goatgrass.

Onion thrips represent the biggest insect problem in Colorado but this is due to the inherent difficulty in controlling them and the disease they vector, Iris Yellow Spot Virus (a.k.a. Irish yellow spot). Howard Schwartz, is working on this. It overwinters in weed species.

Ed Peachy, Oregon State University. Incorporates resistance management information in IPM programming.

Blair Siegfried, University of Nebraska. Transgenic corn is widely adopted in the Midwest for corn rootworm protection. Bt-resistance is being intensively studied in the European corn borer and the Western corn rootworm. Monitoring of European corn borer is being done annually at 16 sites across Corn Belt.

Bob Schlub, University of Guam. Plant pathologist. Some use of insecticides on Guam, but not a lot of spraying. Working in tomatoes. Identified need for careful defining and use of terminology as it applies to plant pathogens. Often times virulence and resistance in pathogens are confounded and used interchangeably.

Tim Dennehy, University of Arizona. Since 1993 has directed activities of the Arizonas Extension Arthropod Resistance Management Laboratory (EARML). This group conducts routine statewide monitoring and management of major resistance problems in Arizona. Current focus is on: 1)whiteflies in vegetables, melons, ornamentals and cotton, and 2) resistance of pink bollworm to transgenic Bt cotton. Working with Peter Ellsworth (Cotton IPM team leader) and John Palumbo (Vegetable IPM team leader) this group has chronicled a decade of successful resistance management of whiteflies and pink bollworm. Statewide meetings of stakeholders, research and Extension personnel are held annually to evaluate and modify proactive management guidelines. Cross-commodity coordination of neonicotinoid insecticide use has been achieved through cooperation between commodities and is published in Palumbo et al. 2003. EARML serves as linkage between resistance problems throughout the State and more fundamental research programs of Bruce Tabashnik, Yves Carriere, Molly Hunter, Xianchun Li and Jeff Fabrick. Among other things, these collaborations have identified the molecular mechanism responsible for pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton toxin Cry1Ac and have produced molecular diagnostics for detecting this resistance. Three resistance posters displaying output of these collaborations were displayed at the meeting.

Jennifer Snyder, University of Arizona. Jennifer works with Dawn Gouge on Urban IPM issues in Arizona. They have highly successful programs implementing IPM in schools.

Peter Ellsworth, University of Arizona. Peter has been a national leader in implementation of resistance management programs for whiteflies. He discussed the collaboration with John Palumbo to achieve cross-commodity harmonization of the critical neonicotinoid insecticide group. Research and education that Peter has led on improving whitefly sampling and thresholds has been the underpinning of a decade of successful whitefly resistance management in Arizona.

Meg McGrath, Cornell University. Meg devoted much of her attention to management of powdery mildew resistance in cucurbits. This involves monitoring and characterization of resistance and seeking new active ingredients. She devotes much time to obtaining information for and submitting Section 18 exemptions.

Fred Brooks, American Samoa Community College. Fred is a plant pathologists working on fruit diseases in American Samoa. Currently not much spraying in American Samoa. Some benomyl resistance in black leaf streak (Mycosphaerella fijiensis and Pseudocercospora fijiensis) of Banana. However, benomly is not registered any longer. Fungicides are sprayed for this disease twice / week through entire year.

Maria Sims, University of Arizona. Maria currently works for Peter Ellsworth. She has done resistance research for over a decade in Arizona and North Carolina. Her interests include whitefly management issues and management of resistance to transgenic crops. Her graduate studies in North Carolina involved Bt resistance in cotton bollworm (with J.R. Bradley and Fred Gould).

Virginia Barkley, University of Arizona. Virginia has assisted Peter Ellsworth in IPM research in Arizona for over a decade.

Marty Draper, National Program Leader, Plant Pathology USDA/CSREES (by phone). Marty spoke with the group about changes afoot in USDA structure and funding that could impact members of WRCC60 (resistance management and IPM). Discussion involved a plethora of acronyms apparently known to some Committee members. If approved, something called the Improved Pest Control" line item could result in the lumping of Regional IPM grants, IR-4, PMAP, PMitis 2008 proposal, CAR, Methyl bromide, and RAMP initiatives. All would be increasing a small amount in total funding. All 406s have been moved to the NRI. Earmarks were rolled into the Hatch funds and distributed that way. Some of this to be moved to Colony Collapse Disorder.

Final discussion item. Blair Siegfried communicated a question for Z.B. Mayo on behalf of the Council of Agricultural Science and Technology. Z.B. is on the CAST Board of Directors. CAST is seeking a person or group to spearhead an interdisciplinary position paper addressing the scientific questions relevant to development of transgenic alfalfa. They would like it to include ramifications for resistance management and include corporate scientists, representatives from biotech industries and, legal aspects.

