Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Several are working with Honeycrisp apples, focusing on crop load, harvest maturity, delayed cooling, storage temperature and CA regimes (NS). A postharvest delay in cold storage treatment has been developed for Honeycrisp apples that will eliminate soft scald and soggy breakdown development (MA, NY-Ithaca, NS). Evaluation of storage potential of Golden Supreme, Shizuka, Cameo, Ambrosia and Pink Lady continue (MA, BC).

Polyphenolics from six plum cultivars applied to two human cancer cell lines showed antiproliferative activities in a dose-dependent manner. French Damson plums showed the highest growth inhibitory effects, whereas Stanly showed the lowest. There was a good correlation between total phenolics and IC50 values (NY-Geneva).

During storage of Bartlett pears, if fruit were stored at -1:C, there was no need to scrub ethylene from the environment. (CA).

Harvest maturity of Gala effects fruit response to 1-MCP (NC). It has been shown that delays before treatment of up to 8 days can reduce but not eliminate the effectiveness of 1-MCP on maintenance of fruit quality (NY-Ithaca). For British Columbia apples, 1-MCP had to be applied early to be effective. 1-MCP reduced scald in air-stored Granny Smith, Delicious, McIntosh, Spartan and Fuji and was less effective than CA storage in controlling scald. 1-MCP increased soft scald in CA-stored fruit (BC).

1-MCP can be effective on both McIntosh and Cortland apples; contrary to some previous reports. Its efficacy on both cultivars is not improved with a second application (NS). 1-MCP treatment substantially reduced superficial scald development on McIntosh and Cortland, and eliminated it on Delicious, thus eliminating the need for chemical control of scald through post harvest drenches (MA)
.
Hydrophobic volatile production in 1-MCP-treated Delicious apples was similar or exceeded the control after storage, while it was non-existent in 1-MCP-treated Gala. Superficial scald development in Delicious was reduced significantly by 1-MCP. (ONT).

A split application of ReTain has more effect on maturity of Gala than a single application. When 1-MCP is applied to ReTain treated fruit the effects are greater than when either compound is used alone (NC). No significant benefit from pre-harvest ReTain application has been observed on Empire over the past 4 years. Use of DPA to control CO2 injury could be eliminated provided Empire apple fruit were harvested at proper maturity, treated with 1-MCP and stored in low O2 CA with levels of CO2 below the recommended 2% (ONT).

There was no significant difference in disease incidence between 1-MCP-treated and non-treated apples that had been wounded and inoculated with P. expansum or TBZR Botrytis cinerea. However, in wounded non-inoculated Empire apples variable natural decays were observed. With the exception of apples stored in air, a higher percentage of decays were observed in 1-MCP-treated apples. No significant antagonistic interaction was observed between 1-MCP and SCHOLAR and MERTECT treatments, and better control of blue mold was achieved with SCHOLAR on 1-MCP treated apples (ONT).

Decay of wound-inoculated Golden Delicious apples by Colletotrichum acutatum or Penicillium expansum during and after 0 0C storage was prevented by heat treatment at 38 0C for four days in combination with a heat tolerant biocontrol agent (yeast species). Sodium bicarbonate alone had no benefit but improved the efficacy of the biocontrol agents without heat treatment (USDA-MD).

For 1-MCP treatment of Bartlett pears, it is critical that fruit be harvested and treated with 1-MCP at optimum maturity (ONT). Harvest maturity influences the response of Bartlett pears to 1-MCP, but fruit can be treated after a period of cold storage if they have not initiated the climacteric (CA). The lack of any 1-MCP effect on the two highbush blueberry cultivars studied shows that 1-MCP is not beneficial to all horticultural crops (NS).

Tests of diffusion of 1-MCP through fiberboard boxes and plastic liners containing tray packed apples showed that 16 hours was sufficient for the 1-MCP to reach all apples in all trays. Smoke machines were used to test air tightness of tractor trailers for 1-MCP treatment. Doors seals had to be improved to achieve at tight container (NC).

