Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

For a more complete summary of meeting minutes, visit: http://ncr101.montana.edu/minutes/NCR-101_2006_meeting_minutes.pdf Administrative Advisor Report Ramesh Kanwar (Iowa State Univ.) continues to serve as administrative advisor to this committee. The NCR-101 project was approved for a 5-year extension. A letter indicating receipt of the renewal project was distributed to at least one person from each participating Experiment Station. An overview of the project renewal process was discussed. All three reviewers gave an excellent rating for each of the six categories and the group was commended. The committee name has changed from NCR-101 to NCERA-101 (North Central Extension and Research Activity). There is a need for increased accountability for this groups activities. Meeting minutes should be posted on the website within 60 days after the annual meeting. Without the minutes, the next meeting can not be authorized. Guidelines of minutes were discussed and copies of the guidelines (available on the NIMSS website) are to be followed. Thoughtful impact statements are highly desirable and were stressed. The 2007 budget was briefly discussed. A handout was distributed that discussed changes to the federal funding agencies (NASA, NRI, etc.). Dr. Kanwar made suggestions for reporting noteworthy events at universities at future meetings. This Working Group should also consider developing an endowment to support this meeting, especially to fund travel for graduate students and technicians to these meetings. Mark Romer (McGill Univ.) motioned that a more complete version of the minutes should be distributed to members, and a condensed format should be submitted as the official version. A third, even more condensed version should be developed to include highlights for people (e.g., Directors) that want a quick summary. Motion seconded by Don Krizek (USDA-ARS), and all approved. CSREES Report Dan Schmoldt (USDA-CSREES) summarized the 2006 and proposed 2007 budgets and how possible changes may affect this group. The 2006 budget included a 2% increase to CSREES. There were minor increases in the National Research Initiative, and the majority (60%) of the budgetary increases was congressionally earmarked for specific projects (not competitive). The Presidents 2007 Budget proposes that 30% of Hatch Formula Funds be placed into a competitive program to fund nationally focused, multi-state/multi-institutional projects. The committee should also consider submission of other types of proposal(s) for funding, perhaps on an annual basis. Beginning this calendar year, two national program leaders are being assigned to each state to serve as liaisons between the agency and the research and extension programs in each states institutions. Initially, these liaison activities will focus on developing and reviewing each states new, 5-year plans of work for research and extension. Most program leaders have assignments for two states. If this group is proactive, we have potential to compete well to receive funding for research-based projects. Dan Schmoldt believes we are well positioned to compete for dollars. During meetings, the group might want to discuss possible projects and PIs and outline the proposals. Dave Fleisher suggested that we form a committee for how we might identify and develop project goals. A committee consisting of Dave Fleisher, Cary Mitchell (Purdue Univ.), Bruce Bugbee, Peter Ling (Ohio State Univ.), Ray Wheeler, Gary Stutte, and Marc Van Iersel (Univ. of Georgia) was identified and discussions were going to ensue on how to proceed. ASHS CEWG Meeting Highlights Jonathan Frantz (USDA-ARS) is secretary and chair-elect and reported that the ASHS colloquium entitled Photosynthesis: From Chloroplast to Ecosystem will be held in July, 2006 in New Orleans at the annual ASHS meeting. The exact date of colloquium is unknown but should be released soon. Topics for a workshop or colloquium to be held at the 2007 meeting in Scottsdale, Arizona were discussed. 2005 Meeting Minutes The minutes had been previously distributed to members via email. Desmond Mortley (Tuskegee Univ.) asked for comments or proposed amendments. None were made. Don Krizek motioned to approve minutes, seconded by Ray Wheeler, and approved by all. Membership Report Mark Romer gave a brief membership report. This group is in its 31st year, and currently there are 135 members from 100 institutions, with a healthy balance among phytotrons, universities, governmental institutions, and industries. See Appendix A for a complete membership list. Longstanding members and Founding Members have been recognized in the past several years. Members that have made substantial contributions and long-lasting commitments to the group deserve special recognition. Awards in 2006 are to be given later in the meeting to Royal Heins (Michigan State Univ.), Environmental Growth Chambers (EGC), and Conviron. Website Update Mark Romer gave an update of the NCERA-101 website, address is: http://ncr101.montana.edu and resides at