The group concluded that CAST needed an effort similar to their recent analysis of resistance management strategies for Bt transgenic crops, headed by Sharlene Matten. Sharlene took a sabbatical from EPA and devoted many months to this endeavor. She organized a major CAST symposium (in which WERA060 was heavily involved) on the topic and then edited the resulting proceedings, which became the CAST report. Moreover, it was concluded that what CAST was requesting comprised two undertaking of this nature: a) A paper focusing on resistance management in biotech crops, a 12-yr retrospective and prospectus for the future. b) An ecological analysis paper focusing on the risks and liabilities associated with movement of transgenes into wild and cultivated plants. WERA060 directed Blair to communicate to Dr. Mayo that it appreciated the need for the project, but that leading the effort was beyond WERA060s capacity. However, individual members would likely be willing to participate in an effort lead by another entity.

Accomplishments

The following statements are derived from state reports. A more fully formatted copy, including a figure, is provided as an attachment in the SUMMARY OF MINUTES section.<br /> <br /> BLAIR SIEGFRIED<br /> UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA<br /> <br /> DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CORN INSECT PESTS IN NEBRASKA<br /> <br /> Resistance management of pest insect species represents a serious challenge to corn growers that utilize both transgenic corn varieties as well as conventional pesticides. Research associated with this project is intended to provide information for design of effective and long-term pest management solutions.<br /> <br /> Individual European corn borer that have been phenotyped for resistance to Bt toxins have been sent to collaborators at the USDA ARS Corn Insect and Crop Genetics Research Lab who are currently developing linkage maps using AFLP markers to identify quantitative trait loci for mapping resistance genes. Additionally, we have been collaborating with researchers at the University of Valencia, Spain to clone putative receptors that have previously been identified as being involved with resistance.<br /> <br /> Monitoring programs for the European corn borer have continued in 2006. Routine monitoring of European corn borer populations at diagnostic concentrations have indicated that this target pest species of transgenic maize remains susceptible to Cry1Ab and Cry1F toxins. Laboratory selections for resistance to both toxins have resulted in significant levels of resistance. Additional strains from field populations have been identified and are currently being characterized with regard to inheritance, fitness, and biochemical basis of resistance. Additionally, we have initiated experiments to document the ability of these strains to utilize transgenic plant tissues. Preliminary results indicate that although survival is significantly reduced, it appears that development of the resistant strains on transgenic plants is possible. The resistance to Cry1Ab is associated with reduced binding to a cadherin-like protein from the midgut brush border membrane. However, resistance to Cry1F remains uncertain, because assays to measure toxin binding and midgut proteolosis have not indicated and differences between resistant and susceptible strains. The genes for putative toxin receptors been cloned and sequenced and expression studies indicate that this protein is involved with both binding and toxicity. Susceptibility assessment of corn rootworm larvae to the Cry3Bb toxin has continued with representative field populations. Additional studies have been initiated to measure baseline susceptibility to Cry 34/35 which has recently been registered for corn rootworm control and the neonicotinoid insecticide chlothianidin which is the active ingredient used as a seed treatment of rootworm management. We are currently developing RNA interference assays to assess gene function and identify potential target sites for novel control strategies. <br /> <br /> <br /> BETH GRAFTON-CARDWELL<br /> DEPT. OF ENTOMOLOGY<br /> U. OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE<br /> <br /> My research team monitors for insecticide resistance in California red scale and citricola scale, the leading scale pests infesting San Joaquin Valley California citrus. Organophosphate and carbamate resistance was documented using an esterase enzyme assay in a large number of populations of California red scale in the early 1990s. We continue to monitor a subset of these populations and even though organophosphate and carbamate use has been replaced by pyriproxyfen for California red scale, OP and carbamate resistance has not declined significantly. This is probably because OPs (especially chlorpyrifos) continue to be used for citricola scale. Citricola scale is not susceptible to pyriproxyfen. During 2006 we documented low levels of pyriproxyfen resistance in several California red scale populations, using a fruit dip bioassay. We also documented chlorpyrifos resistance in a large number of citricola scale populations using a leaf dip bioassay. In citrus, citrus thrips, which produces 6-8 generations per year, developed resistance to OPs and carbamates in the 1980s; California red scale, which has 4-5 generations per year developed resistance in the 1990s; and now citricola scale which has only one generation per year has developed resistance in the 2000s. Alternative insecticides for citricola scale control are only suppressive and biological control is ineffective in this region. Thus resistance in citricola scale is a very serious situation.