Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Members Not Attending: Brad Johnson - Kansas; Charles Carpenter - Utah; David Gerrard, Darl Swartz - Indiana; Matthew Doumit - Michigan; Neil Forsberg - Oregon; Richard Robson - Iowa; Marcia Hathaway - Minnesota; Marion Greaser - Wisconsin; Douglas McFarland - South Dakota; Michael Dodson - Washington; Steven Jones, Mike Zeece - Nebraska; Paul Mozdziak - North Carolina; Ron Allen - Arizona; Sally Johnson - Florida Guests: Halina Zaleski - Hawaii; Sungwkwon Park, Amanda Weaver, Caiyun Zeng - Indiana The annual meeting of the NC-1131 technical committee was held in Honolulu, Hawaii on November 2-3, 2006. The meeting was called to order by committee chair, Yong soo Kim. The group was welcomed to the University of Hawaii by Dr. Halina Zaleski, Chair of the Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences. Each of the stations prepared a brief written report and presented this information to the group in attendance. Dr. Min Du of the University of Wyoming presented their work and requested admission to the NC-1131 project. Dr. Du was approved by consensus of the Technical Committee during the Business Meeting. In the business meeting, Alan Grant (Administrative Advisor) reported that the NC-131 Termination Report required significant shortening prior to its final submission and that we are now into our second year as NC-1131. Dr. Debora Hamernik (USDA-CSREES, National Program Leader) provided programmatic updates on personnel and the USDA Strategic Plan. Dr. Hamernik also provided insight into successful grantsmanship and funding opportunities. It was decided that the next year meeting would be held in Champaign, Illinois and that John Killefer would serve as Chair. Dr. Goll agreed to serve as Secretary of NC-1131 for 2007 and to host the NC-1131 meeting in Arizona in 2008. The Business Meeting was adjourned and presentations of remaining Station Reports resumed.

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 binds IGFs with high affinity and affects their biological activity. IGFBP-3 that is not bound to IGF also affects cells via mechanisms involving binding to specific cell surface receptors and/or transport into the cell. IGFBP-3 is produced by porcine embryonic myogenic cell (PEMC) cultures. Additionally, IGFBP-3 facilitates the proliferation-suppressing actions of TGF-²1 and myostatin in PEMC cultures via mechanisms that do not involve IGF binding. Results suggest that translocation of IGFBP-3 into the nucleus of PEMC could play a role in mediating the proliferation-suppressing action of TGF-²1. Additionally, it was reported that exogenous and endogenous IGFBP-3 affect proliferation and differentiation of L6 myogenic cells in a similar way, and that endogenously produced IGFBP-3 must first be secreted before it is internalized. Inhibitors of arginine-specific mono-ADP-ribosylation reversibly block proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts in cell culture. Additionally, ADP-ribosylation of the muscle intermediate filament (IF) protein desmin by a purified muscle arginine-specific mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase (ART) blocks the ability of desmin to assemble into 10-nm Ifs. Research findings provided additional evidence to support a role for ADP-ribosylation in the regulation of myogenesis. Research demonstrated that synemin could provide critical linkages between myofibrils and costameres, and provided support for the hypothesis that synemin is an important linker between IFs and other cytoskeletal components. Studies during the past year have added to the information on activation of muscle satellite cells, and how the hepatocyte growth factor functions in concert with nitric oxide and metalloproteinases in response to growth stimuli such as stretching. Ability to assay the calpains and calpastatin in small, biopsy samples will make it possible to determine the properties of the calpain system in living animals. The role of proteoglycans in the regulation of muscle growth is not well understood