the Univ. of Montana. The website is operated by Tracy Dougher (Univ. of Montana) and Mark Romer. Updates to the membership and other additions have been made. The Growth Chamber Handbook is now available in pdf format (courtesy Chieri Kubota) through this website. Hard copies are still available through Iowa State Univ. Press (link available on website). Instrument Package Report Bruce Bugbee reminded participants that there are two packages available for rent: a spectroradiometer package and a quantum sensor calibration package. Rental for 2 weeks costs $300 for one package and $450 for both packages. The packages were rented 7 times from March 2005 to March 2006. Current balance of the instrumentation package is $2,696. A sensor that measures the reflectance of a leaf canopy has been donated by Apogee Instruments and will be included in the spectroradiometer package. A four-way radiometer that measures short- and long-wave radiation will be made available from Bruce Bugbee and can be signed out for $300 Awards to Attendees Chieri Kobota reported that funding of $2,088 was left over from the 2005 meeting. This funding was partially used to support staff members (e.g., technicians and post-docs) to participate in the 2006 meeting. $600 was awarded to two participants (David de Villiers, Cornell Univ. and Jeffrey Akers, Rutgers Univ.). The remaining balance will be used to support future meetings. Graduate student posters awards were given to Nicole Waterland and Richard J. Gladon; Roberto G. Lopez and Erik S. Runkle; S. Contreras, D. Tay, and M. A. Bennett; and Noriko Takahashi and Kenji Kurata. Other Committee Reports There was some discussion among members for this group to consider merging with, and/or coordinating activities with, the NE-1017 Group (Developing and Integrating Components for Commercial Greenhouse Production). Some of the NE-1017 members receive funding for being participants and have expressed hesitation of merging with NCERA-101 because of possibly losing that funding. Guidelines for Measuring and Reporting Environmental Parameters A.J. Both led the discussion on the posters and pamphlets that have been developed, printed, and distributed to members. Contact Marc van Iersel if you are interested in presenting the poster at future meetings. Letter-size drafts of the minimum guidelines are available electronically on the NCERA-101 website. Full guidelines are available to members of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Guidelines can also be found in the Growth Chamber Handbook that is available in pdf format on the NCERA-101 website. A motion was made by Don Krizek (seconded by Mark Romer) to add to our website the different guidelines and summarize the resources available for the minimum and complete reporting guidelines. Motion was approved by all. Selection of 2006-2007 Officers Gary Stutte was suggested by the Executive Committee to be nominated as Incoming Secretary. The funding uncertainty at NASA was discussed, but several members expressed that this should not prevent Gary from being nominated and fully supported Garys nomination. Bruce Bugbee nominated Gary Stutte as Incoming Secretary, seconded by Dick Gladdon (Iowa State Univ.) Members voted unanimously in favor of the nomination. Site of 2007 Meeting: Tuskegee Univ. Desmond Mortley informed us that a symposium and NASA site visit is being organized at Tuskegee in July or August, 2007 and the NCR-101 meeting was suggested to be part of this symposium. The symposium is expected to last about 4 days in total (including 1.5 days for the site visit). A motion was made by Don Krizek to have Tuskegee Univ. host the NCERA-101 meeting. Motion was seconded by Ray Wheeler and approved by all. Site of 2008 Meeting Dave Fleisher led the discussion about an international meeting to be possibly held at Kennedy Space Center. Interest in this meeting was expressed by the UK CEWG for a meeting in 2008. A draft of the technical program should be developed before the end of 2006 and submitted to the UK CEWG. A committee including members of NCERA-101, UK CEWG, and Australasian Working Group should be developed to coordinate the program. Erik Runkle made a motion to have Kennedy Space Center host the 2008 meeting in Florida. Motion was seconded by Bruce Bugbee and approved by all. A Committee composed of Dave Fleisher, Chieri Kubota, Bruce Bugbee, Mark Romer, Desmond Mortley, Gioia Massa, and Erik Runkle will assist the hosts (Neil Yorio, Ray Wheeler, John Sager, and Gary Stutte) with organizing the program. New Business John Sager and Royal Heins suggested that the group generate a list of appropriate instrumentation, to include companies, contact information, caveats of instruments etc., for how to measure particular environmental parameters. Dave Fleisher emphasized that care should taken to avoid endorsements of particular products. A motion was made by John Sager (seconded by Don Krizek) to develop a list of sensors for each of the reporting guidelines, with contact information, and be made available to all members. Bruce Bugbee volunteered to work with John Sager to generate a draft, which will not include explicit recommendations. Subsequent activities of the group included tours to controlled environment facilities, including: " Greenhouses and growth chamber facilities of the OARDC " Green Circle Growers, Oberlin, OH " Petitti Garden Center, Strongsville, OH " Cleveland Growers Marketing Company, Parma, OH Minutes submitted by Erik Runkle, Secretary

