Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

W-45 Technical Meeting Minutes

Oregon State University, June 6-8, 2004

Attendance: Kevin Armbrust, Steve Aust, Cathleen Hapeman, Vince Hebert, Jeff Jenkins, Monte Johnson, Ann Lemley, Qing Li, Glenn Miller, Sharon Papiernik, Ron Pardini, Chris Pritsos, Josef Seifert, Tracy Sterling, Barry Wilson

Guest: Pam Rice, USDA-ARS, St. Paul, MN

Welcome and introduction:

Li welcomed the group.

Host Jeff Jenkins and Charles Boyer, OSU Agricultural Experiment Station director, welcomed the group. Boyer pointed out the strength and diversity of Oregon agricultural production and the importance of research on the environmental impacts of agricultural production, citing examples pertinent in the Northwest, including considerations of endangered species.

Monte Johnson, CSREES representative, distributed information about CSREES granting opportunities, the Land Grant system, and impacts of CSREES research. He pointed out the importance of emphasizing the impact of the committee, and noted several things to consider in writing our proposal and impact statements, including relevance to needs to clientele, concrete deliverables, and the diversity of the audience of W-45 work.

Administrative Advisor, Ron Pardini, spoke about the NIMSS (National Information Management and Support System) for online submission and review of proposals, minutes, and reports. Report and proposal are to be submitted through Ron (give to Shannon). The committee can make revisions on-line, and will need to get log-on ID and password for revision. We will probably do the bulk of the proposal preparation off-line to utilize ?track changes? features of word processing software. To view information about all interstate projects, use the URL http://www.lgu.umd.edu (access also available through Western Directors web page): login as user ID ?guest? with password ?guest?. Pardini reviewed the Annual National Impacts sheets, reiterating information distributed by Johnson. Next year one impact sheet will be on Multi-State projects. Pardini will submit our impact statement to the national database, which should follow the approved format, including: Issues, Resolutions, Impact (economic, social, environmental, scientific). The Best of the West web page also lists impacts of Western regional projects. Pardini encouraged members to submit impact for individual projects through their own stations in addition to collective impact of W-45.

The deadline for the proposal for the replacement project is January 15 (to Shannon). The deadline for the winter director?s meeting is May 15. The proposal will need to include information regarding a CIRS search and interface with W-82; we may be receiving a new committee number ? we would need a strong justification to keep W-45.

Report review and critique:
The group presented and critiqued technical reports as per usual.

Old and new business:
New member: Dr. Pamela Rice (USDA-ARS, St. Paul, MN) gave an overview of her expertise and research plans. The committee unanimously approved Dr. Rice?s request to join W-45.

Old Sage Award: The Donald G. Crosby Old Sage Award was presented to Dr. Barry Wilson in honor of his meritorious efforts to promote and strengthen a collegium of researchers who share common problems and possibilities for improving the application of science to human and environmental health issues arising from chemical use in agriculture. Members related anecdotes, and the committee congratulated Dr. Wilson.

Next meeting: Potential sites for next year?s meeting were discussed. Lake Tahoe was suggested, with Reno as a second choice; the meeting is tentatively scheduled to begin on June 5.

Updated membership list: A list was circulated to solicit current contact information. Papiernik will update the membership list and send to members.

Annual reports: Members are reminded to provide reports in current format, including impact. Reports should be submitted one week before the meeting. Li will again send deadline and report format information before the meeting.

Announcements: Lemley received a note from Lindy Paul stating that Kluwer is merging with Springer to form Springer Science and Business Media: submit books, etc. to her.

Discussion of the proposal for replacement project:
Objectives: As we agreed at the 2003 meeting, the objectives of the new project will remain essentially unchanged. The objectives are still pertinent and timely, and represent the work of all committee members; therefore, the objectives do not require any revision at this time.

Writing committee: Writing committee consists of the past chair (Pritsos), current chair (Li), and current secretary (Papiernik); Hebert (Washington) was added to the writing committee by unanimous vote.

Format: Jenkins downloaded version updated 4/22/2002, which indicated that the proposal will be limited to 15 pages without references. Format includes Project Number (assigned); Project Title; Requested Project Duration; Statement of the Issues and Justification; Related, Current, and Previous Work; Objectives; Methods; Measurement of Progress and Results; Projected Participation; Outreach Plan; Organization and Governance; and Literature Cited


