Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Leadership: Nick Basta is stepping down after 5 years. Sally Brown nominated Schwab as replacement. Seconded, passed by voice vote. Evanylo nominated as new secretary. Seconded, passed by voice vote. Venue for 2006: Request for suggestions for meeting location. Al Page indicated he will not be the person to make arrangements next year. Sally Brown will take over arrangements. Administrative Adviser Lee Sommers - Extended appreciation to Nick and Sally for doing an excellent job in putting the project proposal together. Seven National Support Projects are funded nationally and these projects are being subject to more rigorous review. First in-depth review this year with some budget reductions. (These projects support various efforts such as National Atmospheric Deposition Program; drugs for minor livestock; etc). Other items discussed were: Homeland Security - university centers of excellence; Federal budget - flat; Farm bill will be debated in 2007. Federal funding for research will likely decrease next year. Sommers reviewed the Danforth Task Force Report. It was published and proposed to create a National Institute for Food and Agric. (NIFA), patterned after NIH, separate from current USDA competitive grant programs and reporting to Secy. Of Ag. The mission will be research to increase international competitiveness, foods to improve health, create new products, improve food safety and security, enhance sustainability and environment, strengthen rural economies, and decrease dependence on foreign petroleum. Program will involve competitive, peer reviewed grants with a goal of $1 billion per year budget in 5 years. Sommers presented list of who's currently listed on NIMSS for W-1170. Interaction with Northeast Group and W-1170 - Sally Brown summarized the discussion from Florida (2004 meeting). Ellen Harrison attended the meeting to pursue possible ongoing interactions with W-1170. Harrison said that their group decided to continue as a Coordinating Committee. Harrison requested to be on the W-1170 email list and Sally indicated that she would make it so. Meeting Authorization: O'Connor requested that the registration fee be specified in the authorization email to facilitate reimbursement. Sommers agreed. Meeting Format: The sign-up sheet that was distributed suggested that we have more presentations than time would allow. We'll stress topics/themes and de-emphasize having a stream of reports; not everyone in attendance will give a report. We also agreed to start presentations on Sunday afternoon. This will be a better use of time on Sunday and will allow for us to cover more during the course of the meeting. It wasn't decided if we would start with general reports on Sunday or with the more focused section of the meeting.

Objective 1: Evaluate the risk-based effects of residual application to uncontaminated (e.g. baseline) soils on chemistry, bioavailability, and toxicity of nutrients and contaminants Much of the group's work focused on the bioavailability of nutrients in manure or biosolids amended soils has focused on phosphorus availability in residuals amended soils. For example, the University of Florida working in cooperation with Penn State University has found that total P content (Pt) and several soil test measures of 'plant available' P have proven to be unreliable measures of bioavailable or environmentally relevant P in biosolids and manures and in soils amended with the materials, especially when WTR is present. Water-extractable P, however, appears promising as a means of distinguishing the inherent P solubility differences of biosolids and manures and in amended soils. Water-soluble P in wastes correlated well with runoff-P in rainfall simulation studies. Cooperators in Virginia also found discrepancies between total P and available P: Total (EPA 3050) P concentrations were similar in the biosolids compost and the poultry litter, which were 3-4X greater than in the yard waste-poultry litter compost. The water soluble P was 0.2%, 11%, and 21% of the total P for the biosolids compost, yard waste compost, and poultry litter, respectively, likely due to the significantly higher concentrations of Fe, Al, and Ca in the biosolids compost than in the yard waste compost than in the poultry litter. The available soil P concentration, as determined by the increase in Mehlich 1 and 3 P, was strongly related to the amount of water soluble, rather than total, P applied. At Penn State, rainfall simulation studies were conducted on residuals amended soils: Field and indoor rainfall simulation studies, following the National Phosphorus Research Project protocol, were conducted with multiple types of biosolids and manures to evaluated P runoff losses. When P-sources were applied at the same total P loading rate, manures tend to cause greater P runoff losses than biosolids. A notable exception is biosolids produced via biological P removal (BPR) wastewater treatment that caused P losses equal to or greater than livestock manures. These BPR biosolids tend to have higher fraction of total runoff P in a dissolved form than manures and other biosolids. Biosolids and manures containing high Al and/or Fe content produce runoff P levels not significantly different from control (soil only) treatments. Addition of water treatment residuals high in Al and Fe also caused significant reduction in runoff P losses. Results suggest that application of some P sources high in Al/Fe can increase P-sorbing capacity of the soil, actually reducing P losses below control levels. Total dissolved P levels from numerous rainfall studies were correlated (R2=0.85) to the water extractable P (WEP) content of the applied P source. The WEP of P sources was, in turn, a function of their total Al + Fe content. Greenhouse studies indicate that most biosolids are roughly 50% as effective as mineral fertilizers in supplying P to plants. Work was also carried out in Chicago by the MWRDGC using P deficient soils from FL. The results here were consistent with other cooperators: The data collected from this study so far, indicate that phytoavailability of biosolids P is much lower than inorganic fertilizer P and that water-soluble P is probably a better indicator of phytoavailable P than the more conventional soil test methods. The consensus from these studies appears to be that both total and extractable (here using extractants designed to evaluate potential deficiencies in soils) P are unreliable measures of P availability in residual amended soils. To determine if manure or biosolids application has the potential to provide excess P into the system, water extractable P is a more appropriate index. There was also work carried out at Oregon State University, Penn State, CSU, and WSU to evaluate metal availability in biosolids and other residual amended soils. At Penn State, using long-term biosolids amended plots it was concluded that: Trace elements in various fractions were poorly correlated with crop tissue concentrations. Cumulative loading of biosolids Mo was found to be a poor predictor of crop Mo uptake. Soil pH and hot 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable soil Mo were much better predictors of Mo uptake, but the relationship did not hold for all crops and biosolids types Objective 2: Evaluate the ability of in situ treatment of contaminated soil with residuals to reduce chemical contaminant bioavailability and reduce toxicity Work for this objective fell into two broad categories: ways to reduce P availability and amendments to reduce metal availability. At Ohio State work was done to evaluate the potential for water treatment residuals (WTR) to reduce P availability. This work added WTR to both biosolids and poultry manure amended soils: Six Al-based WTR were used to examine potential application strategies to reduce P solubility (transport) in soil and organic soil amendments. A simulated rainfall study was used to determine reductions in runoff P as a result of WTR applications of 0, 5, 10, or 20 Mg ha-1. WTR were incorporated into a soil with a high soil P-test (Mehlich III P, 315 mg kg-1) at 0, 1, 2.5, or 5% and incubated for 21 days. WTR were co-blended with a biosolid and a poultry litter at 0, 10, 25, 50, or 75% (by weight) and incubated for 90 days. Mean runoff P reduction ranged from 0, 18.4, 36.3, and 66.6% for 0, 5, 10, or 20 Mg ha-1 WTR applications, respectively. When WTR was incorporated into a soil (Mehlich III P, 315 mg kg-1), mean Mehlich III extractable P reduction ranged from 0, 10.2, 19.1, 34.7, and 54.7% and mean 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable P, reductions from 0, 63.7, 78.2, 84.8. and 91.0% for 0, 1, 2.5, or 5% WTR applications, respectively. When WTR was co-blended with a biosolids mean Mehlich III extractable P reduction ranged from 0, 51.3, 65.3, 79.0, and 87.1%, and mean 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable P reduction from 0, 39.3, 63.9, 77.0, and 85.5% for 0, 10, 25, 50 and 75 % WTR application, respectively. When WTR was co-blended with a chicken litter mean Mehlich III extractable P reduction ranged from 0, 32.7, 64.3, 80.6, and 87.6%, and mean 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable P reduction from 0, 62.7, 87.9, 93.6, and 93.9% for 0, 10, 25, 50 and 75% WTR application, respectively. Long term studies with alum-treated poultry litter showed runoff P reductions of 70% when compared with untreated litter. Results from the OSU studies were consistent with results from work at FL and PA. Work was done on As and Pb availability in contaminated soils at UWA and Ohio State. At U of WA, addition of high Fe biosolids compost was sufficient to reduce Pb extractability as measured by the PBET test in lab incubated samples collected from smelter impacted and orchard soils. However, there was no consistent observed reduction in As availability. High Fe biosolids compost is now curing in preparation for a field trial of these amendments on an orchard impacted site. Work at Ohio State also focused on reducing As availability: We evaluated the solubility and bioacessibility of arsenic sorbed to a model Fe oxide (e.g., ferrihydrite) in a simulated human digestive system. The ferrihydrite was analyzed for the following properties: surface area, PZC, sorption envelope, and sorption maximum. An In Vitro assay was employed modified slightly from that proposed by Rodriguez. Samples were taken at various times during the gastric and intestinal phases. The samples were then analyzed using ICP-OES for arsenic and Fe. A sub-sample was taken prior to the assay and solids remaining were collected for EXAFS analysis. The availability of arsenic was greatest in the intestine. During this time arsenic was released at higher surface loadings. This may have to do with the formation of surface precipitates. At low surface loadings arsenic was sorbed directly to the surface of the oxide, but as the surface loading was increased a surface monolayer forms. At higher arsenic loading rates multiple layers of arsenic are sorbed to the surface (surface precipitate). Results suggest that a surface precipitate may have formed at the higher surface coverages. The arsenic released during the intestinal phase is the arsenic not in direct contact with the Fe