Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The meeting was opened with welcomes from Dr. Nelson Dean of College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Dr. Rod Moxley, interim Head, Veterinary Biomedical Sciences. A brief history of the Arbor Day Foundation and the originations of Arbor Day followed. BUSINESS MEETING: September 15, 2004 Updates from the Administrative Advisor: Dr Asem opened by congratulating Dr. Sri Srikumaran for his appointment at Washington State University and thanked him for organizing a nice meeting. He also thanked Drs. Amelia Woolum, David Hurley and Dan Grooms for writing the NC-107 Impact Statement requested by the NCRA office on behalf of the technical committee. Dr. Asem distributed copies of NCRA Newsletters to the group. Dr. Asem announced that the mid-term critical review of progress made by the NC-107 technical committee occurred in Winter, 2004. The results were positive. He reminded the group that the criteria used for the mid-term review were: Progress by station; Linkages between states and members; Funding out side the project; Information and technology transfer. Dr. Asem reminded the group that documentation of inter-station interactions and collaborations are very important for all multi-state technical committees including NC-107. Dr. Asem suggested that all future station reports should include detailed descriptions of inter-state interactions and collaborations as well as information about extramural funding. FUTURE NC-107 FIVE-YEAR PROJECT It was announced that the future project of NC-107 is due December, 2005; only three months after the 2005 annual meeting. It was suggested that the drafting of a new project should start very soon and communications should be held between members to assemble a full draft that would be discussed at the next annual meeting. Also, it was suggested that following next annual meeting the project should be reviewed by non-members prior to its submission A project-writing committee was elected. The members are Dr. Christopher Chase, Dr. Amelia Woolums, Dr. Dan Grooms, Dr. Dave Hurley (coordinator). Discussion on loss of support for regional projects: " Seems to be lost between program office and workers in field. " Experimental Director and Dean split pool of total " Often used, on state level for salary support and infrastructure, but not often direct project support. " Looking to move toward an opportunity to seek funding to promote multi-investigator projects as part of NC project. " Power in hands of experimental station. " Projects to other competitive source, like HAS, are becoming more common " This is a good group, but we must move forward with the times. " Need to view as opportunity with a great group potential. " Redirect the approach, look at group funding opportunities outside of USDA to focus group with funded collaboration. " May need a more narrow focus that has deep common threads. " Build project to enhance chances of multicenter project. " Currently, we are looking at individual funding to move a broad scope. New Station Representatives: " Texas Dr. Guy Lonegran " Ohio none (Dr. Jeff Lakritz guest) " Nebraska Dr. Clint Jones Officers Elected for 2005: " Chair: Dr. Dave Hurley " Secretary: Dr. Shafiqul Chowderi Future Meeting Locations: " California 2005 " Georgia 2006 " Minnesota 2007 Assigned responsibilities: Dr. Grooms will prepare this years annual report and forward to Dr. Asem for submission. Dr. Hurley (Chair for 2004-2005) will communicate with Dr. Gershwin (in charge of local arrangements for the 2005 meeting) and Dr. Asem in coming months to distribute information regarding the next meeting. Dr. Hurley will distribute minutes and updated address list for group. Dr. Chowdhury (KS) will serve as the Secretary for 2005 and Chair for 2006. Next meeting information: Sept (day TBA), 2005, at California. Dr. Gershwin will coordinate local arrangements. Business Meeting closed on September 15, 2004 at 11:30am Station Reports were given by the following: California Dr. Laurel Gershwin Georgia Dr. David Hurley Kansas Dr. Shafiqul Chowdhury Michigan Dan Grooms Minnesota Dr. Sam Mahashwan Nebraska Dr. Clint Jones and Dr. Sri Srikumaran Oklahoma Dr. Anthony W. Confer South Dakota Dr. Chris Chase Wisconsin Dr. Chuck Czuprynski USDA-NADC Dr. Bob Briggs

