Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

(For full reports by state, see NC-225 website). 1) In IA, a 3-yr study using a year-round grazing system reduced stored feed needs by 76% compared to a conventional system while maintaining calf production per cow. Bred heifers that grazed stockpiled forages supplemented with corn gluten feed in 2 yrs of low snowfall gained more with 50-100% less supplement and 3175 kg less hay than heifers in drylot. In an above-average-snowfall winter, second-calf cows grazing stockpiled forage required 7 to 147 kg more corn gluten but 3175 kg less hay than cows in drylot. In trials comparing forage intake with NDF and iNDF, low correlations were obtained. In eastern NE, March calves were weaned at three ages, and breakeven costs for finished steers favored normal and late-weaned over early-weaned calves. June-born calves averaged 32 kg less than March-born calves yielding net returns of $70/calf higher than March-born calves sold in October. A conventional (CON) cow-calf system where calves were sent directly to feedlot for finishing was compared to a value-added (VA) system, where steers were wintered, pastured, then finished in late December. Feed efficiency was higher, ADG lower and carcasses lighter for CON compared to VA steers. The VA system had greater profit compared to CON, but steaks from CON had lower shear force values, higher sensory ratings than VA steaks. Two long-term steer systems were tested 2 yrs. Steers wintered in a normal system with corn residue grazing, drylot hay and wet corn gluten were compared to intensively managed steers given 2.7 kg/day of wet corn gluten, implanted for each phase, and placed in the feedlot July 1. Intensive management produced greater profits after wintering or grazing, but differences disappeared after feeding if marketed on a live or carcass basis. Normal steers sold on a grid basis paid more due to carcass quality. In western NE, spring calves were weaned in August or November with (P) and without supplemental protein (NP) for cows on winter range. Pregnancy rates were similar for all four treatments. Weaning rates were 91.5% for both weaning dates, but were higher for NP than P cows. Weaning weights were less for calves from NP than P cows. At weaning, net revenue was greatest for August-weaning NP cows and lowest for August-weaning P cows. For finished calves, net revenue was highest from November-weaning P cows and lowest from August-weaning P cows. Yearling heifers had a higher pregnancy rate when supplemented to meet metabolizable protein (MP) requirements compared to meeting crude protein (CP) requirements. Improvement in 2-yr-old pregnancy rate increased bred heifers value in the MP treatment $13.64 over heifers receiving CP. A 2-yr experiment in a March calving system evaluated the effect of P in the last trimester of gestation and of grazing sub-irrigated meadow during the postpartum interval (PPI) on pregnancy rates and calf growth. P increased body conditions but did not affect pregnancy rates. Grazing sub-irrigated meadow during PPI increased pre-breeding body condition, resulting in a tendency for increased pregnancy rates. Weaning weights of calves from P cows were greater at weaning and tended toward heavier carcass weights. From partial budget analysis, both P and grazing sub-irrigated meadow were profitable. Impacts of summer grazing date and fall stocking rate on Sandhills upland vegetation were: (1) herbage did not disappear in proportion to fall stocking rate, but individual intake declined between 1 and 2 AUM/ha; 2) herbage disappearance did not differ between 2 and 3 AUM/ha; and 3) subsequent season yields of cool-season graminoids declined as fall stocking rates increased. Big bluestem cumulative herbage allowance was not affected by mid-May grazing, but cumulative herbage disappearance and leaf:stem ratio were increased. Systems of feeding weaned calves baled hay or hay from windrows resulted in $0.18/head less feed cost for the latter. Windrow feeding calves netted about $123/ha more than bale feeding, and $212/ha more than selling hay. 2) In IA, MO, and KS, stockpiled forage quality of 16 perennial forages were evaluated: five legumes, six cool-season grasses, and four warm-season grasses were established in 2002 and harvested in 2003-2004. Dry matter yield was determined, and samples are being assayed for nutritive value. In IA, pregnant beef cows that grazed residues from three Bt corn hybrids and one non-Bt hybrid required 74% less hay to maintain condition than cows in drylot, with no differences between hybrids in hay requirement per cow or stalk composition. Grazing corn residues in October and November increased soil penetration resistance only to 10 cm. There was no effect on subsequent soybean population, but yield of no-till plots grazed in November was reduced in one of three years. A 3-yr grazing study conducted near Mead, NE showed that etiolated tiller growth and root mass were reduced most by grazing during stem elongation in late June. An 8-yr study used four combinations of grazing period/recovery period lengths with two to 12 paddocks on seeded, warm-season grass pasture to measure effects on basal cover and species composition. Basal cover of the five seeded species declined from 17% to 7.4% while that of bromegrasses increased. A 3-yr study evaluated stocking rate and grazing frequency on herbage dynamics, disappearance, and composition of a cool-season wet meadow as measured on two key species. Three