Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Six new apples varieties grown in MA, PA and NC were stored for up to 6 months in either air or CA conditions at Penn State and evaluated for internal ethylene, firmness and acidity after storage. A limited number of samples were treated with 1-methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP) (PA). Honeycrisp storage characteristics varied greatly. Arlet developed greasiness in storage. Shizuka continues to perform less well than Mutsu. Cameos flavor is that of a much improved Delicious and stores better, but it is not as attractive. Florina, a scab resistant cultivar, does not maintain its flavor well during storage (MA). Incidence of soft scald and soggy breakdown in Honeycrisp apples was enhanced by late harvest and low storage temperatures, and associated with accumulations of acetaldehyde, ethanol and ethyl acetate in the flesh. (NY, Ithaca). Collaborations with the NC-140 rootstock study showed that rootstock appears to influence the maturation rate of Gala apples. (NC)

Stratagies to define and optimize the quality of Washington apples, determine the potential deterioration of apples during transport and distribution, and evaluate the quality of Washington apples in retail stores in the USA are being developed (WA). The later is a cooperative study with CA, PA., NY, NC, MI, and SC. Additional studies will utilize nondestructive methods to evaluate edible quality (WA). We are also determining the relationship of firmness and soluble solids to the acceptability of Gala and Red Delicious apples to consumers (WA, OR, NZ)

A 30% CO2 atmosphere appears optimal for storage of cranberry (NY, Ithaca). Large genotypic variations in antioxidant activities of nectarines, peaches, and plums are closely related to their total phenolics content. (CA). The magnitude of difference between postharvest-life based on flavor and that based on appearance of strawberries varies among cultivars and storage atmospheres. (CA). The minimum safe temperature for plantains is 10˚C (as compared to 14˚C for bananas) (CA). The optimal atmosphere for storage of pomegranates is 5 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO2 at 7.5˚C and 90-95% RH (CA). Anjou pears stored for up to 2 months at 30F could be pre-conditioned with 100 ppm ethylene in-transit for 7 days at 45F or 3 days at 60F. Pre-conditioned fruit arrived in the retail markets with proper ripeness and good dessert quality (OR). Consumer acceptance of peaches is highly related to SSC:TA rather than SSC or TA alone (CA).

1-MCP studies have focused on the effect of storage temperatures, with the aim of minimizing the risk of chilling injury, and on developing maturity recommendations that will result in maximum benefit of the compound. 1-MCP does not appear to allow higher storage temperatures to be employed (NY, Ithaca), although it did protect fruit from a temporary malfunction of refrigeration equipment (CA). 1-MCP delayed apple aroma formation relative to untreated fruit after storage. The delay was initially 30 days at room temperature and decreased to approximately 5 days after 5 months RA. Controlled atmosphere storage delayed aroma recovery even more severely. ReTain treatment prior to harvest did not alter the response of apple fruit to 1-MCP as long as ReTain-treated fruit and nontreated fruit were harvested at the same maturity (MI).

Treatment of Golden Delicious apples with 1-MCP concurrently with ethylene at 65-190 ppm effectively delayed but did not prevent fruit ripening and controlled decay (MD-USDA). MCP was very effective in inhibiting scald development in Granny Smith apples kept at 1oC for 190 d. In addition, it greatly decreased the rate of fruit softening. Similar results concerning fruit texture were observed with "Gala" apples. In both fruits, 1-MCP suppressed the rise in -farnesene and conjugated trienol content (MD).

The group also explored the benefits of 1-MCP treatment for fruit other than apples.
Pre-storage treatment of 100 ppb 1- MCP inhibited the normal ripening process and the development of superficial scald disorder of dAnjou pears after storage in air at 30F for 5 months (OR). Multiple applications of 1-MCP during pear storage can extend the effects on fruit ripening if repeat applications are put on before the 1-MCP effects are completely lost (CA). The efficacy of 1-MCP in delaying ripening of partially-ripe bananas was too inconsistent for commercial application (CA).