OBJECTIVE 1: Identify emerging and re-emerging agents and develop diagnostic methods for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). South Dakota: Immunoperoxidase BVDV outgrowth test for the detection of BVDV PI animals was used on 7409 animals and there were 17 positives. Ear notch BVDV tests were conducted on 21,048 samples and there were 150 positives. PCR tests were done for BVDV and 316 tests (1547 samples) were tested and 39 positives were detected. Georgia: In the past year a survey was initiated to characterize the prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis at 10 Georgia backgrounding/stocker operations. Michigan: Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) has been identified as an emerging pathogen in feedlot calves and is believed to be responsible for an increasing incidence of nonresponsive chronic pneumonia, polyarthritis and mortality. In a survey of causes of mortality in Michigan fed cattle, M. bovis was identified as the major bacteria associated with pneumonia related mortality. A conductometric biosensor has been developed and was shown to accurately and rapidly detect BVDV in cell culture. Mississippi: By comparing transcriptional regulator gene sequences from the P. multocida genome with other DNA sequences at GenBank, two genes (Pm0762 and Pm1231) were identified that are uniquely present in this species. Oklahoma: A total of 390 (46.3%) Mannheimia haemolytica, 292 (34.7%) Pasteurella multocida, and 160 (19.0%) Haemophilus somnus were isolated at the Oklahoma Disease Diagnostic Laboratory from lungs from 6-18 month old beef cattle with pneumonia. The frequency of isolation of M. haemolytica decreased from 62.5% in 1994 to between 30.6% and 50.4% in 1998  2002. The frequency of isolation of P. multocida increased from 20.0% in 1994 to between 28.6% and 47.4% in 1998  2002. H. somnus isolations were <19% except in 1998 (40.8%) and 1999 (23%). An observation study of 30 dairy heifers from birth to breeding age indicated transmission of potential respiratory pathogens by serology despite commonly accepted health management programs including vaccination. A genetically distinct BVDV2a NCP strain was isolated from persistently infected (PI) calves born to vaccinated heifers receiving BVDV1a and BVDV2a CP strains. Comparison of infectious agent isolations and lesions in lungs of cattle dying in a feedlot were made to clinical data and treatment information including: fatal disease onset (FDO); treatment death interval; day of death in feedlot; and number of treatments. Diverse strains of BVDV were isolated from feedlot cattle including BVDV1b, BVDV1a, BVDV2a, and BVDV2b. Mycoplasma spp were isolated from these feedlot pneumonias with 72% of the Mycoplasma spp being M. bovis. Ear notches from 1325 cattle dying in feedlots (five) were tested by BVDV IHC with 4.1% positive. Ear notches stored in 10% neutral buffered formalin remained BVDV IHC positive after extended storage: up to one year (one calf positive after 4 years). OBJECTIVE 2: Characterize mechanisms and intervention targets in pathogenesis of BRD at the molecular, cellular, and host level. California: Using the calf lung lymph cannulation model over the past three years we have addressed the hypothesis that infection with BRSV facilitates development of IgE antibodies to inhaled allergen when the allergen is presented during the acute phase of the viral infection. Examined the effect of concurrent vaccination with BRSV killed vaccine and H. somnus bacterin on development of the Th2 profile, IgE, and clinical severity of disease after experimental infection. Extended our previous observations that BRSV infection can enhance allergic sensitization to inhaled M. faeni to examine the effect of aerosol exposure to the fungal allergen Alternaria alternata (prior to and during initial BRSV infection) on the immune response and clinical outcome of a secondary BRSV infection. South Dakota: We have developed a real time PCR test for the detection of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 to be used in