For a more detailed list of accomplishments and current projects, visit http://ncr101.montana.edu/station_reports.htm Agritechnove completed design of a new Biotron for the University of Western Ontario. This multi-story laboratory is topped with a Biome. Among other greenhouses, this facility includes 6 biomes capable of maintaining a wide range of climates on a year-round basis. Each biome has its own airlock/prep room, negative pressure cascade, and high efficiency air filtration. This project is under construction and should open in the fall of 2006. Design of 3 new USDA projects started this year: (1) the Agricultural Research Technology Center in Salinas, CA, (2) the Grape Genetics Research Center, Geneva, NY and (3) the Center for Health-Based Plant Genomics, Ithaca, NY. Alaska evaluated high tunnel field greenhouses to improve and extend seasonal local production. A high tunnel field greenhouse erected for the 2005 growing season supported production of various crops including leafy greens, various types of lettuce, snap beans, peppers, onions, potatoes and culinary herbs. The quality of produce from both high tunnel and field production was exceptional with overwhelming consumer acceptance in limited marketing tests. Results suggest opportunities to produce cultivars not fully adapted to our seasonal conditions. Arizona offered a Greenhouse Crop Production and Engineering Design Short Course on January 19 to 22, 2006, as a continuing professional education short course from the University of Arizona. The course programs can be viewed at http://www.ag.arizona.edu/ceac/. The meeting included a tour to EuroFresh Co., Willcox, Arizona. Arizona developed two simulators for greenhouse environmental control. Greenhouse simulator is web-based interactive software (http://www.uvm.edu/wge/) developed in collaboration with University of Vermont, University of Florida, and The Ohio State University. Visual VETH (Ventilation-Evapotranspiration-Temperature-Humidity) is useful for cooling and ventilation design in greenhouses and was developed in collaboration with Tokai University (also downloadable from Worldwide Greenhouse Education website http://www.uvm.edu/wge/). Cornell has developed an algorithm to control supplemental light and movable shade to achieve a desirable daily light integral. The control algorithm has been programmed in LabView and used in the Cornell CEA lettuce facility for more than six months with very acceptable results. Cornell conducted laboratory experiments to compare the persistence of three chelators, EDTA, DTPA, and EDDS, and the resulting effects on plant nutrition. The EDDS concentration in hydroponic solutions growing lettuce decreased rapidly and remained low, while EDTA and DTPA concentrations remained steady over the course of the growth period. The steady chelator concentration for EDTA and DTPA indicates some loss of the chelator from the solution. One potential loss is photodegradation of the Fe-chelate complex, as indicated by greenhouse studies of nutrient solution exposed to natural sunlight, resulting in half-lives of EDTA and DTPA of 28.3 and 22.7 min respectively. Another potential loss is uptake of chelator into plant tissue. Low concentrations of EDTA and DTPA were found in both root and shoot tissues. Cornell compared three sterile, soil-less media (Agrifoam and Oasis, growth foams, and Grodan, an expanded rockwool substrate) to determine which media characteristics favor seedling development and establishment. One problem with foam media is "pop-outs", a disorder in which actively growing roots do not penetrate and spiral on the media surface, causing the root tip to die. Pop-outs were more frequently observed in Agrifoam compared to the other media. High soluble salts, particularly high magnesium in the root zone, produced roots that were "burned" and did not grow. Magnesium salts added to Grodan (control substrate), in concentrations equivalent to that found in Agrifoam, increased the number of pop-outs and produced roots resembling those grown in Agrifoarn. More frequent watering increased the severity of pop-outs. Foams that are too wet have more pop-outs and spiraling roots. Cornell identified an economically viable means to employ pond (or deep-flow) hydroponics in continuous production of salad spinach. In such a system, the nutrient solution is kept in use (replenished but not changed out) for many crop cycles. At warm temperature, disease was chronic but at cool temperature it was prevented, or died out if already established. Both UV and filtration mitigated immediate effects of inoculation compared to inoculation with no treatment, but a