at this time. It is clear that muscle cells especially the satellite cells are responsive to growth factors like fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and transforming growth factor ² (TGF-²). The regulation of muscle cell responsiveness to each of these growth factors is critical in the muscle growth and regeneration processes. Research to address the role of extracellular matrix in muscle growth and development included generation of glypican site directed mutants, development of transfection assays to measure the effect of the different site direct mutants for the heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan attachment sites on satellite cell proliferation and FGF2 responsiveness, and initiating initial studies on the TGF-²-decorin-²1 integrin signal transduction pathways. Research was conducted to examine the differences in myogenic cell populations during various developmental timepoints during prenatal and postnatal development. Research was also conducted to examine the effects of myostatin on embryonic myogenesis. Results indicated that the anti-myostatin antibodies produced by maternal immunization against myostatin in mice did not suppress the biological activity of myostatin, and probably do not modulate skeletal muscle growth. It was demonstrated that Myostatin Knock Out (MKO, a model of extreme muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy) mice do respond, and may be more responsive than Wild Type mice to, Beta-adrenergic agonist (BAA) treatment . BAA administration to MKO mice resulted in increased muscle mass and decreased fat deposition. A second insulin gene in zebrafish was discovered and described, and the sequence has been deposited with Genbank. Understanding the developmental roles of insulin in teleosts (zebrafish model) is forming the groundwork for future studies of insulin effects in teleost muscle. It was reported that BAA exerts a distinct muscle- and muscle fiber type-specific hypertrophy that is preferentially restricted to fast-twitch fibers. Moreover, pharmacologically or genetically attenuating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in muscle fibers resulted in decreases in fast but not slow fiber type-specific reporter gene expressions in response to BAA exposure. These data suggest fast myofibers are pivotal in the adaptation of muscle to environmental cues and that the mechanism underlying this change is partially mediated by the MAPK signaling cascade.

Referreed Papers: Arizona: Katsuki, Y., R. Tatsumi, M. Yamada, J. Ishizaki, W. Mizunoya, Y. Ikeuchi, A. Hattori, H. Shimokawa, K. Sungawa,, and R.E. Allen. 2006. Low-pH preparation of skeletal muscle satellite cells can be used to study activation in vitro. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 38:1678-1685. Tatsumi, R., X. Liu, A. Pulido, M. Morales, T. Sakata, S. Dial, A. Hattori, Y. Ikeuchi, and R.E. Allen. 2006. Satellite cell activation in stretched skeletal muscle and the role of nitric oxide and hepatocyte growth factor. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 290:C1487-94. Yamada, M., R. Tatsumi, T. Kikuri, S. Okamoto, S. Nonoshita, W. Mizunoya, Y. Ikeuchi, H. Shimokawa, K. Sunagawa, and R.E. Allen. 2006. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in mechanical stretch-induced activation of skeletal muscle satellite cells. Muscle Nerve 34:313-319. Saido, M., H. Li, V.F. Thompson, N. Kunisaki, and D.E. Goll. 2007. Purification and characterization of calpain and calpastatin from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. (in press). Florida: Li, J. & Johnson, S. E. 2006. ERK2 is required for efficient terminal differentiation of skeletal myoblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 345(4):1425-1433. Reed, S.A., Ouellette, S.E., Liu, X., Allen, R.E. & Johnson, S.E. 2006. E2F5 and LEK1 translocation to the nucleus is an early event demarcating myoblast quiescence. J. Cell Biochem. Submitted. Hawaii: Y.S. Kim, N.K. Bobilli, K.S. Paek and H.J. Jin. 2006. In-ovo administration of monoclonal anti-myostatin