Membership break-down by objectives (volunteered by those present; surmised for absent members):
1. Armbrust (MS), Hebert (WA), Simonich (OR), Li (Hawaii), Wilson (CA-Davis)
2. Armbrust (MS), Rice (ARS-St. Paul), Hebert (WA), Miller (NV), Gan (CA-Riverside), Lee (Purdue), Lemley (NY), Hapeman (ARS-Beltsville), Sterling (NM), Aust (UT), Papiernik (USDA-Morris), Pritsos (NV), Simonich (OR), Li (Hawaii)
3. Jenkins (OR), Sterling (NM), Pritsos (NV), Wilson (CA-Davis), Hapeman (ARS-Beltsville), Krieger (CA-Riverside)
4. Aust (UT), Jenkins (OR), Lemley (NY), Rice (ARS-St, Paul), Li (Hawaii), Wilson (CA-Davis), Gan (CA-Riverside), Krieger (CA-Riverside), Hebert (WA), Papiernik (ARS-Morris), Armbrust (MS), Hapeman (ARS-Beltsville)

Title: Agrochemical Impacts on Human and Environmental Health: Mechanisms and Mitigation

Input: Papiernik will send a specific request for information from members, including Related, Current, and Previous Work, Methods, Measurement of Progress and Results; and Literature Cited. Information will be due to writing committee at the end of July.

Adjournment: The meeting was adjourned at 4:00 pm, June 8, 2004.

Respectfully submitted,


Sharon K. Papiernik
W-45 Secretary

Methods
Five monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were raised and used to develop enzyme linked-immonusorbent assays (ELISAs) for neonicotinoid pesticides; one of the five MAbs gave a very sensitive ELISA with a half-maximal inhibition (I50) of 0.06 ng/mL of thiamethoxam. This assay is very specific to thiamethoxam (< 1.0% cross-reactivity with other neonicotinoids tested). Another MAb, designated as F6E6, was used to develop a flow fluorescent immunoassay or kinetic exclusion assay (KinExA). The dissociation constants (Kd) of MAb F6E6 with the neonicotinoid insecticides acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam were determined with KinExA. Results indicated that this KinExA assay had < 1.0% cross-reactivity with the other tested neonicotinoids.
Blood cholinesterase (ChE) levels are an important biomarker for pesticide and nerve agent exposure. We have been working with the state of California to help standardize the ChE measurements of clinical laboratories. Most assays are performed with modifications of the acetylthiocholine colorimetric method of Ellman. CHPPM has been using a modification of the delta pH method of Michel to monitor US military personnel. Recently we have been working with CHPPM to use their database to estimate the range of normal human blood ChEs and to derive a conversion factor between the delta pH and Ellman assays. Tests indicated that the results of the two assays are correlated, but with high variability when the assays were not conducted in the same laboratory; experiments continue to compare methods. The delta pH method is dependent on substrate concentration. Experiments are underway to establish a more accurate conversion in the absence of possible increased variability due to shipping and other factors. When completed, this study will permit harmonizing results produced by the CHPPM method with those of the more recent colorimetric assay.

