Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The annual meeting of the NC-131 technical committee was held in Madison, Wisconsin on October 29-30, 2004. The meeting was called to order by committee chair, Marion Greaser. Discussions focused on progress necessary to re-submit the NC-131 project for funding. Status of each of the subsections was discussed and methods for submitting the individual segments into the NIMSS program were discussed. The individual objectives of the revised NC-131 program would include: 1. Characterize signal transduction pathways that regulate skeletal muscle growth and differentiation. 2. Determine the nuclear mechanisms that control gene expression in skeletal muscle. 3. Characterize muscle proteins and their functional domains involved in myofibrillar protein assembly and disassembly. Each of the stations has, by now, submitted draft versions of accomplishments and objectives for each of the objectives. Chairs for each section were to collate this information and to provide information to Dr. Greaser within 2 weeks. In the later business meeting, it was decided that next years meeting would be in Corvallis, Oregon and that Neil Forsberg would serve as Chair. Dr. Kim agreed to serve as Secretary of NC-131 for 2005 and to host the NC-131 meeting in Hawaii in 2006. Costs for travel to Hawaii were not considered to be burdensome as many discount flights are available. Annual reports were due on 12/1/04 and should be sent to Dr. Aberle. Dr. Doug McFarland requested electronic versions of reports to be sent to him for posting on the NC-131 website. Dr. Aberle then presented a detailed report on changes in nomenclature proposed for NC reports and updated the group on progress of congressional appropriation bills. He reported that the NRI budget in Senate and House versions stood at $180 million, a slight increase from past years. He also apprised the group on discussions regarding development of a National Institute of Food and Agriculture which would grow to an annual budget of $1 billion over 5 years, if approved. Dr. Aberle queried the group on progress of the NC-131 renewal and determined that only Objective 3 remained to be submitted. Dr. Darrel Goll agreed to spearhead this task. The business meeting was adjourned. A complete version of the minutes can be found at the project's website, http://ars.sdstate.edu/nc131/main.htm.

The mechanisms by which hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) regulates myogenic cell proliferation and differentiation were further defined. HGFstimulates satellite cell proliferation and is present in the extracellular compartment of skeletal muscle, as are serine proteases that can cleave pro-HGF. Nitric oxide synthase is stimulated by calcium and calmodulin to produce nitric oxide, which stimulates release of active HGF. Several experiments indicate that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) affects muscle cell proliferation. IGFBP-5 suppresses proliferation in porcine embryonic myogenic cell cultures through both independent effects and in concert with myostatin and transforming growth factor-b1. In ovo administration of anti-myostatin antibody did not affect growth of broiler chicks but tended to increase the proportion of breast muscle. There seems to be cross-talk between the insulin and leptin signaling pathways in bovine myogenic cells and mouse Sol8 myogenic cells. Progestins have an anti-proliferative effect on myogenic cells which seems to be mediated through a mechanism other than transcriptional regulation by the progesterone receptor. Skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy induced by b-agonists is fiber type-dependent and coupled to fiber type transitions to the fast-twitch phenotype. Activation of ERK and Akt/Gsk3 signaling pathways is greater in fast twitch muscles than slow twitch muscles during b-agonist induced hypertrophy. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and the ERK-MAPK signaling pathways act synergistically to determine fiber type specification. Procedures have been developed to detect differentially expressed genes in developing pig skeletal muscle. High density oligonucleotide arrays showed 62 genes were differentially expressed in muscles between day 60 of gestation and 7 weeks of age. Measurements of differential gene expression are underway in the hypertrophy-responsive gluteus medius muscle compared to the hypertrophy-nonresponsive supraspinatus muscle of callipyge lambs. A c-DNA clone of chicken heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein was prepared and will be employed to study the role of these proteins in avian species. New insights continue to emerge into the role of the calpains and calpastatin in muscle function. While only one calpastatin gene has been identified in all species studied, as many as 8 or 9 different calpastatin polypeptides can be produced by the single gene by the use of different promoters and alternative splicing events. Six different calpastatin isoforms were expressed in E. coli. All isoforms are tight binding inhibitors of calpains, but differ in their ability to inhibit calpains. The presence of different isoforms in a single tissue may serve to modulate inhibition of calpain activity. Calpain from fish species seems to have different functional and activation mechanisms than mammalian calpain. Thin filament lengths differ significantly between myofibrils from beef rabbit, and chicken muscles. These differences may explain differences in muscle texture between species. High resolution agarose electrophoresis systems have allowed analysis of developmental changes in titin isoform expression. Alternative splicing patterns of titin change predictably during development from the neonate to the adult. The time course of titin isoform switching is similar to that occurring in myosin and troponin I during development. A more detailed annual report can be found at the project's website, http://ars.sdstate.edu/nc131/main.htm.

Referreed Papers: Arizona: Li, H., V. F. Thompson, and D. E. Goll. 2004. Effects of autolysis on properties of the calpains. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1691: 91-103. (Listed as in press in last years report). Mendias, C. L., R. Tatsumi, and R. E. Allen. 2004. The role of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation, differentiation, and fusion. Muscle and Nerve 30:497-500. Tatsumi, R., K. Mitsuhashi, K. Ashida, A. Haruno, A. Hattori, Y. Ikeuchi, and R. E. and Allen, R. E. 2004. Comparative analysis of mechanical stretch-induced activation activity of back and leg muscle satellite cells in vitro. Animal Science Journal (Japan) 75:345-351. Tatsumi, R., and R. E. Allen. 2004. Active hepatocyte growth factor is present in skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle and Nerve 22:654-658. Wendt, A., V. F. Thompson, and D. E. Goll. 2004. Interaction of calpastatin with calpain: a review. Biol. Chem. 385: 465-472. Zalewska, T., V. F. Thompson, and D. E. Goll. 2004. Effect of phosphatidylinositol and inside-out erythrocyte vesicles on autolysis of µ- and m-calpain from bovine skeletal muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1693: 125-133. Hawaii: H.J. Jin, M.A. Dunn, D. Borthakur and Y.S. Kim. 2004. Refolding and purification of unprocessed porcine myostatin expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Expression and Purification 35:1-10. Idaho: Kinkel, A.D., Fernyhough, M.E., Helterline, D.L., Vierck, J.L., Oberg, K.S., Vance, T.J., Hausman, G.J., Hill, R.A. and Dodson, M.V. (2004) Oil red-O stains non-adipogenic cells: A precautionary note. Cytotechnology. (accepted). Hill, R.A., Strat, A.L., Hughes, N.J., Kokta, T.A., Dodson, M.V., and Gertler, A. (2004). Early Insulin Signaling Cascade In A Model of Oxidative Skeletal Muscle: Mouse Sol8 Cell Line. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1693: 205-211. Fernyhough, M.E., Helterline, D.L., Vierck, J.L., Hill, R.A. and Dodson, M.V. (2004). Coulter Counter use in the enumeration of muscle and fat stem cells. Methods in Cell Science 25(3-4):221-225. Kokta, T.A., Dodson, M.V., Gertler, A. and Hill, R.A. (2004). Intercellular Signaling Between Adipose Tissue and Muscle Tissue. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. (in press). Hendricksen, RE, Gazzola, C, Reich, MM, Roberton, RF, Reid, DJ, and Hill, RA (2003) Using molasses as an alternative to controlled release devices for administering n-alkane markers to cattle Animal Science 76:471-480. Illinois: Gahr, S.A., Kocamis, J.J., J. Killifer. The effects of in ovo rhIGF-1 administration oin expression of the GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR) during chicken embryonic development. Growth, Development and Aging. 68:3-10, 2004. McCusker, R. and J. Novakofski. Zinc partitions IGFs from soluble IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP)-5, but not soluble IGFBP-4, tpo myoblast IGF type 1 receptors. J. Endocrinol. 180:227-246, 2004. Salem, M., J.Killifer. Cloning of the calpain regulatory subunit cDNA from fish revelas a divergent domain V. Anim. Biotech. 15:1-13, 2004. Indiana: Bowker, B.C., Botrel, C., Swartz, D.R., Grant, A.L., Gerrard, D.E. (2004) Influence of myosin heavy chain isoform expression and postmortem metabolism on the ATPase activity of muscle fibers. Meat Science. 68:587-594. Bowker, B.C., Grant, A.L., Swartz, D.R., Gerrard, D.E. (2004) Myosin heavy chain isoforms influence myofibrillar ATPase activity under simulated postmortem pH, calcium, and temperature conditions. Meat Science. 67:139-147. Bowker, B.C., Swartz, D.R., Grant, A.L., Gerrard, D.E. (2004) Method of isolation, rate of postmortem metabolism, and myosin heavy chain isoform composition influence ATPase activity of isolated porcine myofibrils. Meat Science. 66:742-753. Alzghoul M.B., Gerrard D., Watkins B.A., Hannon K. (2004) Ectopic expression of IGF-I and Shh by skeletal muscle inhibits disuse-mediated skeletal muscle atrophy and bone osteopenia in vivo. FASEB Journal. 18(1):221-3. Kansas: Dunn, J. D., B. J. Johnson, J. P. Kayser, A. T. Waylan, E. K. Sissom, and J. S. Drouillard. 2003. Effects of flax supplementation and a combined trenbolone acetate and estradiol implant on circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and muscle IGF-I messenger RNA levels in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 81:3028-3034. Burkey T. E., S. S. Dritz, J. C. Nietfeld, B. J. Johnson, and J. E. Minton. 2004. Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharide and sodium chlorate on growth performance, acute phase response and bacterial shedding of weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella enterica Serotype typhimurium. J. Anim. Sci. 82:397-404. Waylan, A. T., J. D. Dunn, B. J. Johnson, J. P. Kayser, and E. K. Sissom. 2004. Effect of flax supplementation and growth promotants on lipoprotein lipase and glycogenin messenger RNA concentrations in satellite cells and finishing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 82:1868-1875. Johnson, B. J., S. S. Dritz, K. A. Skjolaas-Wilson, T. E. Burkey, and J. E. Minton. 2004. Interactive reponses in gut immunity, and systemic and local changes in the IGF system in nursery pigs in response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J. Anim. Sci. (accepted, 10/19/04). Anderson, P. T. and B. J. Johnson. 2004. Growth of meat animals/Metabolic modifiers. In: Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences. pp 538-546. Michigan: Ernst, C.W., N.E. Raney, V.D. Rilington, G.A. Rohrer, J.A. Brouillette and P.J. Venta. 2004. Mapping of the FES and FURIN genes to porcine chromosome 7. Anim. Genet. 35:142-143. Farber, C.R., N.E. Raney, V.D. Rilington, P.J. Venta and C.W. Ernst. 2003. Comparative mapping of genes flanking the human chromosome 12 evolutionary breakpoint in the pig. Cytogenet. Genome Res. 102:139-144. Pagan M., M.E. Davis, D.A. Stick, R.C.M. Simmen, N.E. Raney, R.J. Tempelman and C.W. Ernst. 2003. Evaluation of serum insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) in Angus cattle divergently selected for serum IGF-I concentration. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 25:345-358. Wesolowski, S.R., N.E. Raney and C.W. Ernst. 2004. Developmental changes in the fetal pig transcriptome. Physiol. Genomics. 