Use of 1-MCP on harvested fruit to inhibit maturation can predispose fruit to decay, but heat treatment or application of a biological antagonist are capable of preventing this increase in decay. The antagonist was most effective in controlling bitter rot, whereas heat treatment was better for control of blue mold (MD-USDA).

Modified atmosphere packaging and a mixture of biocontrol organisms maintained postharvest life of red raspberries. Aroma retention was particularly sensitive to MA (WA, Pullman). Treatment of blueberries with UV-C light does not decrease decay (OK). Apricots and plums stored at 00C do not benefit from pre-storage fumigation of thymol vapor (ONT). Neither incidence nor severity of brown rot was affected by constant ethylene exposure on stone fruits wound inoculated with Monilinia fructicola. Similarly, ethylene did not affect gray mold nesting ability on table grapes artificially inoculated with Botrytis cinerea (CAEthyoxyquin and diphenylamine were most effective among a group of antioxidants and fruit coatings at reducing Bartlett pear fruit susceptibility to skin browning from vibration damage.

A series of treatments are under exploration for control of insect pests that interfere with trade of fresh fruit. Treatment of table grapes with Silwet L-77 can provide effective control of numerous surface pests without harm to grape quality. Treatment of Bing sweet cherries with hot water to control codling moth larvae was fairly well tolerated, but stem quality problems will likely limit the use of this treatment method. Radio frequency treatments show more promise.

Antisense ACS ‘Royal Gala‘ fruits had reduced ethylene production and softening indicating improved storability (NY, Geneva). When 1-MCP was used to inhibit the onset of the climacteric, the accumulation of ACS transcripts was completely inhibited while there was no effect on expression of the ACO gene. Expression of the ers1 ethylene receptor was also inhibited (MD). Bicarbonate and ascorbic acid activation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase has been characterized (MI).

Several studies are addressing the development of aroma in apples. ‘Redchief Delicious‘ apple fruit tissue was analyzed for the ability to metabolize 1-pentanol and synthesize constitutive esters and alcohols under anoxic and aerobic conditions. The biosynthetic rates of all esters increased as a result of air exposure (WA, Pullman). ADH is up-regulated in stressed tissue and particularly under anaerobic or low O2 levels. ADH has broad substrate specificity for alcohols and aldehydes and may serve to detoxify noxious metabolites in concert with the activity of alcohol acetyl transferase (MI). Banana fruit produced esters well after the biosynthetic capacity developed. It appears that alcohol supply initially limits ester production. Late in ripening, unsaturated esters increase, suggesting membrane breakdown helps supply precursors during senescence (MI).

Apples receiving the most postharvest light produced the most anthocyanins. Optimal color development after harvest was achieved at 20-25 C, while at lower temperatures, color development was slowed. Reversibility of lychee pericarp red color in relation to pericarp pH, activity of polyphenol oxidase, and particle size of brown pigment is under study (ONT).

Following CA storage analytical and sensory trials were conducted on fruit that were exposed to naturally occurring volatile components. Sensory panels were able to detect a significant difference between treated and control fruit but had no preference (PA). A consumer sensory evaluation of 1-MCP treated Red Delicious resulted in no significant flavor differences between treatments but a significantly higher texture associated with 1-MCP treatment was found (PA).

Our studies suggest that insects damage plant organs using cell wall-degrading enzymes, much like pathogens do and that plant defenses to attacks that involve wall-digesting enzymes like PG may be similar in the plant-pathogen and plant-insect interactions (CA). Studies of the signaling roles of pectin-derived oligosaccharides (PDOs) in regulating fruit ripening and plant responses to insects and pathogens (CA). Studies with tomato fruit having transgenically suppressed PG and expansin gene expression indicate that the fruits have modified cell wall digestion and soften slightly less than wild-type fruit. Studies of mealy texture during the ripening of chilled peaches are examining ripening-related cell wall metabolism in terms of polysaccharide structure change and enzyme activities (CA).