<br /> <br /> YVES CARRIERE, TIMOTHY J. DENNEHY, PETER C. ELLSWORTH, JOHN C. PALUMBO, XIANCHUN LI, AND BRUCE TABASHNIK<br /> UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA<br /> <br /> A DECADE OF SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES IN ARIZONA<br /> <br /> Two arthropod pests have been the major focus of efforts to manage resistance to insecticides in the Southwestern US. They are the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, and the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Pink bollworm is a severe pest of cotton and is the major pest targeted by transgenic Bt cotton in our area. Sweetpotato whitefly is a severe pest of many crops produced in the southwestern including cotton, melons and vegetables. It has also become an increasingly common problem in glasshouse production systems. <br /> <br /> Attempts to control whiteflies and pink bollworm with conventional broad-spectrum insecticides have had devastating results in many desert agro-ecosystems. Severely reduced natural enemy populations have been associated with resurgences of these pests, outbreaks of secondary pests, and rapid evolution of pest resistance. Under such conditions, these pests have developed resistance to essentially all insecticides to which it has been repeatedly exposed. Such was the case in 1995, when whitefly numbers reached crisis proportions in Arizona cotton despite application of 6 to 15 insecticide treatments per acre. <br /> <br /> In consultation with researchers in Israel and the United Kingdom, emergency alternatives for whitefly control were formulated and implemented in 1996 that replaced broad-spectrum insecticides during the early season with once-per-season use of the insect growth regulators, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin. Concomitant registration of Bt cotton significantly reduced treatments of conventional insecticides for lepidopteran pests. Additionally, neonicotinoid insecticides provided exceptional whitefly suppression in the other major whitefly hosts, melons and winter vegetables. The end result has been over a decade of unprecedented low insecticide use in cotton, and equally unprecedented effectiveness of biological control in cotton fields. <br /> <br /> Management of resistance in the Southwestern USA is focused intensively on sustaining effective, selective insecticides. This includes statewide detection and isolation of resistance in cotton, vegetables, melons and glasshouses, and collaborative research to characterize critical toxicological, genetic and ecological parameters of resistance in laboratory and field experiments. <br /> <br /> <br /> BRUCE TABASHNIK<br /> UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA<br /> <br /> DNA SCREENING REVEALS PINK BOLLWORM RESISTANCE TO BT COTTON REMAINS RARE AFTER A DECADE OF EXPOSURE<br /> <br /> Transgenic crops producing toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) kill insect pests and can reduce reliance on insecticide sprays. Although Bt cotton and Bt corn covered 25 million ha worldwide in 2005, their success could be cut short by evolution of pest resistance. Monitoring the early phases of pest resistance to Bt crops is crucial, but has been extremely difficult because bioassays usually cannot detect heterozygotes harboring one allele for resistance. We monitored resistance to Bt cotton with DNA-based screening, which detects single resistance alleles in heterozygotes. We used polymerase chain reaction primers that specifically amplify three mutant alleles of a cadherin gene linked with resistance to Bt cotton in pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), a major pest. We screened DNA of 5,571 insects derived from 59 cotton fields in Arizona, California, and Texas during 2001 to 2005. No resistance alleles were detected despite a decade of exposure to Bt cotton. In conjunction with data from bioassays and field efficacy tests, the results reported here contradict predictions of rapid pest resistance to Bt crops.<br /> <br /> MARGARET TUTTLE MCGRATH<br /> CORNELL UNIVERSITY <br /> <br /> FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE IN CUCURBIT POWDERY MILDEW<br /> <br /> Activities pertaining to fungicide resistance in cucurbit powdery mildew conducted in 2006 in New York were evaluating fungicides at-risk for resistance, monitoring of resistance in production fields, determining baseline sensitivity for new fungicides, and requesting emergency exemption from registration (FIFRA Section 18) for a new fungicide. Fungicides are an important tool for managing cucurbit powdery mildew to avoid losses in quantity and/or fruit quality. This is the most common disease of cucurbit crops, which include squash and melon. Effective control necessitates products able to move to the lower leaf surface, where this disease develops best. Unfortunately they are prone to resistance development because of their single-site mode of action.<br /> <br /> The annual conventional fungicide evaluation experiment in 2006 included individual products and fungicide programs. The QoI fungicide Cabrio was ineffective, which was not surprising considering that resistance to this fungicide group is qualitative and resistant strains have been detected since 2003 through monitoring in NY. The DMI fungicide Nova (at 5 oz/A, the highest label rate) also did not control powdery mildew likely due to resistance. Another DMI, Procure (at 6 oz/A, the intermediate rate which is recommended by the manufacturer) provided poor control (34% on lower leaf surfaces). These products were among the most effective in the 2005 experiment. A gradual change in efficacy due to resistance was expected because DMI resistance is quantitative. It was first documented in the US in 1990 following control failure with an inherently less active DMI fungicide, Bayleton. A new fungicide, Quintec, provided excellent control (88%). When Procure was applied in alternation with Quintec starting with Procure, powdery mildew was not controlled as effectively (64%) as when the alternation started with Quintec (77%), which was as effective as Quintec alone. This later observation further documents the difficulty of detecting resistance when a fungicide program is used, as in commercial production fields<br /> <br /> Fungicide resistance was monitored in commercial production fields. Early in powdery mildew development in spring cucurbit crops resistance to 2 chemical groups (QoIs and MBCs) and moderate resistance to a third (DMIs) were common. Since QoI and MBC resistance is qualitative, fungicides in these groups would not suppress resistant strains. Growers were provided this information with guidelines for managing powdery mildew in main season crops. <br /> <br /> Baseline sensitivity data was obtained for a new powdery mildew fungicide, boscalid, which will serve as a benchmark for assessing if the pathogen is developing resistance in the future. <br /> <br /> Growers in NY were able to effectively control powdery mildew in 2006 because EPA granted a FIFRA Section 18 for Quintec. Results of research described above on fungicide efficacy and resistance monitoring provided justification for another request for 2007.