Organics
Many pollutants in aquatic systems associate with sediment and their fate in such systems is important to assess potential biological impacts. Experiments were conducted to assess the fate of chlorothalonil (CHT) and its metabolite, hydroxychlorothalonil (OH-CHT), in shallow water conditions simulated by water/sediment systems incorporating simulated sunlight. Experiments were run in the light and dark simultaneously for 30 days in both creek and pond sediment systems. Results indicated that 87-88% of the total applied CHT had dissipated from both water/sediment systems within 1 day when irradiated by simulated sunlight, but only 32-40% had dissipated in non-irradiated samples. Sediment was not a major sink for CHT in these aquatic systems. OH-CHT was detected at low concentrations and only in the dark systems. Total recoveries (water + sediment) were lower under light conditions than in the dark, suggesting that photodegradation is important in the dissipation of CHT in aqueous environments.
Metribuzin, a widely used herbicide and a frequently detected pollutant in the environment, was studied as a target compound for membrane anodic Fenton treatment (AFT), a Fenton technology with application potential for onsite treatment of pesticide wastewater. It was found that the degradation kinetics of metribuzin do not obey a previously-developed model that fit AFT degradation kinetics of all previously investigated pesticides. The lack of fit for metribuzin data was determined to result from a weak interaction between metribuzin and the ferric ion, resulting in a significant reduction in availability of metribuzin for reaction with hydroxyl radicals during AFT, thus slowing degradation. A revised kinetic model was developed based on the original AFT model with the addition of this interaction. This weak interaction is also found to exist between ferric ion and several other triazinone/triazine herbicides during membrane AFT, such that the interaction intensity correlated with the electron withdrawing/donating property of substituents on the triazine/triazinone ring.
Mycoremediation (treatment of residues using fungi) of environmental pollution sites may be a viable alternative to bacterial biodegradation. Mineralization generally occurs under ligninolytic conditions, which require nutrient limitation. Faster or more effective mycromediation may be possible if ligninolytic activity could be obtained under nutrient-sufficient conditions. Research on control of the ligninlytic system and the synthesis of heme in Phanerochaete chrysosporium were initiated to investigate the quantities of active peroxidases produced by the fungus under different conditions. Nitrogen limiting conditions are usually used to depress the synthesis of these enzymes, limiting the growth of the fungus for mycromediation. Results indicated that more ligninase H8 mRNA was present in ammonium sufficient cultures of P. chrysosporium than in ammonium limited cultures. H8 was transcribed and translated by day 5 under ammonium sufficient conditions, but was inactive due to lack of heme.
Mating disruption has become an important integrated pest management tool for controlling codling moth injury in apple and pear orchards in the Pacific Northwest. Experiments were developed to address the following objectives: 1) develop field/analytical approaches for directly measuring pheromone release from commercially available codling moth mating disruption dispensers in the orchard environment, and 2) evaluate whether generated air concentration data is useful, in combination with residual pheromone and volatile trapping dispenser determinations, for assessing the performance and efficacy of mating disruption products. The results from the combined orchard air and residual/volatile trapping dispenser measurement assessments indicate that extremes in diurnal and seasonal temperature must be accounted for in dispenser design to insure season-long moth-mating suppression.
Soil fumigation is useful for controlling soil-borne pests and diseases in high-cash-value crops. Application of fumigants through drip irrigation has been proposed as a means to decrease fumigant emissions, improve fumigant distribution in soil, and minimize worker exposure. These experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of surface tarps and the configuration of the drip system on the distribution of several fumigant compounds in bedded systems. Tarping the bed with virtually impermeable film (VIF) resulted in the maintenance of higher fumigant concentrations in the soil compared to standard HDPE-tarped soil; fumigant dissipation was slower from VIF-tarped beds because of the rapid volatilization loss of fumigants from HDPE-tarped soil. Increasing the depth of injection was less effective than a plastic tarp in containing fumigants in the soil. Slower dissipation indicates the potential for some improvement in pest-control efficacy, but may cause adverse effects, including fumigant leaching below the root zone (decreasing efficacy and increasing the potential for groundwater contamination) and crop phytotoxicity from residual fumigants in soil.
To minimize oxidative damage caused by environmental stress, plants have evolved defense systems involving antioxidants and protective enzymes that either prevent the formation of or scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although various antioxidant and energy dissipation systems regulate formation and destruction of ROS under normal physiological conditions, generation of ROS can be in excess of their destruction under environmental or herbicide stress. We examined the involvement of a variety of protective mechanisms in conferring tolerance to prometryn-tolerant cotton as compared to prometryn-susceptible cotton. Most of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms evaluated did not contribute to differentially scavenge prometryn-induced ROS in cotton. Therefore, they do not account for differential tolerance to this herbicide, and other possibilities will be considered in future studies.
A high prevalence of skeletal deformities has been reported in fish from the Newberg Pool of the Willamette River, OR. Between 1992 and 1994, the prevalence of skeletal deformities in juvenile northern pike minnow ranged from 2-5% near Corvallis to 26-74% in Newberg Pool; a 2002 survey confirmed a higher prevalence of skeletal deformities in Newberg Pool than at upstream sites. A variety of organics of anthropogenic origin have been detected in waters of the Willamette River Basin, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and persistent organic pollutants. The objective of this study, conducted as part of a larger study designed to investigate a variety of stressors that may be the cause, either outright or in part, of the high prevalence of fish deformities in Newberg Pool, was to use bioassay-directed fractionation to refine the search. Results show that survival and skeletal deformity rates were similar in fathead minnows reared in dechlorinated tap water with or without extracts from both sites on the Willamette River.
The ability of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid to alter the teratogenicity of the organophosphate dicrotophos was examined in chicken embryos. In spite of its antagonism to acetylcholine at the nicotinic acetylcholine-regulated receptors, imidacloprid, when applied together with dicrotophos, did not affect the teratogenicity of dicrotophos in chicken embryos.

Inorganics
Vegetable production practices combining copper-based pesticides with polyethylene mulch create conditions for highly toxic runoff emissions to surface waters. Copper hydroxide is a widely used fungicide-bactericide approved for both organic and conventional agricultural production of vegetable crops for control of diseases, but some aquatic biota are extremely sensitive to low concentrations of copper. The use of polyethylene (PE) mulch in organic and traditional vegetable production is gaining popularity because it decreases pesticide use and warms the soil, allowing for earlier crop planting, but the use of PE mulch also increases runoff volume and soil erosion. The results of two field studies indicated that the addition of vegetative furrows between the raised, PE-covered beds or the replacement of PE mulch with vegetative residue mulch reduced copper loads in runoff by 72 and 88%, respectively, while maintaining harvest yields. Use of these alternative management practices could reduce surface water concentrations in nearby streams to levels near or below current EPA guidelines to protect aquatic life.
The production of perchlorate from oxidation of chloride in the presence of nitrate and/or titanium dioxide on dry surfaces was demonstrated in a series of experiments. We are seeking to determine if desert soils can photochemically catalyze the production of perchlorate. This process, if found on soils, can account for the observation of perchlorate in surface and groundwater in regions of the Southwestern U.S. that are remote from industrial sources of perchlorate. In addition, we have observed perchlorate in several desert soils, albeit at low concentrations.
Arsenic is both a naturally-occurring and anthropometrically-generated contaminant of surface waters throughout the world. There is tremendous interest in the impact of sub-lethal exposure to arsenic in humans, animals and plants. We are interested in determining the impact of exposure to arsenic and various other contaminants on non-target organisms, and in particular, migratory birds. Results demonstrated that environmentally relevant levels of arsenic can have a biological impact on migratory birds by affecting their ability to migrate. Preliminary results suggest that sub-lethal, environmentally relevant arsenic exposures may present some lasting reproductive and developmental effects on these birds, which could impact the viability/survival of the species.