Activities of antioxidant enzymes have been studied in relation to susceptibility of fruit to superficial scald. No consistent relationships were identified (NY, Ithaca). To determine how synthesis of α-farnesene in apple fruit is regulated, genes encoding key enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway are being cloned and characterized (MD-USDA).

Work has continued to understand the mechanism by which DPA reduces superficial scald (a form of chilling injury). DPA inhibited oxygen, decreased membrane potential, and negated the uncoupling effect of 1040DNP (GA). Use of a chromotropic nitrone spin trapping agent showed the presence of two principal farnesyl-nitrone adducts is related to development of scald in apples (WA). Several tomato lines transformed with an antisense construct of a phospholipase D (PLD cDNA bore fruit with 75-80% lower PLD mRNA than wild-type fruit (MD-USDA). Data indicate that HMGR1 is not a regulatory step in -farnesene biosynthesis, and its expression is greatly enhanced by low O2 (MD).

A clinical feeding trial indicated that watermelon lycopene is bioavailable to humans without a heat treatment (OK).


Future Work

We will continue work evaluating materials from the NE-183 cultivar trials, and emphasis on postharvest handling of Honeycrisp will continue. An emphasis on reducing storage disorders and improving the flavor and nutritional quality of fruit will guide our studies. We will continue to evaluate the benefits and risks of using 1-MCP on apples, pears and other fruits to extend storage life, reduce handling costs and improve fruit quality. Alternative methods to control decay and insects on fruit crops after harvest will continue to be studied, including sanitation measures, safer chemicals, controlled atmospheres, heat treatments and biological control. The biology underlying the various fruit characteristics and disorders will continue to be studied to increase our understanding so as to improve our ability to develop effective control measures, such as development of resistant cultivars.

Baritelle, A.L., G.M. Hyde, J.K. Fellman and J.Varith 2001.Using 1-MCP to inhibit the influence of ripening on impact properties of pear and apple tissue. Postharvest Biol.Technol. 23:153-160.

Beaudry, R.M. 2002 Modified Atmosphere Packaging. In The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks, USDA Handbook 66, K. Gross, ed. (in press).

Beaudry, R.M. 2002 Modified Atmosphere Packaging. In The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks, USDA Handbook 66, K. Gross, ed. (in press).

Blom, T.J., W. Brown, C.L. Chu, W.T. Liu, L. Skog. 2002. Easter lilies react differently to short- or long-term exposure of ethylene or methane at different stages of forcing. HortTechnology 12:91-94.

Boyhan, G. E., W. M. Randle, A. C. Purvis, P. M. Lewis, R. L. Torrance, D. E. Curry and D. O. Linton. 2001. Evaluation of growth stimulants on short-day onions. HortTechnology 11:38-42.

Camara Hurtado M., Greve LC, Labavitch JM. 2002. Changes in cell wall pectins accompanying tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) paste manufacture. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:273-278.

Chardonnet, C.O., Sams, C.E., Conway, W.S., Mount, J.R., Draughon, F.A. 2001. Osmotic dehydration of apple slices using a sucrose/CaCl2 combination to control spoilage caused by Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Penicillium expansum. J. Food Prot. 64:1425-1429.

Chardonnet, C.O., Sams, C.E., Conway, W.S., Draughon, F.A., Mount, J.R. 2002. Osmotic dehydration of apple slices with CaCl2 and sucrose limits decay caused by Penicillium expansum, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Botrytis cinerea and does not promote Listeria monocytogenes or total aerobic population growth. J. Food Prot. 65:172-177.

Chen, P.M., D.M. Varga and C.F. Seavert. 2002. Developing a Value-added Fresh-cut ‘D‘Anjou‘ Pear Product. HortTechnology (Submitted).

Chu, C.L. and S.L. Wang. 2001. Effect of cutting style, low-oxygen atmosphere and cold temperature on the respiration rate of minimally processed vegetables. Acta Horticulturae 553(2):691-692.