<br /> <br /> SCOTT NISSEN, <br /> COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY<br /> <br /> RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN HERBICIDE RESISTANCE WEED RESEARCH AT COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY<br /> <br /> Herbicide resistance research at CSU has focused on three major issues affecting weed management in Colorado. These areas include 1) dicamba resistance kochia (Kochia scoparia), 2) the pollen mediated flow of genes that confer herbicide resistance between wheat varieties and between wheat and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylinderica), and 3) issues related to the continuous use of glyphosate-tolerant crop technology. <br /> <br /> Dicamba Resistant Kochia: Experiments were conducted 1) to determine ethylene production by dicamba resistant and susceptible kochia following dicamba applications 2) to establish the relationship between ethylene production and herbicide symptoms, and 3) to evaluate the response of dicamba resistant kochia to fluroxypyr. Dicamba resistant kochia treated with 280 g ha-1 dicamba produced significantly less ethylene than susceptible kochia 24 HAT. Ethylene production increased faster in susceptible than resistant kochia as dicamba rate increased. Dicamba resistant and susceptible kochia treated with fluroxypyr produced similar amounts of ethylene as herbicide rate increased. GR50 values for susceptible and resistant kochia treated with dicamba were 45 and 1331 g ha-1, respectively. GR50 values for susceptible and resistant kochia treated with fluroxypyr were 10 and 34 g ha-1, respectively. The ethylene inhibitor AOA inhibited ethylene production but did not reduce dicamba symptoms. <br /> <br /> Pollen Mediated Gene Flow: The potential introduction of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with transgenic traits has generated increased interest in pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF). The objectives of this study were to estimate wheat PMGF between commercial fields across multiple years and locations, and to compare field-scale estimates to smaller experimental plots. The study was conducted in 2003, 2004 and 2005 in eastern Colorado. Fifty-six commercial field locations planted to one or more of 18 imidazolinone-susceptible (IS) winter wheat cultivars were sampled at distances of 0.23 to 61 m from a bordering imidazolinone-resistant (IR) cultivar. At least one sample from all 56 commercial fields and from all evaluated cultivars had detectable PMGF. The highest observed PMGF was 5.3% at 0.23 m. The farthest distance at which PMGF was detected was 61 m and the highest PMGF at that distance was 0.25%. No PMGF was detected in 27% of samples. Higher levels and greater distances of PMGF were detected in commercial fields than in experimental plots. Based on estimates from a generalized linear mixed model with a random location effect, the distance required to ensure 95% confidence that 95% of locations would have PMGF less than 0.9% is 41.1 m for the earliest heading cultivars and 0.7 m for intermediate heading cultivars. These confidence limits should represent the highest levels of PMGF expected to occur in winter wheat and will be useful for wheat biotechnology regulation.<br /> Gene flow between jointed goatgrass and winter wheat is a concern because transfer of herbicide resistance genes from imidazolinone-resistant (IR) winter wheat varieties to jointed goatgrass could restrict weed management options for this serious weed of Colorado winter wheat cropping systems. Project objectives were (1) to investigate the frequency of interspecific hybridization between IR wheat and jointed goatgrass in eastern Colorado, and (2) determine the gene action of the IR acetolactate synthase (ALS) allele in IR wheat by jointed goatgrass and IR wheat by imidazolinone-susceptible (IS) wheat backgrounds. Jointed goatgrass was sampled side-by-side with IR wheat and at distances up to 53 m away in both experimental plots and at commercial field study sites in 2003, 2004, and 2005. A greenhouse screening method was used to identify IR hybrids in collected jointed goatgrass seed. The average percent hybridization across sites and years when IR wheat and jointed goatgrass were grown side-by-side was 0.1% and the maximum was 1.6%. The greatest distance over which hybridization was documented was 16 m. The mutant ALS allele was found to be partially dominant in a jointed goatgrass by IR wheat cross and additive in an IS wheat by IR wheat cross. The hybridization rate between jointed goatgrass and partial dominance of the IR wheat ALS allele will both influence trait introgression into jointed goatgrass.<br /> <br /> Issues related to glyphosate tolerant crop technology: Glyphosate resistance has recently been reported in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) populations from glyphosate-tolerant cotton cropping systems in Georgia. Seeds were obtained from scientists in Georgia and screened with an in-vivo shikimate accumulation assay. Using a range of glyphosate concentrations from 100 to 2,000 ¼M, susceptible plant leaf discs accumulated shikimate in 100 ¼M glyphosate while resistant plant leaf discs accumulated detectable shikimate only in 2,000 ¼M glyphosate. Candidate glyphosate resistance mechanisms under investigation include mutations in EPSPS and over-expression of EPSPS. Gene sequences have been obtained for 1,056 base pairs of EPSPS from resistant and susceptible plants. These results have been compared using current bioinformatics protocols to determine whether any detected mutations may be significant. Semi-quantitative PCR has been used to determine whether EPSPS is over-expressed in resistant plants. Preliminary results indicate that resistant plants may have higher EPSPS expression than susceptible plants. The exact mechanism of glyphosate resistance in Palmer amaranth has not yet been determined.