Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

In attendance: Mike Darre, Lew Carr, Bill Roush, Paul Harrison, Bill Vinson, Kevin Roberson, Bill Saylor, Sally Noll, Mary Beck, Hongwei Xin, Ken Koelkebeck, Larry Miller. Sally Noll started the meeting at 8:34 am. Some introductory comments were made followed by work on the project rewrite. Mike Darre as host made a brief welcome. A message from Ted Odom was communicated expressing his regrets for not being able to attend due to an illness. He will be missed. Bill Roush is part of the committee again. He is with ARS in Starkville, MS. Paul Patterson has declined to stay on the committee but Kevin Roberson will stay on the committee. Paul Aho declined participation on the project. Need to look for another economist and agricultural engineer. Possibly Glenn Carpenter with NRCS, Beltsville. Possibly Gary van Wicklen from DE. Rich Gates is very busy at this time. Talk to Bob Wideman from AR to join. Eileen Wheeler was not able to attend and Ken Koelkebeck took her place as secretary. Paul Harrison, Lew Carr and Mary Beck volunteered to be the nominating committee. Larry Miller gave the USDA-CSREES report. Some increases in 2002 budget. Handed out a budget sheet. Some differences between House and Senate version. Not much change from last year. Deadlines are changing for the National Research Initiative, not set yet. The NIMISS (National Information Management and Support System) is a good source of information (see www.lgu.umd.edu). Some vacancies within USDA-CSREES were announced. New Email addresses to replace reeusda to csrees.usda.gov (e.g, lmiller@csrees.usda.gov) For all of Animal Ag, 2000 budget was 1,008.6 to 1.100.3 in 2001 and $1.2 billion for 2003. In-house funding for USDA is up, also for University research. Adjusted for inflation it is relatively flat. Animal Health in Poultry funding is up a bit as a percentage of the total. Bill Vinson discussed the rewrite schedule. A general call will be made for people who would like to participate will be made when the rewrite goes out. Schedule is driven by having it for February first week, with all peer reviews so NERA gets it for March 4. Need to get the rewrite done ASAP. Need to suggest five reviewers; three are picked for actual review. Any qualified person. Industry representatives are encouraged as reviewers. It was discussed if we can work into the rewrite the disallowance of antibiotics in feed and its implications on the production of the animals. The project should be more focused and the term Biophysical in the title was found to be confusing. Project will get a new number due to computer system changes. The committee moved toward discussing the project rewrite. New proposed objectives were: 1. Characterize physiological and behavioral responses of poultry to critical environmental factors. 2. Optimize technical and economic aspects of sustainable poultry production systems and enhance poultry well-being using information from Objective 1. Discussion continued on incorporating work into the project regarding antibiotic non-use in poultry diets. Several possible research approaches were discussed  nutrition, environmental contamination, litter treatments, changes in gut microflora, pathogen resistance to antibiotics, food safety, antibiotic residues, welfare of the birds without antibiotics, antibiotics and growth, and residues in manure, litter; energetics of animal with or without antibiotics. Areas were identified under each objective for study. Objective 1 to include: -Thermal Environment -Aerial environment -Physical Environment Objective 2 Thermal Environment Dietary phosphorus and heat stress (Saylor) Broiler breeder male fertility and heat stress (Beck) Cool water perches with breeder males (Beck) Laying hen strains (Beck) Turkey THI (Xin) Bird density and animal welfare guidelines (Xin) Aerial Environment Harrison - chemical ammonia control in litter Noll - oil for NH3 emissions., dietary control of ammonia Others - mitigation of ammonia - litter additives, dietary, emission into air, etc. PM2.5 Other gasses being emitted. What is the interaction with well being. Antibiotic residues in air, litter, etc. Look at enterococci Physical Environment Perches - design, activity, leg problems (Estevez) need to revisit this problem Light Environment - cycling light programs, efficiency, quality and type aspect of lighting on molting management, lighting and cannibalism. Pulmonary hypertension in birds. Ron Lacy work with Odom? Genetics component of ascities - Bob Wideman? Sound - Reception, production and Noise - anthropogenic and natural - effect on birds (Darre) Stress vocalizations Management Practices Molting, Space utilization, beak trimming - and behavioral responses Feeding systems and timing of phases of feeding. Decision Analysis THVI (temp, humidity, velocity