Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The (second) 2004 W-82 meeting was held October 14-16, 2004, at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT. The meeting was hosted by Joe Pignatello. Eight scientists, plus the group's administrative adviser, Lee Sommers, and the group's CSREES contact, Nancy Cavallaro, attended the meeting. The meeting was called to order by Michael Thompson. Nancy Cavallaro presented an update on funding and priorities for the USDA's National Research Initiative. Lee Sommers presented a time line for preparation, review, and approval of a new multistate project, as well as advice on how to target the new proposal. A significant part of the business meeting was devoted to discussions about the nature and goals of a multistate research committee and how to write an effective proposal. A "writing" subcommittee composed of Michael Thompson, Linda Lee, and Mark Radosevich was appointed to solicit contributions to the new proposal from current W-82 members and to draft a proposal. A goal of submitting the new proposal in January 2005 was adopted. The meeting also included presentations of research reports by all participants. Sharon Papiernik was elected chair for the next W-82 meeting, and Mark Radosevich was elected secretary. Pending approval of the new project proposal, the next meeting will be hosted by Mark Radosevich at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, at a date to be announced. At that meeting, a new slate of officers will be elected for the coming years.

OBJECTIVE 1: Characterize and quantify the basic chemical and biological processes controlling the behavior of pesticides, other organic chemicals, and microorganisms in soil, water, and air. SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, BROOKINGS, SD, Sharon Clay, Zhuojing Liu, Jared K Oswald, Todd P Trooien, Robert Thaler. Studies included: Assessing the potential transport of tylosin in the landscape. Tylosin, an antibacterial chemical used in livestock production, is highly water soluble, only partially sorbed to manure, and potentially excreted by animals that receive it in their feed. A small sprinkler infiltrometer was used to measure infiltration rate at three landscape positions in a field. Results show that tylosin can be transported in runoff. In areas where manure that contains tylosin is applied to fields, runoff reduction or prevention measures may be required to prevent tylosin from reaching surface water resources. GEORGE E. BROWN SALINITY LABORATORY, Scott R. Yates, Wei Zheng, and Sharon Papiernik. Studies included: (1) Transformation of Chloropicrin and 1,3-Dichloropropene by Metam Sodium in a Combined Application of Fumigants, (2) Leaching Potential of Persistent Soil Fumigant Residues. The effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) amendments on the leaching potential of persistent soil fumigant residues was evaluated. DOM did not promote the leaching of persistent fumigant residues, and ATS remarkably reduced the amount of 1,3-D and CP, yet notably increased MITC recovered in the effluents. The results suggest that the leaching of persistent fumigant residues through soil to water is significant, and movement of fumigants in soil is not facilitated by DOM. Amending soil with ATS through irrigation is an effective method to remove persistent residues of halogenated fumigants. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, AMES, IOWA, M.L. Thompson, D. A. Laird, M.A. Chappell, L.S. Sonon. Studies included: (1) Sorption of Formulated Atrazine by Soil Materials, (2) Sorption of a Nonionic Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether Surfactant by 2:1 Layer Silicates. Atrazine sorption to soil was evaluated in the presence of varying concentrations of a surfactant. In general, the surfactant inhibited atrazine sorption, but in some cases, high concentrations of surfactant enhanced atrazine sorption. The type and concentration of surfactant used in atrazine applications can influence the mobility of atrazine in the soil. USDA-AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, ST. PAUL, MN, W. Koskinen. Studies included: (1) Sorption-desorption of "aged" isoxaflutole and diketonitrile degradate in soil, (2) Interactions of a diketonitrile degradate of isoxaflutole with organoclays. We determined the changes in distribution between soil bound and solution phases of the main metabolite of the herbicide isoxaflutole, a diketonitrile degradate, with incubation time. We