Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

see NIMSS site for minutes in the 2007 SAES-422

Introduction: This project brings together scientists from various disciplines to holistically address the environmental issues and concerns facing the livestock and poultry industry in North America. Our approach involves by necessity a large and diverse group representing most of the ecosystems and animal husbandry systems of the United States; we have found working in this community of professionals to be stimulating and productive toward the stated objectives of the project. We have also affirmed that the four main objectives of the project, which to the casual observer may appear disparate, are so interrelated in practice that the experimental work being carried out in any of the areas naturally connects into one or more of the other areas. That intertwining of sub-systems has led us to propose a more bold approach in a succeeding project, S-1032, of inviting participation by economists, ecologists and others to assist us in developing a new way of describing the functions and interactions of livestock and poultry production within the broader context of the environment. These are the objectives proposed at the beginning of the project in 2001 (see the list of specific tasks at http://www.ag.auburn.edu/aaes/s1000/objectv.htm : " Objective 1. Develop management tools, strategies and systems for land application of animal manures and effluents that optimize efficient, environmentally friendly utilization of nutrients and are compatible with sustained land and water quality " Objective 2. Develop, evaluate, and refine physical, chemical and biological treatment processes in engineered and natural systems for management of manures and other wastes. " Objective 3. Develop methodology, technology, and management practices to reduce odors, gases, airborne microflora, particulate matter, and other airborne emissions from animal production systems. " Objective 4. Develop and evaluate feeding systems for their potential to alter the excretion of environmentally-sensitive nutrients by livestock. These milestones were proposed early in the project: As models of various processes are developed, they will be shared with the project participants and the administrative advisor for the purpose of fine-tuning the projects short term goals. Analytical and economic descriptions of systems -- land application, manure treatment, odor control, and nutrition -- will be an important part of evaluating progress. Accomplishments and impacts: (see a more complete list of accomplishments and impact statements at the annual reports site in NIMSS) Members of the project demonstrated substantial scientific progress toward each of the four main objectives during the term of the project. In all the following examples, states cooperated by sharing research capabilities, sharing data, and building on success during the period of the project. Most of the research activities were multi-year and some are still going on at the time of this writing. Project members explored many creative approaches to enhance performance of established components of livestock management systems or existing technologies. Some of the approaches showed considerable success, while others led to improved understanding of biological, chemical, and physical processes. Examples: Project scientists designed and demonstrated dairy wastewater treatment systems that can clean wastewater to the point of being re-usable in the dairy facility. Such systems combine, in an innovative package, refined versions of known technologies such as anaerobic digestion, nitrification and denitrification. Improved vegetative and aquatic systems were developed that polish wastewater to remove nutrients and sequester nutrients in a harvestable crop. New technologies were developed. Examples: A newly isolated treatment bacterium for removing ammonia from livestock wastewater promises to reduce wastewater treatment costs for farms and make advanced systems feasible that can discharge or reuse water. Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced at the same time. A continuous thermochemical conversion process for making crude oil product from animal wastes and other agricultural by-products is nearing commercialization. Using black soldier flies to digest manure and produce a valuable animal feed can also reduce swine manure odor. Project members investigated emerging areas of environmental concerns. Examples: Project members investigated antibiotic resistant organisms in manure and wastewater, and the fate of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceutical products in water running off manure land application sites. Three commonly used dairy manure management strategies were simulated to determine the persistence of several classes of pathogens. Mycobacyterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis, E. Coli 0157:H7, Listeria mollocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. were monitored through a series of laboratory experiments to determine the effects of high temperature composting treatment compared to low temperature solid and liquid manure storages. Results can be used to design treatment strategies for manure that will be used in pathogen-sensitive environments such as vegetable production or residential gardening. Some of the more significant impacts were development of new standards. Examples: " manure production and characteristics, revision of an old ASAE standard that was outdated and not very useful, to a new version that is enjoying rapid adoption by livestock industries " a universal methane productivity equation to make it easier to develop methane digestion systems for systems housing any livestock species " air emissions measurement, which allow scientists across the country to speak the same language and collect similar kinds of data on livestock system emissions New models were developed for predicting interactions between livestock production facilities and the environment. Examples: A number of odor footprint estimators, built on models used by EPA to predict transport of pollutants from point sources, were developed and validated. These new tools will help livestock industry and community planning representatives decide where to allow siting of new livestock facilities, so that odor and other nuisance-related conflicts between producers and communities can be minimized. Odors and hydrogen sulfide emissions from large dairy manure storage ponds were observed and the atmospheric conditions delineated that cause the most nuisance downwind from the facilities, thus providing a tool for producers to use in planning their mitigation efforts based on conditions. Extension programs made widespread use of S-1000 findings to inform producers, community planners, and agencies about latest technologies and management practices. Examples: Project members authored most of the chapters in, and reviewed and pilot tested all of, the Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship national curriculum (see www.lpes.org ). The LPES curriculum became a widely recognized text defining the current state of the art of livestock manure management and odor control technologies. Various states use the LPES curriculum in Extension training environments. In many states, science-based information resulting from the S-1000 project was shared to help community members better understand the actual environmental impacts of livestock production. Dialogue within the community among citizens, environmentalists and livestock producers was initiated  a critical step in acceptance of farming practices. The project (now S-1032) is at a crucial turning point, during which the members will be expected to coalesce the knowledge of components into a systems approach. Such an approach will assist engineers, planners, educators, policymakers and others in deciding the wide-ranging effects of implementing