antibody improves post-hatch chicken growth and muscle mass. Poultry Science 85:1062-1071. Idaho: Papasani, M.R., Robison, B.D., Hardy, R. W. and Hill R.A. (2006). Early developmental expression of two insulins in zebrafish. Physiological Genomics 27:79-85. Baker, S.D., Szasz, J.I., Klein, T.A., Kuber, P.S., Hunt, C.W., Glaze Jr., J.B., Falk, D., Richard, R., Miller, J.C., Battaglia, R.A. and Hill, R.A. (2006). Residual Feed Intake of Purebred Angus Steers: Effects on Meat Quality and Palatability. Journal of Animal Science 84:938-945. Strat, A.L., Kokta, T.A., Dodson, M.V., Gertler, A., Wu, Z. and Hill, R.A. (2005). Early Signaling Interactions between the Insulin and Leptin Pathways in Bovine Myogenic Cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1744:164-175. Fernyhough, M.E., Helterline, D.L.,Vierck, J.L., Hausman, G.J., Hill, R.A. and Dodson, M.V. (2005). Dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes to form adipofibroblasts: 1. More than just a possibility Adipocytes 1:17-24. Kinkel, A.D., Fernyhough, M.E., Helterline, D.L., Vierck, J.L., Oberg, K.S., Vance, T.J., Hausman, G.J., Hill, R.A. and Dodson, M.V. (2005) Oil red-O stains non-adipogenic cells: A precautionary note. Cytotechnology.46:1-8. Indiana: Wang, X., G.H. Hockerman, H.W. Green, C.F. Babbs, S.I. Mohammad, D.E. Gerrard, M.A. Latour, B. London, K.M. Hannon and A.L. Pond. 2006. Merg1a K+ channel induces skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. FASEB J. 20(9):1531-1533. Guo, Q, B.T. Richert, J.R. Burgess, D.D. Hall, D.M. Webel, D.E. Orr, Jr., M. Blair, G. Fitzner, A. L. Grant and D.E. Gerrard. 2006. Effects of dietary vitamin E and fat supplementation on pork quality J. Anim. Sci. 84: 3071-3078. Guo, Q., B.T. Richert, J.R. Burgess, D. Webel, D. Orr, M. Blair, A.L. Grant and D.E. Gerrard. 2006. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation and feeding period on pork quality J. Anim. Sci. 84: 3089-3099. Copenhafer, T.L., B.T. Richert, A.P. Schinckel, A.L. Grant, and D.E. Gerrard. 2006. Augmented postmortem glycolysis does not occur early postmortem in AMPK³3-mutated porcine muscle of halothane positive pigs. Meat Sci. 73(4) 590-599. Swartz, D.R., Z. Yang, A. Sen, S.B. Tikunova and J.P. Davis. 2006. Myofibrillar troponin exists in three states and there is signal transduction along skeletal myofibrillar thin filaments. J. Mol. Biol. 361:420-435. Gunawan, A.M., S.K. Park, J.M. Pleitner, L. Feliciano, A.L. Grant and D.E. Gerrard. Contractile protein content reflects myosin heavy chain isoform gene expression. J. Anim. Sci. (accepted). Gunawan, A.M., B.T. Richert, A.P. Schinckel, A.L. Grant and D.E. Gerrard Ractopamine induces differential gene expression in porcine skeletal muscles. J. Anim. Sci. (accepted). Xia, J., A.D. Weaver, D.E. Gerrard and G. Yao. 2006. Monitoring sarcomere structure changes in whole muscle with diffuse light reflectance. Optics Letters (In Press). Eddinger, T.E., J.D. Schiebout, and D.R. Swartz. Adherens junction associated protein distribution differs in smooth muscle tissue and acutely isolated cells. Am. J. Physiol. GI and Liver Physiology (In Press). Shi, H., A. Ricome, K.M. Hannon, A.L. Grant and D.E. Gerrard. Beta-adrenergic receptor agonist-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is fiber type-specific through differential involvement of the MAPK signaling pathway Am. J. Physiol. (submitted). Iowa: Bhosle, R. C., D. E. Michele, K. P. Campbell, Z. Li and R. M. Robson. 2006. Interactions of intermediate filament protein synemin with dystrophin and utrophin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 346:768-777. Uyama, N., L. Zhao, E. Van Rossen, Y. Hirako, H. Reynart, D. H. Adams, Z. Xue, Z. Li, R. Robson, M. Pekny and A. Geerts. 2006. Hepatic stellate cells express synemin, a protein bridging intermediate filaments to focal adhesions. Gut 55: 1276-1289. Michigan: Allison, C.P., A.L. Marr, N.L. Berry, D.B. Anderson, D.J. Ivers, L.F. Richardson, K. Keffaber, R.C. Johnson and M. E. Doumit. 