found that while the herbicide metabolite slowly degraded in soil, the remaining chemical became more tightly bound to some soils. These results are further evidence that increases in binding of the pesticide to soil during pesticide aging should be taken into account during characterization of the environmental fate of pesticides. CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, NEW HAVEN, CT, Joe Pignatello, Yuefeng Lu, Don Zhu, Michael Sander, Seoukjoon Kwon, Jun Li. The work in 2004 dealt with (1) sorption irreversibility, (2) pi-pi electron donor-acceptor interactions between aromatic compounds and complementary functional groups in natural organic matter, and (3) bioavailability of contaminants in soil and sediment. To more fully characterize the sorption of organic compounds to natural organic matter (NOM) substances we have investigated history-dependent sorption behavior. We found that a) isolated, purified soil humic acid behaves like a glassy solid; b) metal-ion crosslinking creates a more rigid-chain structure and supports a link between nonideal sorption and the glassy character of soil organic matter; and c) metal ions influence the structure of humic materials and therefore the sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds. Nonlinear and irreversible behavior may be expected for macromolecular forms of NOM that are in a glassy state, and emphasize the case that NOM is not a passive sorbent, but may be physically altered by the sorbate. PURDUE UNIVERSITY, W. LAFAYETTE, IN, L.S. Lee, R.F. Turco, M. Bischoff, S. Sassman, S. Rao. Studies included: (1) Fate of Animal Hormones, (2) Fate of Pharmaceuticals, (3) Fate of Industrial Chemicals. (4) Remediation, (5) Bioavailability of Sorbed Organic Chemicals. Our studies on tetracyclines, tylosin, and carbadox show that these compounds have relatively short half-lives and are highly sorbed to soils. Therefore, total amounts of antibiotics getting to waterways are likely to be small, and their most likely entry into water bodies will be through inadvertent spills, surface runoff, erosion, preferential flow, and facilitated transport. UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, KNOXVILLE, TN, Mark Radosevich. Studies included: Environmental Fate of Formaldehyde During Decomposition of Land Applied Engineered Wood Products. Tennessee requires medium density fiberboard (MDF) and plywood waste to be placed in landfills rather than recycled because these products contain formaldehyde. Soil microcosm studies revealed rapid degradation of MDF. Addition of MDF to soil resulted in no apparent decrease in nitrogen availability. These results suggest that land application of MDF is an effective and beneficial method of recycling this engineered material. THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, ATHENS, GA, Kang Xia. Studies included: (1) Removal of 4-NP from biosolids through composting, (2) Dynamics of soil microbial communities exposed to Pb and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene mixtures. Our research has shown that 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) appears in biosolids at a wide concentration ranges, from several mg kg-1 to several thousands mg kg-1. A pilot scale laboratory-controlled composting experiment was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of 4-NP removal through mixing biosolids with wood shavings at different environmental conditions. This investigation provided further evidence that 4-NP can be effectively degraded during composting. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE, CA, W.J. Farmer, J. Gan, W.P. Liu, S. Bondarenko, W.C. Yang. Studies included: (1) Decontamination of Halogenated Pesticides, (2) Pesticide Chirality, (3) Bioavailability of Synthetic Pyrethroids, (4) N2, CO2, and 1,2-dichloroethane as molecular probes of soil microstructure. Decontamination methods are needed for the removal of fumigant residues in the environment. In this study, we investigated the dehalogenation of several halogenated fumigants by reaction with polysulfides. This research may have directly applicable outcomes as it contributes to the potential development of selective remediation/decontamination methods. As the reaction dehalogenates the pesticide, it is expected that the pesticide is detoxified. TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY, Scott A. Senseman. Studies included (1) Dendritic surfactants and organoclay morphology, (2) sorption of atrazine and its degradation