Surface (monolayer). Future research using advanced spectroscopic methods (e.g.,EXAFS) will be conducted to determine the relationship between surface complexation, solubility, and bioaccessibility. Objective 3: Predict the long-term bioavailability and toxicity of nutrients, trace elements, and organic constituents in residual-amended agricultural and contaminated soils. Work for this objective has focused on understanding the mechanisms that control availability for both nutrients and metals in a range of soil systems. For example, work done in FL in cooperation with Michigan State University found that P in WTR amended soils remained stable over time: We continued efforts to artificially age soil/residuals mixtures to determine the long-term stability of P immobilized by WTR additions to soils. Aging was encouraged in long-term incubations of residuals-amended soils at elevated temperatures. We are also examining samples from various field studies, including a long-term study by W-170 cooperators in Michigan (Jacobs), where WTRs were applied in 1998 to two sites with long manure application histories to control soluble P levels. We have used a variety of chemical (sequential, oxalate, and various soil tests) and spectroscopic techniques to characterize changes in P forms and solubility over time, with the intent of relating these changes to changes in bioavailability. Phosphorus extractability with 5 mM or 200 mM oxalate, or Bray-1, or CaCl2 extraction methods did not increase even 5.5 years after WTR application, and mirrored changes in extractable P concentrations of control soils. The data, suggest, but do not prove, that WTR-immobilized P is stable in the long-term. Water extraction was the only test that identified soluble P reduction with time. Specifically, concentrations were significantly reduced (i.e. 50% of those for the control plots) in the presence of WTR in both sites. The WTR was more efficient (less time to stabilize WSP levels) at site 1 than site 2, because site 2 contained twice the soil test P. Two and a half and 4.5 yrs were necessary for the water-soluble P values to stabilize in the WTR-amended plots of site 1 and 2, respectively. Work on metal contaminated sites (US EPA) has shown that amendments alter the form of the Pb in soil and that this altered form is related to reductions in bioavailability. At the long-term field site in Joplin, MO, cooperators from KSU, UWA, US EPA, USDA and Ohio State have worked together to both evaluate changes and persistence of the changes in bioavailabilty in a Pb, Zn and Cd contaminated soil as a result of amendment addition and to use these findings at other sites.

Lu, Jianhang, A. C. Chang, and Laosheng Wu. 2004. Distinguishing sources of groundwater nitrate by 1H NMR of dissolved organic matter. Environmental Pollution 132:365  374. Escudey, Mauricio, G. Galindo, M. Breceno, and A. C. Chang. 2004. Influence of Particle size on 31P NMR analysis of extracts from volcanic ash-derived soils in Chile. J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 49(1):5  9. Margarita Briceño, Mauricio Escudey, Gerardo Galindo, Dan Borchardt and Andrew Chang. 2004. Estudio de la distributcion de las forms de P en suelos y lodos. Simposio Internacional Manejo Sustantable de Suelos Chilenos, 18  19 y 20 de Junio del 2003 Chillan, Chile Chang, A. C., D. E. Crowley, and A. L. Page. 2003. Assessing bioavailability of metals in biosolids-treated soils. Water Environment Research Foundation. IWAP ISBN 1-84339-679-3 Anonymous. 2004. Evaluation of heavy metals and dioxin in inorganic commercial fertilizers and California Cropland soils. California Department of Food and Agricultre, Division of Inspection Services, Agricultural Commodities and Regulatory Branch. December, 2004. Chang, A. C., Weiping, Chen, B. Bar-Yosef, A. L. Page and Seongju Kim. 2004. A generalized trace element mass balance model for cropland soils: arsenic and cadmium. Final report submitted to California Department of Food and Agriculture. April, 2004. 87pp. Chang, A. C., A. L. Page, and N. J. Krage. 2004. Role of fertilizers and micronutrient applications on arsenic, cadmium, and lead accumulation in California cropland soils. Final report submitted to California Department of Food and Agriculture. April, 2004. 124pp. Chang, A. C. 2004. managing dairy manure in the Central Valley of California. Report prepared for California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Region 5. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee of Consultants. July, 2004. 116pp. Chang, A. C. and A. L. Page. 2004. Trace Elements in Fertilizers and Micronutrient Supplements  Historical Perspectives. 2004 Annual Meeting, Soil Science Society of America, Seattle, WA, October 30  November 2, 2004. Chang, A. C., W. Chen, A. L. Page, B. Bar-Yosef, S. Kim, and M. Khosravifard. 2004. A Generalized Trace Element Mass Balance Model fro Cropland Soils: Arsenic and Cadmium. 228th American Chemical Society Meeting, August 22  26, 2004, Philadelphia, PA Barbarick, K.A., K.G. Doxtader, E.F. Redente, and R.B. Brobst. 2004. Biosolids effects on microbial activity in shrubland and grassland soils. Soil Sci. 169:176-187. Meyer, V.F., E.F. Redente, K. A. Barbarick, R.B. Brobst, M.W. Paschke, and A.L. Miller. 2004. Plant and soil responses to biosolids application following forest fire. J. Environ. Qual. 33:873-881. Barbarick, K.A., J.A. Ippolito, and G.A. Peterson. 2004. Biosolids application to no-till dryland crop rotations: 2002 results. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR04-4 Ippolito, J., K.A. Barbarick, and T. Gourd. 2004. Application of anaerobically digested biosolids to dryland winter wheat. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR04-6. Green, C.H. 2004. Phosphorus Impact on Vegetative Filter Strips and Water Treatment Residuals. Ph.D. thesis, Colorado State University. Barbarick, K.A., and J.A. Ippolito. 2004. An Infiltration Exercise for Introductory Soil Science. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Barbarick, K.A., J.A. Ippolito, and G.A. Peterson. 2004. Biosolids application to no-till dryland cropping systems. Sustainable Land Application Conference. Lake Buena Vista, FL. January 4-8, 2004. Bayley, R.M., J.A. Ippolito, M.E. Stromberger, and K.A. Barbarick. 2004. The Effect of Long-Term Water Treatment Residuals-Biosolids Co-Applications on Native Rangeland Soil Phosphorus. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Brobst, R.B., V.F. Meyer, E.F. Redente, K.A. Barbarick, M.W. Paschke, A.L. Miller. 2004. Ecosystem responses to biosolids application following forest fire. Sustainable Land Application Conference. Lake Buena Vista, FL. January 4-8, 2004. Brobst, R.B., V.F. Meyer, E.F. Redente, K.A. Barbarick, M.W. Paschke, A.L. Miller. 2004. Vegetation Responses to Biosolids Application Following Forest Fire. 18th Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference. Water Environment Federation. Salt Lake City, UT, USA. February 22-25, 2004. Freeman, C.L., J.A. Ippolito, K.A. Barbarick. 2004. Mobility and Fate of Metals in Long-Term biosolids Field Experiments. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Ippolito, J.A., and K.A. Barbarick. 2004. Effects of Long-Term Biosolids Application on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Ippolito, J., R. Bayley, M. Stromberger, and K. Barbarick. 2004. The Effect of Long-Term Water Treatment Residuals/Biosolids Co-Application on Rangeland Soil Phosphorus RMSAWWA/RMWEA Joint Annual Conference. Grand Junction, CO. Sept. 12-15, 2004. Grand Junction, CO. Ippolito, J.A., K.A. Barbarick, and M.E. Stromberger. 2004. Effects of Long-Term Biosolids Applications on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Brandt, R.C., H.A. Elliott, and G.A. OConnor. 2004. Water extractable phosphorus in biosolids: implications for land-based recycling. Water Environ. Res. 76:121-129. OConnor, G.A., D. Sarkar, S.R. Brinton, H.A. Elliott, and F.G. Martin. 2004. Phytoavailability of biosolids-P. J. Environ. Qual. 33:703-712 Makris, K. C., H. El-Shall, W. G. Harris, G. A. OConnor, and T.A. Obreza. 2004. Intraparticle P diffusion in a drinking water residual at room temperature. J. Colloid Interfac. Sci. 277:417-423. Makris, K.C., W.G. Harris, G.A. OConnor, T.A. Obreza. 2004. Properties Controlling Phosphorus Retention by Drinking-Water Treatment Residuals. SSSA Abstracts. 2004. Sims, J.T. and G.M. Pierzynski. 2005. The Chemistry of Phosphorus in Soils. In Chemical Processes in Soils, SSSA Book Series No. 8. SSSA, Madison, WI. Ferreira, K.L., D.R.Ownby, G.M.Pierzynski, M.J. Lydy, and M.A. Schneegurt. 2004. Evaluation of chemical and biological assays as indicators of toxic metal bioavailability in soils. Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, New Orleans, LA. (May 2004) Novak, A., G.M. Pierzynski, and W. Fick. 2004. Zinc phytotoxicity thresholds in native plan species in the Tri-State Mining region. Abstracts of the Soil Science Society of American annual meetings, Seattle, WA. (November 2004) Pierzynski, G.M., T. DeSutter, and P.A. Barnes. 2004. Poultry litter application timing effects on runoff losses of nutrients, sediments, and bacteria. Abstracts of the Soil Science Society of American annual meetings, Seattle, WA. (November 2004) Pierzynski, G.M., and K.A. Gehl. 2004. Plant nutrient issues for sustainable land application. Abstracts of the Sustainable Land Application Conference, Orlando, FL. (January 2004) Ekenier, M and Tabatabai, M.A. 2004. Arylamidase and amidohydrolases in soils as affected by liming and tillage systems. Soil Tillage Res. 77:157-168. Ekenier, M and Tabatabai, M.A. 2004. B-Glucosamiadase activity as an index of nitrogen mineralization in soils. Communications in Soil Science Plant Analysis 35:1081-1094 Granato, T. C., R. I. Pietz, G. J. Knafl, C. R. Carlson, P. Tata, and C. Lue-Hing. 2004. Trace Element Concentrations in Soil, Corn Leaves, and Grain after Cessation of Biosolids Applications, Journal of Environmental Quality 33: 2078-2089. Cox, A. E, T. C. Granato, C. Carlson, and R. I. Pietz. 2004. Reclamation of the St. David, Illinois, Coal Refuse Pile with Biosolids and Other Amendments: Effects on Chemical Composition of Coal Refuse, Forage and Surface Runoff Water. Report 04-13, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Granato, T. C., A. E. Cox, O. Dennison, and R. I. Pietz. 2004. An Investigation of Salinity in Biosolids Generated by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Report 04-3, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Granato, T. C., O. Dennison, and G. Knafl. 2004. Determination of Phytotoxic Zinc Thresholds in Leaves of Grasses and Food and Fiber Crops. Report 04-23, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Khalique, A., A. E. Cox, T. C. Granato, and R. I. Pietz. 2004. Radioactivity in Biosolids-Amended Soil and Uptake by Corn. Report 04-22, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Lindo, P., A. E. Cox, and T. C. Granato. 2004. Biosolids Chemical Characteristics. Report 04-21, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Pietz, R. I., Z. Abedin, T. C. Granato, and C. Carlson. 2004. Corn Yields and Nutrient Composition during Long-Term Biosolids Applications to Calcareous Strip-Mine Soil. Report 04-12, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Cox, A. E. and T. C. Granato. 