stocking rates were combined with grazing frequencies of 3 or 5 times. Cumulative disappearance and height reduction were proportional to stocking rate, affecting more variables than grazing frequency. In OH, intact corn was stockpiled for winter grazing 2 years. Quality was sufficient for non-lactating cows at a cost of $0.76/day. After removal of no-till corn silage, ryegrass was broadcast-seeded or rye or triticale was drilled., Dairy heifers grazed with limited supplement from 22 Nov until 10 Jan. Ryegrass was grazed again for 15 days in April, and hay was fed only during two days of ice storms. Renovation of high-endophyte tall fescue/white clover pasture with improved cultivars was performed after severe spring trampling. Data will be collected 2 yrs. A 3-yr ND study compared spring forage of oat, barley, emmer, spelt, rye, and triticale cultivars under high N. Barley forage contained more crude protein (CP) than other species, but CP yield (DM x CP) was no different. In two ND growing seasons, spring-seeded barley, oat, and triticale alone and with winter cereals produced an average 0.5 Mg DM/ha additional forage when intercropped with winter rye. In KS, available forage and steer gains during the crabgrass phase of a wheat-crabgrass rotation were similar between pastures fertilized with summer N and those interseeded with lespedeza in 3 yrs of spring-seeded crabgrass and 2 yrs of self-reseeding. 3) Persistence of 11 legumes interseeded at different landscape positions in smooth bromegrass-reed canarygrass pastures were compared under different grazing managements. Legumes were most persistent on hill backslopes, related to both landscape position and soil electroconductivity. Legume persistence was primarily due to seedling survival and was reduced by grass competition from N fertilization. Of three legumes seeded in smooth bromegrass pastures, kura clover alone persisted, resulting in greater quantities and nutritive value of forage and greater weight gains in grazing steers. Interseeding several different legumes into warm-season grass pastures resulted in reduced persistence of the warm-season grass. While persistence of alfalfa seeded with smooth bromegrass was greater in a complementary system of hay harvest plus mid-summer grazing than full-season grazing, there was no difference in persistence between a grazing-tolerant and hay-type alfalfa. Calf gains from cows grazing alfalfa-smooth bromegrass pastures in a full-season or complementary grazing system were 18 and 11% greater than from smooth bromegrass for a full season. Grazing a warm-season grass mixture that was unfertilized, fertilized with 55 kg N/ha, interseeded with birdsfoot trefoil, or with several legumes resulted in steer gains of .39, .67, .65, and .48 kg/d, respectively. Similar pastures interseeded with single-species strips of 26 legumes in spring, 2001 had acceptable stands in 2002 of red clover, alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and hairy vetch, and occasionally of yellow sweetclover and black medic. One study indicated that soil P and soil-borne pests are critical in success of interseeded alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil in smooth bromegrass pasture. Two studies were initiated in 2003 to determine soil N and C of different grass/legume mixtures and Sandhills subirrigated meadows dominated by either cool-season or warm-season grasses. Pasture research is ongoing to determine the distribution of forage dry matter and nutrient removal through the growing season on various mixtures of smooth bromegrass and legumes. A 4-yr western ND study identified forage legumes that could reseed. Of 30 and 29 species seeded in separate experiments, balansa clover, birdsfoot trefoil, black medic, crimson clover, Persian clover, and red clover had more than 200 seedlings/sq. m the next year. Alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil seeded in a 3-yr legume-legume-wheat rotation resulted in similar pasture gains. Meadow and smooth bromegrass, crested and intermediate wheatgrass, and Russian wildrye were seeded alone and with rhizomatous birdsfoot trefoil (RBFT), conventional birdsfoot trefoil, alfalfa, and black medic. Black medic and RBFT seedings failed the first year and RBFT stands failed a second, so RBFT seemed poorly adapted to ND. In KS, grazed or clipped plots of ARS-2620 RBFT, two standard trefoil cultivars, 10 white clovers, four red clovers, four kura clovers, one subclover and >Alfagraze= alfalfa were seeded into a stand of endophyte-infected tall fescue. Stands have been evaluated 2 yrs, and grazing or clipping has occurred one yr. 4) To facilitate technology transfer of beef cow-calf production through extending the grazing season, conferences titled Integrating Forage & Cattle Resources were held in Bismarck, ND; Chadron, NE; Moline IL; and St. Joseph, MO in late fall of 2002. This series resulted from collaboration of this NC-225 project, Northern Integrated Resource Management group in beef cattle extension, and National Cattlemens Beef Association. Members of the NC-225 project participated as speakers and authors of posters and the Making Extended Grazing Work in & publication for Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota and Ohio. The total audience of 495 beef cattle producers, extension specialists, and NRCS personnel at the four locations came from at least 10 states in the North Central Region. The KansasGrazer software is being demonstrated at grazing schools and conferences.