<br /> A long-term, multi-state project to examine the effects of continuous glyphosate use on possible weed shifts and the selection of glyphosate resistant weeds is another research emphasis at CSU. This research project compares continuous glyphosate use, alternating glyphosate and conventional programs, and conventional programs. Crop rotations are being examined as a sub-plot effect. After 8 years at four different sites, continuous glyphosate use has consistently provided the greatest yields and has significantly reduced the weed seed bank. No glyphosate resistant weeds have been identified; however, there has been a shift toward weeds that are traditionally harder to control with glyphosate, i.e., wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus) and lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). <br /> <br /> <br /> MARK WHALON<br /> MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY<br /> <br /> THE ARTHROPOD PESTICIDE RESISTANT DATABASE (APRD) SYSTEM<br /> <br /> Resistance is a widespread phenomenon where arthropod populations evolve the genetic ability to escape the lethal effects of normally fatal concentrations of one or more pesticides. Therefore, resistance is a significant and on-going issue for trade, homeland security, animal and human health protection and agricultural production and profitability. The occurrence of pesticide resistance frequently leads to the increased use, overuse and even misuse of pesticides that may pose a risk to the environment, phytosanitation, market access, global trade and public health. In 1989 I initiated the Global Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database (APRD) at Michigan State University, which has progressively grown into the worlds premier web-based, pesticide-policy influencing tool in the US, the EU and most of the rest of the world (www.pesticideresistance.org). Both Drs. Robert M. Hollingworth and David Mota-Sanchez joined this critical effort in 1992 and 1996 respectively. In December 2006 workers at MSU including Mr. Lee Duynslager (technical management) and Dr. Qiang Xue (software development) effectively transferred the old Access database to a user-interactive HTML system. Thus the database now features remote access and a peer-reviewed (publication), case-submission system. With these user friendly adaptations, the APRD is interactively accessible via the www and receives more than 1500 daily visits from arthropod resistance workers from around the globe. <br /> <br /> This effort was supported through a partnership between the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), USDA/CSREES/IPM, USDA and Michigan State University. As of April 17th 2007 the current global number of Insecticide and Miticide resistant cases as well as the number of resistant species is 7,558 and 553, respectively. The new www APRD hosted by MSU registered over 540,000 visits in 2006 lasting longer than 10 minutes each. <br /> <br /> The APRD now has the capability for remote case submissions from anywhere in the world. It also features an electronic-based peer-reviewed process for publication of resistance cases. Thus the website now affords directed searching, extracting and analyzing resistance information across an array of factors including various time horizons and modes of pesticide action. Each case submitted is peer reviewed with an editorial body made up of volunteer arthropod resistance scientists and industry workers from all over the world. Each reviewed and accepted case is assigned an accession number and a case submission title equivalent to a peer reviewed publication. <br /> <br /> The APRD www now provides routine reports detailing the number of resistant cases by species, pesticides, mode of action, use and severity. Historically, all resistance case reports were extracted from peer reviewed literature and we will continue to maintain a search process of over 43 different referred journals globally so long as resources permit. However, we now anticipate that hundreds, perhaps thousands, of cases from around the world will be peer-reviewed and published electronically into the www via the APRD annually. <br /> <br /> Our short term goal for the APRD has been to reduce the reporting, analysis and publication burdens of resistance reporting in such a way that routine analysis tables, figures, reports and attributions will be generated and posted monthly for pesticide policy workers globally. Our long term goal is to develop and publish on the www a spatial/temporal explicit geographical mapping system reflecting historical and current case summaries at greater spatial detail until sufficient precision is available to facilitate the development of effective resistance policy in geographically relevant management units. In addition, user remote APRD literature and case searches will be accessible from anywhere at anytime on the www. <br /> <br /> Given the APRDs global reach and continued development, new products will be trialed and, in time, become regular contributions to resistance policy and management. Our strategy is a deliberate, peer reviewed, partner participation process of new product development and introduction. For instance, in December of 2006 we began presenting for the first time, the number of arthropod resistance cases reported in the APRD by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committees International Mode of Action Classification System and these data have been well received by APRD users.<br /> <br /> The Resistant Pest Management (RPM) Newsletter was developed to spread knowledge of resistance around the world. The goal of the RPM Newsletter is to inform researchers, industry workers, pesticide policy bureaucrats and field personnel worldwide of ongoing changes and advances in pesticide resistance management, provide an archival resource to national and international policy leaders, and enhance communication of ideas among resistance managers worldwide. Since its 1989 inception, the Newsletter has published over 550 articles, including 36 articles in 2006. The Bi-annual publication has 1,091 electronic subscribers (mostly in government, industry and academia), and hard copies are now part of 58 libraries serial listings worldwide. Example countries with serial listings include the United States, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, India, Japan, Taiwan, Egypt, Kenya, Costa Rica, Australia, Malaysia, and New Zealand. The newsletter can be viewed online at http://whalonlab.msu.edu/rpm/index.html and has received 12,076 visitors since May 2006. <br /> In part, as a result of MSUs APRD and RPM Newsletter, GREEEN has helped to pioneer and perpetuate the WERA-60, an international-in-scope, USDA/CSREES project that addresses pesticide resistance and resistance management policy in the Upper Midwest, US, EU and the world. MSUs efforts are a key note of this important process, and we have developed these communication tools into a strong cooperative process with several other Land Grant research groups nationally and other cooperators internationally are using to derive up-to-the-minute resistance information via the www. MSUs APRD program recently sponsored a resistance management workshop in conjunction with the 4th IPM Global Symposium in Indianapolis, IN, 2006.<br />