Researchers in Nova Scotia have discovered that chlorophyll fluorescence can be used to determine the lowest acceptable oxygen concentration in chlorophyll-containing fruits. A chlorophyll fluorescence system (HarvestWatch) has been developed with a commercial partner (Satlantic Inc.) that can be used to continuously monitor fruits under CA conditions and control the oxygen at its lowest acceptable concentration (NS).

Diphenylamine and ethyoxyquin were shown to reduce skin browning of Bartlett pears subjected to vibration. Susceptibility to skin browning is related to fruit firmness (CA).

Various alternative treatments to control insects after harvest are under investigation. Radio frequency heating controls insect pests in walnuts and almonds with no negative effects on kernel quality (CA). Hot water treatments control codling moths in sweet cherry but stem browning may limit application. Radio frequency heating may show more promise (CA). A GRAS fumigant, ethyl formate, shows promise for control of insect pests on table grapes; when used immediately following SO2 fumigation, grape tolerance is good (CA).

Objective 3: To expand fundamental knowledge to improve and create new technologies to assure high quality and wholesomeness of fruit and enhance market
opportunities

A comparison of the effects of MCP, 1.5% O2, and MCP + 1.5% O2 showed that the latter treatment was more effective in inhibiting the onset of the ethylene climacteric and suppressing ACS and ERS1 transcripts. The combined application of MCP and 1.5% O2 was very effective in retarding the onset of the climacteric in Granny Smith apples held at 6˚C for 203 days, and inhibiting the accumulation of ACS transcripts. Treatment of apples with MCP, 1.5% O2 and MCP plus 1.5% O2 at different stages showed that the latter treatment was more effective in inhibiting the rate of C2H4 evolution and suppression of accumulation of ACS and ERS1 transcripts. None of the treatments affected the expression of ACO (MD). Data suggest that our strategy to extend storage life of apples through down regulation of ethylene production provides a viable alternative to controlled atmospheric storage (NY-Geneva).

Suppression of tomato fruit PG or Expansin synthesis improves the consistency characteristics of processed juice (i.e., paste). Interestingly, over-expression of Expansin also improves paste consistency. Several monoclonal antibodies that recognize cell wall pectin epitopes have been used in immunohistochemical studies to characterize cell wall changes in peaches that are ripening normally and those that are ripening to a mealy texture (CA).

In order to elucidate the functions and regulation of the PKS genes in raspberry, we are determining the number of aromatic polyketide synthases expressed during raspberry fruit ripening by molecular and proteomic studies. (NY-Geneva).

Partial cDNAs encoding one phospholipase D (PLD) and two lipoxygenase (LOX) genes were cloned from muskmelon. Transcript levels of these genes as well as PLD and LOX enzyme activities in muskmelon fruit tissues were evaluated over the course of development and postharvest storage. PLD and LOX are thought to be involved in loss of membrane integrity during muskmelon fruit ripening and senescence (USDA-MD).

Studies on the mechanism of chilling injury and involvement of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria in oxidative stress reactions continued. A 4-fold increase in the size of the ubiquinone pool was seen in mitochondria isolated from green bell peppers stored at 1 C compared to those stored at 20 C. Most of the increase was in ubiquinone-6. Ubiquinones may also be involved in stabilizing membranes in much the same manner as the sterols, such as cholesterol, and the lipid soluble antioxidants, such as α-tocopherol (GA).

A terpene synthase cDNA from scald-prone Law Rome apple was functionally expressed in E. coli and proven to encode an α-farnesene synthase. A complete genomic clone was obtained for HMG2 from Law Rome, a gene thought to encode an isozyme of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase that initiates α -farnesene synthesis in apple peel tissue. Knock outs of these genes will prove or disprove the hypothesis that α -farnesene and its oxidation products are directly involved in induction of superficial scald on apple fruit (USDA-MD).