assessing the interaction of BVDV with macrophages. We investigated the effect of wild-type (WT) or mutant strains (Vk36 [gI-], Vk25 [gE-], gED3.1 [gE-], & V20 [gI- and gE-]) of BHV-1 on the integrity of cytoskeleton components, actin filaments (AF), microtubules (MT) and intermediate filaments (IF) during the course of viral infection. Georgia: The progression of immune activities following vaccination with modified live virus (MLV) or killed bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus was evaluated. The effect of pH on the function of blood leukocytes was evaluated by assessing the effects of extracellular pH on phagocytosis of bacteria and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We examined the comparative activity of Salmonella, E. coli and Rhizobial lipopolysaccharide in induction of nitric oxide (NO) and radical oxygen species (ROS). Iowa: A lymphocyte-suppressive activity of Mycoplasma bovis was found to reside in a peptide cleaved off a surface-exposed membrane protein of the organism. The native, or recombinant form of this peptide had suppressive activity. Cultured bovine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were found to preferentially respond with mRNA transcripts signaling mononuclear cell transmigration (VCAM-1, RANTES) after infection with Mycoplasma bovis. Abscessing and non-abscessing strains of M. bovis induced the same types of transcripts. In contrast, aortic endothelial cells were found to be less reactive. Kansas: Using an intranasal infection model in rabbits, both BHV-1 and BHV-5 can be differentiated based on their neuropathogenesis. In the rabbit model, both viruses infect the olfactory receptor neurons (ORN), however only BHV-5 can invade the secondorder neurons in the olfactory bulb. Mississippi: Two dimensional capillary liquid chromatography followed by electrospray-ionization ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (2-D µLC ESI MS/MS) was used to compare outer membrane protein fractions from M. haemolytica and H. somnus grown under sub-MIC antibiotic and no antibiotic conditions. We used noncytopathic (ncp) and cytopathic (cp) bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) to determine how the two biotypes affect mannose receptor (MR)-mediated endocytosis and fluid phase uptake in bovine monocytes. NADC: Respiratory dendritic cells were isolated using magnetic-activated cell sorting. These cells are being used for studies on BRSV. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was used to identify differential gene expression in cultured epithelial and lymphatic cells following infection with BVDV. Changes were found that indicated increased protein translational potential, increased nascent peptide transport and enhanced intracellular membrane targeting and transport. Nebraska: A novel BHV-1 gene that is expressed in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected calves (ORF-E) was discovered. The BHV-1 LR gene encodes multiple functions that together regulate latency. The dominant function is performed by a protein encoded by ORF-2 that is absolutely required for the latency-reactivation cycle in cattle. Using a vaccinia virus T7-promoter expression system, expression of the single and combination N-glycosylation deletion F proteins of BRSV was characterized in COS-7 cells. Subtle differences in primary and secondary structures of the 5UTR of BVDV was shown to influence translational efficiencies. BRSV or BVDV infection reduced intracellular GSH levels in PBMCs and NK cells and suppressed their functions. Minnesota: Expression of the reputed M. haemolytica leukotoxin receptor, bovine LFA-1, in the human erythroleukemic K562 cell line was successfully accomplished. The expressed product was also found to be functionally active. M. haemolytica leukotoxin induced oncosis was shown to proceed thru a LFA-1 and caspase-1 dependent pathway as well as an independent pathway. Oklahoma: An epitope of PI pE, a particular OMP from serotype 1 M. haemolytica was identified as responsible for immunity in calves resistant to challenge. OBJECTIVE 3: Develop intervention strategies for critical control points to reduce the impact of BRD. California: Following the success of a pilot experiment last year, we have been further developing the DNA vaccine (producing sufficient plasmid for inoculation of calves in a larger scale experiment) using the N protein and will be performing another experiment during this next year. South Dakota: A study was done using a commercial modified live virus vaccine containing bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), causative agent of IBR, given intramuscularly to calves 48, 72, and 96 hours (hr) prior to an intranasal challenge with BHV-1. A study was done using a commercial modified live virus vaccine containing bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), causative agent of IBR, given intramuscularly to calves 48, 72, and 96 hours (hr) prior to an intranasal challenge with BHV-1. Kansas: Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated in a feedlot study as a means of noninvasively determining oxygen saturation StO2 of hemoglobin to identify animals as having undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease (UBRD). Louisiana: Cecropin B is very effective in inhibiting M. haemolytica 1:A. Transfecting the upper respiratory tract of cattle with a gene coding for cecropin B does not result in a change in the indigenous and transient nasal flora. Results indicate that transfecting the upper respiratory tract with 100 ¼g of DNA per nostril does inhibit colonization of a virulent strain of M. haemolytica 1:A. NADC: The usefulness of an oral vaccine against M. haemolytica/P. multocida was evaluated in a field stuffy. The vaccine was shown to be effective in reducing the colonization and shedding of M. haemolytica A1 but not heterologous serotypes of the same bacteria. Oklahoma: Prior vaccination with MLV BVDV vaccine protected susceptible calves against viremia after exposure to BVDV PI calves. The contribution of intracellular calcium stores to M. haemolytica leukotoxin induced increase in cystolic calcium concentration was confirmed by inhibitors of calcium across membranes. INTER-STATION COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS SD, NE, OK and AL collaborated on an issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America focused on bovine viral diarrhea virus SD and MI collaborated with CA on a book titled 5-Minute Veterinarian MI worked with SD, KS, OK, AL, OH and NADC in identifying cattle persistently infected with BVDV for natural fetal challenge study. SD, GA, CA, and NE collaborated on BRSV challenge models SD, AL, MI, and NADC shared various BVDV strains and collaborated on developing new challenge models. SD and GA collaborated on bovine immunology studies. SD shared BHV-1 strains with KS, U of Pennsylvania and Princeton. NE, GA and CA collaborated on a vaccinology course for veterinarians and veterinary students. OH worked with SD, KSU, CA, IA, WCVS and Pfizer in developing and teaching a graduate level course in vaccinology. GA collaborated with University of Montreal and NIH on new vaccine vehicles and delivery systems. GA collaborated with Merial in measuring vaccine efficacy across a multi assay platform. KS and NE shared reagents related to BHV-1 and BHV-5 research. CA shared BRSV isolates with SD and U of Tennessee. NADC and OK in constructing and evaluating new mutant P. multocida vaccine. NADC, OK and New Mexico State on evaluating mucosal immunity to oral M. haem/P. multi vaccine NADC and MN collaborated on generating leukotoxin knock out mutants of M. haemolytica. NADC, NE, OK, WI and MN share monoclonal antibodies directed against M. haemolytica leukotoxin. OK and NADC collaborated on sequencing of multiple BVDV isolates. IMPACTS OF FINDINGS