Chu, C.L., W.T. Liu, and J.H. Ma. Use of individual wrap with a food packaging film to extend the postharvest life of radishes. Postharvest Unlimited Conference. Leuven, Belgium, June 11-14, 2002. PH2. (Abst.). Poster.

Chu, C.L., W.T. Liu, and T. Zhou. 2001. Fumigation of sweet cherries with low levels of thymol and acetic acid to reduce postharvest brown rot and blue mold rot. Fruits 56(2):123-130.

Chu, C.L., W.T. Liu, and J.H. Ma. Use of individual wrap with a food packaging film to extend the postharvest life of radishes. Acta Horticulturae (Accepted).

Clayton, M., W.V. Biasi, I.T. Agar, S.M. Southwick, and E.J. Mitcham. 2002. Postharvest quality of Bing cherries following preharvest treatment with hydrogen cyanimide, calcium ammonium nitrate, or gibberellic acid. HortScience (in press).

Dilley, D.R., Wang, Zhenyong and Kadyrzhanova, D.K. 2002. Mechanism of bicarbonate and ascorbic acid activation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase.

Fellman, J.K., Miller, T.W., Mattinson, D.S., and Mattheis, J.P. 2000. Factors that influence biosynthesis of volatile flavor compounds in apple fruits. HortScience 35:1026-1033.
Fernandez-Trujllo, J. P., Nock, J.F., Watkins, C.B. 2001. Superficial scald, carbon dioxide injury, and changes of fermentation products and organic acids in Cortland and Law Rome apple fruit after high carbon dioxide stress treatment. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 126: 235-241.

Fish, W.W., Perkins Veazie, P., and Collins, J.K. 2002. A quantitative assay for lycopene that utilizes reduced volumes of organic solvents. J. Food Composition Analysis, 15:309 317.

Golding, J.B., Wang, Z. and Dilley, D.R. 2001. Role alcohol dehydrogenase in preventing superficial scald in apples. Acta Horticultrae ( in press ).

Golding, J.B., Wang, Z. and Dilley, D.R. 2001. Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene and light on postharvest color development in apples. Acta Horticultrae ( in press ).

Gunes, G., Watkins, C.B., Hotchkiss, J.H. 2001. Physiological responses of fresh-cut apple slices under high CO2 and low O2 partial pressures. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 22: 197-204.

Gunes, G., Hotchkiss, J.H., Watkins, C.B. 2001. Effects of gamma irradiation on the texture of minimally processed apple slices. J. Food Sci. 66:63-67.

Hernandez, M.S., Fernandez-Trujllo, J.P., Martinez, O., Barrera, J., Watkins, C.B. 2001. Modified atmosphere packaging of Araza (Eugenia stipitata Mc Vaugh) fruit. Refrigeration Sci. Technol. Proc. 2: 666-672

Holley, S.L., C.G. Edwards, J.H. Thorngate, J.K. Fellman, D.S. Mattinson, E.J. Sorensen, and R.H. Dougherty. 2000. Chemical characterization of different lines of Daucus carota L. roots. J. Food Qual. 23(5): 487-502

Hrazdina, G., Kiss, E., Galli, Z., Rosenfield,C.L., Norelli, J.L. Aldwinckle, H.S. (2002) Down regulation of ethylene production in Royal Gala apples. Acta Horticulturae, In Press

Jayanty, S., J. Song, N.M. Rubinstein, A. Chong, and R.M. Beaudry. 2002. Temporal relationship between ester biosynthesis and ripening events in banana fruit. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci. (In Press).

Legnani, G., Watkins, C.B., Miller, W.B. 2002. Use of low-oxygen atmospheres to inhibit sprout elongation of dry-sale Asiatic lily bulbs. Acta Horticulturae 570:183-189.

Kader, A.A. 2001. Quality assurance of harvested horticultural perishables. Acta Horticulturae 553:51-55.