Use of a chromotropic nitrone spin trapping agent determined the role of active oxygen species in apple scald development. Occurrence of reacted spintrap appears to be correlated with scald severity. Two major species of nitrone-trapped radicals related to farnesene oxidation were noted with the highest seen in fruit from RA storage that scalded severely. The amount of radicals trapped needs to reach a certain level before symptoms occur. Inhibition of apple farnesyl protein transferase, a major signal transduction protein resulted in increased levels of farnesene (WA). Differential display analysis between Granny Smith, a scald sensitive cultivar, and Gala, a resistant one, resulted in the isolation of cysteine protease cDNA which is expressed only in the peel of Granny Smith fruit (MD).

Researchers in Oregon and California are generating Botrytis-resistant tomato plants using the resistant nightshade Solanum lycopersicoides. They expect that introgression of Botrytis resistance will reduce the use of fungicides to control a pathogen that is resistant to a variety of chemicals. They hope to identify QTL and eventually genes that confer disease resistance (OR). An assortment of pectin-derived oligosaccharides has been isolated from lesions caused by B. cinerea development on tomato fruits. These are to being structurally characterized and will be tested for biological activity (CA). Separate transgenic tomato lines with suppressed and over-expressed endogenous PGIP genes have been generated to test the idea that PGIP interaction with pathogen PGs leads to the production of oligosaccharide defense signals (CA).

Future Plans

Our new project proposal includes two new objectives that increase the focus on fruit flavor and nutritional quality and developing recommendations for the use of 1-MCP. We will continue to evaluate new and existing cultivars to determine the best methods of postharvest handling. This will include collaboration with NE183 trials and an emphasis on Honeycrisp and Ambrosia, two popular apples with postharvest challenges. We will continue to evaluate the benefits of 1-MCP application to apples and increasingly to other fruit. Commercial application methods for small-scale growers will be refined. We will continue to evaluate transgenic apple fruit with reduced ethylene synthesis and will explore the relationship between ethylene production and flavor volatile synthesis. The effects of postharvest handling and cultivar on fruit flavor and nutritional value will be explored. We will continue our study of the biology of storage scald to understand the difference between susceptible and resistant cultivars. There will continue to be emphasis on developing safer chemical or non-chemical methods to control disease and insects after harvest to improve the safety and quality of fruit.

Bedford, K.E., S.C. Probert, P.L. Sholberg, and O.L. Lau. 2002. Studies on the control of postharvest decay of apples by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea. (Abstr.) Can. J. Pathol. 24:86.

Bedford, K.E., S.C. Stokes, P.L. Sholberg, and O.L. Lau. 2002. Effects of 1-MCP on postharvest decay of apples caused by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea. (Abstr.) Can. J. Plant Pathol. 24: 381

Berger, S., T. Mitchell-Olds, H.U. Stotz, (2002) Local and differential control of vegetative storage protein expression in response to herbivore damage in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol. Plantarum 114: 85-91.

Blankenship, S.M., and J.M. Dole. 2003. 1-Methylcyclopropene: A review. Postharvest Biol. Tech. 28:1-25.

Bower, J., W.V. Biasi and E.J. Mitcham. 2003. Effects of ethylene and 1-MCP on the quality and storage life of strawberries. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 28:417-423.

Bower, J.H., W.V. Biasi and E.J. Mitcham. 2003. Effect of ethylene in the storage environment on quality of`Bartlett pears. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 28:371-379.

Boyhan, G. E., D. B. Langston, A. C. Purvis, and C. R. Hill. 2003. Optimum plot size and number of replications with short-day onions for yield, seedstem formation, number of doubles, and incidence of foliar diseases. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128:409-424.

Carvalho Filho, C.D., S. L. Honsrio, C. Vigneault, G.S.V. Raghavan and R.K. Prange. 2002. Tinicas de Armazenagem com a Atmosfera Modificada e Controlada. Chap. 18 (pp. 385 - 409) In: L.A.B. Cortez, S. L. Honsrio and C. L. Moretti, eds. Resfriamento de Frutas e Hortaligas. Embrapa Informagco Tecnolsgica, Brasilia, DF Brasil. 428 pp. (In Portugese).