2004. Phosphorus Release in Chicago Biosolids and Biosolids Amended Soil. In Proceedings of the Sustainable Land Application Conference, Lake Buena Vista, FL. Jan 4-8, 2004. Granato, T. C. 2004. Beneficial Use Of Class A Biosolids From Low Tech PFRP Equivalent Processing, In Proceedings of Central States Water Environment Association Annual Education Seminar, Madison, WI. Granato, T. C., A. E. Cox, and L. S. Hundal. Successful Uses of Biosolids in Urban Reclamation in Metropolitan Chicago. ASA/SSSA/CSSA Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA., 31 Oct-4 Nov 2004. Hundal, L. S, T. C. Granato, and R. I. Pietz. 2004. Could Dioxins Accumulate in Biosolids-Amended Soil? In Proceedings of the Sustainable Land Application Conference, Lake Buena Vista, FL. Jan 4-8, 2004. Hundal, L. S., T.C. Granato, R.I. Pietz, and Use of Biosolids as a Topsoil Substitute for Greening-up a Steel Mill Slag Brownfield in Metro Chicago. ASA/SSSA/CSSA Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA., 31 Oct-4 Nov 2004. Lindo, P.V., T.C. Granato, R.I. Pietz, and C. Carlson, Jr., Monitoring Improvement in Water Quality Following Reclamation of Acidic Coal Refuse with Biosolids, In Proceedings of Soil Sediments and Water Abstracts. 2004. Tian, G., T. C. Granato, R. I. Pietz, and C. Carlson. 2004. Surface Water Quality during 31 Years of Biosolids Application to Mine Spoil Soils for Land Reclamation. In Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 18th Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Salt Lake City, UT. Tian, G., T.C. Granato, R.I. Pietz, and A.E. Cox, Long-Term Effect of Biosolids Application on Soil Microbial Biomass and Potentially Mineralizable N. ASA/SSSA/CSSA Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA., 31 Oct-4 Nov 2004. O'Connor, G.A., H. A. Elliott, N. T. Basta, R. K. Bastian, G. M. Pierzynski, R. C. Sims and J. E. Smith, Jr. 2005. Sustainable land application: An overview. J. Environ. Qual. 34: 1-6. Basta, N.T., J.A. Ryan, and R. L. Chaney. 2005. Trace element chemistry in residual-treated soil: Key concepts and metal bioavailability. J. Environ. Qual. 34: 49-63. Zhang, H., J.L. Schroder, J.K. Fuhrman, N.T. Basta, D. Storm, and M.E. Payton. 2005. Path and multiple regression analyses of phosphorus sorption capacity as affected by soil properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69:96-106. Lanno, R., J. Wells, J. Condor, K. Bradham, and N. Basta. 2004. The bioavailability of chemicals in soil for earthworms. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 57:39-47. Goldberg, S., D.L. Suarez, N.T. Basta, and S.M. Lesch. 2004. Predicting boron adsorption isotherms by Midwestern soils using the constant capacitance model. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68:795-801. Schroder, J.L., N.T. Basta, S.W. Casteel, T.J. Evans, M.E. Payton, and J. Si. 2004. Validation of the in vitro method to estimate bioavailable lead in contaminated soils. J. Environ. Qual. 33:513-521. Basta, N.T., and S.L. McGowen. 2004. Evaluation of chemical immobilization treatments for reducing heavy metal transport in a smelter-contaminated soil. Environ. Pollut. 127(1):73-82. Basta, N.T. 2004. Ecological risk frameworks and beneficial land application of by-products. Great Lakes Management By-Products Association Annual Conference, Chicago, IL, Dec 1-3, 2004. http://www.glbma.org/registration/program.html Brown, S.L., and N. T. Basta. 2004. Field test of in situ soil amendments at the Tar Creek National Priorities Superfund site. The 2nd International Conference on Soil Remediation (SOILREM 2004), Nanjing, P.R. China, November 9-12, 2004. Basta, N.T., D.M.Janz, J.L.Schroder, J.A.Wilson, R.I.Carlson, and R.L.Lochmiller. 2004. Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical wastes. Soil Science Society of America and Canadian Soil Science Meeting, Seattle, WA, Oct. 31-Nov 4, 2004. Basta, N.T., E.A. Dayton, J.M. Novak, P.A. Moore, D.W. Watts. Immobilization of Phosphorus and Manure Using Al-Based Treatments and Byproducts 4th International Phosphorus Workshop in Wageningen, The Netherlands (16-19 August, 2004). Basta, N.T. 2004. Heavy metal and trace element chemistry in residual-treated soil: Implications on metal bioavailability and sustainable land application. Plenary presentation to be presented at Sustainable Land Application Conference, Lake Buena Vista, FL., Jan. 4-8, 2004. Mathews-Williamson, M. 2004. M.S. Thesis. Decrease in calcium chloride extractable and bioaccessible arsenic from CCA-contaminated soil by treatment with poorly crystalline iron or aluminum oxides. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Sullivan, D.M. T.J. Nartea, A.I. Bary, C.G. Cogger and E.A. Myhre. 2004. Nitrogen Availability and Decomposition of Urban Yard Trimmings in Soil. Soil Science 169:697-707. Cogger, C.G., A.I. Bary, D.M. Sullivan and E.A. Myhre. 2004. Biosolids processing effects on first and second year available nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am J. 68: 162-167. Sullivan, D.M. Supplying nutrients for crop production from municipal biosolids. 2004. A-9. American Society of Agronomy. Seattle, WA. Sullivan, D.M., E.S. Gale, D. Hemphill, C.G. Cogger, A.I. Bary. Beyond book values: predicting plant-available N release from organic amendments. 2004. A-9. American Society of Agronomy. Seattle, WA. Larney, F.J., D.M. Sullivan, K.E. Buckley and B. Eghball. 2004. The role of composting in recycling manure nutrients. Symposium S-4, A-9 and C-2. Soil Science Society of America annual meeting. Seattle, WA. Gale,E.S., D.M. Sullivan, D. Hemphill, C.G. Cogger, A.I. Bary and E.A. Myhre. 