OBJECTIVE 1: Data regarding the prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in Georgia backgrounded/stocker cattle will provide producers, veterinarians, and researchers with previously unavailable information to assist their decision making regarding practices related to control of disease due to M. bovis. A rapid detection of BVDV in cell culture media using a biosensor has been demonstrated. Further development may make this a useful tool for the rapid and economical identification of BVDV PI cattle. Bronchopneumonia continues to be the major cause of feedlot morbidity. However the major pathogen associated with bronchopneumonia morbidity in Michigan appears to be Mycoplasma bovis. BVDV is often found in conjunction with M. bovis as well as other respiratory pathogens. PCR targeting Pm0762 and Pm1231 from Pasteurella multocida provides a useful means of rapidly and precisely identifying this species and differentiating it from other species. OBJECTIVE 2: Data from the study of the agreement between various assays of cell mediated immunity in calves vaccinated against BVD should improve the ability of researchers to make choices regarding which assays of cell mediated immunity are appropriate when they design research projects to characterize vaccines. Data indicating that changes in pH affect the function of leukocytes should provide impetus to manage cattle in ways that minimize the development of diseases (such as acidosis or diarrhea) that have a major impact on pH. Studies on the lympho-suppressive activity of M. bovis and the interaction of the mycoplasma with endothelial cells provide basic knowledge for the description of virulence factors of the mycoplasma, and for understanding how lung lesions develop during respiratory infection and its systemic components. Toll like receptor 2 and 4 real time PCR assays was developed for molecular pathogenesis studies with BVDV and macrophages were conducted. Studies have helped define the comparative pathogenesis of neurovirulent (BHV-5) and non-neurovirulent (BHV-1) bovine herpesviruses and the role of Us9 in anterograde neuronal transport. A clear understanding of the molecular interactions of the M. haemolytica leukotoxin at the cellular level could lead to new novel preventions and therapies for BRD. OBJECTIVE 3: Antimicrobial peptides such as cecropin B are useful in inhibiting M. haemolytica 1:A colonization. Sub-MICs of antibiotics effect protein expression in M. haemolytica, H. somnus, and P. multocida, including some proteins that could be important for virulence. These findings may elucidate the mechanism behind the beneficial effects of prophylactic antibiotic use in cattle.

FUNDING SUPPORT Prevalence of mycoplasma infection in Georgia cattle. Woolums A, Sanchez S, Pence M, Cole D, Ensley D. Support from the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine Food Animal Health Management Program. October 2002-June 2004. $10,000. Preliminary prevalence study of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma sp. in selected Dairy and beef herds in Georgia. Giusto N, Woolums AR, Sanchez. Project for Georgia Veterinary Scholars Program participant Nicole Giusto, sophomore veterinary student.May-August 2003. Funded by the Merck Foundation andMerial Ltd. $5000. Multidisciplinary evaluation of fatal feedlot ARDS. Woolums AR, principle investigator. Hawkins L, Brown C, Hungerford L, Loneragan G, Mason G, co-investigators. USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program. September 2000-August 2004. $240,000 Comparison of the capacity of in vitro tools to assess the immune response of cattle to inactivated and modified-live vaccines and their relationship to protection from infection and acute disease. Hurely, D.J, Woolums, A.R, Reber, A.J. and Okinaga, T.March. GRA- Merial LTD. 2003-December 2004. $181,000 The role of infectious agents in chronic respiratory diseases: (UGA)Hurley, D.J. (coordinator), Woolums, A., Moore, J.N., Krunkosky, T.M., Krause, D.Terry Respriatory Disease Fund. January 2003  December 2004. $76,000. Interaction of H. somnus and purinoceptors, in apoptosis of endothelial cells. Czuprynski, Charles J. USDA NRI CGP. 07/01/00-06/30/04. $180,000 Cytokine-mediated enhancement of the susceptibility of bovine leukocytes to Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin. Czuprynski, Charles. WI Ag. Experiment Station 10/01/01-09/30/04. $87,000. Evolving Pathogens, targeted sequences and strategies for control of bovine respiratory diseases. Czuprynski, Charles. WI Ag. Experiment Station 10/01/01-09/30/04. $66,000 Integrin-dependent signaling and exacerbation of the leukocyte response to Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin by virus infection and cytokines. Czuprynski, Charles. USDA NRICGP 07/01/04-06/30/07. $370,000. Role of caspase-9 activation and mitochondria in Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin mediated apoptosis in bovine leukocytes. Czuprynski, Charles. WI Ag. Experiment Station 10/01/04-09/30/07. $88,000 Microvascular endothelial cell response to Haemophilus. Czuprynski, Charles. NIH K08. 