2006. Effects of halothane sensitivity on mobility status and blood metabolites of HAL-1843-normal pigs following rigorous handling. J.Anim. Sci. 84:1015-1021. Minnesota: Xi, G., E. Kamanga-Sollo, M. R. Hathaway, W. R. Dayton, and M. E. White. 2006. Effect of constitutive expression of porcine IGFBP-3 on proliferation and differentiation of L6 myogenic cells. Domest. Anim Endocrinol. 31:35-51. Xi. G., M. R. Hathaway, M. E. White and W. R. Dayton. 2006. Localization of insulin-like growth factor (IGFBP)-3 in cultured porcine embryonic myogenic cells before and after TGF-²1 treatment. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.08.006 Xi, G., M.R., Hathaway, W.R. Dayton, and M.E., White. 2006. Growth factor mRNA expression during differentiation of porcine embryonic myogenic cells. J. Anim. Sci. (in press) Nebraska: Schulz, J.S., N. Palmer, J. Steckleberg, S.J. Jones, and M. Zeece. 2006. Microarray profiling of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins. Biochim. Biophysic. Acta. 1764:1429-1435. Ohio: Liu, C., McFarland, D.C., and Velleman, S.G. 2005. Effect of selection on MyoD and myogenin expression in turkeys with different growth rates. Poult. Sci. 84:376-384. Velleman, S.G., and Mozdziak, P.E. 2005. Effects of posthatch feed deprivation on heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1, and glypican expression: Implications for muscle growth potential in chickens. Poult. Sci. 84:601-606. Velleman, S.G., and Nestor, K.E. 2005. Effect of genetic increases in egg production, age, and sex on muscle development in turkeys. Poult Sci. 84:1347-1349. Nestor, K.E., Anderson, J.W., and Velleman, S.G. 2005. Genetic variation in pure lines and crosses of large-bodied turkey lines. 3. Growth-related measurements on live birds. Poult Sci. 84:1341-1346. Nestor, K. E., Anderson, J. W., Hartzler, D., and Velleman, S.G. 2005. Genetic variation in pure lines and crosses of large-bodied turkeys. 4. Body shape and carcass traits. Poult. Sci. 84:1825-1834. Li, X., McFarland, D.C., and Velleman, S.G. 2006. Effect of transforming growth factor beta on decorin and beta 1 integrin expression during muscle development in chickens. Poult. Sci 85:326-332. Liu, C., McFarland, D.C., and Velleman, S.G. 2006. Membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans are differentially expressed in the skeletal muscle of turkeys with different growth rates. Poult. Sci. 85:422-428. Velleman, S.G., Liu, C., Coy, C.S., and McFarland, D.C. 2006. Effects of glypican-1 on turkey skeletal muscle cell proliferation, differentiation, and fibroblast growth factor 2 responsiveness. Dev. Growth Diff. 48:271-276. McFarland, D.C., Velleman, S.G., Pesall, J.E., and Liu, C. 2006. Effect of myostatin on turkey myogenic satellite cells and embryonic myoblasts. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Pt A 144:501-508. Nestor, K.E., Anderson, J.W., Patterson, R.A., and Velleman, S.G. 2006. Genetics of growth and reproduction in the turkey. 16. Effect of repeated backcrossing of an egg line to a commercial sire line. Poult. Sci. 85:1550-1554. Velleman, S.G., and Nestor, K.E. 2006. Inheritance of breast muscle morphology in a line of turkeys selected long term for increased egg production, its randombred control line, and reciprocal crosses among them. Poult. Sci. (In press). South Dakota: Velleman, S. G., C. Liu, C. S. Coy, and D. C. McFarland. 2006. Effects of Glypican-1 on Turkey Skeletal Muscle Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Responsiveness. Development, Growth and Differentiation. Development Growth & Differentiation 48:271-276. Liu, Caini, Douglas C. McFarland, Karl E. Nestor, and Sandra G. Velleman. 2006. Differential Expression of Membrane-associated Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in the skeletal muscle of turkeys with different growth rates. Poultry Science 85:422-428. Li, X., D. C. McFarland, and S. G. Velleman. 2006. Effect of Transforming Growth Factor Beta on Decorin and Beta 1 Integrin Expression during Muscle Development in Chickens. Poultry Science 85:326-332 McFarland, Douglas C., Sandra G. Velleman, Jane E. Pesall, and Caini Liu. 2006. Effect of Myostatin on Turkey Myogenic Satellite Cells and Embryonic Myoblasts. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 144(4): 501-508. Velleman, S. G., X. Li, C. S. Coy, C. Liu, and D. C. McFarland. Association of membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan expression and fibroblast growth factor-2 in turkey muscle satellite cells. (Submitted) McFarland, Douglas C., Sandra G. Velleman, Jane E. Pesall, and Caini Liu. The role of myostatin in chicken (Gallus domesticus) myogenic satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. General and Comparative Endocrinology (submitted) Wisconsin: Greaser, M.L., P.R. Krzesinski, C.M. Warren, B. Kirkpatrick, K.S. Campbell, and R. L. Moss. 2005. Developmental changes in rat cardiac titin/connectin: transitions in normal animals and in mutants with a delayed pattern of isoform transition. J. Mus. Res. & Cell Motil 26:325-332. Duan, Y., J. G. DeKeyser, D. Srinivasan, and M.L. Greaser. 2006. Studies on titin PEVK peptides and their interaction. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 454:16-25. Dissertations: Illinois: Holmer, S.F. Effects of feeding regimen and enhancement on quality characteristics of muscles from beef cull cows. Master Thesis. University of Illinois. 2005. Kutzler, L.W. Effects of Feeding Regimens on Animal Growth, Longissimus Muscle DNA and Protein Concentration, Gene Expression and Protein Degradation in Beef Cull Cows. Masters Thesis. University of Illinois. 2006 Indiana: Guo Qinghai. Control of postmortem muscle metabolism in pigs. Ph.D., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. 2006. Iowa: Brooks, B. D. 2006. M.S. Thesis. Expression of ADP-ribosylation enzymes in mouse embryos and musle cell cultures. Iowa State University, Ames. 89p. Abstracts: Arizona: Camou, J.P., J.A. Marchello, and D.E. Goll. 2006. Effects of postmortem storage on µ- and m-calpain in bovine skeletal muscle. J. Anim. Sci. 84: Suppl. 1, 38. Camou, J.P., J.A. Marchello, S. Mares, R. Vasquez, and D.E. Goll. 2006. Effect of pH and temperature on activity of µ- and m-calpain. FASEB J. 20: A50. Mares, S.W., V.F. Thompson, and D.E. Goll. 2006. Degradation of myofibrillar proteins by µ- and m-calpain. FASEB J. 20: EB54. Neti. G., S. Mares, V.F. Thompson, and D.E. Goll. 2006. Easily releasable myofilaments and myofibrillar protein turnover. FASEB J. 20: A50. Rhoads, R. P., X. Liu, T. Cardinal, S. Sheehan, M. Morales, R. Cheatham, J. Hoying, and R. Allen. 2006.Aging impairs the ability of satellite cells to induce angiogenesis in vitro. FASEB J. 20: EB34. Taylor, M.D., V.F. Thompson, W. Wei, L.Z. Stern, and D.E. Goll. 2006. The calpain system in muscular dystrophy. FASEB J. 20: A50. Wendt, A., V.F. Thompson, S.W. Mares, and D.E. Goll. 2006. Role of phosphorylation on catalytic properties of m-calpain. FASEB J. 20: EB52. Hawaii: N.K. Bobbili, Y.K. Lee and Y.S. Kim. 2006. Production of a polyclonal antibody against unprocessed chicken myostatin and the effects of in-ovo administration of the antibody on post-hatch broiler growth and muscle mass. J. Anim. Sci. 84(suppl. 1):30 Y.S. Kim, Y.C. Huh and C.J. Kim. 2006. Maternal immunization against myostatin enhances post-hatch broiler growth and muscle mass. J. Anim. Sci. 84(suppl. 1):30 Idaho: Papasani, M.R., Halterman, K. and Hill, R.A. (2007). Defining the promoter region of a second insulin gene in zebrafish. Society of Integrative and Comparative Biology Meeting, Phoenix AZ. Stone, D.A.J., Hill, R.A. and Hardy, R.W. (2007). Strain differences in carbohydrate utilization by freshwater rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: Investigation of new molecular tools for genetic selection. World Aquaculture Society Meeting, San Antonio TX. Amberg, J.J., Rønnestad, I., Rust, M.B., Hill, R.A. and Hardy, R.W. (2007). Prey type and rearing density affects expression of the intestinal oligopeptide transporter, pept1, in larval cod Gadus morhua. World Aquaculture Society Meeting, San Antonio TX. Choi, J.M., Papasani, M.R. and