products in vegetated filter strips, (3) Effects of Roundup on microbial activity and biomass (4) photocatalytic degradation of picloram with titanium dioxide in water. OBJECTIVE 2: Integrate chemical and biological process information for use in models applicable across different spatial and temporal scales. UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA, Chittaranjan Ray. Studies included: (1) Simulation of contaminant transport from surface water to wells located on riverbanks during flood periods, (2) Assessment of the vulnerability of farmstead and rural domestic wells to agrichemical contamination, (3) Transport of pathogens and selected pharmaceutical compounds in Hawaiian Oxisols. We investigated the effect of high molecular polymers (such as polyacrylamides, used for erosion control) on the transport of pathogens (E. coli and MS-2 page) in soil columns of Wahiawa Oxisols. The Oxisols studied act as sinks for bacteria and viruses. High clay content, low pH, high iron oxide content, and a low solution pH contribute high rates of pathogen retention in these soils. GEORGE E. BROWN SALINITY LABORATORY, Scott R. Yates, Wei Zheng, and Sharon Papiernik. Studies included: Effect of Soil Moisture and Irrigation on Propargyl Bromide Volatilization and Movement in Soil. We studied the volatilization and movement of propargyl bromide (3BP), a potential replacement for the soil fumigant methyl bromide, under different irrigation treatments. We found that volatilization was about three times greater from non-irrigated soil. Irrigation and higher initial soil moisture content were more effective in controlling 3BP volatilization than the use of a tarp. Short advective gas and liquid fluxes created by the irrigation had pronounced and prolonged effect on 3BP distribution and degradation. Henry's law could not be used to predict the 3BP distribution pattern in the liquid phase even long after the irrigation ceased. OBJECTIVE 3: Provide stakeholders with tools for developing strategies to ensure sustainable agriculture and to protect natural resource systems. UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA, Chittaranjan Ray. Studies include: (1) Chemical Leaching and Evaluation of Risk System (CLERS), (2) Demonstration of Bromacil leaching Under Reduced Application Rates, (3) Leaching of Selected Chemicals in Various Hawaii Soils. A physically based model is used to calculate leaching characteristics of pesticides based upon soil physical/chemical properties, depth to water, recharge rate, and pesticide properties. The model will be used by the Hawaii Department of Agriculture and pesticide registrants to evaluate relative attenuation of pesticides. We have completed the detailed evaluation 13 new chemicals where the registrants sought their use in Hawaii. GEORGE E. BROWN SALINITY LABORATORY, Scott R. Yates, Wei Zheng, and Sharon Papiernik. Studies include: (1) Effect of Surface Tarp on Emissions and Distribution of Drip-Applied Fumigant, (2) Effect of Application Variables on Emissions of Fumigants Applied via Subsurface Drip Irrigation. Application of fumigants through drip irrigation has been proposed as a means to decrease fumigant emissions, improve fumigant distribution in soil, and minimize worker exposure. These experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of the configuration of the drip system on the volatilization and distribution of the fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene, propargyl bromide, and methyl isothiocyanate in bedded systems. Results indicated that changing the drip emitter spacing and using multiple drip lines in each bed had little effect on the emissions and distribution of any fumigant. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE, CA, W.J. Farmer and J. Gan. Studies include: Pesticide Runoff from Nursery Sites and Mitigation. In close collaboration with nursery growers in Orange County and Ventura County, we have carried out studies to understand the source, fate and distribution of pesticides in nursery runoff, and to develop best management practices (BMPs) to reduce pesticide load in the runoff. We have also worked closely with the State Water Resources Control Board, the Regional Boards, and California Department of Pesticide Regulation to extend the technology to nursery growers through many forms of public outreach and education activities, including training workshops for growers and pesticide applicators, and publication of fact sheets and newsletter articles.