Chardonnet, C.O., G.S. Charron, C.E. Sams, W.S. Conway. 2003. Chemical changes in the cortical tissue and cell walls of calcium-infiltrated Golden Delicious apples during storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 28:97-111.

Crisosto, C.H. and G.M. Crisosto. 2002. Understanding American and Chinese consumer acceptance of ‘Redglobe‘ table grapes. Postharvest Biology and Technology 24:155-162.

Crisosto, C.H. and J.M. Labavitch. 2002. Developing a quantitative method to evaluate peach (Prunus persica) flesh mealiness. Postharvest Biology and Technology 25:151-158.

Crisosto, C.H., G.M. Crisosto and P. Metheney. 2003. Consumer acceptance of ‘Brooks‘ and ‘Bing‘ cherries is mainly dependent on fruit SSC and visual skin color. Postharvest Biology and Technology 28:159-167.

Crisosto, C.H., G.M. Crisosto, and M.A. Ritenour. 2002. Testing the reliability of skin color as an indicator of quality for early season ‘Brooks‘ (Prunus avium L.) cherry. Postharvest Biology and Technology 24:147-154.

DeEll, J.R. and P.M.A. Toivonen. 2003. Use of chlorophyll fluorescence in postharvest quality assessments of fruits and vegetables, p. 203-242. In: J.R. DeEll and P.M.A. Toivonen (eds.), Practical Application of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Plant Biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts.

DeEll, J.R., D.P. Murr, L. Wiley, and M.D. Porteous. 2003. 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) increases CO2 injury in apples. Acta Hort. 600:277-280.

DeEll, J.R., D.P. Murr, M.D. Porteous and H.P.V. Rupasinghe. 2002. Influence of temperature and duration of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on apple quality. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 24: 349-353.

DeEll, J.R., R.K. Prange and H. Peppelenbos. 2003. Postharvest Physiology of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Chapter 4 (pp. 455-483). In: A. Chakraverty, A.S. Mujumdar, G.S.V. Raghavan and H.S. Ramaswamy (Eds.) Handbook of Postharvest Technology - Cereals, Fruits, Vegetables, Tea and Spices. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

DeLong, J.M. and R.K. Prange. 2003. Superficial Scald- A Postharvest Oxidative Stress Disorder. Chapter 5 (pp. 91-112). In: (M. Hodges, ed.) Postharvest Oxidative Stress in Horticultural Crops. Food Products Press, Haworth Press, Inc.

DeLong, J.M., R.K. Prange, C. Bishop and P.A. Harrison. 2003. 1-MCP does not influence the postharvest quality of highbush blueberry. HortScience. 38: (in press).

DeLong, J.M., R.K. Prange, C.J. Bishop and P.A. Harrison.2002. The influence of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on storage quality of apple fruit. Plant Growth Regulator Society of America Annual Meeting. (Abstract - Poster presentation).

DeLong, J.M., R.K. Prange, D.M. Hodges, C.F. Forney, M.C. Bishop and M. Quilliam. 2002. Using a modified ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) assay for detection of lipid hydroperoxides in plant tissue. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:248-254.

Diaz-Perez, J. C., A. C. Purvis, and J. T. Paulk. 2003. Bolting, yield, and bulb decay of sweet onion as affected by nitrogen fertilization. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128:144-149.

Embree, C.G., D.S. Nichols, J.M. DeLong and R.K. Prange. 2001. Certain chemical thinning treatments advance maturity of Paulared apple. Can. J. Plant Sci.81:499-501.

Gil, M.I., F.A. Tomas-Barberan, B. Hess-Pierce, and A. A. Kader. 2002. Antioxidant capacities, phenolio compounds, carotenoids, and vitamin C contents of nectarine, peach, and plum cultivars from California. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 4976-4982.

