Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Thirty individuals representing 11 different institutions participated in the 2006 meeting. The agenda was divided into two major categories of discussion topics: semiochemicals in the context of orchard IPM and production systems, and biological control in the context of orchard IPM and production systems. The meeting agenda purposely limited the time for PowerPoint reports of research results but instead was organized around a list of discussion topics. The intent of the meeting format was to bring out discussions of common questions and problems, approaches to researchable issues, and new problems that offer new opportunities for research. This list of topics was a summation of solicited suggestions from WERA043 members. The following summary is organized by agenda topic and captures the essence of discussions that occurred. SEMIOCHEMICALS: 1. Can we improve mating disruption? It is thought that further increases in the use of pheromonal mating disruption for managing codling moth in apple and pear orchards are hampered by cost and by need for complementary methods to keep population densities within a range that can then be effectively managed by mating disruption. Discussion centered on researched and researchable areas to reduce cost and a desire to understand better how mechanisms of mating disruption are working under different pheromone release systems and patterns. Pheromone dispensers and formulations were discussed, including some very encouraging work on sprayable formulations that shows improved longevity of, although still not adequate, effectiveness. There is interest also in determining where female codling moths are calling from in the orchard and relating that information to mating disruption efficacy, differences in behavior and physiology of moths in the first versus second generation in the Pacific Northwest, and possible resistance to mating disruption. 2. Can mating disruption be synergized with kairomones? There are indications that codling moth males respond to combinations of female sex pheromone and host plant or host fruit odor. However, this information is not clear cut, the kairomonal chemistry is poorly understood, and some claims of kairomonal enhancement or synergism of sex attraction are contested. Nonetheless, a kairomonal role in sex attraction might be an opportunity to improve mating disruption. There were efforts to evaluate kairomone/pheromone combinations as mating disruptants, with some encouraging but mixed results. These studies involved the pear ester and beta farnesene as the kairomones. One problem is the lack of good information on which kairomones to use, and also there was discussion of the possible mechanisms of kairomonal effects on pheromonal mating disruption. These discussions illuminated a number of research needs and researchable questions, such as which kairomones are best to evaluate, what release rates to use, how to formulate the kairomone for a steady release and longevity comparable to that of the pheromone, and questions regarding the significance of background odor in orchards that vary with variety, damage, and maturity of fruit. Additional work was conducted on codling moth kairomones, leaving yet unanswered questions regarding how codling moth use odorants to locate and select apple and pear for oviposition. Issues addressed included the number of compounds implicated, codling moth oviposition on cut pear, the absence of pear ester in apple odor and in pear odor until they are ripe, effective release rates, and geographical differences in research results. 3. Lure and Kill. Work continues to develop lure and kill technology for codling moth, in part using the pear ester to attract females. A panel-shaped piece of netting treated with a pyrethroid gave good results when baited with a combination sex pheromone/pear ester lure. 4. Where do we go with leafrollers? Research on leafroller biology and management appears to be much reduced compared to past years. However, questions remain regarding incongruence between monitoring results and subsequent populations in orchards. They are possibly moving from unmonitored areas or orchards. 5. Mature larvae. An idea was discussed to replace banding for cocooning codling moth larvae with a sprayable biodegradable foam formulation. This approach, using foam applied to tree trunks, might provide opportunities to reduce application costs, formulate pesticide to make it a lure and kill system, formulate larval pheromone to improve larval recruitment, and possibly formulate nematodes for organic applications. 6. Neonates. Research to reduce numbers of newly hatched codling moth larvae includes possible use of the kairomone pear ester to attract larvae to a pesticide, confuse larvae to reduce their rate of success in finding and infesting fruit, and to improve efficacy of a pesticide by inducing larvae to move more and for a longer period of time before infesting fruit. Work appears to be needed on dose, formulations, and strategies. Previous work to use feeding stimulants in combination with pesticides for controlling neonate larvae was brought up, although there were no new developments to develop field applications. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1. Where is biocontrol in a continuum of pest control strategies? Concern was expressed that in its present state biological control and mating disruption are not robust enough control methods and growers fall back into spraying disruptive or ineffective insecticides. It was also argued that this leaves an expensive pest control system that is less predictable than a pesticide-based approach. It was argued that if we consider reliability vs. risk vs. the low cost of insurance then insecticides are easier and cheaper. Others argued that biological control is already significant in orchards and that taking a pesticide-first approach will abandon these benefits. Harvey Reissig asked what about leafroller biological control, and Dave Biddinger at this point provided slides that showed occurrence of some parasitoids in Pennsylvania apples. He then followed with a full presentation on the appearance and spread of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus pyri, and showed how reduced mite sprays were required and how this can benefit that industry. This represents a 4-yr RAMP funded project to Dr. Biddinger. 2. Biocontrol as a yardstick of orchard health. Initial work by Rick Hilton proposing using the abundance of the European earwig as an indicator of orchard health was discussed. He has continued this work and considers it a robust and very simple method of placing cardboard rolls in the apex of scaffold branches and then counting the number in each roll. 3. Microbial control Lerry Lacey made a fairly complete presentation of his group's research on codling moth granulovirus virus, and there was much discussion of similar results in other states including Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania. There was also some significant back and forth about how effective this product is on oriental fruit moth, with some claiming absolutely no efficacy and others claiming high efficacy. 4. Status of biocontrol and broad-spectrum biological pesticides and other new chemistries Discussions brought up the previous afternoon reemerged questioning the value of narrow spectrum, newer insecticides. Unruh noted that even the newer, "softer" insecticides are disruptive, especially if sublethal bioassays are employed. Helmut Riedl showed data that indicated that this even persisted in the field with Intrepid. The consortium (Riedl, Hilton, Mills, Unruh, and Beers) that worked on sublethal effects under the RAMP-IFAS grant was urged to publish their data and produce a combined summary, as it would be very useful for the other states as well. Beers suggested that we would have more leeway in pest control decisions if we found ways to live with a higher damage threshold for codling moth and other pests. The main roadblock she identified was our need for better sorting methods. Unruh suggested also that the social structure of those personnel doing insect pest monitoring often is those that recommend insecticide sprays harking back to the van den Bosch theme of an implicit pesticide conspiracy. 5. Biocontrol and the orchard habitat This final topic of the biocontrol section began with the question, "What parasite are we waiting for or waiting to preserve?" Unruh made a brief presentation of the landscape level effects of habitat manipulations to promote leafrollers in Washington. Dave Biddinger stated that he is finding C. florus but only at low numbers in PA. It was questioned if we need more effective natural enemies or if we need to live with what we have. There was a consensus that we have most of what we should need but that we need to learn how to get the most out of these beneficial organisms. Landscape level pests were cited as a problem for counting on biological control. Specifically, leafrollers and pear psylla can move from other orchards and congregate, causing much higher densities than the natural enemies at the high-pressure sites can subdue. Bins and bad neighbors can lead to similar problems with less vagile pests like codling moth. It was agreed yet again that leafroller and psylla are compelling reasons for developing areawide management.