index) Ammonia - Carr and Xin Economic and welfare assessment - implications (follow through on Rahns initial model on the different scenarios from McDonalds, etc) Thermal models Aerial responses Lighting systems Molting Feeding systems and phases Operations Research Models (decision making models) decision analysis thermal models fuzzy logic controllers (work with Rich Gates?) density studies in broilers (carcass quality and behavior) Behavior and Animal Well-being What are good measurements? Nomination and Election Results. Bill Saylor is elected at new Junior executive. The officers for next year are: Chair is Eileen Wheeler, Secretary is Ken Koelkebeck , Hongwei Xin is Senior Exec and Bill Saylor is Junior Exec. Break out Discussions Develop research questions Develop approach methods for each research question Identify Cooperative Aspect Consider incorporation for Objective 2 1. Characterize physiological and behavioral responses of poultry to critical environmental factors. 2. Optimize technical and economic aspects of sustainable poultry production systems and enhance poultry well-being using information from Objective 1. Assign each question to a specific person to Flesh out the questions and approaches and literature review and write up for final re-write document. Print up today and Email final to each person in project Saturday, October 18, 2003 Started at 8:34 am Introduced Peter Scheifele to the group. Discussed where to have the next meeting. Meeting will be at Madison, Wisconsin in 2004 (Mary Beck as host) tentative dates are Oct 1-2. and Starkville, MS for 2005 (Bill Roush). New Possible Title: Biological and Physical Assessment for the Optimization of Poultry Production Systems External project reviewers were discussed: Hank Engster, Don Foss, Gary Riskowski, Richard Gates, Mike Lacy, Brad Marks (Michigan State), Dave Calabotta Suggested New Industry Advisors: Hank Engster (Purdue) Kenton Kreager (Hyline) Station Reports: Maryland: Lew Carr presented information on ammonia release from litter. Iowa: Hongwei Xin presented data on laying hen house ammonia emissions, and beak trimming studies. Illinois: Paul Harrison presented data on mass ammonia generation rate from laying manure. Ken Koelkebeck reported on non-feed withdrawal molting of layers. Connecticut: Peter Scheifele reported on his work on the Lombard effect in mammals and whales. Do chickens have a Lombard response? Can use Auditory Brain Stem response. Mississippi: Bill Roush reported on an analysis of the nonlinear dynamics of daily broiler growth and feed intake. Looking for alternative ways of getting this data. Daily growth rates fluctuate and needed to find a better way to do this. Started using the mixture design approach. Can go to Statease.com to get a mixture design program. Book resources - Cornell on Mixture Designs and a book by Piepel book. (Get free G-Power test, look for 80% or better) G-power helps to determine what differences you should expect. Michigan: Kevin Roberson reported on exposing birds to UV light to determine effects on rickets, etc. Working on antibiotic-free diets and antibodies to certain digestive enzymes, etc. Raising broilers on turkey litter and feeding whole egg antibody. Working on distillers grains in poultry feed. Some pig farmers are using distillers grains and taking out Tylan. Looking at space requirements for white pheasants. Delaware: Bill Saylor said his group is just starting work on phosphorus and phytase and looking at phytate phosphorus levels in diets. Minnesota: Sally Noll reported work on distillers grains with Kevin and looking for funding for beak trimming in turkeys. Need to see if USDA has our annual report and see what it takes to get our web site linked to their web site. Adjourned at 12:20 pm

I. Poultry House Environment PA worked jointly with KY and IA to complete on-farm data collection during all of 2003. Project scope included field evaluation of 8 poultry houses in PA (along with 12 other houses in KY and IA). During the research project, ammonia level was determined using an electrochemical sensor system; ventilation rate was estimated by monitoring runtime of the ventilation fans whose airflow rates were determined with a portable Fan Assessment Numeration System (FANS). Ammonia emission rates ranged from 0 to 0.92 g NH3 bird-1 d-1 or, expressed in terms of 500 kg animal units (AU), 0 to 607 g NH3 AU-1 d-1. There was high variability for emission rates among similar houses, even when on the same farm. Day to day variability (consecutive days) was less than house-to-house variability for the same time period. A better interpretation of the wide range of emissions rates will be made once characteristics of the litter, flock, and house management are incorporated into data analysis. Published work also evolved from two previously completed