specific technologies and management protocols. Examples: Compared to the beginning of the project, scientists associated with S-1000 have learned a lot more than they knew then about modifying livestock diets to reduce excretions of environmentally sensitive nutrients. Project members have shown that feeding swine and poultry low-phytase corn and soybeans, plus including synthetic phytase in the diets, can reduce phosphorus excretion by more than 50%. Animal performance is not decreased. This is an incredible impact, a substantial removal of potentially polluting phosphorus from the environment. We do not know the system-wide extent of such a change in livestock diets, however. We need a way to quantify all the implications of reducing the use of mined phosphate in those diets, from the supplier all the way to the watershed level. A variety of management practices for beef feedyards have been explored and refined by S-1000 participating scientists. However, the investigators are quick to point out that the air-emissions mitigation practices may affect water quality and other environmental factors. The system effects  the ecological footprint  of feedyard production should be examined to obtain the best overall outcomes and to equip planners with better decision tools.

Refereed journal articles Elwell, D.L., H.M. Keener, M.C. Wiles, D.C. Borger, and L.B. Willett. 2001. Odorous emissions and odor control in composting swine manure/sawdust mixes using continuous and intermittent aeration. Transactions of the ASAE 44(5): 1307-1316. Guo, H., L.D. Jacobson, D.R. Schmidt, and R.E. Nicolai. 2001. Calibrating INPUFF-2 model by resident-receptors for long-distance odor dispersion from animal feedlots. Appl. Engr. in Agr. 17(6): 859-868. Keener, H.M., D.L. Elwell K. Ekinci and H.A.J. Hointink. 2001. Composting and value-added utilization of manure from a High-RiseTM swine finishing facility. Compost Sci. Util 9(4): 312-321. Keener, H.M., D.L. Elwell, T. Menke, and R. Stowell. 2001. Design and performance of a high-rise hog facility manure drying bed. Appl. Engr. in Agr. 17(5): xxxx Sanderson, M.A., R.M. Jones, M.J.McFarland, J. Stroup, R.L. Reed, and J.P Muir. 2001. Nutrient movement and removal in a switchgrass biomass-filter strip system treated with dairy manure. J. Environ. Qual. 30:210-216. Traylor, S.L., G.L. Cromwell, M.D. Lindemann, and D.A. Knabe. 2001. Effects of level of supplemental phytase on ileal digestibility of amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus in dehulled soybean meal for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 2634-2642. Wiles, M.C., D.L. Elwell, H.M. Keener, J.C. Amburgey, D.C. Borger, and L.B. Willett. 2001. Volatile fatty acid emissions during composting of swine waste amended with sawdust as a measure of odor potential. Compost Sci. Util 9(1): 27-37. Angel, R., N.M. Tamim, T.J. Applegate, A.S. Dhandu, and L.E. Ellestad. 2002. Phytic acid chemistry: Influence on phytin-phosphorus availability and phytase efficacy. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 11: 471-480. Cheng, J. and B. Liu. 2002. Swine wastewater treatment in anaerobic digesters with floating medium. Transactions of the ASAE 45(3): 799-805. Cheng, J., B.A. Bergmann, J.J. Classen, A.M. Stomp, and J.W. Howard. 2002. Nutrient recovery from swine lagoon water by Spirodela punctata. Bioresource Technology 81(1): 81-85. De Visscher, A., L. A. Harper, P. W. Westerman, Z. Liang, J. Arogo, R. R. Sharpe, and O. Van Cleemput. 2002. Ammonia emissions from anaerobic swine lagoons: Model development. J. Applied Meteorology 41:426-433. Ekinci, K., H.M. Keener and D.L. Elwell. 2002. Composting short paper fiber with broiler litter and additives. II. Evaluation and optimization of decomposition rate versus mixing ratio. Compost Sci. Util 10(1):16-28. Elwell, D.L. J.-H. Hong and H.M. Keener. 