Some recent advances in the development of new pheromonal delivery systems have stimulated a good deal of discussion among the scientific community on mechanisms and how to enhance the effect of pheromone in commercial settings. The combination of pheromones and kairomones in the same formulation or applied separately but to the same orchard holds some promise of using two biologically active chemicals to more effectively manage codling moth. At least one working group has been established to design experiments examining the mechanisms that might be working where both chemistries are present at the same time. A working group was also formed to examine the use of a kairomone or selective insecticide as part of a new spray foam formulation that could be applied to the trunks of fruit trees. There was a robust discussion of the current value and future of biological control in orchard ecosystems. There was some strong evidence presented and discussed showing the negative effects of newer insecticides that were initially thought to be safe against most biological control agents. The negative effects of new insecticides on biological control agents show the need for more detailed biological information on the life histories and behaviors of these agents. There was also a call for continued efforts to evaluate the effects of newly registered insecticides on biological control agents. The greatest barrier to such activity is the availability of funding for such studies. There was some effort discussed to organize a working group to address issues of evaluating new insecticides against biological control agents. Microbial control of codling moth using virus is seen as a very valuable and highly adopted technology to help move growers, not just organic growers, away from reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides. There was discussion concerning the rewrite of the project in 2007. Vince Jones agreed to lead the organization of the 2007 meeting. In general, the format for the 2006 meeting worked well but there needs to be time for some breakout meetings in topic areas for planning. Holding the meeting in Portland, Oregon, prior to the Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference was generally thought to be a positive, as it helped increase participation from across the United States.