2004. Predicting nitrogen availability from organic amendments: laboratory, field and computer simulation. S-4. Soil Science Society of America annual meeting. Kusonwiriyawong, C., D. Sullivan, C. Cogger, A. Bary and E. Myhre. 2004. How dairy solids application affects soil nitrogen mineralization. p. 43. In: W. Snyder and C. Miles (eds). Getting the bugs to work for you: biological control in organic agriculture. Symposium proceedings. 12 Nov 2004. Washington State University Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources. Brandt, R.C., H.A. Elliott, G.A. OConnor. 2004. Water-extractable phosphorus in biosolids: Implications for land-based recycling. Water Environ. Research. 67: 121-129. OConnor, G.A., D. Sarkar, S.R. Brinton, H.A. Elliott, and F.G. Martin. 2004. Phytoavailability of biosolids-phosphorus. J. Environ. Qual. 33:703-712. Stehouwer, R.C., and K.E. Macneal. 2004. Effect of alkaline stabilized biosolids on alfalfa molybdenum and copper content. J. Environ. Qual. 33:133-140. Stehouwer, R.C. 2004. Soil Science Fundamentals: Part IV. The biology of soils. BioCycle: Journal of Composting and Recycling. 45(6):46-52. Stehouwer, R.C. 2004. Soil Science Fundamentals: Part III. Soil chemistry and the quality of soil humus. BioCycle: Journal of Composting and Recycling. 45(4):41-48. Logan, J. 2004. Runoff phosphorus losses from surface-applied biosolids and manures during simulated rainfall. MS Thesis. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA., 68pp Parrish, Z.D., M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab. 2004. Effectiveness of phytoremediation as a secondary treatment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in composted soil. International Journal of Phytoremediation 6:119-137. Parrish, Z.D., M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab. 2004. Effect of Root Death and Decay on Dissipation of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons in the Rhizosphere of Melilotus officinalis and Festuca arundinacea. J. Environ. Qual. Schwab, A.P., Y. He, and M.K. Banks. 2004. Influence of Citrate on Adsorption of Zinc in Soils. J. Environ. Eng. 130:1180-1187 Sonon, L. and A.P. Schwab. 2004. Transport and persistence of nitrate, atrazine, and alachlor in large, intact soil columns under two levels of water saturation. Soil Sci. 169:541-553 Schwab, A. P. and M. K. Banks, Lead Stabilization in Transportation Impacted Soils, Final Report, JTRP, Indiana Department of Transportation, 2004. Banks, M. K. and A. P. Schwab, The Use of Phytoremediation for Department of Transportation Sites, Final Report JTRP, Indiana Department of Transportation, 2004. Cofield, N., A.P. Schwab, and M.K. Banks. 2004. Integration of Toxicity Tests into Remediation Studies. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Annual Meetings, Seattle, Wash. Nov. 1-3, 2004. Euliss, K, Shalabi, J., Ho, C. H., Schwab, A.P., and M. K. Banks, Phytoremediation of PAHs at the Indiana Harbor, Poster presented at the EPA/ORD-HSRC Superfund Research on Risk Characterization and Monitoring Conference, Las Vegas, NV, 2004. Euliss, K.W., A.P. Schwab, and M.K. Banks. 2004. Using Plants to Dewater and Remediate Contaminated Dredged Sediments. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Annual Meetings, Seattle, Wash. Nov. 1-3, 2004. Humphreys, M. T., Banks, M. K., Schwab, A. P., Johnston, C., Schulz, D., and Gaodong, X., Immobilization of Heavy Metals in Soil, Poster presented at the Partners in Environmental Technology Technical Symposium and Workshop, Annual SERDP Meeting, Washington, DC, 2004. Broadhurst, C.L., R.L. Chaney, J.S. Angle, T.K. Maugel, E.F. Erbe and C.A. Murphy. 2004. Simultaneous hyperaccumulation of nickel, manganese and calcium in Alyssum leaf trichomes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:5797-5802. Brown, S.L., R.L. Chaney, J.G. Hallfrisch, Q. Xue, J.A. Ryan and W.R. Berti. 2004. Use of soil amendments to reduce the bioavailability of lead, zinc and cadmium in situ. J. Environ. Qual. 33:522-531. Chaney, R.L., J.S. Angle and Y.-M. Li. 2004. Method for phytomining of nickel, cobalt and other metals from soil. US Patent No. 6,786,948 (Sept. 7, 2004). Chaney, R.L., P.G. Reeves, J.A. Ryan, R.W. Simmons, R.M. Welch and J.S. Angle. 2004. An improved understanding of soil Cd risk to humans and low cost methods to remediate soil Cd risks. BioMetals 17:549 553. Chekol, T., L.R. Vough and R.L. Chaney. 2004. Phytoremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soils: The rhizosphere effect. Environ. Int. 30:799-804. Kukier, U. and R.L. Chaney. 2004. In situ remediation of Ni-phytotoxicity for different plant species. J. Plant Nutr. 27:465-495. Kukier, U., C.A. Peters, R.L. Chaney, J.S. Angle and R.J. Roseberg. 2004. The effect of pH on metal accumulation in two Alyssum species. J. Environ. Qual. 32:2090-2102. Reeves, P.G. and R.L. Chaney. 2004. Marginal nutritional status of zinc, iron, and calcium increases cadmium retention in the duodenum and other organs of rats fed a rice-based diet. Environ. Res. 96:311-322. Ryan, J.A., W.R. Berti, S.L. Brown, S.W. Casteel, R.L. Chaney, M. Doolan, P. Grevatt, J.G. Hallfrisch, M. Maddaloni and D. Mosby. 2004. Reducing childrens risk from soil lead: Summary of a field experiment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:18A-24A. Whiting, S.N., R.D. Reeves, D. Richards, M.S. Johnson, J.A. Cooke, F. Malaisse, A. Paton, J.A.C. Smith, J.S. Angle, R.L. Chaney, R. Ginocchio, T. Jaffre´, R. Johns, T. McIntyre, O.W. Purvis, D.E. Salt, H. Schat, F.J. Zhao and A.J.M. Baker. 