16:268-274. Allison, C.P., R.C. Johnson and M.E. Doumit. 2004. The effects of halothane sensitivity on carcass composition and meat quality in HAL-1843-free pigs. J. Anim. Sci. (In Press). Minnesota: Kamanga-Sollo, E., M. S. Pampusch, G. Xi, M. E. White, M. R. Hathaway, and W. R. Dayton. 2004. IGF-I mRNA levels in bovine satellite cell cultures: Effects of fusion and anabolic steroid treatment. J. Cell Physiol 201:181-189. Xi, G., E. Kamanga-Sollo, M. S. Pampusch, M. E. White, M. R. Hathaway, and W. R. Dayton. 2004. Effect of recombinant porcine IGFBP-3 on IGF-I and Long-R3-IGF-I-stimulated proliferation and differentiation of L6 myogenic cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology 200, 387-394. North Carolina: Mozdziak, P. E., J. N. Petitte, and S. D. Carson, 2004 An introductory undergraduate course covering animal cell culture techniques. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 32: 319Ó322 Mozdziak PE and J. N. Petitte, 2004. Status of transgenic chicken models for developmental biology. Dev Dyn 229: 414Ó421. Mozdziak P.E., Giamario C., Dibner J.J., and D.W. McCoy, 2004. A chicken mRNA similar to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1.Comp Biochem Physiol B 137: 89Ó94. Moore D.T., P. R. Ferket PR, and P. E.Mozdziak, 2004. In ovo intraperitoneal administration of bromodeoxyuridine to avian fetuses. Biotechniques 36: 50. Ohio: Ding, S.T., Li, Y.C., Nestor, K.E., Velleman, S.G., and Mersmann, H.J. 2003. Expression of turkey transcription factors and acyl CoA oxidase in different tissues and genetic populations. Poultry Sci. 82:17-24. Velleman, S.G., Coy, C.S., and Bacon, W.L. 2003. Temporal and spatial localization of the proteoglycan decorin transcripts during the progression of cholesterol induced atherosclerosis in Japanese quail. Connect. Tissue Res. 44:69-80. McFarland, D.C., Liu, X., Velleman, S.G., Caiyun, Z., Coy, C.S., and Pesall, J.E. 2003. Variation in fibroblast growth factor response and heparan sulfate proteoglycan production in satellite cell populations. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C 134:341-351. Velleman, S.G. Anderson, J.W., Coy, C.S., and Nestor, K.E. 2003. Effect of selection for growth rate on muscle damage during turkey breast muscle development. Poultry Sci. 82:1069-1074. Liu, X., McFarland, D.C., Nestor, K.E., and Velleman, S.G. 2003. Expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 and its receptor during skeletal muscle development from turkeys with different growth rates. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 25:215-229. Velleman, S.G., and Nestor, K.E. 2003. Effect of selection for growth rate on myosin heavy chain temporal and spatial localization during turkey breast muscle development. Poultry Sci. 82:1373-1377. Velleman, S.G., Coy, C.S., Anderson, J.W., Patterson, R.A., and Nestor, K.E. 2003. Effect of selection for growth rate and inheritance on post hatch muscle development in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 82:1365-1372. Wick, M., Velleman, S.G., Coy, C.S., McFarland, D.C., and Pretzman, C.I. 2003. Myosin heavy chain isoform expression is altered during in vitro myogenesis in low score normal chickens. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A 136:401-408. Velleman, S.G., Anderson, J.W., and Nestor, K.E. 2003. Possible maternal inheritance of breast muscle morphology in turkeys at sixteen weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 82:1479-1484. Velleman, S.G., and McFarland, D.C. 2004. Beta 1 integrin mediation of myogenic differentiation: Implications for satellite cell differentiation. Poultry Sci. 83:245-253. Liu, X., McFarland, D.C., Nestor, K.E., and Velleman, S.G. 2004. Developmentally regulated expression of syndecan-1 and glypican in pectoralis major muscle in turkeys with different growth rates. Dev. Growth Diff. 46:37-51. Velleman, S.G., Liu, X., Coy, C.S., and McFarland, D.C. 2004. Effects of syndecan-1 and glypican on muscle cell proliferation and differentiation: Implications for possible functions during myogenesis. Poultry Sci. 83: 1020-1027. Liu, X., Nestor, K.E., and