Alston, D.G., D.E.N. Rangel, L.A. Lacey, H.G. Golez, J.J. Kim, and D.W. Roberts. 2005. Evaluation of novel fungus and nematode isolates for control of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae. Biol. Contr. 35: 163-171.

Arthurs, S.P., L.A. Lacey, and R. Fritts, Jr. 2005. Optimizing the use of the codling moth granulovirus: effects of application rate and spraying frequency on control of codling moth larvae in Pacific Northwest apple orchards. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1459-1468.

Bau, J., K.A. Justus, C. Loudon and R.T. Cardé. 2005. Electroantennographic resolution of pulsed pheromone plumes in two species of moths with bipectinate antennae. Chem. Senses 30:771-780.

Bezemer, T.M., J. A. Harvey, and N.J. Mills. 2005. Influence of adult nutrition on the relationship between body size and reproductive parameters in a parasitoid wasp. Ecol. Entomol. 30: 571-580.

Biddinger, D. and L.A. Hull. 2005. Survey of Pennsylvania apple orchards for a mite predator to give effective and sustainable control of spider mites. Penn Fruit News. 85(3): 23-31.

Biddinger, D.J. 2005. Predatory mites benefit apple growers in Pennsylvania. PA IPM, Fall 2005, Vol. 8, No. 4. http://paipm.cas.psu.edu/newsletter.html.

Biddinger, D.J. and L.A. Hull. 2005. Survey of Pennsylvania apple orchards for a mite predator to give effective and sustainable control of spider mites. Penn Fruit News, 85: 23-28.

Biddinger, D.J., L.A. Hull, G. Krawczyk. 2006. Conservation and augmentation of the predatory mite, T. pyri, in Pennsylvania apple orchards. Proceedings of the 80th Western Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference, January 11-13, 2006, Portland, OR.

Biddinger, D., G. Krawczyk, and L. Hull. 2006. Conservation and augmentation of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus pyri, in Pennsylvania apple orchards. Proceedings of the 81st Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference, Nov. 17-18, 2005, Winchester, VA.

Brunner, J.F., E.H. Beers, J.E. Dunley, M. Doerr, and K. Granger. 2005. Role of neonicotinyl insecticides in Washington apple integrated pest management. Part I. Control of lepidopteran pests. 10 pp. Journal of Insect Science, 5:14, available online: insectscience.org/5.14.

Beers, E.H., J.F. Brunner, J.E. Dunley, M. Doerr, and K. Granger. 2005. Role of neonicotinyl insecticides in Washington apple integrated pest management. Part II. Nontarget effects on integrated mite control. 10 pp. Journal of Insect Science, 5:16, available online: insectscience.org/5.16.

Cossentine, J.E., L.B.M. Jensen and K. Eastwell. 2005. Incidence and transmission of a granulovirus in a large codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) rearing facility. J. Invertebrate Pathology 90:187-192.

Cossentine, J.E., E.K. Deglow, L.B.M. Jensen and H. Goulet. 2005. Biological assessment of Macrocentrus linearis Nees and Apanteles polychrosidis Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as parasitoids of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 15:711-720.

Curkovic, T. and J.F. Brunner. 2005. Residual and sublethal effects of an attracticide formulation on Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott, and Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Crop Protection 24(7): 637-641.

DeLury, N.C., G.J.R. Judd, and M.G.T. Gardiner. 2005. Antennal detection of sex pheromone by female Pandemis limitata (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its impact on calling behaviour. J. Entomol. Soc. British Columbia. 102:1-9.

Ellis, N.H. and L.A. Hull. 2005. Flight behavior and field biology of adult oriental fruit moths in the presence of Malus and Prunus host crops. Penn Fruit News. 85(3):18-21.