Allaire, S.E., Yates, S.R. and Ernst, F.F. Effect of soil moisture and irrigation on propargyl bromide volatilization and movement in soil. Vadose Zone J. 3: 656-667. 2004. Anderson, S.M., S.A. Clay, L.J. Wrage, and D. Matthees. 2004. Soybean foliage residues of dicamba and 2,4-D and correlation to application rates and yields. Agron. J. 96:750-760. Barriuso, E,. W. C. Koskinen, and M. J. Sadowsky. 2004. Solvent extraction characterization of bioavailability of atrazine residues in soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52(21):6552-6556 Bhandari, A., and K. Xia. 2004. Hazardous Organic Chemicals in Biosolids Recycled as Soil Amendments. In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 5. Part F. Water Pollution: Environmental Impact Assessment of Recycled Wastes on Surface and Ground Waters: Chemodynamics, Toxicology, and Modeling. Aboul-Kassim, T. A.T. and Williamson, K. J. (Eds.) Bondarenko, S., and J. Gan. 2004. Degradation and adsorption of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in urban stream sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 1809-1814. Bresnahan, G. A. W. C. Koskinen, A. G. Dexter, and L. Cox. Sorption-desorption of "aged" isoxaflutole and diketonitrile degradate in soil. Weed Res. 44:397-403. Carrizosa, M. J., M. C. Hermosin, W. C. Koskinen, and J. Cornejo. 2004. Interactions of two sulfonylurea herbicides with organoclays. Clays Clay Miner. 52:643-649 Carrizosa, M. J., W. C. Koskinen, and M. C. Hermosin. 2004. Interactions of acidic herbicides bentazon and dicamba with organoclays. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68: 68: 1863-1866 Carrizosa, M. J., W. C. Koskinen, I. Carrizosa, and M. C. Hermosin. Sorption of isoxaflutole and DKN on organoclays. Clays Clay Miner. 52:341-349. Cecchi, A. M., W. C. Koskinen, H. H. Cheng, and K Haider. 2004. Sorption-desorption of phenolic acids as affected by soil properties. Biol. Fert. Soils 39:235-242. Chang, J., S.A. Clay, D.E. Clay, and K. Dalsted. 2004. Detecting weed-free and weed-infested areas of a soybean field using near infrared spectral data. Weed Sci. 52:642-648. Clay, S.A., J. Chang, D.E. Clay, C.L. Reese, and K. Dalsted. 2004. Using remote sensing to develop weed management zones in soybeans. SSMG 42. In: Site-Specific Management Guidelines. Online: www.ppi-far.org/ssmg D. Zhao and J.J. Pignatello, Model-Aided Characterization of Tenax-TA for Aromatic Compound Uptake from Water. 2004. Environ. Toxicol. & Chem. 23: 1592-1599. D. Zhu, S. Hyun, J.J. Pignatello, and L.S. Lee, Evidence for pi-pi Electron Donor-Acceptor Interactions between pi-Donor Aromatic Compounds and pi-Acceptor Sites in Soil Organic Matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38: 4361-4368 (2004) Das, B.S., L.S. Lee, P.S.C. Rao, and R. Hultgren. 2003. Sorption and degradation of steroid hormones in soils during transport: column studies and model evaluation., Environ. Sci. Technol., 38:1460-1470. Guo, M., Papiernik, S.K., Zheng, W. and Yates, S.R. Effect of environmental factors on 1,3-dichloropropene hydrolysis in water and soil. Journal Environmental Quality. 33:612-618. 2004. Guo, M., Yates, S.R., Papiernik, S.K., and Zheng, W. Incompatibility of metam sodium with halogenated fumigants. Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004. H. Wijnja, J.J. Pignatello, and K. Malekani, (2004). Formation of pi-pi complexes between phenanthrene and model pi-acceptor humic subunits. J. Environ. Qual. 33: 265-276. Hyun, S. and L.S. Lee. 2004. Effect of chemical acidity and acid functional group on organic acid sorption by variable-charge soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38:5413 -5419. Hyun, S. and L.S. Lee. 2004. Factors controlling sorption of prosulfuron by variable-charge soils and model sorbents. J. Environ. Qual. 33:1354-1361. K. Subramaniam, C. Stepp, J.J. Pignatello, B. Smets, and D. Grasso. Enhancement of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Desorption by Complexing Agents in Weathered Soil, Environ. Engineer. Sci. 21: 515-523 (2004). Karnok, K. J., K. Xia, and K. A. Tucker. 