severe chronic disease process eventually became established in each case. The Phytotron at Duke shifted from an NSF facility to one operated by Duke, thus localizing its clientele. Space charges declined and current faculty members are encouraged to use the facility. For the first time in years, all chambers were operating and waiting lists developed. Experiments on global change continue to occupy the most space, but additional, less labor-intensive experiments were also introduced with Arabidopsis, corn, tobacco and soybeans. Georgia determined the effects of elevated CO2, temperature, and their interaction on growth, biomass production, partitioning and seed yield of two peanut cultivars. The leaf area index of both cultivars responded positively, 28.3% and 49.3% for Pronto and Georgia Green respectively, to elevated CO2. Overall, elevated CO2 alone resulted in a significant increase in total biomass at final harvest across all temperatures, but decreased seed yield, except for Georgia Green at the highest temperature studied. Higher temperatures reduced the relative response of total biomass to CO2 of both cultivars. The two cultivars responded differently to CO2, temperature and the interaction of these factors for various growth traits. Georgia determined the impact of different irrigation scheduling regimes under dry conditions on cotton growth and development, and evaluated the performance of the CSMCROPGRO- Cotton model for simulating growth and development of cotton under different irrigation treatments and for simulating irrigation scheduling. Cotton seed yield ranged from 1,981 kg/ha to 2,963 kg/ha, depending on the irrigation thresholds. Results indicate that the dynamic crop growth model CSMCROPGRO- Cotton can be a promising tool for irrigation scheduling. However a variable irrigation management depth should be used and a correct characterization of the soil properties is needed. Georgia developed an irrigation controller that irrigates substrate to a setpoint for several weeks. The controller uses calibrated ECH2O moisture sensors interfaced with a datalogger and solenoid valves connected to controller. When the water content of the substrate drops below the setpoint, the controller opens a solenoid valve, which results in irrigation. Using this controller with bedding plants (salvia, impatiens, petunia, and vinca), four distinct levels of water contact were maintained for 40 days, regardless of changes in plant size and environmental conditions. Greenhouse Engineering is involved in the replacement of research greenhouses for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa. Use of soft landscaping and insulated vertical walls and foundation walls will reduce the impact of replacing old and seriously outdated greenhouse facilities. The consolidation of the old facilities will improve space efficiencies, energy conversion efficiencies, shared space and support function efficiencies and user access enhancements. Kentucky is examining thermal control strategies for double poly greenhouses to develop natural ventilation methods that would allow existing greenhouse facilities that were used in tobacco seedling production to be used in the cultivation of other plants. As tobacco production in Kentucky declines, the greenhouses used for tobacco seedling production will be available for the production of alternative crops. New strategies for environmental control will have to be developed for the new crops. Kentucky has evaluated a hypoxic fumigation treatment for infested greenhouse plants. Testing examines the effect of the treatment on whole plants. Prior findings established the effectiveness of low oxygen conditions (less than 1%) against several greenhouse pests. Testing has shown that high purity nitrogen fumigation treatment for 24 hours was detrimental to the plants. The system has been updated for 0 and 1% oxygen levels to be tested. Michigan State grew and then modeled growth and development of celosia and impatiens in response to the average daily temperature and daily light integral. Rate of progress to flowering of celosia increased as temperature increased up to approximately 25 °C and as the average DLI increased to 15 mol"m-2"d-1. Impatiens grown under a DLI less than 15 mol"m-2"d-1 flowered progressively earlier as temperature increased from 14 to 28 °C, whereas temperature had little effect on flowering time when plants were grown under the highest DLI treatments. The models developed to predict flowering time and plant quality could be used by commercial greenhouse growers to determine the impacts of changing growing temperature, growing plants at different times of the year, and providing supplemental lighting. Michigan State quantified the effects of daily light integral on growth and development of celosia, impatiens, marigold, pansy, and salvia during the seedling stage and determined whether there were any residual effects of a high light environment on subsequent growth and development after transplant. Flowering of celosia, impatiens, salvia, marigold, and pansy occurred 