Kwon, J.W., K. L. Armbrust and T. Grey. (2004). Hydrolysis and Photolysis of Flumioxazin. J. Pest Management Science. 60: 000-000 (in press).
Overmyer, J.P., R. Noblet and K.L. Armbrust. (2003). Susceptibility of Black Fly Larvae (Diptera:Simuliidae) To Lawn-Care Insecticides Individually and as Mixtures". Environmental Toxicology and Chem. 22:1582-1588
Armbrust, K.L. and H. Peeler. (2002). Effects of Formulation on the Runoff of Imidacloprid from Turf by Simulated Rainfall. Pest Management Science 58:702-706.
Aust, S.D., P.R. Swaner, and J.D. Stahl (2003) ?Detoxification and metabolism of Chemicals by White-Rot Fungi?, in Pesticide Decontamination and Detoxification, (Gan, J.J., P.C. Zhu, S.D. Aust, and A.T. Lemley. Ed.) ACS Symposium Series 863, pp 3-14, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
Christensen, A., N. Dimcheva, E.E. Ferapontova, D. Haltrich, T. Ruzgas, S. Shleev, L. Stoica, S.D. Aust, R.H.F. Thornleley, A.I. Yaropoloc, and L. Gorton (In Press) ?Direct electron transfer between ligninolytic redox and electrodes?, in Electroanalysis.
Rice, P.J.; Harman-Fetcho, J.A.; Teasdale, J.R.; Sadeghi, A.M.; McConnell, L.L.; Coffman, C.B.; Herbert, R.R.; Heighton, L.P.; Hapeman, C.J. Use of vegetative furrows to mitigate copper loads and soil erosion with runoff from polyethylene (plastic) mulch vegetable production. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2004, 23, 719-725.
Pierpoint, A.C.; Hapeman, C.J.; Torrents, A. Ozone treatment of soil contaminated with aniline, trifluralin and other contaminants Chemosphere 2003, 50(8), 1025-1034.
Jayasundera, S.; Schmidt, W.F.; Hapeman, C.J.; Torrents, A. Examination of molecular interaction sites of acetanilides with organic matter surrogates using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51(13), 3829-3835.
Hapeman, C.J., McConnell, L.L., Rice, C.P., Sadeghi, A.M., Schmidt, W.F., McCarty, G.W., Starr, J.L., Rice, P.J., Angier, J.T., Harman-Fetcho, J.A. Current United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Research on Understanding Agrochemical Fate and Transport to Prevent and Mitigate Adverse Environmental Impacts. Pest Management Sci. 2003, 50, 681-690.
Rice, P.J., Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Heighton, L.P., McConnell, L.L., Sadeghi, A.M., Hapeman, C.J. Environmental Fate and Ecological Impact of Copper Hydroxide. Use of Management Practices to Reduce the Transport of Copper Hydroxide in Runoff from Vegetable Production. Submitted to Certified Organic and Biologically Derived Pesticides: Environmental, Health, and Efficacy Assessment. A. Felsot, ed.; ACS Symposium Series No. xx, Washington, DC.
Rice, P.J., Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Sadeghi, A.M., McConnell, L.L., Coffman, C.B., Teasdale, J.R., Abdul-Baki, A., Isensee, A.R., Starr, J.L., McCarty, G.W., Heighton, L.P., Hapeman, C.J. Comparison of vegetable production management practices in reducing environmental impacts. Submitted J. Agric. Food Chem.
Durham, S. Plastic Mulch: Harmful or Helpful? Agricultural Research. 2003, 51(7), 14-16.
Hebert VR, Tomaszewska E, Brunner J, Jones V, and M Doerr. Evaluating the efficacy of field managed pheromone control devices. Submitted, ed..A Felsot, ACS Symposiun Book Series
Hebert VR, Understanding the tropospheric transport and fate of semivolatile pest management chemicals. Proceeding of the 3rd Pan Pacific Conference on Pesticide Science, Honolulu, HA. In Press, ed. JM Clark, ACS Symposium Book Series.