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Range Mange. 55:57-64. Lamothe, M. J. 2002. Estimation of microbial and rumen undegradable protein supply in grazing cattle. M. S. Thesis. Univ. Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE. Lamothe, M. J., T. Klopfenstein, D. Adams, J. Musgrave, and G. Erickson. 2002. Urinary allantoin as estimate of microbial protein synthesis. Proc. Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci. Midwestern Section P.60: Abstr. 202. Lamothe, Mariela, Terry Klopfenstein, Don Adams, Jacki Musgrave, and Galen Erickson. 2002. Microbial protein production in gestating cows supplemented with different sources of rumen degrdable protein grazing dormant range. In: 2003 Beef Cattle Report, Ag. Research Div., Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, MP 80-A:10-12. Lamothe, Mariela, Terry Klopfenstein, Don Adams, Jacki Musgrave, and Galen Erickson. 2002. Microbial protein synthesis and efficiency in nursing calves. In: 2003 Beef Cattle Report, Ag. Research Div., Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, MP 80-A:13-15. Lardy, Gregory, Don C. Adams, Terry J. 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Cytogenetic characterization of smooth bromegrass genomes. Crop. Sci. 44:31-37. Volesky, J. D., D. C. Adams, and R. T. Clark. 2002. Windrow grazing and baled-hay feeding strategies for wintering calves. J. Range Mange. 55:23-22l Volesky, J. D., W. H. Schacht, and D. M. Richardson. 2004. Stocking rate and grazing frequency effects on Sandhills meadows. J. Range Mange. (in press). Volesky, J. D., and R. T. Clark, 2003. Use of irrigated pastures and economics of establishment and grazing. p. 83-100. In: Proc. The Range Beef Cow Symposium IVIII. Dec. 9, 10 and 11, 2003. Mitchell, NE. Volesky, J. D., B. E. Anderson, and J. T. Nichols. 2003. Perennial forages for irrigated pasture. NebGuide G03-1502-A. Wilson, Casey, 2000. Undegradeable intake protein supplementation to growing cattle. M. S. Thesis, Dept. of Animal Science, UL. Hermann, M.L. 2000. Evaluation of hay-type and grazing tolerant alfalfa cultivars in season-long and complementary rotational stocking systems for beef cows. M.S. Thesis. Iowa State University Brummer, E. Charles and Kenneth J. Moore. 2000. Persistence of perennial cool season grass and legume cultivars under continuous grazing by beef cattle. Agronomy Journal 92:466 471. Sleugh, B. B., K. J. Moore, E. C. Brummer, A. D. Knapp, J. Russell, and L. Gibson. 2000. Forage potential of various amaranth species. Proc. American Forage and Grassland Conf., p. 76 80. Sleugh, B. B., K. J. Moore, J. R. George, and E. C. Brummer. 2000. Binary legume grass mixtures improve forage yield, quality, and seasonal distribution. Agronomy Journal 92:24 29. Darmosarkoro, W., M. M. Harbur, D. R. Buxton, K. J. Moore, T. E. Devine, and I. C. Anderson. 2001. Growth, development, and yield of soybean lines developed for forage. Agronomy Journal 93:1028 1034. Harmoney, K. R., K. J. Moore, E. C. Brummer, C. L. Burras., and J. R. George. 2001. Spatial legume composition and diversity across seeded landscapes. Agronomy Journal 93:992 1000. 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Spatial variation in species richness under contrasting topologies and grazing regimes. Proc. American Forage and Grassland Conf., p. 222 225. Braden, I. S., K. J. Moore, R. L. Hintz, M. H. Wiedenhoeft, E. C. Brummer, and M. P. Hoffman. 2002. Composition and spatial distribution of legume mixtures within warm season grass pastures. Proc. American Forage and Grassland Conf., p. 276 280. Brummer, E. Charles, Kenneth J. Moore, and N. Charles Bjork. 2002. Agronomic consequences of dormant nondormant alfalfa mixtures. Crop Science 94:782 785. Guretzky, J. A. , K. J. Moore, E. C. Brummer, and M. H. Wiedenhoeft. 2002. Multi scale sampling of plant diversity in pastures varying in grazing management. Proc. American Forage and Grassland Conf., p. 80 84. Hoy, M. D., K. J. Moore, J. R. George, and E. C. Brummer. 2002. Alfalfa yield and quality as influenced by establishment method. Agronomy Journal 94:65 71. White, T. A., K. J. Moore, M. H. Wiedenhoeft, E. C. Brummer, and J. R. Russell. 