Fernandez, D.E., E.H. Beers, J.F. Brunner, M.D. Doerr and J.E. Dunley. 2005. Effects of seasonal mineral oil applications on the pest and natural enemy complexes of apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen). J. Econ. Entomol. 98(5): 1630-1640.

Hilton, R.J. New control tactics for orchard IPM: selective pesticides, microbials, and behavioral control methods. Abstr. 5th Asia-Pacific Congress of Entomology. Jeju, Korea, Oct. 18-21.

Hilton, R., and H. Riedl. 2005. Tree fruit pests: pear. pp 178-186. In Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, OSU Press, Corvallis.

Hull, L., G. Krawczyk, and D. Biddinger. 2006. Effect of insecticide, water, volume, and method of application on the internal fruit feeding lepidopteran complex in apples. Proceedings of the 81st Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference, Nov. 17-18, 2005, Winchester, VA.

Hull, L., G. Krawczyk, and D. Biddinger. 2006. Management of CM and OFM on apple with insecticides, water, volume, and method of application. Proceedings of the 80th Western Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference, January 11-13, 2006, Portland, OR.

Jones, V.P., M.D. Doerr, J.F. Brunner, C.C. Eastburn, T.D. Wilburn and W.G. Wiman. 2005. Instar specific phenology of Pandemis pyrusana and Choristoneura rosaceana in Washington apple orchards. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 862-874.

Judd, G., H. Thistlewood, M. Gardiner, and B. Lannard. 2005. Mass-reared male codling moth from the sterile insect programme in British Columbia currently lack mating competitiveness in spring: is it a question of mating asynchrony? In Proceedings of 3rd Research Coordination Meeting, Improvement of codling moth SIT to facilitate expansion and field application, FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Programme, Mendoza, Argentina, September 16-20, 2005. Working Paper Series, IAEA- in press. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.

Judd, G.J.R. 2005. New insights into codling moth mating behavior. Proceedings of the Washington State Horticultural Association. in press.

Judd, G.J.R. and M.G.T. Gardiner. 2005. Towards eradication of codling moth in British Columbia by complimentary action of mating disruption, tree-banding and sterile insect technique: five-year study in organic orchards. Crop Protection 28:718-733.

Judd, G.J.R. and M.G.T. Gardiner. 2006. Efficacy of Isomate-CM/LR for managing codling moth and leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by mating disruption in organic apple orchards in western Canada. Agricultural and Forest Entomol. in press.

Judd, G.J.R. and M.G.T. Gardiner. 2006. Several factors affecting spring-time flight activity and recapture of mass-reared male codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), released by the Okanagan-Kootenay sterile insect programme. J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 103. in press.

Judd, G.J.R., S. Cockburn, C. Eby, M.G.T. Gardiner, and S. Wood. 2006. Diapause improves spring-time mating competitiveness of male codling moth mass-reared for a sterile insect programme. Entomologia Exp. Appl. in press.

Judd, G.J.R., N.C. DeLury and M.G.T. Gardiner. 2005. Examining disruption of pheromone communication in Choristoneura rosaceana and Pandemis limitata (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using microencapsulated (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate applied in a laboratory flight tunnel. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 114: 35-45.

Judd, G.J.R., M.G.T. Gardiner, N.C. DeLury and G. Karg, G. 2005. Reduced antennal sensitivity, behavioural response and attraction of male codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.), to their pheromone (E,E)-8,10-dodecandien-1-ol following various pre-exposure regimes. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 114:65-78.

Judd, G.J.R., H.M.A. Thistlewood, M.G.T. Gardiner and B.L. Lannard. 2006. Is lack of mating competitiveness in spring linked to mating asynchrony between wild and mass-reared male codling moth from an operational sterile insect programme? Entomologia Exp. Appl. in press.

Jumean, Z., E. Rowland, G.J.R. Judd, and G. Gries. 2006. Pheromone-based trapping of larval codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in commercial apple orchards. Entomologia Exp. Appl. in press.

Justus, K.A., R.T. Cardé and A.S. French. 2005. Dynamic properties of antennal responses in two moth species. J. Neurophysiol. 93: 2233-2239.