2004. Research priorities for conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and their potential for restoration and site remediation. Restor. Ecol. 12:106-116. Angle, J. S., A. J. M. Baker, R. R. Reeves, R. L. Chaney, and M. S. McIntosh. 2004. Promise and limitations of phytoremediation under tropical conditions. Phytoremediation Technology Symposium, Cha-Am, Thailand. Angle, J. S., R. L. Chaney, A. J. M. Baker, R. R. Reeves, and M. S. McIntosh. 2004. Phytomining - Use of plants to extract valuable metals metals from soil. Phytoremediation Technology Symposium, Cha-Am, Thailand. Chaney, R.L. 2004. Use and abuse of Part 503 requirements: Improved risk assessment for contaminants innon-biosolids by-products. Abstracts for Great Lakes Byproduct Management Association (Chicago, IL. Dec. 2004 Chaney, R.L., J.S. Angle, M.S. McIntosh and E.C. Synkowski. 2004. Using hyperaccumulator plants to phytoextract soil Ni and Cd. Abstract Book for OECD Phytoremediation Workshop (Matrahaza, Hungary; Sept. 9-12, 2004) Chaney, R.L., J.S. Angle, R.D. Reeves, A.J.M. Baker and M.S. McIntosh. 2004. Phytoextraction to remediate metal contaminated soils. Abstract Book for TEDCO Lower Eastern Shore Workshop, Salisbury, MD (March 23, 2004). Chaney, R.L., P.G. Reeves, U. Kukier, J.A. Ryan and C.E. Green. 2004. Food chain transfer and bioavailability of Cd and other elements in plants grown on biosolids amended soils. p. 22. In Proc. Sustainable Land Application Conference (Buena Vista, FL, Jan 4-8, 29004). Chaney, R.L., P.G. Reeves and J.A. Ryan. 2004. Risk assessment for cadmium in phosphate fertilizers. Am. Chem. Soc. (228th ACS National Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, August 22 26, 2004). Abstract AGRO-114. Chaney, R.L. 2004. Cadmium in fertilizers: Risks to food-chain? Agron. Abstr 2004:3673. Symposium at Am. Soc. Agron. Annual Meeting (Oct. 31-Nov. 3, Seattle, WA.) Kester, G.B., R.B. Brobst, A. Carpenter, R.L. Chaney, A.B. Rubin, R.A. Schoof and D. Taylor. 2004. Risk characterization, assessment, and management of organic pollutants in beneficially used residual products. p. 39. In Proc. Sustainable Land Application Conference (Buena Vista, FL, Jan 4-8, 29004). McNear, D.H., Jr., E. Peltier, J. Everhart, D.L. Sparks, R.L. Chaney, S. Sutton and M. Newville. 2004. Use of novel synchrotron-based techniques to explore the connection between metal speciation in soils and plants. Am. Chem. Soc. (April, 2004; Los Angeles, CA), Div. Geochem. Abstract 722254. Ryan, J.A., G.M. Hettiarchchi, K.G. Scheckel and R.L. Chaney. Effects of biosolids application on soil metal chemistry and phytoavailability. p. 70. In Proc. Sustainable Land Application Conference (Buena Vista, FL, Jan 4-8, 29004). Tappero, R., E. Peltier, D.H. McNear, R.L. Chaney and D.L. Sparks. 2004. Metal interaction and localization in nickel hyperaccumulator Alyssum murale: a synchrotron- based micro-XRF and tomography study. Abstracts of the International Congress RHIZOSPHERE 2004  Perspectives and Challenges  A Tribute to Lorenz Hiltner, Munich Germany September 12-17, 2004. Wang, S., J.S. Angle, T.A. Delorme and R.L. Chaney. 2004. Changes in the soil biological activities under reduced soil pH during Zn and Cd phytoextraction. Agron. Abstr. 2004:NE_04-wang610867. Wang, S., J.S. Angle, R.L. Chaney and C. Green. 2004. Effect of soil pH and cultivation of Thlaspi caerulescens on the Redistribution of Zn and Cd in Five Operationally Defined Fractions. Agron. Abstr. 2004:4710. Zhang, L., J.S. Angle, T. Delorme and R.L. Chaney. 2004. Degradation of Alyssum murale biomass in Soil. Agron. Abstr. 2004:4556. Chaney, R. L., Kukier, U. and Siebielec, G. Risk assessment for soil Ni, and remediation of soil-Ni phytotoxicity in situ or by phytoextraction. Proc. Sudbury-2003 (Mining and the Environment III.) May 27-31, 2003. Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. 2003. http://www.sudbury2003.ca/English/RufusChaney.pdf [ARS-148666] Delorme, T. A., Gagliardi, J. V., Angle, J. S., van Berkum, P. and Chaney, R. L. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of Rhizobia isolated from nodules of clover grown in a zinc and cadmium contaminated soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:1746-1754. 2003. [ARS-127893] Synkowski, E.C. 2004. Breeding considerations for improving cadmium hyperaccumulation in two French Thlaspi caerulescens J.&C. Pres. populations. M.S. Thesis. University of Maryland, College Park (Major Professor, Dr. Marla S. McIntosh). Sukkariyah, Beshr F. 2004. Recovery and distribution of biosolids-derived trace metals in a Davidson clay loam soil. Ph.D. Dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. (Major Professor, Dr. Gregory Evanylo). Peters, C.A. 2004. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Maryland, College Park. (Major Professor, Dr. Marla S. McIntosh). Wang, S. 2004. pH effects on distribution and Thlaspi caerulescens uptake of Zn and Cd and effect on soil microbial ecology. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Maryland, College Park. (Major Professor, Dr. J. Scott Angle). Evanylo, G.K., W.L. Daniels, and S. Nagle. 2004. Suitability of fresh and aged paper sludge as soil amendments. Journal of Residuals Science and Technology 1(1): 27-34. Palumbo, A.V., J.F. McCarthy, J.E. Amonette, L.S. Fisher, S.D. Wullschleger and W.L. Daniels. 2004. Prospects for enhancing carbon sequestration and reclamation of degraded lands with fossil-fuel combustion by-products. Advances in Env. Research 8 (2004) 425-438. Orndorff, Z.W. and W.L. Daniels. 2004. Evaluation of acid-producing sulfidic materials in Virginia highway corridors. Environmental Geology 46:209-216. Beck, M.A., L.W. Zelazny, W.L. Daniels and G.L. Mullins. 