Hebert VR and GC Miller. Understanding the tropospheric fate of agricultural pesticides, in Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, ed. G. Ware, Vol. 181 (2004).
Hebert VR, Middleton JR, Tomaszewska E, and LK Fox. Methodology for Quantifying Residues of Chlorhexidine in Raw Dairy Milk J. Agric. Food Chem.; 51(3); 567-570 (2003).
Tomaszewka E and VR Hebert. Method for the determination of O,S-dimethyl thiophosphorate in urine. J.Agric. Food Chem. 51 6103-6109 (2003).
Middleton JR, VR Hebert, LK Fox, E Tomaszewska, J Lakritz. Disposition of chlorhexidine in milk following intramammary infusion to therapeutically cease lactation in mastitic mammary quarters. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 222 (12) 1746-1749 (2003).
Tomaszewska E. and V.R. Hebert. Year 2003 evaluation of release rates from field-aged dispensers by volatile trapping. Tree Fruit Research and Extension Report No. FEQL-NG-0203. 47 pp (2004).
LePage, J. and V.R. Hebert. Quantitation of acephate exposure to children of farm families from field applications on tobacco. Oregon Health Sciences University Analytical Summary Report FEQL 1202. 55 pp. (2004).
Hebert, V, Brunner J, Jones V, Doeer M. Evaluation of mating disruption products by high-volume air sampling techniques with GC/MS. Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission Final Report 5 pp. (2003).
Tomaszewska, E. and V.R. Hebert. Quantitation of spray drift and human exposure from field applications of Monitor? on potatoes. University of Washington Analytical Summary Report FEQL 1202. 45 pp. (2003).
Hebert, VR, J Brunner, V Jones, M Doerr, and E Tomaszewska. Pheromone mating disruption: Assessment of commercial dispenser release systems. 227th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Anaheim CA, March 2004
Buchwalter, D.B. J. J. Jenkins, and L. R. Curtis. 2003. Temperature Influences on Water Permeability and Chlorpyrifos Uptake in Aquatic Insects with Differing Respiratory Strategies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Vol. 22, No. 11, pp. 2806?2812.
Buchwalter, D.B., J.F. Sandahl, J.J. Jenkins, L.R. Curtis. 2004. Roles of uptake, biotransformation, and target site sensitivity in determining the differential toxicity of chlorpyrifos to second to fourth instar Chironomous riparius (Meigen). Aquatic Toxicol. 66:149-157.
Sandahl, J. F., D. H. Baldwin, J. J. Jenkins, N. L. Scholz. 2004. Odor-evoked field potentials as indicators of sublethal neurotoxicity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to common current-use pesticides. Accepted for publication in Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci.
Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Bromocil: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet.
Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Chlorsulfuron: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet.
Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Clorpyralid: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet.
Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Diuron: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet.
Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Fosamine: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet.
Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Diclobenil: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet.
Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Glyphosate: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet.
Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Metsulfuron methyl: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet.
Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Oryzalin: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet.
Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Picloram: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet.
Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Sulfmeturon methyl: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet.
Jenkins, J. J. 2003. Environmental Monitoring of Chlorpyrifos and Azinphos-methyl Dissolved Residues in Hood River Tributaries 2002-2004. Final Report to the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board.
Curtis, L., K. Anderson, J. Jenkins, M. Kent, D. Markle. 2003. Environmental Stresses and Fish Deformities in the Willamette River. Report to the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board.
Jenkins, J. J., P. Jepson, K. Vache, J. Bolte. 2004. Watershed-based Ecological Risk Assessment of Pesticide Use in Western Oregon: A Conceptual Model. Report to the Oregon Department of Agriculture and USEPA Region 10.