Kader, A.A. (editor) 2001. CA bibliography (1981-2000) and CA recommendations (2001)  CD ROM. University of California, Postharvest Technology Center, Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 22.

Kader, A.A., (editor) 2002. Postharvest technology of horticultural crops. Third edition. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311, 535p.

Kader, A.A. 2002. Fruits in the global market. p. 1-16, in: M. Knee (editor). Fruit quality and its biological basis. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK.

Kader, A.A. 2002. Opportunities in using biotechnology to maintain postharvest quality and safety of fresh produce. HortScience 37:467-468.

Kader, A.A. 2002. Modified atmospheric storage, p. 504-505, in: Encyclopedia of Pest Management, Marcell Dekker, Inc., New York.

Leung, S.K., C.L. Chu, and M. Kawaji. Effect of anthocyanin, polyphenol oxidase, and the pH of pericarp on the fresh appearance of lychee. Acta Horticulturae (Accepted).

Leung, S.K., C.L. Chu, and M. Kawaji. Effect of anthocyanin, polyphenol oxidase, and the pH of pericarp on the fresh appearance of lychee. Postharvest Unlimited Conference. Leuven, Belgium, June 11-14, 2002. PA52. (Abst.). Poster.

Leverentz, B., Conway, W.S., Alavidze, Z., Janisiewicz, W.J., Fuchs, Y., Camp, M.J., Chighladze, E., Sulakvelidze, A. 2001. Examination of bacteriophage as a biocontrol method for Salmonella on fresh-cut fruit: A model study. J. Food Prot. 64:1116-1121.

Liu, W.T., C.L. Chu, and T. Zhou. 2002. Thymol and acetic acid vapors reduce postharvest brown rot of apricots and plums. HortScience 37:151-156.

Ma, S.S and P. M. Chen. 2002. Storage Disorder and Ripening Behavior of Doyenne du Comice Pears in Relation to Storage Conditions. J. Postharvest Biology and Technology (Accepted).

Mattheis, J., J.K. Fellman. 2000. Impacts of modified atmosphere packaging and controlled atmospheres on aroma, flavor, and quality of horticultural commodities. HortTechnology 10: 507-510.

Maw, B. W., A. C. Purvis and B. G. Mullinix. 2002. Enhancing the performance of the CPES sweet onion harvester. Appl. Eng. in Agri. 18:23-28.

Mir, N., and R.M. Beaudry 2002 Atmosphere Control Using Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide. In Fruit Quality and its Biological Basis M. Knee, ed. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, U.K.

Mir, N. and R.M. Beaudry. 2001. Use of 1-MCP to reduce the requirement for refrigeration in the storage of apple fruit. Proc. 4th Intl. Conf. on Postharvest Physiology, Acta Hort, 553:577-580.

Mir, N. and R.M. Beaudry. 2001. Use of a gas-release patch to regulate ethylene-mediated plant responses. Proc. 4th Intl. Conf. on Postharvest Physiology, Acta Hort, 553:581-582.

Mir, N. and R.M. Beaudry. 2001. Interplay of O2 and C2H4 on climacteric respiration. Proc. 4th Intl. Conf. on Postharvest Physiology, Acta Hort, 553:651-655.

Palou, L., Crisosto, C. H., Garner, D., Basinal, L. M. 2002. Effect of continuous exposure to exogenous ethylene during cold storage on postharvest decay development and quality attributes of stone fruits and table grapes. Postharvest Biol. Technol. In press.

Palou, L., Crisosto, C. H. 2002. Postharvest treatments to reduce the harmful effects of ethylene on apricots. Acta Hort. In press.

Pechous, S.W., Whitaker, B.D. 2002. Cloning and bacterial expression of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase cDNA (HMG1) from peel tissue of apple fruit. J. Plant Physiol. 159:907-916.

Perkins-Veazie, P. and J.K. Collins. Contributions of nonvolatile phytochemicals to nutrition and flavor. HortTechnology 11(4):25-32, 2001.