research projects. The published work documents effective strategy for on-farm data collection with accurate data obtained in rugged poultry/livestock housing environments. IA found both diurnal and seasonal variations in ammonia emission from the layer houses. Ammonia concentrations and emission rates for the manure belt house are much lower than those for the high-rise houses. High-rise houses receiving low protein diet emitted less ammonia than those receiving standard diet. Diet manipulation showed promise as a means to reduce ammonia emission from commercial layer facilities. Instrumentation of six 500-bird independent chambers was completed for total N budget (MD). A winter and summer flock of broilers was grown to 42 days. NH3 emissions were measured by direct acid scrubber trapping. Three treatments were used: 1) control, 2) low acid litter treatment, and 3) high acid litter treatment (2X low acid). A rough preliminary review of the data suggests that the conventional-litter emissions are consistent with existing literature, with total NH3-N emissions of 10-20 g per broiler over the 42-day production period. Most of the NH3 emissions occurred during the last 10 days of the grow-out when feed consumption and excretions were the largest. The litter acidification treatments reduced emissions 20 to 50% with the greatest reductions occurring during the first half of the grow-out, and modest reductions during the second half. These data support litter acidification is an effective management practice for reducing ammonia emissions. IL determined that mass generation rate of gaseous NH3 from laying hen manure was reduced one hour from the liquid application of AL2SO4. The magnitude of NH3 emissions reduction was directly related to the spray concentration of AL2SO4. As time increased from application to NH3 emissions analysis the effect of emissions reduction was less. II. Behavioral Responses Feeding behaviors of W-36 White Leghorn laying hens (77-80 weeks old) as influenced by the management practice of beak trimming were quantified at IA. The feeding behavior was characterized using a newly developed measurement system and computational algorithm. Non-trimmed (NT) and beak trimmed (BT) hens showed similar daily feed intake and meal size. However, the BT hens tended to spend longer time feeding (3.3 vs. 2.0 hr/d, P<0.01), which coincided with their slower ingestion rate of 0.43 g/min-kg0.75 vs. 0.79 g/min-kg0.75 for the NT counterparts (P<0.05). The BT had shorter time intervals between meals (101 s vs. 151 s, P<0.01). Selective feeding, as demonstrated by larger feed particles apparent in the leftover feed, was noted for the BT hens. The leftover feed had a lower crude protein/adjusted crude protein content for the BT birds than that for the NT birds (16.7% vs. 18.7%, P<0.05). Also the leftover feed of the BT birds had lower contents in phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, zinc and manganese (P<0.05); although no significant differences were detected in calcium, sodium or metabolic energy content. At IL, the continuous feeding of a low energy wheat middlings molt diet versus a traditional fasting method did not compromise laying hen behavior. In addition, acceptable post-molt laying hen performance may be achieved by feeding an alternative molt diet that is high in wheat middlings, soybean hulls, alfalfa meal, or rice hulls compared to using a conventional fasting molting program. Low energy wheat middlings molt diet versus a traditional fasting method did not compromise laying hen behavior and also supported an acceptable post-molt laying hen performance. Behavior studies were designed to determine the effects of stocking density on physical and social behavior of domestic fowl (MD). Laying hens were reared from 1 d of age in four replicates each of four different group sizes: 15, 30, 60, and 120 birds. Stocking density was constant at 5 birds/m2. The allocation of feeder space, drinker nipples, and perch space was also constant per bird. Birds were individually weighed at 3, 7, 12, 15, and 18 wk of age, and comb length and height were measured with calipers. At 24 and 39 wk, a sample of 30 eggs from each pen was weighed to determine mean egg weight. Results show a significant effect of group size on BW, with birds in the groups of 30 and 120 being lighter than birds in groups of 15 and 60. Eggs from birds in groups of 30 were significantly smaller than those from birds in the other group sizes. Comb size was unaffected by group size. These results support the theory that the hierarchical social structure based on individual recognition in small groups breaks down in large groups as birds become less aggressive and more tolerant. The results suggest that this transition occurs at a group size of about 30 birds. Decreasing aggression with increasing groups size in