Scherer, E., Q. Wang, A.G. Hay, and A.T. Lemley. The binary treatment of aqueous metribuzin using anodic Fenton treatment and biodegradation. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (in press).
Wang, Q., E. Scherer, and A.T. Lemley. Metribuzin Degradation by Membrane Anodic Fenton Treatment and Its Interaction with Ferric Ion. Env. Sci and Toxicol. 38:1221-1227 (2004).
Lemley, A. T., Q. Wang, and D.A. Saltmiras. Anodic Fenton degradation of pesticides. In Pesticide Decontamination and Detoxification, eds, J.J. Gan, P.C. Zhu, S.D. Aust, A.T., Lemley, ACS Symposium Series 863:65-83 (2003).
Wang, Q. and A.T. Lemley. Competitive degradation and detoxification of carbamate insecticides by membrane anodic Fenton treatment. J. Ag. Food Chem., 51(18):5382-5390 (2003).
Kline, A.A., A.J. Landers, A. Hedge, A. Lemley, S.K. Obendorf, and T. Dokuchayeva. Pesticide exposure levels on surfaces within sprayer cabs. App. Eng. In Agric.,19(4):397-404 (2003).
Muscarella, D. E., K.A. O?Brien, A.T. Lemley, S.E. Bloom. Reversal of Bcl-2 mediated resistance of the EW36 human B-cell lymphoma cell line to arsenite and pesticide-induced apoptosis by PK11195, a ligand of the mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor. Toxicological Sci., 74:66-73, (2003).
Delanoy, G.; Li, Q.X.; Yu, J. 2004. Activity and stability of laccase conjugated with chitosan biopolymers of different molecular mass. Enzy. & Microb. Technol. Submitted.
Hou, S.; Saw, J.; Lee, K.S.; Freitas, T.A.; Belisle, C.; Kawarabayasi, Y.; Donachie, S.P.; Galiperin, M.Y.; Koonin, E.V.; Makarova, K.S.; Omelchenko, M.V.; Sorokin, A.; Wolf, Y.I.; Li, Q.X.; Keum, Y.S.; Campbell, S.; Denery, J.; Aizawa, S.-I.; Shibata, S.; Malahoff, A.; Alam, M. 2004. Idiomarina Ioihiensis, a novel ?-Proteobacterium from an Hawaiian deep-sea volcano, derives carbon and energy from amino acid fermentation: Merging genome with deep-sea physiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Submitted.
Liu S.-Z.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photolysis of spinosyns in seawater and various aqueous solutions. Chemosphere. In press.
Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Quick analysis of fipronil and its metabolites in gauze and soil samples. In: ?.; M. Akamatsu and T. Hoshino (Eds). ACS Symposium Series xxx, Washington, DC. In press.
McQuate, G.T.; Keum, Y.S.; Sylvia, C.D.; Li, Q.X.; Jang, E.B. 2004. Active ingredients in cade oil which syngergize the attraction of ?-ionol to male Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. In press.
Paquin, D.; Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. Phytoremediation in sub-tropical Hawaii? a review of over 100 plant species. 2004. Remediation. 14(2): 127-139.
Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photolysis of octachloronaphthalene in hexane. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 72(5): In press.
Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Fungal laccase-catalyzed degradation of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere. 56(1): 23-30.
Kim, H.-J.; Shelver, W.L.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the insecticide imidacloprid. Anal. Chim. acta. 509(1): 111-118.
Chang, C.L.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Effects of dietary niacin and other vitamins on larval development of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera:Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. In press.
Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Copper dissociation as a mechanism of fungal laccase denaturation by humic acid. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. In press.
Denery J.; Dragull, K.; Tang, C.S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Pressurized fluid extraction of kavalactones from Piper Methysticum root. Anal. Chim. Acta. 501(2): 175-181.
Liu, S.-Z.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photoaffinity probe candidates for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA)?gated chloride channel. Chinese Chemical Letters. In press.
Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Reduction of nitroaromatic pesticides with zero-valent iron. Chemosphere 54(3): 255-263.
Campbell, S.; David, M.D.; Woodward, L.; Li, Q.X. 2003. Persistence of carbofuran in marine sand and water. Chemosphere 54(8): 1155-1161.
Guo, M., S. R. Yates, W. Zheng, and S. K. Papiernik. 2003. Leaching potential of persistent soil fumigant residues. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:5181-5185.
Zheng, W., S.K. Papiernik, M. Guo, and S.R. Yates. 2004. Remediation of methyl iodide in aqueous solution and soils amended with thiourea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:1188-1194.