2004. Wetting agents: what are they, and how do they work? Golfcourse Management. 72:8486. Lee, L.S., S.A. Sassman, R. F. Turco, and M. Bischoff. 2004. Degradation of N,N'-dibutylurea (DBU) in soils treated with only DBU and DBU fortified Benlate(r) fungicides, J. Environ. Quality, 33, 1771-1778. Lee, S.J., J. Gan, J.S. Kim, J.N. Kabashima, and D. Crowley. 2004. Microbial transformation of pyrethroid insecticides in aqueous and sediment phases. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23: 1-6. Li, H., L.S. Lee, D.G. Schulze, and C. A. Guest. 2003. Role of soil manganese in the oxidation of aromatic amines. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37:2686-2793. Liu, W.P., and J. Gan. 2004. Determination of enantiomers of synthetic pyrethroids in water using solid phase microextraction (SPME) - enantioselective gas chromatography (GC). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, 736-741. Liu, W.P., and J. Gan. 2004. Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, 755-761. Liu, W.P., J. Gan, S.J. Lee, and J.N. Kabashima. 2004. Phase fractionation of pyrethroids in runoff and stream water. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23: 7-11. Menasseri, S., W. C. Koskinen, and P. Y. Yen. 2004. Sorption of aged dicamba residues in soil. Pest Manag. Sci. 60:297-304. Mishra, A., C. Ray, and D.W. Kolpin. 2004. Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells, J. Hydrologic Engrg., 9:502-511 Papiernik, S.K., Yates, S.R., Dungan, R.S., Lesch, S.M., Zheng, W., Guo, M.X. Effect of surface tarp on emissions and distribution of drip-applied fumigants. Environmental Science & Technology. 38:4254-4262. 2004. Pu, X., L.S. Lee, and G.P. Carlson. 2003. Oral bioavailability of pentachlorophenol from soils of varying characteristics using a rat model. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 66:2001-2013. Pu, X., L.S. Lee, R.E. Galinsky, and G.P. Carlson. 2003. Evaluation of a rat model versus a physiologically based extraction test for assessing phenanthrene bioavailability from soils. J. Toxicol. Sci. 79:10-17. Qin, S., J. Gan, W.P. Liu, and J.O. Becker. 2004. Degradation and adsorption of fosthiazate in soil. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 52(20); 6239-6242. Ray, C. 2004. Modeling RBF efficacy for mitigating chemical shock loads, Journal American Water Works Association, 96(5): 114-128. Ray, C., T.A. Vogel, and J. Dusek. 2004, Modeling depth-variant sorption and domain-specific biodegradation in dual-porosity media, J. Contam. Hydrology, 70(1-2): 63-87. Sassman, S.A., L. S. Lee, M. Bischoff, and R. F. Turco. 2004. Assessing N,N'-dibutylurea formation in soils after application of n-butylisocyanate and Benlate fungicides, J. Food Agric. Chem., 52:747-754. W.J. Braida, J.C. White, and J.J. Pignatello, Indices for Bioavailability and Biotransformation Potential of Contaminants in Soils, Environ. Toxicol. & Chem., 23: 1585-1591 (2004). Xia, K., and C. Y. Jeong. 2004. Photodegradation of endocrine-disrupting chemical 4-nonylphenol in biosolids applied to soil. J. Environ. Qual. 33: 1568-1574. Zheng, W., Papiernik, S.K., Guo, M. and Yates, S.R. Remediation of methyl iodide in aqueous solution and amended soils with thiourea. Environmental Science and Technology. 38:1188-1194. 2004. Zheng, W., Yates, S.R., Guo, M., Papiernik, S.K., and Kim, J.H. Transformation of chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene by metam sodium in a combined application of fumigants. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. 52(10):3002-3009, 2004 Zhu, D., S, Hyun, J. J. Pignatello, and L.S. Lee. 2004. Evidence for pi-pi electron donor-acceptor Interactions between pi-donor, aromatic compounds and pi-acceptor sites in soil organic matter through pH effects on sorption. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:4361-4368.