Knight, A.L. and D.M. Light 2005. Developing action thresholds for codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with pear ester and codlemone-baited traps in apple orchards treated with sex pheromone mating disruption. Can. Entomol. 137(6): 739-747.

Knight, A.L. and D.M. Light. 2005. Dose-response of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to ethyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate in apple orchards treated with sex pheromone dispensers. Environ. Entomol. 34: 604-609.

Knight, A.L. and D.M. Light. 2005. Factors affecting the differential capture of male and female codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in traps baited with ethyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate. Environ. Entomol. 34(5): 1161-1169.

Knight, A.L. and D.M. Light. 2005. Seasonal flight patterns of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) monitored with pear ester and codlemone-baited traps in sex pheromone-treated apple orchards. Environ. Entomol. 34(5): 1028-1035.

Knight, A.L. and D.M. Light. 2005. Timing of egg hatch by early-season codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) predicted by moth catch in pear ester and codlemone-baited traps. Can. Entomol. 137(6): 728-738.

Knight, A.L., P. VanBuskirk, R. Hilton, B. Zoller, and D.M. Light. 2005. Monitoring codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in four cultivars of pear. Acta Hort. 671: 565-570.

Knight, A.L., R. Hilton, and D.M. Light. 2005. Monitoring codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple with blends of ethyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadieonoate and codlemone. Environ. Entomol. 34: 598-603.

Krawczyk, G. and L.A. Hull. 2005. Factors in monitoring and controlling codling moth populations in PA apple orchards. Penn Fruit News. 85(2): 13-21.

Krawczyk, G. and L.A. Hull. 2005. Use of a new generation of horticultural oils for mite management in fruit orchards. IOBC/WPRS Bull. 28(7): 206-210.

Lacey, L.A. and D.I. Shapiro-Ilan. 2005. Microbial control of insect and mite pests in orchards: tools for integrated pest management and sustainable agriculture. In: R. Dris (Ed.), "Crops: Quality, Growth and Biotechnology", pp.1-24. WFL Publisher, Helsinki, Finland.

Lacey, L.A. and T.R. Unruh. 2005. Biological control of codling moth (Cydia pomonella, Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) and its role in integrated pest management, with emphasis on entomopathogens. Vedalia 12: in press.

Lacey, L.A., and S.P. Arthurs. 2005. New method for testing solar sensitivity of commercial formulations of the granulovirus of codling moth (Cydia pomonella, Tortricidae: Lepidoptera). For: J. Invertebr. Pathol. 90:85-90.

Lacey, L.A., D. Granatstein, S.P. Arthurs, H.L. Headrick and R. Fritts, Jr. 2006. Use of mulches to improve the efficacy and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) for control of overwintering codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 41: in press.

Lacey, L.A., L.G. Neven, H.L. Headrick, and R. Fritts, Jr. 2005. Factors affecting entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) for the control of overwintering codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in fruit bins. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1863-1869.

Lacey, L.A., S.P. Arthurs and H. Headrick. 2005. Comparative activity of the codling moth granulovirus against Grapholita molesta and Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). For: J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia. 102: 79-80.

Lacey, L.A., S.P. Arthurs, T.R. Unruh, H. Headrick and R. Fritts, Jr. 2006. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple and pear orchards: effect of nematode species and seasonal temperatures, adjuvants, application equipment and post-application irrigation. Biol. Contr. 37: in press.

Light, D.M. and A.L. Knight. 2005. Specificity of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) for the kairomone ethyl (2E, 4Z)-2, 4-decadienoate: field bioassays with pome fruit volatiles, analog and isomeric compounds. J. Agricultural & Food Chemistry 53(10): 4046-4053.

Lowery, D.T., M.J. Smirle, R.G. Foottit and E.H. Beers Peryea. 2005. Susceptibilities of green apple aphid and spirea aphid collected from apple in the Pacific Northwest to selected aphicides. Journal of Economic Entomology (in press).