Guo, M., S. K. Papiernik, W. Zheng, and S. R. Yates. 2004. Effects of environmental factors on 1,3-dichloropropene hydrolysis in water and soil. J. Environ. Qual. 33:612-618.
Zheng, W., S. R. Yates, M. Guo, S. K. Papiernik, and J. -H. Kim. 2004. Transformation of chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene by metam sodium in a combined application of fumigants. Agric. Food Chem. 52:3002-3009.
Papiernik, S. K., C. M. Grieve, and S. R. Yates. 2004. Effects of salinity, imazethapyr, and chlorimuron application on soybean (Glycine max) growth and yield. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. Accepted March 26, 2004.
Papiernik, S. K., S. R. Yates, R. S. Dungan, S. M. Lesch, W. Zheng, and M. Guo. 2004. Effect of surface tarp on emission and distribution of drip-applied fumigants. Environ. Sci. Technol. Accepted May, 2004.
JM Brasel, R. Cooper and CA Pritsos, ?Effects of acute, sub-lethal sodium arsenate exposure on migratory bird models: Mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and time of flight.? Society of Toxicology, Annual Meeting, Baltimore MD, March 21-25, 2004.
Seifert J. and Stolberg, J. (2004). Antagonism of a neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid at neuromuscular receptors, Env. Tox. Pharmacol. (submitted)
Seifert J. (2004) Neonicotinoids (a review). Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd edition, Elsevier (accepted)
Seifert J. (2004) Nithiazine (a review), Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd edition, Elsevier (accepted)
Gibbs, L. A. and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Seasonal variation of picloram metabolism in broom and threadleaf snakeweed populations in a common garden. Weed Sci. 54:206-212.
Sabba, R. P., I. M. Ray, N. Lownds, and T. M. Sterling. 2003. Inheritance of resistance to clopyralid and picloram in yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) is controlled by a single nuclear recessive gene. J. Heredity 94(6):523-527.
Ratnayaka, H. H., W. T. Molin and T. M. Sterling. 2003. Physiological and antioxidant responses of cotton and spurred anoda under interference and mild drought. J. Exper. Bot. 54:2293-2305.
Sterling and Namuth (2004) Auxinic Herbicide Mechanism(s) of Action - Part 1 ? Introduction (http://citnews.unl.edu/croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=1022008824) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. (in press)
Sterling and Namuth (2004) Auxinic Herbicide Mechanism(s) of Action - Part 2 ? Advanced (http://citnews.unl.edu/croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=998688536) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. (in press)
Sterling, Nissen and Namuth (2004) Metabolism of Herbicides or Xenobiotics in Plants (http://croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=1016741032) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. (in review)
Arrieta, D.E, Nihart, V.M., Henderson J.D, McCurdy S.A., Reitstetter R, Lefkowitz L J, and Wilson BW, Comparison of Delta pH and Ellman colorimetric cholinesterase assays, Proceedings, Bioscience (2004), In Press
Wilson, BW, Henderson JD, Arrieta DE and O?Malley MA. Meeting Requirements of the California Cholinesterase Monitoring Program. International Journal of Toxicology. (2004) In Press.
Wilson, BW Cholinesterase Inhibition in Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd Edition, C. Pope Editor, In Press
Joyce, B, Wallender WW, Angermann TE, Wilson BW, Werner I, Oliver, MN, Zalom FG, and Henderson JD. 2004 Diazinon Runoff from Orchards using Infiltration Enhancement and Soil Water Management, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, In Press
Werner, I.; Deanovic, L. A.; Hinton, D. E.; Henderson, J. D.; de Oliveira, G. H.; Wilson, B. W.; Krueger, W.; Wallender, W. W.; Oliver, M. N.; Zalom, F. G. Toxicity of stormwater runoff after dormant spray application of diazinon and esfenvalerate (Asana) in a French prune orchard, Glenn County, California, USA. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2002), 68(1), 29-36.
Wilson, Barry W.; Henderson, John D.; Ramirez, Al; O‘‘Malley, Michael A. Standardization of clinical cholinesterase measurements. International Journal of Toxicology (2002), 21(5), 385-388.
Oliveria, Georgino H.; Henderson, John D.; Wilson, Barry W. Cholinesterase measurements with an automated kit. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (2002), (Suppl. 2), 49-53. CODEN: AJIMD8 ISSN:0271-3586.
Wilson, Barry W.; Henderson, John D.; Coatney, Ellen M.; Nieberg, Pamela S.; Spencer, Peter S. Actions of pyridostigmine and organophosphate agents on chick cells, mice, and chickens. Drug and Chemical Toxicology (2002), 25(2), 131-139.