2002. Sequentially grazing cool and warm season pastures to increase cattle weight gain in Iowa. Proc. American Forage and Grassland Conf., p. 269 273. Hermann, M.L., J.R. Russell, and S.K. Barnhart. 2002. Evaluation of hay-type and grazing tolerant alfalfa cultivars in season-long or complementary rotational stocking systems for beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 80:768-779. Haan, M., J. Russell, W. Powers, S. Mickelson, J. Kovar, and R. Schultz. 2002. Effects of grazing management on sediment and phosphorus run-off. Proc. Amer. Forage Grassl. Council 11:292-296. Janovick, N.A. 2002. Evaluation of year-round grazing systems for fall- and spring-calving beef cows. M.S. Thesis. Iowa State University. Russell, J.R. and W. Miller. 2002. Making Extended Grazing Work in Iowa. 4 pp. IBC-23. Iowa Beef Center. Iowa State University, Ames, IA. Aberle, E.Z. L.R. Gibson, A.D. Knapp, P.M. Dixon, and K.J. Moore, E.C. Brummer, and Roger Hintz. 2003. Optimum planting procedures for eastern gamagrass. Agronomy Journal 95:1054 1062. Braden, I. S., K. J. Moore, J. M. Gertsma. 2003. Spatial relationships among legumes and grasses across landscapes in improved pastures. Proc. American Forage and Grassland Conf., p. 222 226. Brueland, B. A., K. R. Harmoney, K. J. Moore, J. R. George, and E. C. Brummer. 2003. Developmental morphology of smooth bromegrass growth following spring grazing. Crop Science 43:1789 1796. Singer, J. W. and K. J. Moore. 2003. Nitrogen removal by orchardgrass and smooth bromegrass and residual soil nitrate. Crop Science 43:1420 1426. Singer, J. W., R. L. Hintz, K. J. Moore, M. H. Wiedenhoeft, and E. C. Brummer. 2003. Tall fescue response to nitrogen and harvest date for stockpiled grazing in the upper midwest. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM 2003 0904 01 RS. Tarr, Alison B., Kenneth J. Moore, Philip M. Dixon, C. Lee Burras, Mary H. Wiedenhoeft. 2003. Use of soil electroconductivity in a multistage soil sampling scheme. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM 2003 10XX 01 RS. Blummel, M., A. Karsli, and J.R. Russell. 2003. Influence of diet on growth yields of rumen micro-organisms in vitro and in vivo: influence on growth yield of variable carbon fluxes to fermentation products. Brit. J. Nutr. 90:625-634. Bormann, K.J., W. Powers, and J.R. Russell. 2003. Effects of forage maturity on phosphorus digestion in beef cows. IN: Proceedings/Reports American Forage and Grassland Council. April 25-27, Lafayette, LA 12:258-262. May, G.L., J.R. Russell, N.A. Janovick, J.D. Lawrence, D.R. Strohbehn, and D.G. Morrical. 2003. An economic comparison of year-round vs conventional grazing systems in Iowa. IN: Proceedings/Reports American Forage and Grassland Council. April 25-27, Lafayette, LA 12:215-220. Clark, J.T., J.R. Russell, W.D. Busby, D.L. Karlen, D.L. Maxwell, and B. Peterson. 2003. Effects of corn crop residue grazing on soil physical properties and subsequent soybean production in a corn-soybean crop rotation. IN: Proceedings/Reports American Forage and Grassland Council. April 25-27, Lafayette, LA 12:286. Clark, J.T. and J.R. Russell. 2003. Effects of stocking rate and energy supplementation on performance and feed intake of heifers grazing stockpiled forages. IN: IN: Proceedings/Reports American Forage and Grassland Council. April 25-27, Lafayette, LA 12:287. Haan, M.M., J.R. Russell, W. Powers, S. Mickelson, S.I. Ahmed, J. Kovar, and R. Schultz. 2003. Effects of grazing management on pasture production and phosphorus content of forage. IN: Proceedings/Reports American Forage and Grassland Council. April 25-27, Lafayette, LA 12:347-352. Clark, J.T. 2003. Evaluating efficacy and limitations of winter grazing systems for beef cattle on animal production and soil properties. M.S. Thesis. Iowa State University. Guretzky, John A., Kenneth J. Moore, Allen D. Knapp, and E. Charles Brummer. 