2002. Composting hog manure/sawdust mixtures using intermittent and continuous aeration. Ammonia emissions. Compost Sci. Util 10(2):142-149. Evers, G.W. 2002. Ryegrass-bermudagrass production and nutrient uptake when combining nitrogen fertilizer with broiler litter. Agron. J. 94: 905-910. Gaudreau, J.E., D.M. Vietor, R.H. White, T.L. Provin, and C.L. Munster. 2002. Response of turf and quality of water runoff to manure and fertilizer. J. Environ. Qual. 31: 1316-1322. Gralapp, A.K., W.J. Powers, M.A. Faust, and D.S. Bundy. 2002. Effects of dietary ingredients on manure characteristics and odorous emissions from swine. J. Anim. Sci. 80(6): 1512-1519. Hill, V.R., A. Kantardjieff, M.D. Sobsey, and P.W. Westerman. 2002. Reduction of enteric microbes in flushed swine wastewater treated by a biological aerated filter and UV radiation. Water Environ. Res. 74(1): 91-99. Keener, H.M., D.L. Elwell and D. Grande. 2002. NH3 emissions and N-balances for 1.6 million caged layer facility: manure belt/composting system vs deep pit operation. Transactions of ASAE 45(6): 1977-1984. Li, X. and R.H. Zhang. 2002. Aerobic treatment of dairy wastewater with sequencing batch reactor systems. Bioprocess and Biosystem Engineering 25: 103-109. Liang, Z.S., P.W. Westerman and J. Arogo. 2002. Modeling ammonia emission from swine anaerobic lagoons. Transactions of the ASAE 45(3): 787-798. Sherlock, R.R., S.G. Sommer, R.Z. Khan, C.W. Wood, E.A. Guertal, J.R. Freney, C.O. Dawson, and K.C. Cameron. 2002. Emission of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane from pig slurry applied to a pasture in New Zealand. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1491-1501. Sun, H., R.R. Stowell, H.M. Keener, and F.C. Michel Jr. 2002a. Two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model of air velocity and ammonia distribution in a High-Rise" Hog Building. Transactions of ASAE 45(6): 1559-1568. Tan, Z.C. and Y. Zhang. 2002. Advances in centrifugal separators for particulate matter control from stationary sources. J. Thermal Science 11(3): 283-288. Thompson, R.B. and J.J. Meisinger. 2002. Management factors affecting ammonia volatilization from land-applied cattle slurry in the Mid-Atlantic US. J. Environ. Quality 31: 1329-1338. Van Kempem, T.A.T.G., W.J. Powers and A. Sutton. 2002. Technical note: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as an optical nose for predicting odor sensation. J. Anim. Sci. 80(6): 1524-1527. Vietor, D.M., E.N. Griffith, R.H. White, T.L. Provin, J.P. Muir, and J.C. Read. 2002. Export of manure phosphorus and nitrogen in turfgrass sod. J. Environ. Qual. 31: 1731-1738. Wang, E., W.L. Harman, J.R. Williams, and J.M. Sweeten. 2002. Profitability and nutrient losses of alternative manure application strategies with conservation tillage. J. Soil and Water Conservation 57(4): 221-228. Wang, X., Y. Zhang, G.L. Riskowski, and M. Ellis. 2002. Measurement and analysis of dust spatial distribution in a mechanically ventilated swine building. Biosystems Engineering 81(2): 225-236. Westerman, P.W. and J.R. Bicudo. 2002. Application of mixed and aerated pond for nitrification and denitrification of flushed swine manure. Appl. Engr. in Agr. 18(3): 351-358. Al-Dahmani, J.M., P.A. Abbasi, S.A. Miller, and H.A.J. Hoitink. 2003. Suppression of bacterial spot of tomato with foliar sprays of compost extracts under greenhouse and field conditions. Plant Dis. 87: 913-919. Annamalai, K., B.F. Thien and J.M. Sweeten. 2003. Co-Firing of coal and cattle feedlot biomass (FB) fuels, Part II: Performance results from 30 kW (100,000 BTU/Hr) laboratory scale boiler burner. Fuel 82(2003): 1183-1193. Applegate, T.J., B.C. Joern, D.L. Nussbaum-Wagler, and R. Angel. 2003. Water soluble phosphorus in fresh broiler litter is dependent upon phosphorus concentration fed but not on fungal phytase supplementation. Poultry Sci. 82:1024-1029. Applegate, T.J., R. Angel and H.L. Classen. 2003. Effect of dietary calcium, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, and bird strain on small intestinal phytase activity in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 82: 1140-1148. Arogo, J., P.W. Westerman and A. Heber. 