Perkins-Veazie, P., and Collins, J.K. 2002. Quality of erect-type blackberry fruit after short intervals of controlled atmosphere storage. Postharvest Biol.Technol. 25:235-239.

Perkins-Veazie, P., Collins, J.K., Pair, S. and Roberts, W. 2001. Lycopene content differs among red-fleshed watermelon cultivars. J. Sci. Food Agric.81:983-987.

Popov, V. N., A. C. Purvis, V. P. Skulachev and A. M. Wagner. 2001. Stress-induced changes in ubiquinone concentration and alternative oxidase in plant mitochondria. Biosci. Rep. 21:369-379.

Prusky, D., McEvoy, J.L., Leverentz, B., Conway, W.S. 2001. Local modulation of host pH by Colletotrichum species as a mechanism to increase virulence. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 14:1105-1113.

Purvis, A. C. 2001. Regulation and role of the alternative oxidase in chilling injury of green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Acta Hort. 553:289-291.

Purvis, A. C. 2002. Diphenylamine reduces chilling injury of green bell pepper fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 25:41-48.

Purvis, A. C. 2001. Reduction of superoxide production by mitochondria oxidizing NADH in the presence of organic acids. J. Plant Physiol. 158:159-165.

Purvis, A. C. 2002. How respiring plant cells limit the production of active oxygen species. In: D. M. Hodges (ed.) Postharvest Oxidative Stress in Horticultural Crops. Chap. 8. Haworth Press/Food Products Press, NY. (in press).

Purvis, A. C. and J. Brock. 2002. Does Botrytis allii spread from infected onions to sound onions in controlled atmosphere storage? Acta Hort. (in press).

Reed, A.N. 2002. Packing. In: T.A. Baugher and S. Singha (eds.). Concise encyclopedia of temperate tree fruit. The Haworth Press, New York. In press.

Reed, A.N. 2002. Storing and Handling Fruit. In: T.A. Baugher and S. Singha (eds.). Concise encyclopedia of temperate tree fruit. The Haworth Press, New York. In press.

Reed, A.N. 2002. Harvest and Postharvest Handling. In: R. M. Crassweller (ed.) 2002  2003 Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide. Penn State University. pp 213-223.

Reed, A. N. 2001. Fruit Postharvest Problems and Solutions Facing the Industry. Pennsylvania Fruit News 81(4):28-37

Reed, A. N. 2002. Harvest Maturity of Apples and Predictive Modeling. Pennsylvania Fruit News 82(2):38-43.

Reed, A. N. 2002. Effects of SmartFresh (1-MCP) and Controlled Atmosphere Storage on Eight Apple Varieties. Pennsylvania Fruit News 82(2):43-48.

Reed, A. N. 2002. Progress Report on Storage of York Imperial as Affected by 1-MCP and Controlled Atmosphere Storage. Pennsylvania Fruit News 82(2):49.

Rudell, D.R., Mattinson, D.S., Mattheis, J.P. and Fellman, J.K. 2000. The progression of ethylene production and respiration in the tissues of ripening Fuji apple fruit. HortScience 35:1300-1303.

Simpson, T., V. Bikoba, E. J. Mitcham. Submitted May 2002. Effects of acetaldehyde on fruit quality and target pest mortality for harvested strawberries. Postharvest Biol. Technol.

Skog, L. and C.L. Chu. 2001. Effect of Ozone on Qualities of Fruits and Vegetables in Cold Storage. Can. J. Plant Sci. 81:773-778

Skog, L. and C.L. Chu. 2001. Ozone technology for shelf life extension of fruits and vegetables. Acta Horticulturae 553(2):431-432.

Sozzi GO,., FraschinaAA, Navarro AA, Cascone O, Greve LC, Labavitch JM. 2002. -L-arabinofuranosidase activity during development and ripening of normal and antisense ACC synthase tomato fruit. HortSci. 37:564-566.