Publications

Aliano, N.P., M.D. Ellis, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Acute contact toxicity of oxalic acid to Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and their Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hosts in laboratory bioassays. J. Econ. Entomol. 5: 1578-1582.<br /> <br /> Alves, A.P., T. Spencer, B.E. Tabashnik, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Inheritance of resistance to the Cry1Ab Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 494-501.<br /> <br /> Brown, J.K. & T.J. Dennehy. 2006. First report of the Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in the U.S.A. and resistance to insecticides in an Arizona population. European Whitefly Studies Network Newsletter. http://www.whitefly.org/whiteflyforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=32&PN=1. <br /> <br /> Caprio, M.J., T.J. Nowatzki, B.D. Siegfried, L.J. Meinke, R.J. Wright, and L.D. Chandler. 2006. Assessing the risk of resistance to aerial applications of methyl-Parathion in the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 483-493.<br /> <br /> Carrière Y., P. Ellsworth, P. Dutilleul, C. Ellers-Kirk, V. Barkley, and L. Antilla. 2006. A GIS-based approach for area-wide pest management: The scales of Lygus Hesperus movements to cotton from alfalfa, weeds and cotton. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 118: 203-210.<br /> <br /> Carrière Y., C. Ellers Kirk, R.W. Biggs, M. E. Nyboer, G. C. Unnithan, T. J. Dennehy, and B. E. Tabashnik. 2006. Cadherin-based resistance to Bt cotton in hybrid strains of pink bollworm: Fitness costs and incomplete resistance. Journal of Economic Entomology (Forum) 99: 1925-1935.<br /> <br /> Carrière Y., C. Ellers-Kirk, R. W. Biggs, M. A. Sims, T. J. Dennehy, and B. E. Tabashnik. 2007. Effects of resistance to Bt cotton on diapause in pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Insect Science, In Press. <br /> <br /> Carrière Y., M. Nyboer, C. Ellers-Kirk, J. Sollome, N. Colletto, L. Antilla, T. J. Dennehy, R.T. Staten, and B. E. Tabashnik. 2006. Effect of resistance to Bt cotton on pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) response to sex pheromone. Journal of Economic Entomology. 99: 946-953. <br /> <br /> Carrière, Y., C. Ellers-Kirk, R.W. Biggs, M.E. Nyboer, G.C. Unnithan, T.J. Dennehy and B.E. Tabashnik. 2006. Cadherin-based resistance to Bt cotton in hybid strains of pink bollworm: fitness costs and incomplete resistance. J. Econ. Entomol.: 1925-1935. <br /> <br /> Carrière, Y., C. Ellers-Kirk, R.W. Biggs, M.A. Sims, T.J. Dennehy and B.E. Tabashnik. 2006. Effects of resistance to Bt cotton on diapause in pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J. Insect Sci. (in press). <br /> <br /> Cattaneo M. G., C. Yafuso, C. Schmidt, C. Huang, M. Rahman, C. Olson, C. Ellers-Kirk, B. J. Orr, S. E. Marsh, L. Antilla, P. Dutilleul, and Y. Carrière. 2006. Farm-scale evaluation of transgenic cotton impacts on biodiversity, pesticide use, and yield. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 103: 7571-7576. <br /> <br /> Crowder, D. W., Y. Carrière, B. E. Tabashnik, P. C. Ellsworth, and T. J. Dennehy. 2006. Modeling the evolution of resistance to pyriproxifen by the sweet-potato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 99: 1396-1406. <br /> <br /> Davey, J. F. and McGrath, M. T. 2006. Sensitivity to the fungicide quinoxyfen of powdery mildew isolates collected from pumpkin in New York in 2004. Phytopathology (http://www.apsnet.org/meetings/div/ne05abs.asp).<br /> <br /> Dennehy, T.J., B. DeGain, G. Harpold, J. K. Brown, F. Byrne, S. Morin, R.L Nichols. 2006. First new world report of Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) reveals high levels of resistance to insecticides. RPM Newsletter 15:18-19.<br /> <br /> Dennehy, T.J., B.A. DeGain, V.S. Harpold, and Robert L. Nichols. Biotype designations and insecticide susceptibility of Southwestern Bemisia tabaci. 2006. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Bulletin. 28pp. Distributed in Arizona. Also submitted to UA Vegetable Report for publication in 2007. <br /> <br /> Dennehy, T.J., Gopalan C. Unnithan, Virginia Harpold, Sarah Brink, Brook Wood, Yves Carrière, Bruce Tabashnik, Larry Antilla and Mike Whitlow. 2006. Susceptibility of Southwestern Pink Bollworm to Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 in 2005. 2006. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. Extension bulletin distributed in Arizona, and submitted to the US-Environmental Protection Agency and Monsanto Life Sciences in late 2006. Submitted to University of Arizona Cotton Report for publication in 2007.<br /> <br /> Ellsworth, P.C., J. C. Palumbo, S.E. Naranjo, T.J. Dennehy, and R.L. Nichols. 2006. Whitefly management in Arizona cotton 2006. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, IPM Series No. 18. 4 pp. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Bulletin, AZ1404.<br /> <br /> Ellsworth, P.C., J.C. Palumbo, S.E. Naranjo, T.J. Dennehy, R.L. Nichols. 2006. Whitefly Management in Arizona Cotton 2006. IPM Series No. 18. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Bulletin, AZ1404, 5/2006.