Velleman, S.G. 2004. The influence for increased body weight and sex on pectoralis major muscle weight during the embryonic and post-hatch periods. Poultry Sci. 83: 83: 1089-1092. Nestor, K.E., Anderson, J.W., Patterson, R.A., and Velleman, S.G. 2004. Genetic variation in body weight and egg production in an experimental line selected long term for increased egg production, a commercial dam line, and reciprocal crosses between lines. Poultry Sci. 83: 83:1055-1059. Velleman, S.G. and Nestor, K.E. 2004. Inheritance of breast muscle morphology in turkeys at sixteen weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 83:1060-1066. Oregon: Xiao, Y.Y., M.C. Wang, J. Purintrapiban and N.E. Forsberg. (2003) Roles of u-calpain in cultured L8 muscle cells: application of a skeletal muscle-specific gene expression system. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 134:439-450. Xiao, Y.Y., M.A. Beilstein, and N.E. Forsberg. (2003) Development of a ponasterone A-inducible expression system for application in cultured skeletal muscle cells. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 35:79-85. Forsberg, N.E., Jan-Shiang Taur, Ying-yi Xiao and H. Chesbrough. (2003) Internationalization of the Animal Science curriculum: a survey of its current status, barriers to its implementation and its value. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1088-1094. Purintrapiban, J., M.C. Wang, N.E. Forsberg. (2003) Degradation of sarcomeric and cytoskeletal proteins in cultured skeletal muscle cells. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Vol 136/3 pp 393-401. South Dakota: Liu, Xiaosong, Douglas C. McFarland, Karl E. Nestor, and Sandra G. Velleman. 2004. Developmental Regulated Expression of Syndecan-1 and Glypican in Pectoralis major Muscle with Different Growth Rates. Dev. Growth Differ. 46:37-51. Velleman, Sandra G. and Douglas C. McFarland. 2004. Beta1 Integrin Mediation of Myogenic Differentiation: Implications for Satellite Cell Differentiation. Poultry Science 83:245-252. Velleman, Sandra G., Xiaosong Liu, Cynthia S. Coy, and Douglas C. McFarland. 2004. Effects of Syndecan-1 and Glypican on Muscle Cell Proliferation and Differentiation: Implications for Possible Functions During Myogenesis. Poultry Science 83:1020-1027. Washington: Kokta, T, M.V. Dodson, A. Gertler and R.A. Hill. 2004. Intercellular signaling between adipose tissue and muscle tissue. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 27(4):301-331. Fernyhough, M.E., D. Helterline, J.L. Vierck, R.A. Hill and M.V. Dodson. 2004. Coulter counter use in enumeration of muscle and fat stem cells. Methods in Cell Science 25(3-4):221-225. Hill, R.A., A.L. Strat, N.J. Hughes, T.J. Kokta, M.V. Dodson and A. Gertler. 2004. Early insulin signaling cascade in a model of oxidative skeletal muscle: Mouse Sol8 cell line. Biochemica et Biophysica ACTA (Molecular Cell Research) 1693(3):205-211. Fernyhough, M.E., L.R. Bucci, J. Feliciano, J.L. Vierck, D. Helterline, and M.V. Dodson. 2004. Myogenic satellite cell proliferative and differentiative responses to components of common oral ergogenic supplements. Research in Sports Medicine 12(3):161-190. Dodson, M.V., M. Fernyhough, J. Antonio and L. Bucci. 2004. New ideas: Ordinary is extraordinary. Sports Nutrition Review Journal 1(1):67-68. Fernyhough, M.E., L.R. Bucci, J. Feliciano, J.L. Vierck, D. Icenoggle, and M.V. Dodson. 2004. Commonly consumed oral herbal supplements do not influence satellite cell activity. Research in Sports Medicine 12(2):71-93. Dodson, M.V. 2004. Publishing in BAM is an act of benevolence, vanity, stupidity or just good science: Reflection of a BAM supporter. Basic and Applied Myology 14(2):95-97. Kuber, P.S., J.R. Busboon, E. Huff-Lonergan, S.K. Duckett, P.S. Mir, Z. Mir, R.G. McCormick, M.V. Dodson, C.T. Gaskins, J.D. Cronrath, D.J. Marks, and J.J. Reeves. 2004. Effects of biological type and dietary fat treatments on factors associated with tenderness: I. Measurements on beef longissimus muscle. Journal of Animal Science 82(3):770-778. Kinkel, A.D., M.E. Fernyhough, D.L. Helterline, J.L. Vierck, K.S. Oberg, T.J. Vance, G.J. Hausman, R.A. Hill and M.V. Dodson. (accepted, 28 Sept). Oil red-O stains non-adipogenic cells: A precautionary note. Cytotechnology (accepted) Wisconsin: Ringkob, T.P., D.R. Swartz, and M.L. Greaser. 