Goyette, B., C. Vigneault, N.R. Markarian, and J.R. DeEll. 2002. Design and implementation of an automated controlled atmosphere storage facility for research. Can. Biosystems Eng. 44(3):35-40.

Greene, D. and S. Weis. 2001. Evaluation and Growing of Honeycrisp. International Dwarf Fruit Tree Assn.34(4)
Gunes, G., .H., Liu, C.B. Watkins. 2002. Controlled atmosphere effects on postharvest quality and antioxidant activity of cranberry fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 5932-5938.

Hess-Pierce, B. and A. A. Kader. 2003. Responses of Wonderful pomegranates to controlled atmospheres. Acta Hort. 600: 751-757.

Hrazdina, G., E. Kiss, Z. Galli, C. Rosenfield, J.L. Norelli, H.S. Aldwinckle, D.P. Murr and J.R. DeEll. 2003. Down regulation of ethylene production in Royal Gala apples. Acta Hort.: (in press).

Hui, C.K.P., D.I. LeBlanc, C. Vigneault, J.R. DeEll and S.A. Sotocinal. 2003. Transportation and handling of fresh fruits and vegetables, p. 555-584. In: A. Chakraverty, A.S. Mujumdar, G.S.V. Raghavan and H.M. Ramaswamy (eds.), Handbook of Postharvest Technology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

Kader, A.A. 2003a. Physiology of CA treated produce. Acta Hort. 600: 349-354.

Kader, A.A. 2003b. A summary of CA requirements and recommendations for fruits other than apples and pears. Acta Hort. 600: 737-740

Kim, D. O., Lee, K. W., Lee, H. J. and Lee, C. Y. Vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of phenolic phytochemicals. Journal of Agricultural and Food chemistry 50:3713-3717, 2002.

Lee, K. W., Lee, H. J., Kang, K. S., Lee, C. Y. Preventive effects of vitamin C on carcinogenesis. The Lancet 359:172, 2002.

Lee, K. W., Lee, H. J. and Lee, C. Y. Antioxidant activity of black tea vs. green tea. (letter) Journal of Nutrition 132(4): 785, 2002.

Liu, M., Li, X. Q., Weber, C., Lee, C. Y., Brown, J. and Liu, R. H. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of raspberries. Journal of Agricultural and food chemistry 50:2926-2930, 2002.

Lee, Ki Won and Lee, C. Y. Vitamins, diet, and cancer prevention. (letter). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75:1122-1123, 2002.

Leung, S.K., C.L. Chu, and M. Kawaji. 2003. Effect of anthocyanin, polyphenol oxidase, and the pH of pericarp on the fresh appearance of lychee. Acta Horticulturae 599:529-534.

Leverentz, B., W.S. Conway, W.J. Janisiewicz, R.A. Saftner, M. J. Camp. 2003. Effect of combining MCP treatment, heat treatment, and biocontrol on redulction of postharvest decay of Golden Delicious apples. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 27:221-233.

Liu, W.T., C.L. Chu and T. Zhou. 2002. Thymol and acetic acid vapors reduce postharvest brown rot of apricots and plums. HortScience 37:151-156.

MacLean, D.D., D.P. Murr and J.R. DeEll. 2003. A modified TOSC assay for antioxidants in plant tissues. Postharvest Biol. Technol.: (in press).

Morrelli, K.L., B.M. Hess-Pierce and A.A. Kader. 2003. Genotypic variation in chilling sensitivity of mature-green bananas and plantains. HortTechnology 13: 328-332.

Palou, L., C.H. Crisosto, J.L. Smilanick, J.E. Adaskaveg and J.P. Zoffoli. 2002. Effects of continuous 0.3 ppm ozone exposure on decay development and physiological responses of peaches and table grapes in cold storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology 24:39-48.