¬ http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/az1404.pdf<br /> <br /> Ellsworth, P.C. 2006. Cotton IPM: Nine Years of Reduced Insecticide Use. In S. McGinley [ed.], Science and Education 2005 Impacts, A College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Report to CSREES, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. URL: cals.arizona.edu/impacts/1_5.html<br /> <br /> Ellsworth, P.C. 2006. Managing Lygus Bug in Cotton. In S. McGinley [ed.], Science and Education 2005 Impacts, A College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Report to CSREES, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. URL: http://cals.arizona.edu/impacts/1_10.html<br /> <br /> Fabrick, J. A. and B. E. Tabashnik. 2006. Binding of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac to multiple sites of cadherin in pink bollworm. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol.: In Press.<br /> <br /> Ferry, N., E. A. Mulligan, C. N. Stewart, B. E. Tabashnik, G. R. Port, A. M. R. Gatehouse. 2006. Prey mediated effects of transgenic canola on a beneficial, non-target, carabid beetle. Transgenic Res. 15: 501-514. <br /> <br /> Gaines, T, C. Preston, P. Byrne, W. B. Henry and P. Westra. 2007. Adventitious presence of herbicide resistant wheat in certified and farm-saved seed lots. Crop Sci. 47:749-754.<br /> <br /> Gassmann, A. J., S. P. Stock, Y. Carrière, and B. E. Tabashnik. 2006. Effect of entomopathogenic nematodes on the fitness cost of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 99: 920-926. <br /> <br /> Howatt, K. A., P. Westra and S. J. Nissen. 2006. Ethylene effect on kochia (Kochia scoparia) and emission following dicamba applications. Weed Sci. 54:31-37.<br /> <br /> Li, Xianchun, Berenbaum, M.R. & Schuler, M.A. 2007. Molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to synthetic and natural xenobiotics. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52, 231-253. <br /> <br /> McGrath, M. T. 2006. Occurrence of fungicide resistance in Podosphaera xanthii on Long Island, NY, in 2004 and impact on cucurbit powdery mildew control. Phytopathology (http://www.apsnet.org/meetings/div/ne05abs.asp).<br /> <br /> McGrath, M. T. and Davey, J. F. 2006. Fungicide programs for managing cucurbit powdery mildew and fungicide resistance in Podosphaera xanthii. Phytopathology 97:S76.<br /> <br /> Nowatzki, T.M., X. Zhou, L.J. Meinke, T.T. Vaughn, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein on the feeding behavior and longevity of adult western corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 927-930.<br /> <br /> Parimi, S., L.J. Meinke, B.W. French, L.D. Chandler, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Persistence and stability of methyl-parathion and aldrin resistance in western corn rootworms. Crop Protection. 25:269-274.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, J., 2006. Action Thresholds for Aphid Management with Reduced-Risk and Conventional Insecticides in Desert Head Lettuce. 2006 Vegetable Report. College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, University of Arizona. http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1419/3_WEB.PDF.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Aphid Control in Cabbage. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E7.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Cabbage Looper Control With DPX-E2Y45 in Drip Irrigated Cucumbers. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E8. <br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Control of Lepidopterous Larvae With BAS 320 I on Broccoli. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E4. <br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Control of Lepidopterous Larvae With BAS 320 I on Lettuce. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E27.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, J., 2006. Efficacy of XDE-175 Against Western Flower Thrips in Romaine Lettuce. 2006Vegetable Report. College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, University of Arizona. http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1419/3_WEB.PDF.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Evaluation of BAS 320 I for Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Lettuce. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E30.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Evaluation of DPX-E2Y45 for Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Lettuce. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E29.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Evaluation of DPX-E2Y45 for Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Green Cabbage. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E8.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Evaluation of Flonicamid and Acetamiprid for Aphid Control in Head Lettuce. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E31.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, J.C. 2006. Management of Aphid and Thrips in Desert Head Lettuce. Final Report to Arizona Iceberg Lettuce Research Council, Arizona Department of Agriculture, Sep 2006, 22 pp. http://agriculture.state.az.us/CD&P/IcebergLettuce.htm<br /> <br /> Palumbo, J.C. 2006. New Insecticide Chemistries for Insect Management in Melons. Annual Reports, pp 13. California Melon Research Board, Dinuba, CA, Jan 2007. http:// www.cmrb.org<br /> <br /> Palumbo, J., 2006. Optimal Spray Timing of Oberon and Courier for Managing Bemisia Whiteflies in Spring Cantaloupes. 