2003. A review of ammonia emissions from confined swine feeding operations. Transactions of the ASAE 46(3): 805-817. Bicudo, J.R. and S.M. Goyal. 2003. Pathogens and manure management systems - a review. Environmental Technology 24(1): 115-130. Chaiprapat, S., J. Cheng, J.J. Classen, J.J. Ducoste, and S.K. Liehr. 2003. Modeling nitrogen transport in duckweed pond for secondary treatment of swine wastewater. J. Environ. Engr. 129(8): 731-739. Changa, C.M., P.Wang, M.E.Watson, H.A.J. Hoitink, and F.C. Michel Jr. 2003. Assessment of a commercial maturity test kit for composted manures. 2003. Compost Sci. Util. 11:127-145. Dhandu, A.S. and R. Angel. 2003. Broiler non-phytin phosphorus requirement in the finisher and withdrawal phases of a commercial four-phase feeding system. Poult. Sci. 82: 1257-1265. Guo, H., L.D. Jacobson, D.R. Schmidt, and R.E. Nicolai. 2003. Evaluation of the influence of atmospheric conditions on odor dispersion from animal production sites. Transactions of the ASAE 46(2): 461-466. Hubbard, R.K., G.L. Newton and G.J. Gascho. 2003. Nutrient removal by grass components of vegetated buffer systems receiving swine lagoon effluent. J. Soil Water Conserv. 58(5): 232-242. Maguire, R.O., J.T. Sims, J.M. McGrath, and C.R. Angel. 2003. Phytase and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in turkey diets affects phosphorus solubility in manure amended soils. Soil Sci. 168: 421-433. Mukhtar, S, A. Rose, S. Capareda, C. Boriack, R. Lacey, B. Shaw, and C. Parnell Jr. 2003. Assessment of ammonia adsorption onto Teflon and LDPE tubing used in pollutant stream conveyance. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development. Manuscript BC 03 012. V(29): 1-13. Newton, G.L., G.J. Gascho, J.K. Bernard, J.R. Allison, R.K. Hubbard, R.N. Gates, and G. Vellidis. 2003. Managing manure nutrients through multi-crop forage production. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 2243-2252. Otto, E.R., M. Yokoyama, S. Hengemuehle, R.D. von Bernuth, T. van Kempen, and N.L. Trottier. 2003. Ammonia, volatile fatty acids, phenolics and odor offensiveness in manure from growing pigs fed diets reduced in protein concentration. J. Ani. Sci. 81: 1754-1763. Powers, W.J. 2003. Keeping science in environmental regulations: the role of the animal scientist. J. Dairy Science 86(4): 1045-1051. Sun, Y. and Y. Zhang. 2003. Validation of a stereoscopic particle image velocimetry system for full-scale room air flow studies. ASHRAE Transactions 109(2). Sweeten, J.M., K. Annamalai, B.F. Thien, and L.A. McDonald. 2003. Co-firing of coal and cattle feedlot biomass (FB) fuels, Part I: Feedlot biomass (cattle manure) fuel quality and characteristics. Fuel 82(2003): 1167-1182. Tamim, N.M.and R. Angel. 2003. Phytate phosphorus hydrolysis as influenced by dietary calcium and micro-mineral source in broiler diets. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 4687-4693. Tan, Z.C. and Y. Zhang. 2003. An overview of particulate matter in indoor environments: sources and effects. ASHRAE Transactions 109(2). Vellidis G., R. Lowrance, P. Gay, R.W. Hill, and R.K. Hubbard. 2003. Nutrient transport in a restored riparian wetland. J. Environ. Qual 32: 711-726. Yang, P.Y., H.J. Chen and S.J. Kim. 2003. Integrating EMMC process for biological removal of carbon and nitrogen for diluted swine wastewater for agriculture reuse. Bioresouce Technology 86: 245-252. Zhang, Y. 2003. Analysis and validation of particle separation efficiency in a centrifugal field under laminar and perfect mixing conditions. ASHRAE Transactions 109(2). Angel, R., W. Powers and T.J. Applegate. 2004. Air emissions in poultry production: current challenges and future directions. Poultry Sci. 83(Suppl. 1): 123. Applegate, T.J. and R. Angel. 2004. Use of mass balance techniques for nutrient excretion modeling. Poultry. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1): 402-403. Banks, K.M., K.L. Thompson, P. Jaynes, and T.J. Applegate. 