Pelayo, C., E.V. Vilas-Boas, M. Benichou, and A.A. Kader. 2003b. Variability in responses of partially ripe bananas to 1-methyl-cyclopropene. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 28: 75-78.

Pelayo, C., S E. Ebeler, and A.A. Kader. 2003a. Postharvest life and flavor quality of three strawberry cultivars kept at 5C in air or air + 20 kPa CO2 . Postharv. Biol. Technol. 27: 171-183.

Prange, R., J. DeLong and P. Harrison. 2003b. Delayed cooling controls Soft Scald and other disorders in ‘Honeycrisp‘ apple. ASHS Annual Conference (abstract). (in press).

Prange, R., J. DeLong, J.C. Leyte and P.A. Harrison. 2002a. Storage of Honeycrisp apples. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers‘ 2001 Annual Report 138:25-27.

Prange, R., J. DeLong, P. Harrison, J. Leyte, S. McLean, J. Scrutton and J. Cullen. 2001b. A Method and Apparatus for Monitoring a Condition in Chlorophyll Containing Produce. International Patent Application PCT/CA01/01039.

Prange, R.K. and J.M. DeLong. 2003c. 1-Methylcyclopropene: The Magic Bullet for horticultural Products? Chron. Hort. 42 (1):11-14. (http://www.actahort.org/chronica/pdf/ch4301.pdf)

Prange, R.K., J.M. Delong, J.C. Leyte and P.A. Harrison. 2002b. Oxygen concentration affects chlorophyll fluorescence in chlorophyll-containing fruits. Postharvest Biol.Technol. 24:201-205.

Prange, R.K., J.M. DeLong, J.C. Leyte and P.A. Harrison. 2002b. Responses of six apple cultivars to storage atmosphere conditions dynamically controlled by chlorophyll fluorescence-based technology. International Horticultural Congress (abstract- poster presentation).

Prange, R.K., J.M. DeLong, P.A. Harrison, J.C. Leyte and S.D. MacLean. 2001a. Oxygen concentration affects chlorophyll fluorescence in chlorophyll-containing fruits and vegetables. Proc. 8th Intl. Controlled Atmosphere Conference (abstract -oral presentation).

Prange, R.K., J.M. DeLong, P.A. Harrison, J.C. Leyte and S.D. MacLean. 2003a. Oxygen concentration affects chlorophyll fluorescence in chlorophyll-containing fruits and vegetables. J. Amer Soc. Hort. Sci. 128: (in press).

Purvis, A. C. 2003. How respiring plant cells limit the production of active oxygen species. In: D. M. Hodges (ed.) Postharvest Oxidative Stress in Horticultural Crops. Chap. 8. Haworth Press/Food Products Press, N.Y. pp. 151-164.

Purvis, A. C. and J. Brock. 2003. Does Botrytis allii spread from infected onions to sound onions in controlled atmosphere storage? Acta Hort. 600:615-619.

Purvis, A. C. and J. W. Gegogeine. 2003. Diphenylamine inhibits respiration of green bell peppers. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128 (in press).

Renni, T., C. Vigneault, J.R. DeEll and P. Alvo. 2003. Cooling and storage, p.505-538. In: A. Chakraverty, A.S. Mujumdar, G.S.V. Raghavan and H.M. Ramaswamy (eds.), Handbook of Postharvest Technology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

Rudell, D.R., D.S. Mattinson, S.G. Wyllie and J.K. Fellman 2002. Investigations of aroma volatile biosynthesis under anoxic conditions and in different tissues of Redchief Delicious apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) J. Agr. Food Chem. 50:2627-2632.

Rudell, D.R., J.P. Mattheis, X. Fan and J.K. Fellman. 2002. Methyl jasmonate enhances anthocyanin accumulation and modified production of phenolics and pigments in Fuji apples. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 127:435-441.

Rupasinghe, H.P.V., G. Paliyath and D.P. Murr. 2003. Biosynthesis of isoprenoids in higher plants. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 9(1): 1-11.