12/01/03  11/30/07. $286,000. Contrast in lung immune responses after chronic Mycoplasma bovis infection or vaccine-induced susceptibility. Ricardo F. Rosenbusch. USDA Formula Funds Oct 03Sep 04. $20,000 Immune-mediated lung damage in Mycoplasma bovis infection. Ricardo F. Rosenbusch. Healthy Livestock for Iowa. Jul 03  Jun 04. $19,996. Testing a newly discovered peptide as a unique immunosuppressive agent. Ricardo F. Rosenbusch. Carver Trust. 16 Apr 03-31 Jul 04. $23,804. Extracts of Mycoplasma bovis as antigens for vaccines. Ricardo F. Rosenbusch. Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. Oct 00- Jun 04. $189,794. Role ofgE and gI in BHV-1 and BHV-5 differential neuropathognesis. USDA NRI. Shafiqul I. Chowdhury 2001-2003. $285,000. LPS induced lung inflammation: a model to characterize the role of matrix metalloproteinases in bovine respiratory disease. Lakritz J, Mattoon J, Abrahamsen E, Marsh AE, Weisbrode S. USDA CSREES 2004-2007 $350,000. The role of dendritic cells in the bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen presentation. Pinchuk, LM. USDA/NRICGP Seed Grant. 2002-2003, $74,778. Mannheimia haemolytica outer membrane protein PlpE: Characterization of epitopes stimulating homologous and heterologous serotype protection. Anthony Confer. USDA CSREES,National Research Initiative Competitive Grant. 2002-2005 (Grant # 2002-02232). $290,000 Chimeric Vaccine for Mannheimia haemolytica Infection in Cattle. Oklahoma Applied Research Program. Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology (OCAST). 2003-2005. $259,395. Evaluation of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida vaccines. Anthony Confer. Fort Dodge Animal Health, Inc. 2003-2005. $95,779. The Production of mAb Using cDNA from E2 and Npro-C-Erns Region of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Vaccine 1b Isolate. Chris Chase. Novaritis Animal Health. 2003-2005. $23,9800. Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccinology. State of South Dakota. Chris Chase. 6-04 to 5-09. $4,000,000. Importance of Mycoplasma bovis in Michigan Feedlots. Dan Grooms. Michigan Animal Industry Coalition. 2003-2004. $32,740, Biosensor development for agrisecurity. Dan Grooms. Michigan Animal Industry Coalition. 2003-2004. $29,672. PUBLICATIONS PEER-REVIEWED MANUSCRIPTS: Kalina WV, Woolums AR, Berghaus RD, Gershwin LJ. Formalin-inactivated bovine RSV vaccine enhances a Th2 mediated immune response in infected cattle. Vaccine 22 (11-12):1465-74. 2004 Donovan DC, AR Hippen, DJ Hurley and CCL Chase. 2003. The role of acidogenic diets and serum antibody response against bovine respiratory viruses in Holstein steers. J. Anim. Sci. 81:3088-3094. Fogarty Fairbanks, K, J Campbell and CCL Chase. 2004. Rapid onset of protection against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis with a modified-live virus multivalent vaccine. Vet.Therapeutics 5:17-25. Chase CCL, G Elmowalid and AAA Yousif. 2004. The immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus: a constantly changing picture. Vet Clin Food Anim 20:95114. Chase CCL, G Elmowalid, LJ Braun and JF Ridpath. New paradigms for bovine viral diarrhea virus: understanding how BVDV interacts with the immune system. 36th annual conference of American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Columbus, OH, September 18-20, 2003, p. 189. Hassan EAD, LJ Braun and CCL Chase. Interaction of bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoproteins with cellular cytoskeletal elements in bovine herpesvirus-1 infected cells. Abstract 130P. 84th annual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, November 9-11, 2003. Hassan EAD, LJ Braun and CCL Chase. Effect of protein kinase inhibitors on the replication of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1). Abstract 174. 