Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Please see attached pdf file.

One of the most significant accomplishments of WERA-066 is the development of guidelines for identifying biotic variation and designating biotypes of the Russian wheat aphid. These guidelines are provided below and in the pdf file accompanying the Summary of Minutes. Guidelines for Identifying Biotypic Variation and Designation of Diuraphis noxia Biotypes. Rationale: In order to achieve the goals set forth by the WERA-066 concerning research and management of Diuraphis noxia and its biotypes, the members came to agreement as to what a biotype is and how it is identified and designated. Without such agreement, it would be extremely difficult to coordinate research efforts and achieve the objectives of the project. This agreement pertains to D. noxia only, and was based on lessons learned from designating greenbug, brown planthopper, Hessian fly and biotypes of other species. In addition, these guidelines are specifically for use in attaining the objectives set forth by this committee. Most importantly, we have strived for our decisions to be based on reputable science and facts, not hypothesis, theories, traditions or dogmatic views. A primary objective for the future coordination of WERA-066 will be the development and deployment of new resistant wheat and barley to mitigate the injury caused by the population of D. noxia which is now injurious to Dn4 wheat (Haley et al. 2004), as well as other unpublished and yet to be described populations injurious to other wheat and barley resistance genes. The following guidelines for the identifying and naming of D. noxia biotypes were established at the September 2005 WERA-066 meeting in Fort Collins, CO. Our challenge as members of WERA-066 was to develop a structured system which, is most applicable and useful for attaining this objective of delivering D. noxia resistant crops to the producer, for characterization and designation of D. noxia biotypes. Input into this document was from both entomologists and plant breeders. What is a D. noxia biotype? A population (independent of geographic location) that is able to injure a cultivated plant containing a specific gene(s) which was previously resistant to known aphid populations. The above definition prescribes that the biotypic status of D. noxia be solely based on the phenotypic response of the plant as a result of the aphids feeding. In the above definition of D. noxia biotypes, there is no presumption of the genetic basis within the aphid for the ability to cause injury, nor is any evolutionary or taxonomic status implied. Certainly, there are genetic differences among, and even within, biotypes that affect the phenotypic response of the plant. However, the term biotype does not describe those differences. The biotype classification does not require knowledge of the specific biological traits of the aphid that cause the observable symptoms of the plant. Characters measurable or observable in the aphid can be used to further characterize biotype-plant interactions, but not to designate biotype status. Again, biotype is not an evolutionary or taxonomic classification. It is merely, a convenient and very applicable way to describe an array of resistant and susceptible plant responses, or the insect-plant interaction that leads to the injury of a plant resistant source. The guidelines for naming and testing D. noxia biotypes are: 1. Biotypes will be named sequentially beginning with RWA1, RWA2, RWA3 etc. a. RWA1 will be the laboratory colony maintained at the USDA-ARS in Stillwater, OK; this colony was founded in 1987. Dn4 wheat is resistant to this colony. It is the base line that all other biotypes will be compared/contrasted to. b. RWA2 has been used to describe the Dn4 injurious population first reported by Haley et al. (2004). This name was agreed upon at the WERA-066 meeting in 2004. A reference that has utilized this designation is Porter et al. (2005). Biotype designations will be independent of the crops upon which they are virulent. 2. The designation of biotypes will be done using publicly available plant genotypes, including designated Dn genes or defined genotypes of interest. Source seed of all of the differential Dn genes will be available from Stillwater-ARS. Additional differentials may be added as they are identified and become available in sufficient quantity. a. For the purposes of the matrix, using genotypes with a similar background should decrease the likelihood of differences in plant reaction occurring for other reasons. Current Dn wheat genes that meet the current criteria and are currently available in a Yuma background include: i. Dn1 (CO03797), resistance originally derived from PI137739; ii. Dn2 (CO03804), resistance originally derived from PI262660; iii. dn3 (CO03811), resistance originally derived from Triticum tauschii line SQ24, and iv. Dn4 (Yumar), resistance originally derived from PI372129. b. Other Dn genes that meet the current criteria are: i. Dn5 (tentatively available in Colorado breeding line CO950043), resistance originally derived from PI294994; ii. Dn6 (currently available in RWA Matrix-6501 and Colorado breeding line CO960223), this gene was originally identified in PI243781, iii. The first published source of Dn7 RWA Matrix-Dn7; purified for RWA1 resistance (at Colorado State University) from 94M370 (a wheat-rye translocation line developed in South Africa by G. Marais), iv. Dn8 (available in a selection from a South African wheat germplasm line, Karee-Dn8 (PI634775)), resistance originally derived from PI294994; v. Dn9 (available in a selection from a South African wheat germplasm line, Betta-Dn9 (PI634770)), resistance originally derived from PI294994; vi. Dny (available in Stanton wheat, developed at Kansas State University; RWA resistance originally derived from PI220350). c. Other differentials that are currently being purified for future use include: i. RWA Matrix-2401 (a Stillwater ARS selection from CItr2401), ii. RWA Matrix-2414-11-2 and RWA Matrix 2414-11-5 (from a Stillwater ARS breeding line derived from a cross with PI366515, with further selection done at Colorado State University), and iii. Dnx (tentatively available in two Kansas State University breeding lines; KS041149, and KS00HW152-2-6, both derived from crosses with PI220127). d. Currently available Dn genes in crops other than wheat include: i. The barley genes that meet the criterion in #2 above are Dnb1 and Dnb2, available together in STARS-9301B (Mornhinweg et al. 1995). 3. Where newly discovered differences exist in the resistance of plant genotypes, results will be reported to the WERA-066 for discussion and potential addition to the existing biotype test matrix. 4. New putative biotypes will be tested against the full array of the above plant genotypes. An aphid clone causing a differential reaction in plants with at least one resistance gene will be considered a new biotype. 5. Rating Scale and testing conditions a. A 1-9 rating scale for chlorosis similar to that described by Webster et al (1991) shall be adapted. b. A 1-3 rating scale for leaf rolling shall be used. c. A chlorosis rating of greater than 5 and/or a rolling rating of 2-3 will be designated as susceptible for biotype designations. d. A susceptible check (Yuma wheat and Morex barley) is used. Tests will be rated when the susceptible variety is rated 8-9 for chlorosis and 3 for rolling. e. A resistant check is used as long as all resistance genes have not been overcome. f. Appropriate controls are used and environmental conditions standardized: i. Lighting conditions are adequate to support healthy plant growth (full sunlight or supplemental light may be needed). Daylength is best maintained at 16L:8D to minimize alate development and maximize plant growth. ii. Temperature conditions will be recorded for the test duration (daily max/min). The target range should be approximately 20-26oC. iii. Plants should be infested when 1-2 tall. iv. A demonstrated ability to reproduce results obtained in multiple locations is vital. A second confirmation test should be conducted prior to a new biotype designation.

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