2004. The effects of copper on the efficacy of phytase, growth, and phosphorus retention in broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 83: 1335-1341. Banks, K.M., K.L. Thompson, J.K. Rush, and T.J. Applegate. 2004. The effects of copper source on phosphorus retention in broiler chicks and laying hens. Poultry Sci. 83: 990-996. Bicudo, J.R., C.J. Clanton, D.R. Schmidt, L.D. Jacobson, W.J. Powers, and C.L. Tengman. 2004. Geotextile covers to reduce odor and gas emissions from swine manure storage ponds. Appl. Engr. in Agr. 20(1): 65-75. Carey, J. B., R.E. Lacey and S. Mukhtar. 2004. Review of literature concerning odors from broiler production facilities: 2. flock and house management. J. Appl. Poult. Research 13: 509-513. Cheng, J., T.E. Shearin, M.M. Peet, and D.H. Willits. 2004. Utilization of treated swine wastewater for greenhouse tomato production. Water Sci. Technol. 50(2): 77-82. Ekinci, K., H.M. Keener, D.L. Elwell, and F.C. Michel, Jr . 2004a. Effects of aeration strategies on the composting process. Part I - Experimental studies. Transactions of ASAE 47(5): 1697-1708. Ekinci, K., H.M. Keener; F.C. Michel, Jr., and D.L. Elwell. 2004b. Modeling composting rate as a function of temperature and initial moisture content. Compost Sci. Util. 12(4): 356-364. Ekinci, K., H.M. Keener, and Akbolat D. 2004c. Effect of thermocouple location on the optimum composting rate. Biosystems Engineering 89(3): 345-353. Elwell, D.L., D.C. Borger, D.V. Blaho, J.V. Fahrni, H.M. Keener, and L.B. Willett. 2004. Changes in concentrations of malodorous compounds during controlled aeration composting. Compost Sci. Util. 12(2): 102-107. Erickson, M.C., M. Islam, C. Sheppard, J. Liao, and M.P. Doyle. 2004. Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly. J. Food Protection 67:685-690. Funk, T.L., R. Hussey, Y. Zhang, and M. Ellis. 2004. Synthetic covers for emissions control from earthen embanked swine lagoons. Part I: positive pressure lagoon cover. Appl.Engr. in Agr. 20(2): 33-238. Funk, T.L., A. Mutlu, Y. Zhang, and M. Ellis. 2004. Synthetic covers for emissions control from earthen embanked swine lagoons. Part II: negative pressure lagoon cover. Appl. Engr. in Agr. 20(2): 239-242. Green, S., F.C. Michel Jr, Y. Hadar, and D. Minz. 2004. Similarity of bacterial communities in sawdust- and straw-amended cow manure composts. FEMS Microbiology Letters 233(1): 115-123 Guo, H., L.D. Jacobson, D.R. Schmidt, R.E. Nicolai, and K.A. Janni. 2004. Comparison of five models for setback distance determination from livestock sites. Canadian Biosystems Engineering 46: 6.17-6.25. Hanselman, T.A., D.A. Graetz and A.C. Wilkie. 2004. Comparison of three enzyme immunoassays for measuring 17²-estradiol in flushed dairy manure wastewater. J. Environ. Qual. 33(5): 1919-1923. Hinson, R.B., B.E. Hill, M.C. Walsh, D.M. Sholly, S.A. Trapp, J.S. Radcliffe, A.L. Sutton, A.P. Schinckel, and B.T. Richert. 2004. Effect of feeding a low nutrient excretion diet on wean-finish pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, manure composition, and building aerial ammonia. J. Ani. Sci. 82(Suppl 2): 83. (Abstract 222.) Hinson, R.B., D.M. Sholly, M.C. Walsh, B.E. Hill, S.A. Trapp, J.S. Radcliffe, A.L. Sutton, A.P. Schinckel, and B.T. Richert. 2004. Effect of feeding a reduced crude protein and phosphorus diet on grow-finish pig performance, carcass characteristics, manure concentration, and building aerial ammonia. J. Ani. Sci. 82(Suppl 2): 84. (Abstract 224.) Hubbard, R.K., G.J. Gascho and G.L. Newton. 2004. Use of floating vegetation to remove nutrients from swine lagoon wastewater. Transactions of ASAE 47(6): 1963-1972 Hubbard, R.K., G.L. Newton and G. Hill. 2004. Water quality and the grazing animal. J. Ani. Sci. 82(E. Suppl.): E255-E263. Hubbard, R.K., J.M. Sheridan, R. Lowrance, D.D. Bosch, and G. Vellidis. 2004. Fate of nitrogen from agriculture in the southeastern coastal plain. J. Soil Water Conserv. 59(2): 72-86. Kalbasi, M. and K.G. Karthikeyan. 