10, 12, 11, 4, and 12 days earlier, respectively, when seedlings were previously grown under the highest light level compared with the lowest. This study indicates the value of growing young bedding plants under a high light environment to produce plants for sale in a shorter growing period. As a result, growers that use lighted plants can shorten production time and consume less energy for heating per crop. Kennedy Space Center completed testing of red (R), red-blue (RB), and red-blue-green (RGB) LED arrays as sources for plant lighting. Plant growth testing was completed with radish using the newly acquired R, RB, and RBG Snap Lite units from Quantum Devices, Inc. Irradiance of the Snap Lite units declined nearly 60% after ~10,000 hours of operation. Irradiance output performance continues to be evaluated for both the Snap Lite and Norlux units. A new high output LED array from ORBITEC with six spectral components (400, 440, 520, 640, 660, and 720 nm) was received and testing is underway. Kennedy Space Center performed environmental baseline studies for typical open cabin atmosphere in space (such as the International Space Station) with radish, lettuce, and onion. Treatments included ambient, elevated, and super-elevated CO2 (400, 1200, and 4000 ppm), air temperatures of 22, 25, and 28 °C, and light intensities of 150, 300, and 450 ¼mol"m-2"s-1 with a 16-h photoperiod with fluorescent lamps. Biomass yields show optimal temperatures for growth and generally increasing yield with increasing light intensity. Significant tipburn was observed on lettuce plants at higher light levels. Ohio State and USDA-Toledo explored the use of a spectroradiometer to detect nitrogen status at deficient, sufficient, and super-optimal concentrations. Four ornamental species (begonia, New Guinea impatiens, butterfly bush, and geranium) were grown in four separate studies that resulted in a range of 1.8% to 6% tissue N concentration. Analysis of the data identified two wavebands that were strongly correlated to all species tissue N concentration. These wavebands did not correlate to chlorophyll peak absorbance, but rather blue, green, red, and far-red edges of known plant pigments. Ohio State and USDA-Toledo investigated supplementing fertilizer solutions with silicon to New Guinea impatiens, seed impatiens, marigold, geranium, dianthus, verbena, zinnia, poinsettia, snapdragon, vinca, petunia, salvia, and phalaenopsis orchid. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), and inductively coupled plasma analysis, silicon content and location was determined. Of these 13 species, eight contained concentrations high enough to be detected with the SEM and EDXA. Over 1% of zinnias dry weight in the leaves was silicon. Interestingly, there was no silicon in stem or root sections of any of the plants. Further studies with silicon-fed zinnia revealed an enhanced ability to fight gray mold and powdery mildew, which are two common diseases of this ornamental crop. Purdue determined growing methods for Arabidopsis for successful, repeatable, and scalable projects. Plants were grown in different commercial soilless mixes, were fertilized with one of two fertilizer strengths, and were either drained or kept in sub-irrigation trays. Clay granule augmentation improved growth for some treatments, including mixes that were hydrophobic or low in iron. Growth and flowering responses to photoperiod were investigated using growth chambers, fluorescent light shelves, or greenhouses over two seasons. Results and advice on results have been posted online at www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/facilities/greenhouse/101exp.shtml. The website has dozens of digital images in high resolution, descriptions of materials and methodology, media and solution analyses, and links to references. Purdue grew five day-neutral or everbearing cultivars of strawberry plants with three different day/night temperature regimes in growth chambers or in a greenhouse. Chamber plants were hand pollinated, while greenhouse plants were pollinated by hand or by vibrating wand. The coolest temperatures (18ÚC days/10ÚC nights) produced more berries with better flavor. No effect of pollination method was found, possibly due to heavier insect loads on plants pollinated more intensively. Two cultivars were eliminated from consideration, and a chamber study continues with varying photoperiods. Purdue assisted with the design and construction of a second-generation controlled environment production facility in the Marengo mine complex in southern Indiana. High-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps were adopted both as light as well as heat sources. The natural cool temperature of the mine was leveraged for rejecting waste heat from lamps. Room temperature can now be controlled by adjusting the amount of cool mine air that is pumped through the light fixtures, thereby not compromising the ventilation rate of the facility. Environmental-monitoring sensors, including temperature, humidity, wind velocity, and CO2 concentration, have been installed in