2004. Using Mehlich-1 to estimate soil phosphorus saturation for environmental risk assessment. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68:1762-1771. Fanning, D., M. Rabenhorst, C. Coppock, W. Daniels and Z. Orndorff. 2004. Upland active acid sulfate soils from construction of new Stafford County, Virginia, USA, Airport. Australian Journal of Soil Res. 42:527-536. Evanylo, G.K. and G.L. Mullins. 2004. Managing N and P in manures and biosolids in Virginia. USDA-CSREES National Water Quality Conference: Integrating Research, Extension, and Education. Clearwater, FL. Jan. 11-15. Orndorff, Z.W. and W.L. Daniels. 2004. Reclamation of disturbed sulfidic coastal plain sediments using biosolids at Stafford Regional Airport in Virginia. p. 1389-1407: In: R.I. Barnhisel, (ed.) Proc., 2004 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Morgantown, WV, April 18-24, 2004. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lex,, KY, 40502 Sukkariyah, B., G. Evanylo, and L. Zelazny . 2004. Availability and mobility of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in biosolids-amended soil. Sustainable Land Application Conference. Lake Buena Vista, FL. Jan. 4-8. Evanylo, G.K. 2004. Managing nitrogen in organic wastes. In Proceedings of the 2004 Conference of the American Forage and Grassland Council: Nutrient Management Symposium. Roanoke, VA. June 12-16. (CDROM) Daniels, W.L., G. Evanylo and S. Nagle. 2004. Prediction and management of nitrate leaching under lands reclaimed with biosolids. Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts, 2004 National Meeting of Soc. Mining, Met. And Engineering, Feb. 23-25, Denver. SME, Littleton, CO. Daniels, W.L., G. Evanylo and R.S. Li. 2004. Utilization of hard rock mining by-products for marketable topsoil. Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts, 2004 National Meeting of Soc. Mining, Met. And Engineering, Feb. 23-25, Denver. SME, Littleton, CO. Daniels, W.L. and Z.W. Orndorff. 2004. Surface water quality effects of revegetation of acid-sulfate soils with lime-stabilized biosolids in Virginia. Program and Abstracts, Sustainable Land Application Conference, Jan. 4-8, Orlando. University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville. Bowden, C. and G. Evanylo. 2004. Effect of Organic Amendments on Soil Humic Substances Content and Physiological Properties of Water-Stressed Zea mays and Glycine max. ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA. Oct. 31-Nov. 5. Spargo, J., G.K. Evanylo, and C.L. Bowden. 2004. P availability from composted biosolids and poultry litter. ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA. Oct. 31-Nov. 5. Zhang, X., C. Sherony, E.H..Ervin, and G. Evanylo. 2004. The impacts of soil organic amendments on tall fescue drought tolerance. ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA. Oct. 31-Nov. 5. Huang, B., S. Kuo, and R. Bembenek. 2004. The availability of cadmium in some phosphorus fertilizers to field grown lettuce. Water, Air, Soil Poll. 158:37-51. Kuo, S., B. Huang, and R. Bembenek. 2004. The availability of zinc and cadmium in a zinc fertilizer. Soil Sci. 169:363-373. Kuo, S., B. Huang, And R. Bembenek. 2004. Effects of long-term phosphorus fertilization and winter cover cropping on soil phosphorus transformation under continuous corn production system. Biol. Fertil. Soil. Online First December 10, 2004. Kuo, S., M. E. Ortiz-Escobar, N. V. Hue, and R. L. Hummel. 2004. Composting and compost utilization. Recent Res. Devel. Environ. Biol. 1: 415-513. Brown, S., M. Sprenger, A. Maxemchuk and H. Compton. 2005. An evaluation of ecosystem function following restoration with biosolids and lime addition to alluvial tailings deposits in Leadville, CO. J. Environ. Qual. 34:139-148. Brown, S. and P. Leonard. 2004. Biosolids and global warming: Evaluating the management impacts. Biocycle August issue Brown, S., and P. Leonard. 2004. Building carbon credits with biosolids recycling: Part II Biocycle September :25-29 Brown, S.L., W. Berti, R.L. Chaney J Halfrisch and J Ryan. 2004. In situ use of soil amendments to reduce the bioaccessibility and phytoavailibility of soil lead. J. Environ Qual.33:522-531. Ryan, J.A., W.R. Berti, S.L. Brown, S.W. Casteel, R.L. Chaney, M. Doolan, P. Grevatt, J. Hallfrisch, M. Maddaloni, D. Moseby, and K. Scheckel. 2004. Reducing childrens risk to soil lead: summary of a field experiment. Environ. Sci. and Tech. 38:19a-24a. Scheckel, K.G., E. Lombi, S.A. Rock, and M.J. McLaughlin. 2004. In vivo Synchrotron Study of Thallium Speciation and Compartmentation in Iberis intermedia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38: 5095-5100. Scheckel, K.G. and C.A. Impellitteri. 2004. Kinetics of Dissolution. Encyclopedia of Soil Science. Vol. 1. (D. Hillel, ed.) Elsivier, Oxford, UK. pp. 400-409. Scheckel, K.G. and J.A. Ryan. 2004. Spectroscopic Speciation and Quantification on Chemical Alterations of Pb in Phosphate Amended Soils. J. Environ. Qual. 33: 1288-1295. Scheckel, K.G., C.A. Impellitteri and J.A. Ryan. 2004. Lead Sorption on Ruthenium Oxide: A Macroscopic and Spectroscopic Study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38: 2836-2842. Porter, S.K., K.G. Scheckel, C.A. Impellitteri, and J.A. Ryan. 2004. Toxic Metals in Soils: Thermodynamic Considerations for Possible Immobilization Strategies for Pb, Cd, As, and Hg. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 495-604. Ryan, J.A., W.R. Berti, S.L. Brown, S.W. Casteel, R.L. Chaney, M. Doolan, P.Grevatt, J. Hallfrisch, M. Maddaloni, D. Mosby, and K.G. Scheckel. 2004. Reducing Childrens Risk to Soil Pb: Summary of a Field Experiment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38: 18A-24A.