Sozzi GO, Greve LC, Prody GA, Labavitch JM. 2002. Gibberellic acid, synthetic auxins, and ethylene differentially modulate -L-arabinosidase activities in antisense ACC synthase tomato pericarp discs. A high molecular-weight isoform is a zinc-dependent enzyme. Plant Physiol. 129:1330-1340.

Tipping, C., V. Bikoba, G.J. Chander, and E.J. Mitcham. In final review July 2002. Efficacy of Silwet L-77 against several arthropods pests of table grape. J. Econ. Entomol.

Tomas-Barbearn, F.A., M.I. Gil, P. Cremin, A.L. Waterhouse, B. Hess-Pierce, and A.A. Kader. 2001. HPLC-DAD-ESIMS analysis of phenolic compounds in nectarines, peaches, and plums. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49:4748-4760.

Wang, S., J. Tang, J.A. Johnson, E. Mitcham, J.D. Hansen, R.P. Cavalieri, J. Bower and B. Biasi. 2002. Process protocols based on radio frequency energy to control field and storage pests in in-shell walnuts. Postharvest Biol. Technol. (in press)

Wszelaki, A.L. and E.J. Mitcham. 2002. Effect of combinations of hot water dips, biological control and controlled atmospheres for control of gray mold on harvested strawberries. Postharvest Biol. Technol. (in press)

Zhou, T., C.L. Chu, W.T. Liu, and K.E. Schneider. 2001. Postharvest control of blue mold and gray mold on apples using isolates of Pseudomonas syringae. Can. J. Plant Pathology 23:246-252.

Zhu, M., C.L. Chu, S.L. Wang, and R.W. Lencki. 2002. Predicting oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures within modified atmosphere packages of cut rutabaga. J. Food Sci. 67(2) 714-720.

Wang, Z. and Dilley, D.R. 2001. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine, combined with ethephon, can enhance red color development without over-ripening apples. HortScience. 36:328-331.

Dilley, D.R., Kadyrzhanova, D. and Wang. Z. 2001. Mechanism of carbon dioxide activation of 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate(ACC) oxidase. Acta Horticulturae 553:143-144..

Wang, Z and Dilley, D.R. 2001. Initial low oxygen stress controls scald of apples without postharvest chemical treatments. Acta Horticulturae 553:261-266.

Villavicencio, L., S.M. Blankenship, D.C. Sanders, and W.H. Swallow. 2001. Ethylene and carbon dioxide production in attached fruits of pepper cultivars during ripening. Scientia Hort. 1644: 1-8.

Vlachonasios, K., Kadyrzhanova, D.K. and Dilley, D.R. 2001. Heat treatment prevents chilling injury of tomato fruits: Involvement of heat shock genes and and heat shock proteins in the resistance of tomato fruit to low temperatures. Acta Horticulturae 553:543-547.

Wyllie, S.G., and J.K. Fellman. 2000. Formation of branched-chain esters in bananas (Musa sapientum L.). J. Agr. Food Chem.. 48:3493-3496.

Wang, Z. and Dilley, D.R. 2001. ReTain (AVG), combined with ethephon, can enhance red color development without over-ripening apples. Proc. Mich. State Hort. Soc. 130:123-130.

Watkins, C.B. 2002. Ethylene synthesis, mode of action, consequences and control. In: Fruit Quality and its Biological Basis. Knee, M. (ed). Sheffield Academic Press. p180-224.

Watkins, C.B., Pritts, M.P. 2001. The influence of cultivar on postharvest performance of fruits and vegetables. Acta Horticulturae 553:59-63.

Watkins, C.B., Fernandez-Trujillo, J.P, Nock, J.F. 2001. Fermentation products and succinate in two apple cultivars with different tolerances to carbon dioxide. Acta Horticulturae 553:273-274.

U.S. Patent No. 6,284,483. Modified Synthetases to Produce Penicillins and Cephaolsporins under Control by Bicarbonate. Dilley, D.R., Kadyrzhanova, D.K, Wang, Zhenyong and Warner, T.M.. 9/5/01.