Hill, R.A. (2006). Effect of linoleic and oleic acids on lipid accumulation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. The Endocrine Society's 88th Annual Meeting. Papasani M.R., Robison, B.D., Hardy, R.W. and Hill, R.A. (2006). Temporal and spatial expression of two zebrafish insulin genes during early development. The Endocrine Society's 88th Annual Meeting. Amberg, J.J., Papasani, M.R., Cook, M.A., Hardy, R.W., Rust, M.B., Anderson, C.L. and Hill, R.A. (2006). An intestinal peptide transporter, pept1-like, identified in altricial larval fishes: beginning to understand the importance of intestinal peptide uptake in larval fishes. World Aquaculture Society Meeting, Las Vegas, NE. Papasani, M.R., Kokta, T.A., Strat, A.L., Gertler, A. and Hill, R.A. (2005) Regulation of gene expression in Sol8 myogenic cells in response to leptin. The Endocrine Society's 87th Annual Meeting, (accepted). Kokta, T.A., Strat, A.L., Papasani, M.R., Szasz, J.I., Dodson, M.V., and Hill, R.A. (2005) Regulation of Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells: effects of Oleic and Linoleic Acids and Insulin. The Endocrine Society's 87th Annual Meeting, (accepted). Illinois: Kutzler, L.W., S.F. Holmer, C.M. Leick, F.K. McKeith and J. Killefer. Effects of Feeding Regimes on Animal Growth, Longissimus muscle DNA and Protein Concentration and Gene expression in Beef Cull Cows. Reciprocal Meat Conference. 2006 Iowa: Sun, N., Z. Li, D. Paulin, D. R. Critchley and R. M. Robson. 2005. Interactions of two isoforms of mammalian synemin with vinculin and metavinculin. Mol. Biol. Cell 16:85a. Veneziano, S. E., R. C. Bhosle, Z. Li, D. Paulin and R. M. Robson. 2005. Interaction between the intermediate filament protein synemin and ±-actinin in mammalian and avian muscle cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 16:85a. Sun, N. and R. M. Robson. 2006. Interactions of a novel intermediate filament protein with two costameric proteins in muscle cells. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 2);59. Veneziano, S. E., R. C. Bhosle and R. M. Robson. 2006. Unique interaction of intermediate filaments with ±-actinin in skeletal muscle cells. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 2):60. Michigan: Edwards, D.B., C.W. Ernst, N.E. Raney, M.E. Doumit, M.D. Hoge and R.O. Bates. 2006. QTL mapping in an F2 Duroc x Pietrain resource population: II. Carcass and meat quality traits. J.Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):49. Edwards, D.B., C.W. Ernst, N.E. Raney, R.J. Tempelman, M.D. Hoge and R.O. Bates. 2006. QTL mapping in an F2 Duroc x Pietrain resource population: I. Growth traits. 84(Suppl. 2):108. Helman, E.E., C.S. Quinlan, N.L. Berry, C.S. Abney, C.P. Allison, S.R. Rust, W.N. Osburn and M.E. Doumit. 2006. Qualitative characteristics of beef value cuts from Holstein and Angus cattle. Proc. Reciprocal Meat Conf. 59:13. Wiedmann, R., M. Doumit, L. Matukumalli, T. Sonstegard, L. Coutinho, D. Nonneman and T. Smith. 2006. Expression profiles of micro-RNAs in swine muscle development. Intl. Soc. Anim. Gen. (in press). Minnesota: X Gang, E. I. Kamanga-Sollo, M. R. Hathaway, M. E. White*, M. S. Pampusch, and W. R. Dayton. 2006. Localization of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 in cultured porcine embryonic myogenic cells. J. Anim. Sci 84: suppl. 1 X. Gang, M. R. Hathaway, M. E. White, E. I. Kamanga-Sollo, M. S. Pampusch, and W. R. Dayton. 2006. Use of RNA interference (RNAi) to silence IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 expression in porcine embryonic myogenic cell cultures. J. Anim. Sci 84:suppl 1 South Dakota: Smith, C., D. C. McFarland, H. N. Oliveira, G. J. M. Rosa, A. M. Sanborn, S. J. Lindblom, J. Pesall, and A. J. M. Rosa. 2006. Gene expression analysis of differentiating avian myogenic satellite cells. Proceedings of the VIII World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. Belo Horizonte, MG. Brazil. Wisconsin: Greaser, M.L. 2006. Developmental changes in cardiac and skeletal muscle titin PEVK in normal and mutant rats. Biophys. J. 90:259a