2004. Emergence and survival of legumes seeded into pastures varying in landscape position. Crop Science 44:227 233. Guretzky, John A., Kenneth J. Moore, C. Lee Burras, and E. Charles Brummer 2004. Distribution of legumes along gradients of slope and soil electrical conductivity (EC) in pastures. Agronomy Journal 96:547 555. McAndrews, G. M., Franke, K., Moore, K., and George, R. 2004. Forage yield and nutritive value of oat interseeded with berseem clover and sweetclover. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM 2004 0301 01 RS. Moore, K. J., T. A. White, R. L. Hintz, P. K. Patrick, and E. C. Brummer. 2004. Sequential grazing of cool and warm season pastures. Agronomy Journal 96:(In press). White, T. A., D. J. Barker, and K. J. Moore. 2004. Vegetation diversity, growth, quality and decomposition in managed grasslands. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 101:73 84. Janovick, N.A., J.R. Russell, D.R. Strohbehn, and D.G. Morrical. 2004. Productivity and hay requirements of beef cattle in a Midwestern year-round grazing system. J. Anim. Sci. (In press). Clark, J.T., J.R. Russell, D.L. Karlen, W.D. Busby, and B.C. Peterson. 2004. Effects of corn crop residue grazing on soil physical properties and subsequent soybean production in a corn-soybean crop rotation. Agron. J. (In press). Carr, P.M., and W.W. Poland. 2003. Reducing input costs with multiple enterprises. p. 124-132. In J.D. Hanson and J.M. Krupinsky (eds.) Dynamic Cropping Systems: Principles, Processes, and Challenges. August 4-7, Bismarck, ND. Baltensperger, D., and P.M. Carr. 2003. Role of annual forages in continuous systems. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM computer disk]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Carr, P.M., W.W. Poland, and L.J. Tisor. 2003. Reseeding potential of forage legumes in the Great Plains. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM computer disk]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Oe, D. M., G.P. Lardy, W.W. Poland, and P. Carr. 2003. Effects of advancing season on nutrient quality of alfalfa and black medic in southwestern North Dakota. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):78. Carr, P.M., R.D. Horsley, W.W. Poland, and L.J. Tisor. 2002. Forage yield and quality of cool season cereals. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM computer disk]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Lomas, L.W., J.L. Moyer, G.L. Kilgore, and G.A. Milliken. 2004. Effects of grazing on legume persistence, forage production, and steer performance in endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures. Prof. Animal. Scientist 20:46-52. Lomas, Lyle W., Joseph L. Moyer, Frank K. Brazle and Gary L. Kilgore. 2004. Interseeding lespedeza into crabgrass pasture versus additional nitrogen fertilization on forage production and cattle performance. IN: 2004 Agricultural Research. Kansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. of Progress 926, pp. 1-5. Lomas, L.W., J.L. Moyer, F.K. Brazle, G.L. Kilgore, and G.A. Milliken. 2003. Effect of interseeding lespedeza versus additional nitrogen fertilization in a wheat-crabgrass double-crop system on forage production and cattle performance. J. Anim. Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1) 77-78 (Abstr.). Lomas, L.W., J.L. Moyer, F.K. Brazle and G.L. Kilgore. 2003. Interseeding lespedeza into crabgrass pasture versus additional nitrogen fertilization of forage production and cattle performance. IN: 2003 Cattlemen=s Day Report. Kansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. of Progress 908, pp. 121-129. Moyer, J. L. and L. W. Lomas. 2003. Use of legumes in wheat-bermudagrass pastures. IN: 2003 Agricultural Research. Kansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. of Progress 909, pp. 9-10. Lomas, L.W., J.L. Moyer, F.K. Brazle and G.L. Kilgore. 2002. Effect of legume persistence in endophyte-infected fescue pastures on forage production and steer performance . IN: 2002 Cattlemen=s Day Report. Kansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. of Progress 890, pp. 154-158. Lomas, L. W., J. L. Moyer, G. A. Milliken, and K. P. Coffey. 2000. Effects of grazing system on performance of cow-calf pairs grazing bermudagrass pastures interseeded with wheat and legumes. Prof. Anim. Sci. 16:169-174.