2004. Phosphorus dynamics in soils receiving chemically treated dairy manure. J. Environmental Quality 33: 2296-2305. Lacey, R.E., S. Mukhtar, J.B. Carey, and J.L. Ullman. 2004. Review of literature concerning odors from broiler production facilities: 1. Odor Concentration and Emissions. J. Appl. Poult. Research 13: 500-508. Lilburn, M.S. and T.J. Applegate. 2004. Digestible phosphorus nutrition in broiler breeder pullets and hens. Poultry Sci. 83(Suppl. 1): S30. Maguire, R.O., J.T. Sims, W.W. Saylor, B.L. Turner, R. Angel, and T.J. Applegate. 2004. Influence of phytase addition to poultry diets on phosphorus forms and solubility in litters and amended soils. J. Environ. Qual. 33: 2306-2316. Meyer, D., J.P. Harner, E.E. Tooman, and C. Collar. 2004. Evaluation of weeping wall efficiency of solid liquid separation. Appl. Engr. in Agr. 20: 349-354. Michel Jr., F.C., J.A. Pecchia, J. Rigot, and H.M. Keener. 2004d. Mass and nutrient losses during the composting of dairy manure amended with sawdust or straw. Compost Sci. Util. 12(4): 323-334. Mukhtar, S., J.L. Ullman, B.W. Auvermann, S.E. Feagley, and T.A. Carpenter. 2004. Impact of anaerobic lagoon management on sludge accumulation and nutrient content for dairies. Transactions of ASAE 47(1): 250-257. Mukhtar, S., J.L. Ullman., J.B. Carey, and R.E. Lacey. 2004. A review of literature concerning odors, ammonia and dust from broiler production facilities: 3. Land Application, Processing and Storage of Broiler Litter. J. Appl. Poult. Research 13: 514-520. Pang, Y. and T.J. Applegate. 2004. Effects of copper source and concentration on phytate phosphorus hydrolysis by phytase in vitro. Poultry Sci. 83(Suppl. 1): 107. Panetta, D., W.J. Powers, H. Xin, B.J. Kerr, and J.C. Lorimor. 2004. Nitrogen excretion and ammonia emissions from pigs fed reduced crude protein diets. J. Ani. Sci. 82(Suppl 1): 223. Paul, S., P. K. Haan, M. D. Matlock. S. Mukhtar, and S.D. Pillai. Analysis of the HSPF water quality-parameter uncertainty in predicting peak in-stream fecal coliform concentrations. Transactions of ASAE 47(1): 69-78. Ponce, K.H., M.M. Peet, J. Cheng, C. Harlow, and D.H. Willits. 2004. Assessment of swine waste bioremediation using greenhouse tomatoes. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 633: 415-423. Priyadarsan, S., K. Annamalai, J. Sweeten, S. Mukhtar, and M. Holtzapple. 2004. Fixed bed gasification of feedlot and poultry litter biomass. Transactions of ASAE 47(5): 1689-1696. Rush, J.K., K.M. Banks, K.L. Thompson, and T.J. Applegate. 2004. The effect of supplemental phytase sources on the sparing effect of phosphorus in Pekin ducks. Poultry Sci. 83(Suppl. 1): 399. Sholly, D.M., M.C. Walsh, B.C. Joern, A.L. Sutton, and B.T. Richert. 2004. Effect of swine manure application on winter wheat tissue growth and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content. J. Ani. Sci. 82(Suppl. 1): 37. Sholly, D.M., S.L. Hankins, M.C. Walsh, A.L. Sutton, and B.T. Richert. 2004. Effects of reduced crude protein and fiber supplementation on nitrogen and phosphorus digestibility and manure generation. J. Ani. Sci. 82(Suppl. 1): 457. Sooknah, R.D. and A.C. Wilkie. 2004. Nutrient removal by floating aquatic macrophytes cultured in anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure wastewater. Ecol. Eng. 22(1): 27-42. Timper, P., G.L. Newton, A.W. johnson, and G.J. Gascho. 2004. Nematode densities in year-round forage production systems utilizing manure fertilization. Nematropica 34: 219-227. Trask, J.R., P.K Kalita, M.S. Kuhlenschmidt, R.D. Smith, and T.L. Funk. 2004. Overland and near-surface transport of Cryptosporidium parvum from vegetated and nonvegetated surfaces. J. Environ. Qual. 33: 984:993. Ullman, J.L., S. Mukhtar, R.E. Lacey, and J.B. Carey. 2004. A review of literature concerning odors, ammonia and dust from broiler production facilities: 4. Remedial Management Practices. J. Appl. Poult. Research 13: 521-531. 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