Lowery, D.T., M.J. Smirle, R.G. Foottit, C.L. Zurowski and E.H. Beers. 2005. Baseline susceptibilities to imidacloprid for green apple aphid and spirea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) collected from apple in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Economic Entomology 98: 188-194.

Mills, N.J. 2005. Classical biological control of codling moth: the California experience. In: 2nd International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods. M.S. Hoddle (ed.), USDA Forest Service, FHTET-2005-08, Volume 1, pp. 126-131.

Mills, N.J. 2005. Selecting effective parasitoids for biological control introductions: codling moth as a case study. Biological Control 34: 274-282.

Mills, N.J., and K.M. Daane. 2005. Nonpesticide alternatives can suppress agricultural pests. California Agriculture 59(1): 23-28.

Myers, C.T., and L.A. Hull. 2005. Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck) mating disruption trials in peach orchards: 2004. Penn Fruit News. 85(3): 36-41.

Myers, C.T., and L.A. Hull. 2005. Understanding differences in oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck) behavior between peach and apple orchards in Pennsylvania. Penn Fruit News. 85(2): 48-52.

Myers, C.T., L.A. Hull and G. Krawczyk. 2005. Using mating disruption tactics to mitigate OFM and CM pressure in an abandoned orchard site: a case study. Penn Fruit News. 85(5): 15-26.

Myers, C.T., L.A. Hull, and G. Krawczyk. 2006. Early-season host plant fruit impacts on reproductive parameters of the oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Entomol. Sci. (in press).

Myers, C.T., L.A. Hull and G. Krawczyk. 2006. Effects of orchard host plants on the oviposition preference of the oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) J. Econ Entomol. (in press).

Myers, C.T., L.A. Hull and G. Krawczyk. 2006. Effects of orchard host plants, Apple, Malus domestica Borkh., and "Peach", Prunus persica L., on the development of the oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Econ. Entomol. (in press).

Myers, C.T., L.A. Hull and G. Krawczyk. 2006. Seasonal and cultivar associated variation in the oviposition behavior of the oriental fruit moth, (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults and feeding behavior of neonate larvae in apples. J. Econ. Entomol. (in press).

Paulson, G.S., L.A. Hull and D.J. Biddinger. 2005. The effects of a plant growth regulator prohexadione-calcium on insect pests of apple and pear. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 423-431.

Riedl, H., and R. Hilton. 2005. Tree Fruit Pests: apple, pp 168-178. In Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, OSU Press, Corvallis.

Robertson, S., L.A. Hull, and D. Calvin. 2005. A model to predict fruit injury by the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis. J. Econ. Entomol. 98(4): 1229-1235.

Schlamp, K.K., R. Gries, G. Khaskin, K. Brown, E. Khaskin, G.J.R. Judd, and G. Gries. 2005. Pheromone components from body scales of female Anarsia lineatella induce contacts by conspecific males. J. Chem. Ecol. 31: 1-15.

Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., L.W. Duncan, L.A. Lacey, and R. Han. 2005. Orchard applications. In: Grewal P. S., Ehlers, R.-U. and David, Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. (Eds), Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents, CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, pp. 215-230.

Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., L.W. Duncan, L.A. Lacey, and R. Han. 2005. Orchard crops. In "Nematodes as Biological Control Agents" P. S. Grewal, R.-U. Ehlers, and D. I. Shapiro-Ilan (Eds), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, pp. 215-229.

Tomascewska, E., V.R. Hebert, J.F. Brunner, V.P. Jones, M. Doerr, and R. Hilton. 2005. Evaluation of pheromone release from commercial mating disruption dispensers. J. Ag. Food Chem. 53: 2399-2405.

VanBuskirk, P., and R. Hilton. 2005. The challenge of implementing a successful IPM program in pear. Acta Horticulturae 671: 577-581.

Zaid, J., R. Gries, T.R. Unruh, E. Rowland, and G. Gries. 2005. Identification of the larval aggregation pheromone of codling moth, Cydia pomonella. J. Chemical Ecology. 31: 911-924.

Zaid, J., T. Unruh, R. Gries, and G. Gries. 2005. Mastrus ridibundus parasitoids eavesdrop on cocoon-spinning codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Naturwissenschaften 92:20-25.