Abstracts
Armbrust, K.L. and MC Black. (2004). The Impact of Lawn Care Practices on Aquatic Ecosystems in Suburban Watersheds. EPA Science Forum; Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Washington D.C. June 1- 3, 2004.
Black, MC and K.L. Armbrust. (2004). The Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Ecotoxicity of Prozac®, Paxil®, Zoloft®, Celexa®, and Luvox® in Aquatic Environments. To be presented at the 2004 EPA Science Forum, Washington D.C. June 1- 3, 2004.
Overmeyer, J.L., R. Noblet, and K.L. Armbrust, (2003). Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assessments of Suburban Streams Receiving Lawn-Care Chemical Input, Presented before the 24rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Austin, TX. November 8-13, 2003.
Armbrust, K.L. and S. Schwede-Thomas. (2003). Occurrence of Lawn-Care Pesticides in Suburban Watersheds. Presented before the 226th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Agrochemicals, New York City, NY. September 7-11th, 2003.
Armbrust, K.L. (2003). Persistence of turf pesticides applied to golf course greens and fairways. Presented before the 225th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Agrochemicals, New Orleans, LA. March 23-27th, 2003.
Brewer,B.N., W.E. Holmes, K.L. Armbrust, K.T. Mead. (2003) Automated determination of avermectins in complex environmental matrices. Presented before the 225th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Agrochemicals, New Orleans, LA. March 23-27th, 2003.
Ingram, R., K.L. Armbrust, J.H. Jarratt and K. Davis (2002). Dissipation of Termitacides Under Simulated Conventional and Monolithic Slab Foundations. Presented before the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Salt Lake City, UT. November 16-20, 2002.
Conners, D.E, K.L. Armbrust,, L. Shuman, and M.C. Black. Effects of lawn care chemicals on oxidative stress in clams from streams during wet and dry seasons. Presented before the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Salt Lake City, UT. November 16-20, 2002.
Kwon, J-W, K.L. Armbrust, and T. Grey (2002). Hydrolysis and Photolysis of Flumioxazin in Aqueous Solutions. Presented before the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Salt Lake City, UT. November 16-20, 2002.
Hapeman, C. J. Fetcho, J. A. McConnell, L. L. Potter, T. L. Rice C. P. Agrochemical Inputs to South Florida Canals and Biscayne Bay. Proc. Amer. Chem. Soc., 2003, AGRO Division Abstr. 31.
Rice, P.J.; Hapeman, C.J.; Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Heighton-Davies, L.P.; McConnell, L.L.; Sadeghi, A.M. Environmental fate and ecological impact of copper hydroxide. 2003, Proc. Amer. Chem. Soc. AGRO Abstr. 74.
Denery, J.R.; Cooney, M.J.; Li, Q.X. Metabolite profiling of Streptomyces tenjimariensis in relation to secondary metabolite production. ASM annual symposium. April 30-May 3, 2004. Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Campbell, S.; Ogoshi, R.; Uehara, G.; Li, Q.X. Greenhouse study of explosives remediation using native Hawaiian plants. 227th ACS national meeting. March 28- April 1, 2004. Anaheim, California, USA.
Huelck, K.; Li, Q.X. Pollution of the Pacific Ocean by organochlorines. Alaska SeaLife Center Research Colloquium. October 27-29, 2003. Seward, Alaska.
Atkinson, S.; Hong, S.M.; Campbell, S.; Myers, M.; Springer, A.; Li, Q.X. Organochlorine contaminants in tissues from two subarctic pinnipeds. Biennial conference on the biology of marine mammals. 12, 2003. North Carolina.
Kim, H.-J.; Shelver, W.L.; Li, Q.X. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the insecticide imidacloprid based on a monoclonal antibody. The VIIth International Conference on Agri-Food Antibodies, Sweden, Uppsala. September 10-13, 2003.
Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. Quick analysis of fipronil and its metabolites in gauze and soil samples. 3rd Pan-Pacific Conference on Pesticide Science. June 1-4, 2003. Honolulu, HI.
Caccamise, S.A.L.; Wu, L.; Woodward, L.A.; Li, Q.X. Quantitation and distribution of individual polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the black-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) from Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. 51st ASMS Conference. Montreal, Quebec. June 8-12, 2003.
Irikura, B.; Pugh, R.K.; Denery, J.; Taite, M.; Busto, J.; Li, Q.X.; Kumagai, M. Evidence of phytoremediation: Comparative gene expression in a plant?s response to pyrene. Amer. Soc. of Plant Biol. Ann. Conf. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. July 26-30, 2003.
Zheng, W., S. R. Yates, M. Guo, and S. K. Papiernik. Construction of a surface reactive barrier to reduce soil fumigant emissions. 226th American Chemical Society National Meeting, New York, NY, September 7-11, 2003. Paper AGRO 2.
Zheng, W., S. R. Yates, S. K. Papiernik, and M. Guo. Influence of combined application of fumigants on their transformation and persistence in the environment. 227th American Chemical Society National Meeting, Anaheim, CA, March 28-April 1, 2004. Paper AGRO 25.
Effects of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid on chicken embryo and frog embryonic muscle cells, 226th ACS National Meeting, Division of Agrochemicals, New York 2003
Branum, K. S., and T. M. Sterling. Nitrogen response of picloram-resistant yellow starthistle. 2004. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 57:13.
Vallotton, A. D., L. A. Gibbs, L. B. Abbott, and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Uptake and translocation of herbicides in African rue under water stress. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 57:2.
Namuth, D. M., S. J. Nissen, T. M. Sterling, S. M. Fritz, I. Hernandez-Rios, A. Martin, B. Kappler, C. Mallory-Smith, J. A. Dille. 2004. Creation of peer-reviewed online herbicide modes of action lessons and animations for public education. WSSA Abstracts 44:85.
Sterling, T. M. and D. C. Thompson. 2003. Implications of invasive plant variation for weed management. Invited. Invasive Plants in Natural and Managed Systems: Linking Science and Management and 7th International Conference on the Ecology and Management of Alien Plant Invasion, p.85.
Dyer, W. and T. M. Sterling. 2003. Selection and compressed evolution in agroecosystems. Invasive Plants in Natural and Managed Systems: Linking Science and Management and 7th International Conference on the Ecology and Management of Alien Plant Invasion, p. 26.