84th annual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, November 9-11, 2003. Miao C, Woolums AR, Zarlenga D, Brown C, Brown Jr JC, Williams S, Scott M. Effects of a single intranasal dose of modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine on cytokine messenger RNA expression following viral challenge in calves. Am J Vet Res. June 2004. Woolums AR, Brown C, Brown Jr JC, Cole D, Scott M, Williams S, Miao C. Effects of a single intranasal dose of modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine on resistance to subsequent viral challenge in calves. Am J Vet Res. 2004; 65:363-372. Vanden Bush T. J., and R. F. Rosenbusch. 2004. Characterization of a lympho-inhibitory peptide produced by Mycoplasma bovis. Bioch. Biophys. Res. Comm. 315: 336-341. Al-Mubarak, A, Zhou, Y., and Chowdhury, S.I . (2004). A glycine rich region in the ecto domain of BHV-5 gE is important for BHV-5 neuropathogenesis. J. Virol. 78, 4806-4816. Boudreaux, CM and Corstvet, RE. A novel strategy of controlling shipping fever. The Louisiana cattleman, Official publication of the Louisiana Cattlemens Association, November 2003, 36(11):10-11. Bolin SR. Grooms DL. Origination and Consequences of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diarrhea Diversity. Vet Clin N Amer: Food An. 2004;20(1):51 Liu, D., M. L. Lawrence, and F. W. Austin. 2004. Specific PCR identification of Pasteurella multocida based on putative transcriptional regulator genes. J. Microbiol. Methods 58(2):263-267. Jones, C. Analysis of HSV-1 and BHV-1 1 latency. 2003. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 16:79-95 Lovato, L., M. Inman, G. Henderson, A. Doster., and C. Jones, C. 2003. Infection of cattle with a bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) strain that contains a mutation in the latency related gene leads to increased apoptosis in trigeminal ganglia during the transition from acute infection to latency. J of Virology, 77:4848-4857. Geiser, V. and C. Jones. 2003. Stimulation of bovine herpesvirus 1 productive infection by the adenovirus E1A gene and the cellular transcription factor E2F4. J. of General Virology, 84:929-938. Mott, K., N. Osorio, L. Jin, D. Brick, J. Naito, J. Cooper, G. Henderson, M. Inman, C. Jones, S. L. Wechsler, and G.-C. Perng. 2003. The BHV-1 LR genes ability to restore the high reactivation phenotype to an HSV-1 LAT null mutant appears to be due to its anti-apoptosis function. J. of General Virology, 84:2975-2985. Devireddy, L., Y. Zhang, and C. Jones. 2003. Cloning and initial characterization of an alternatively spliced transcript encoded by the bovine herpes virus 1 latency related (LR) gene. J. of Neurovirology, 9: 612-622. Henderson, G., G.-C. Perng, A. B. Nesburn, S. L. Wechsler, and C. Jones. 2004. The latency related (LR) gene encoded by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) can suppress caspase 3 and caspase 9 cleavage during productive infection. J. of Neurovirology, 10:64-70. Jiang, Y., M. Inman, Y. Zhang, N. A. Posadas , and C. Jones. 2004. A mutation in the latency related gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) inhibits expression of proteins encoded by ORF2 and Reading Frame C during productive infection. J. of Virology 78:3184-3189. Inman, M., J. Zhou, H. Webb, and C. Jones. 2004. Identification of a novel transcript containing a small open reading frame that is expressed during latency, and is antisense to the latency related gene of bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1). J. of Virology 5438-5447. Fulton, R.W., Briggs, R.E., Payton, M.E., Confer, A.W., Saliki, J.T., Ridpath, J.F., Burge, L.J., Duff, G.C.: Maternally Derived Humoral Immunity to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)1a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, Bovine-Herpesvirus-1, Parainfluenza-3 Virus, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in Beef Calves, Antibody Decline by Half-life studies and Effect on Response to Vaccination. Vaccine, 22:644-650, 2004. Berry, B.A., Krehbiel, C.R., Gill, D.R., Confer, A.W., Smith, R.A., Montelongo, M.: Effects of Dietary Energy and Starch Concentrations for Newly Received Feedlot Calves: I. Growth Performance and Health. J Anim Sci. 82:837-844, 2004. Berry, B.A., Confer, A.W., Krehbiel, C.R., Gill, D.R., Smith, R.A., Montelongo, M.: Effects of Dietary Energy and Starch Concentrations for Newly Received Feedlot Calves: II. Acute-phase protein response. J Anim Sci. 82:845-850, 2004. Dabo, S.M., Confer, A.W., Quijano-Blas, R.A.: Molecular and Immunological Characterization of Pasteurella multocida A:3 OmpA: Evidence of its Role in P. multocida Interaction with Extracellular Matrix Molecules. Microb Pathog. 