2004. Light microscopy/image analysis of thin filament lengths utilizing dual probes on beef, chicken and rabbit myofibrils. J. Anim. Sci. 82:1445-1453. Warren, C.M., P. R. Krzesinski, K. S. Campbell, R. L. Moss, and M. L. Greaser. 2004. Titin isoform changes in rat myocardium during development. Mech. Dev. 121:1301-1312. Dissertations Michigan: Allison, C.P. 2004. Use of halothane gas to identify pigs with novel polymorphisms in the skeletal muscle calcium release channel. PhD Dissertation. Michigan State University. Nebraska: Schulz, J. 2004. Development of protein microarrays for measurement of sarcoplasmic reticulum-associated proteins: A tool for studying calcium regulation. MS Thesis 12/04 Indiana: Dilger, Anna Carol, M. S. Purdue University, December (2004). Muscle hypertrophy and obesity. Purdue Univerisity, West Lafayette, Indiana Oregon: Mei-chuan Wang. Purification and characterization of recombinant calpain-5. PhD, 2004. Gene sequences recorded: Ohio: Liu, C. and Velleman, S.G. 2004. Meleagris gallopavo glypican-1 precursor mRNA, complete cds. GenBank Accession number AY551002. Liu, C. and Velleman, S.G. 2004. Meleagris gallopavo myogenin mRNA, complete cds. GenBank Accession number AY560111. Liu, C. and Velleman, S.G. 2004. Melagris gallopavo MyoD mRNA, complete cds. GenBank Accession number AY641567. Abstracts Arizona: Goll, D.E., J. Cong, and V.F. Thompson. 2003. Phosphorylation of the calpains. 3rd General Meeting of the International Proteolysis Society, Nagoya, Japan. p. 109. Li, H., V. F. Thompson, and D. E. Goll. 2004. Inhibitory properties of different calpastatin constructs. 4th International Conference on Cysteine Proteinases and Their Inhibitors. Portoro~, Solvania. p.55. Saido, M., H. Li, V. F. Thompson, N. Kunisaki, and D. E. Goll. 2003. Properties of the calpain system in rainbow trout. 3rd General Meeting of the International Proteolysis Society, Nagoya, Japan. P. 312. Idaho: Szasz, J.I., Hunt, C.W., Baker, S.D., Klein, T., Kuber, P.S., Glaze, B., Falk, D., Richard, R., Miller, J., Battaglia, R.A., and Hill, R.A. (2004) Correlations among ultrasonic carcass estimates, growth performance measures, and residual feed intake in Angus steers. Journal of Animal Science 82 (supplement 1) 409. Kokta, T.A., Strat, A.L., Dodson, M.V., Gertler, A. and Hill, R.A. (2004). Preliminary Characterization of Differentiating Bovine Adipofibroblasts. The Endocrine Society's 86th Annual Meeting, A163. Strat, A.L., Dodson, M.V., Gertler, A., and Hill, R.A. (2004) Leptin-Insulin Interactions: Effects on Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Modulation in Bovine Myogenic Cells. The Endocrine Society's 86th Annual Meeting, A473. Strat, A.L., Rodgers, B.D., Dodson, M.V., Gertler, A., and Hill, R.A. (2004). Leptin Induced or Suppressed Genes in Myogenic Cells using High-Density Oligonucleotide Arrays. 64th Annual Meeting of the American Diabetes Association Diabetes 53: 267. Strat, A.L., Holder, M.C., Wallace, A., Dodson, M.V., Gertler, A. and Hill, R.A. (2003). Models of Insulin Resistance: Towards Defining Pathological Changes in the Insulin Signaling Cascade. 4th Annual Rachmiel Levine Diabetes and Obesity Symposium. p.112. City of Hope California. Cochrane, J., Strat, A.L., Dodson, M.V., Gertler, A. and Hill, R.A. (2003). The Impact of Serine Phosphorylation on the Insulin Pathway. Proceedings of the American Chemical Society 143:93. Hunt, M.L., Kokta, T.A., OShea, T., Hill, R.A. and McFarlane, J.R. (2003) Leptin clearance rates during the early follicular phase are higher than during the luteal phase of the estrus cycle in ewes. Proceedings of the Endocrine Society of Australia. 46: 77. Hill, R.A., Dodson, M.V., Gertler, A., Hughes, N.J. and Henderson, D. (2003). Insulin signaling in bovine myogenic cells. Journal of Animal Science 81(supplement 1): 96. Indiana: Rehfeldt, C., Ott, G., Gerrard, D.E., Varga, L., Schlote, W., Williams, J.L., Bünger, L. (2004) Effects of the Compact mutant myostatin allele MstnCmpt-dl1Abc introgressed into a high growth mouse line on skeletal muscle cellularity. J. Anim. Sci. 82, Suppl. 