Sholberg, P., O. Lau, K. Bedford and S. Stokes. 2002. Postharvest decay of stored apples in British Columbia in 1999. The Canadian Plant Disease Survey 82:123-127.

Sholberg, P., O. Lau, K. Bedford and S. Stokes. 2003. Postharvest decay of stored apples in British Columbia in 2000. The Canadian Plant Disease Survey 83. In Press.

Stotz H.U., R. Augustin, K. Khalturin, S. Kuznetsov, B. Rinkevich, J. Schrvder, T.C.G. Bosch. 2003) Novel approaches for the analysis of immune reactions in Tunicate and Cnidarian model organisms. In: The New Panorama of Animal Evolution, Pensoft Publishers, Sofia.

Stotz, H.U., T. Koch, A. Biedermann, K. Weniger, W. Boland and T. Mitchell-Olds. 2002. Evidence for regulation of resistance in Arabidopsis to Spodoptera littoralis by salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling pathways. Planta 214: 648-652.

Simpson, T. V. Bikoba and E.J. Mitcham. 2003. Effects of acetaldehyde on fruit quality and target pest mortality for harvested strawberries, Postharvest Biol. Technol. 28:405-416.

Tipping, C., V. Bikoba, G. Chander and E.J. Mitcham. 2003. Efficacy of Silwet-L-77 against several arthropod pests of table grapes. J. Econ. Entomol. (in press)

Toivonen, P.M.A. and J.R.. DeEll. 2002. Physiology of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, p. 91-123. In: O. Lamikanra (ed.), Fresh-cut Fruits and Vegetables: Science, Technology and Market. Technomic Publishing Company, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl.

Wang, L. F., Kim, D. M. and C. Y. Lee. Interaction of Flavonoids in Green Tea Extract during Heat Processing and Storage. In "Bioactive Compounds in Foods: Effects of Processing and Storage" Ed. by Lee, T-C. and Ho, C-T.. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 816, 58-72, 2002. American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.

Wang, S., J. Tang, J.A. Johnson, E. Mitcham, J.D. Hansen, G. Hallman, S.R. Drake and Y. Wang. 2003. Dielectric properties of fruits and insect pests as related to radio frequency and microwave treatments. Biosystems Engineering 85:201-212.

Wang, S., J. Tang, J.A. Johnson, E. Mitcham, J.D. Hansen, R.P., Cavalieri, J. Bower and B. Biasi. 2002. Process protocols based on radio frequency energy to control field and storage pests in in-shell walnuts. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 26:265-274.

Wargo, J. and C. Watkins. 2002. Is 1-MCP a missing piece to the Jonagold puzzle? Fruit Notes 02 (8):6-7.

Warren, J.M., J.H. Bassman, D.S. Mattinson, J.K. Fellman, G.E. Edwards and R. Robberecht. 2002. Alteration of foliar flavonoid chemistry induced by enhanced UV-B radiation in field-grown Pinus ponderosa,Quercus rubra, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. J. Photochem. and Photobiol. B 66 : 125-133 .

Watkins, C.B. 2002. Ethylene synthesis, mode of action, consequences and control. In: Fruit Quality and its Biological Basis, Chapter 8, p180-224. Knee, M. (ed). Sheffield Academic Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Watkins, C.B., D.A. Rosenberger. 2002. Cornell Fruit Handling and Storage Newsletter. 14pp.

Weis, S.A. and W.J. Bramlage. 2002. 1-MCP: How Useful Can It Be on New England Apples? FruitNotes 67(3):5-9.

Weis, S., D. Greene and W. Bramlage. 2002. Comparing the Harvest and Storage Characteristics of Mutsu and Shizuka Apples. FruitNotes 67(3):1-4.

Wszelaki, A.L. and E.J. Mitcham. 2002. Effect of combinations of hot water dips, biological control and controlled atmospheres for control of gray mold on harvested strawberries. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 27:255-264.