35:147-157, 2003. Cudd, L.A., Clarke, C.R., Clinkenbeard, K.D.: Mannheimia haemolytica Leukotoxin-Induced Increase in Leukotriene B4 Production by Bovine Neutrophils is Mediated by Sustained and Excessive Increase in Intracellular Calcium Concentration. FEMS Micro. Let. 224:85-90, 2003. Cudd, L.A., Clarke, C.R., Clinkenbeard, K.D.: Contribution of Intracellular Calcium Stores to an Increase in Cytosolic Calcium Concentration Induced by Mannheimia haemolytica Leukotoxin. FEMS Micro. Let. 225:23-27, 2003. Malazdrewich CP, Thumbikat MS, Abrahamsen MS, Maheswaran SK. Pharmacological inhibition of Mannheimia haemolytica lipopolysaccharide and leukotocin-induced inflammatory cytokine expression in bovine alveolar macrophages. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2004;36:159-169. Malazdrewich CP, Thumbikat MS, Maheswaran SK. Protective effects of dexamathasone in experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2004;36:227-237. ABSTRACTS: L.J. Gershwin, L.B. Corbeil, L.J. Berghaus, K.F. Arnold, M.L. Anderson. IgE and Cytokine Profiles in Calves Concurrently Infected with BRSV and Histophilus somni. Presented at 7th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium, Quebec City, July 2004. Chase CCL, G Elmowalid, LJ Braun and JF Ridpath. New paradigms for bovine viral diarrhea virus: understanding how BVDV interacts with the immune system. 36th annual conference of American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Columbus, OH, September 18-20, 2003, p. 189. Hassan EAD, LJ Braun and CCL Chase. Interaction of bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoproteins with cellular cytoskeletal elements in bovine herpesvirus-1 infected cells. Abstract 130P. 84th annual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, November 9-11, 2003. Hassan EAD, LJ Braun and CCL Chase. Effect of protein kinase inhibitors on the replication of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1). Abstract 174. 84th annual meeting of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, November 9-11, 2003. Donovan DC, Reber AJ, Parks RJ, Collier C, Ely LO, and Hurley DJ. Extracellular pH alters the innate immune response by enhancing phagocytosis and decreases reactive oxygen species production. American Dairy Science Annual Meeting. St. Louis, MO. 2004; J Dairy Sci 87:179 (Suppl. 1). Donovan DC, Collier C, Reber AJ, Parks RJ, and Hurley DJ. Extracellular pH alters immunity by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, but enhancing phagocytosis in bovine neutrophils and monocytes. International Conference of Production Diseases in Farm Animals. Michigan State University. July 18-22, 2004. Abstract: A-14. Donovan DC, Reber AJ, Parks RJ, and Hurley DJ. Acidic extracellular pH enhances phagocytosis and decreases reactive oxygen species production in polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes. 2004; 7th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium. WK 13.6.10 p 415. Quebec City, Qc. July 25-29, 2004. Reber, A.J., T. Okinaga, M. Tanner, A. Woolums, T. Leard, F. Milward, D.J. Hurley Evaluation of multiple immune parameters during development of immunity after vaccination with MLV or killed BVD. 7th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium. Program and Book of Abstracts, p. 150 (WK.1.6.7). Quebec City, Canada. July 25 - 30, 2004 Hurley, D.J., Pence, M., Lee, Y., Reber, A.J. and Parks, R.J. 2003. Characterization of an immunological defect observed in a herd of Hereford cattle. Proceedings of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. 84:102 Reber, AJ, Okinaga, T, Tanner, M, Woolums, A, and Hurley, DJ. .2003. 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