the facility. Rutgers grew tomato plants in a hydroponics production system to determine the effects of temperature on fruit number and size. Tomato seeds were sown in rockwool plugs and transplanted nine days after seeding into pots filled with perlite. When 85% of the plants had developed three flowers, plants were grown at 23/18 °C (day/night), 30/25 °C, and 16/11 °C for 14 days. All harvestable fruits were used for mass and quality measurements, including moisture content, soluble sugar content, pH, acidity, Bostwick consistency, color indices, and firmness. Fruit mass and number were significantly lower at 30/25 °C compared to the other treatments, which were not significantly different from each other. These results illustrate the negative consequences of a high temperature on tomato fruit number and size. Rutgers quantified the impact of a manually operated energy curtain on the recorded inside soil and air temperatures and daily light integrals during early season high tunnel production of tomato. Data collected from late March through mid-May for two New Jersey locations and two growing seasons revealed that the use of an energy curtain inside a high tunnel increased the inside nighttime air temperature on average by 1.4 °C (or 13%) compared to a tunnel without a curtain. The use of an energy curtain inside a high tunnel increased the inside nighttime soil temperature on average by 0.5°C (or 4%) compared to a tunnel without a curtain. Also, the use of an energy curtain inside a high tunnel decreased the accumulated inside light level by approximately 5% compared to a tunnel without a curtain. Texas A&M determined the water use and crop coefficients of landscape plants growing in different landscape conditions and in above-ground containers. Overall growth, plant water use, and crop coefficients were different in the two culture systems. However, water use per leaf area of the same species was statistically similar. This indicates that by quantifying leaf area, plant water use in the two culture systems can be exchanged for the same species. Texas A&M University determined the relative salt tolerance of a number of herbaceous perennials and groundcover species for urban landscapes. Significant differences in salt tolerance among tested species were found. In addition, environmental conditions and growing medium or soil type also affected the response of plants to salinity. The results obtained from greenhouse studies provided base-line information on relative salt tolerance of these species and can be used as a reference for selection of species when non-potable water is used for urban landscape irrigation. USDA-Beltsville grew two cultivars of fresh market tomato in two high tunnels at Beltsville, MD covered with a contrasting material of similar thickness and durability during the Spring/Summer of 2005. One covering material transmitted ambient solar UV radiation while the other material blocked UV. Both films transmitted comparable amounts of photosynthetically active radiation. Ripe tomato fruits were analyzed from the two high tunnels, and the total concentration of three phenolic acids (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid) was approximately 20% higher under film that transmitted the UV light. Therefore, the phenolic content of tomato fruits can be impacted by the amount of ambient solar UV radiation available. Phenolic compounds play a key role as antioxidants in human nutrition, and thus growing tomato with more UV light could increase the value of the fruit. USDA-Beltsville grew two cultivars of tomato ('Oregon Spring' and 'Red Sun') in high tunnels at Beltsville, MD under materials that transmitted UV (+UV) and blocked UV (-UV) energy. Fruit were compared with field- and hydroponics greenhouse-grown fruit obtained from a wholesale warehouse. The soluble solids content of high tunnel-grown tomatoes was higher than that of commercially grown fruit. Field-grown tomatoes had the highest firmness and hydroponics-grown tomatoes had the highest concentration of volatiles. 'Red Sun fruit from plants grown under -UV had a higher soluble solids content than corresponding fruit grown under +UV. High tunnel-grown tomatoes had higher sensory scores for sweetness, flavor, and for acceptability of texture, taste and overall eating quality than commercially grown fruit. These results are the first to show that high tunnel-grown tomatoes generally have better consumer acceptance than those grown commercially. Utah State is continuing studies to establish dose/response curves for ethylene effects on the major crop plants. The threshold for ethylene sensitivity appears to be about 10 ppb for pollination and fruit set; and 30 to 50 ppb for leaf enlargement and vegetative growth. Ethylene dramatically reduces stem elongation in many species. They are also studying the use of 1-MCP to reduce the detrimental effects of ethylene. MCP, which is a gas, can be used in greenhouses to prolong flower life of potted plants and on fruit to delay ripening.

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