2006 Vegetable Report. College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, University of Arizona. http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1419/3_WEB.PDF.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Sweetpotato Whitefly Control with Foliar Insecticides on Spring Cantaloupes. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E13.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Sweetpotato Whitefly Control with Foliar Insecticides on Fall Cantaloupes. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E12.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Sweetpotato Whitefly Control with Foliar Insecticides on Spring Cantaloupes. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E13.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Sweetpotato Whitefly Control with Neonicotinoids Applied Through Drip Irrigation on Cantaloupes. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E14.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Control of Western Flower Thrips on Head Lettuce. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E28.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, John C., 2006. Control of Western Flower Thrips on Romaine Lettuce. Arthropod Management Tests, Vol 31, 2 pp, E32.<br /> <br /> Palumbo, J., A. Fournier, P. Ellsworth, K. Nolte, P. Clay. 2006. Insect Crop Losses and Insecticide Usage for Spring Melons in Southwestern Arizona: 2004 -2006. 2006 Vegetable Report. College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, University of Arizona. http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1419/1_WEB.PDF<br /> <br /> Palumbo, J., A. Fournier, P. Ellsworth, K. Nolte, P. Clay. Insect Crop Losses and Insecticide Usage for Cantaloupes and Watermelons in Central Arizona: 2004 -2006. 2006 Vegetable Report. College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, University of Arizona. http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1419/3 WEB.PDF<br /> <br /> Palumbo, J., A. Fournier, P. Ellsworth, K. Nolte, P. Clay. Insect Crop Losses and Insecticide Usage for Head Lettuce in Arizona: 2004 -2006. 2006 Vegetable Report. College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, University of Arizona. http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1419/3_WEB.PDF<br /> <br /> Sappington, T.W., B.D. Siegfried, and T. Guillemaud. 2006. Coordinated Diabrotica genetics research: accelerating progress on an urgent insect pest problem. Amer. Entomol. 52: 92-99.<br /> <br /> Siqueira, H.A.A., J. Gonzalez-Cabrera, J. Ferre, R. Flannagan, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Cry1Ab binding analyses in resistant and susceptible strains of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 5318-5324.<br /> <br /> Sisterson, M. S., Y. Carrière, T. J. Dennehy, and B. E. Tabashnik. 2007. Non-target effects of Bt crops: implications of source sinkpopulation dynamics. Environmental Entomology. In Press.<br /> <br /> Tabashnik, B. E. 2006. Status and basis of insect resistance to transgenic crops. pp. 129-133 In: Use and management of insecticides, acaricides, and transgenic crops. J. N. All and M. F. Treacy (eds.), Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland.<br /> <br /> Tabashnik, B. E., R.W. Biggs, J. A. Fabrick, A. J. Gassmann, T. J. Dennehy, Y. Carrière, and S. Morin. 2006. High-Level Resistance to Bt Toxin Cry1Ac and Cadherin Genotype in Pink Bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology. 99: 2125-2131. <br /> <br /> Tabsashnik B. E. and Y. Carrière. 2007. Evolution of insect resistance to transgenic plants. In: Specialization, speciation, and radiation: the evolutionary biology of herbivorous insects. K. Tilmon (Ed.). U. California Press. <br /> <br /> Tabashnik B.E., J. A. Fabrick, S. Henderson, R. W. Biggs, C. M. Yafuso, M. E. Nyboer, N. M. Manhardt, L. A. Coughlin, J. Sollome, Y. Carrière, T. J. Dennehy and S. Morin. 2006. DNA screening reveals pest resistance to Bt cotton remains rare after a decade of exposure. Journal of Economic Entomology (Forum). 99: 1525-1530. <br /> <br />

Impact Statements

1. Members will identify important new problems in resistance and facilitate their mitigation through coordinated research, demonstration, and education.
2. Through discussion of resistance issues, members will gain unique interdisciplinary perspectives to guide their individual research, extension and teaching efforts. Communication will also be facilitated among the scientific community, Industry and regulators.
3. Through the publication of the Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database (APRD), provide a resource that has been and will continue to be resource used both by USEPA, EU and industry (IRAC International) authorities as well as pest managers in the US and internationally for resistance reporting for pesticide registration and pesticide reregistration processes as well as recommendations in resistance management.

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