1, 378. Kansas: Johnson, B. J., S. S. Dritz, K. A. Skjolaas-Wilson, T. E. Burkey, and J. E. Minton. 2004. Interactive responses in gut immunity, and systemic and local changes in the IGF system in nursery pigs in response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1):444. Sissom, E. K., and B. J. Johnson. 2004. Potential non-genomic effects of progestins on C2C12 muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. 16th International Symp. of the J. Steroid Biochem. and Mol. Bio. 137-P. Waylan, A. T., B. J. Johnson, D. P. Gnad, and J. C. Woodworth. 2004. Effect of L-carnitine on porcine embryonic myoblast proliferation and the IGF-system. FASEB J. 18:(4) A547, Abstract #373.1. Rachakatla, R. S., M. L. Weiss, D. L. Davis, D. L. Troyer, and B. J. Johnson. 2004. Umbilical cord matrix stem cells express muscle specific markers and can be induced to differentiate into the myogenic pathway in vitro. FASEB J. 18(4) A6, Abstract #LB26. Sissom, E. K., and B. J. Johnson. 2004. Effect of progestins on bovine satellite cell insulin-like growth factor-I and myogenin messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 2):18. Waylan, A. T., B. J. Johnson, D. P. Gnad, and J. C. Woodworth. 2004. Feeding L-carnitine to gestating sows alters the insulin-like growth factor system in cultured porcine embryonic myoblasts isolated from fetal skeletal muscle. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 2):20. Kayser, J. P., A. T. Waylan, and B. J. Johnson. 2004. The relationship between porcine uterine and placental IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-5 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels at mid-gestation. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 2):59. Epp, M. P., D. A. Blasi, B. J. Johnson, J. P. Kayser, and D. M. Grieger. 2004. Steroid hormone profiles and brain monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) activity of buller steers. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 2):1. Michigan: Allison, C.P., R.C. Johnson and M.E. Doumit. 2004. The effects of halothane sensitivity on carcass composition and meat quality in HAL-1843-normal pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2):58. Allison, C.P., A.L. Marr, N.L. Berry, D.B. Anderson, D.J. Ivers, L.F. Richardson, K. Keffaber, R.C. Johnson, M.E. Doumit. 2004. Impact of halothane sensitivity on mobility status and blood metabolites of HAL-1843-free pigs following an aggressive handling model. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2). Bach, L.H., N.E. Raney, M.E. Doumit, E.E. Helman, S. Zhao, C.K. Tuggle and C.W. Ernst. Differential gene expression in proliferating and differentiating porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2):107. Berry, N.L., E.E. Helman, C.P. Allison, and M.E. Doumit. 2004. Relationship between glycolytic oscillations and pork color and water-holding capacity. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2). Kim, K.-S., S. Costello, G.J.M. Rosa, A.M. Mullen, N.E. Raney and C.W. Ernst. Evaluation of microsatellite markers on bovine chromosomes 1 and 5 for potential allelic associations with meat characteristics and growth traits in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):414. Rilington, V.D., N.E. Raney, P.M. Coussens, X. Ren, S.S. Sipkovsky and C.W. Ernst. Identification and mapping of differentially expressed genes in fetal and postnatal pig skeletal muscle. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2):43. Minnesota: Kamanga-Sollo, E., M. S. Pampusch, G. Xi, M. E. White, M. R. Hathaway, and W. R. Dayton. 2004. IGF-I mRNA levels in bovine satellite cell cultures: Effects of fusion and anabolic steroid treatment. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2):201 (Abstract). Pampusch, M, G. Xi, E. Kamanga-Sollo, M. White, M. Hathaway, and W. Dayton. 2004. 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