domestic fowl was also determined. Focal observations of 12 birds per group were carried out from 3 to 18 weeks of age. In all group sizes aggressive pecking peaked between 6 and 12 weeks and then declined. Marked birds for identification may receive more aggressive pecking during this time. Analysis of movement and use of space by broilers in confinement were studied using simulation techniques from wildlife studies. Results indicated that long sampling intervals results in significantly shorter estimates of distance traveled, path of movement was significantly more linear, and the core areas that were significantly larger than the observed estimates from ad libitum sampling. Longer sampling duration had a positive effect on angular dispersion and core area estimates. Reduction in sample size did not change results regarding effects of sampling intensity and duration but affected the conclusions for group size effects. III. Physical Environment Responses CT, in a preliminary study, noise levels of six commercial laying houses were measured using a sound level meter. The houses were 56 ft x 560 ft high-rise cage layer facilities housing about 110,000 white egg layers. The buildings had sidewall adjustable vent air inlets with 26 48 inch fans in the sidewalls of the manure pit. The houses had six rows of 4 tier pyramid style cages with either chain or auger type automatic feeders. Sound level was measured at several locations near the top, middle and bottom cage rows along the walkways in each house obtaining the highest (when all the fans, feeders and egg belts are running) average sustained noise level. This noise level was recorded as about 92 dB SPL. The OSHA threshold for wearing hearing protection for humans is at 80 dB SPL for a minimum exposure of eight (8) hours. At 100 dB SPL humans are allowed only a 15 minute exposure without hearing protection. This indicates that chickens housed under these conditions may be exposed to potentially harmful noise levels on a regular basis, especially during the summer months when almost all fans are running and other mechanical equipment is also adding to the noise. Walking past the birds resulted in vocalizations, which also add to the total house noise, which could exceed the 92 dB SPL. IV. Nutritional Responses The use of ultraviolet light to provide cholecalciferol metabolite activity and improve phytate phosphorus utilization from broiler chicks was investigated to determine if fluorescent lights could be utilized as a means to reduce phosphorus excretion from poultry (MI). Improvements in phytate utilization were only observed when low levels of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D3 were fed. Commercial strains of tom turkeys were tested using a similar diet to evaluate growth performance and carcass composition when grown in a very clean environment. Previous research at MSU had shown that although there were different growth pattern between strains, there were no significant differences in body weight, feed conversion, livability or breast yield of toms grown to 17 kg. A recently completed study showed that a new strain developed by British United Turkeys of America, T2, showed that this bird will have a higher body weight and breast yield than the conventional strain from that company (Big 6), and resulted in higher financial returns compared to commonly used commercial tom strains from other breeding companies. At MN, a study was designed to examine performance of market turkeys to dietary protein and threonine in two types of diets: a) corn-soy-poultry by product meal and b) with distiller dried grains with solubles (DDGs). At 8 wks of age, 960 male turkeys (Large White, Nicholas) were randomized into 96 pens. Each treatment was fed to 8 pens of turkeys. The factorial study consisted of diet protein (P) (100, 95 and 90% of NRC thr), supplemental thr (T) (none, 10% NRC thr), and diet series (D) (without and with DDGs). Ingredients were analyzed for nutrient content and digestible amino acids using cecectomized roosters prior to the start of the trial. Diet protein was set by formulating to the estimated digestible thr requirement without the use of supplemental thr. Supplements of lysine and methionine were used as needed to meet those requirements. BW was measured at 3-wk intervals corresponding to diet changes. Parts and breast meat yield was determined at 19wk-1d. BW to 17 wks, parts as % of carcass weight (breast meat, thigh, drumstick, skin) and amount of breast meat were affected by P (P with decreased weight and breast meat yield. The inclusion of DDGs resulted in similar performance to the corn-soy-poultry meal diet series. However, the response to supplemental thr was dependent on diet protein and composition. A 5% decrease in dietary protein was associated with a non-linear decrease in breast meat yield. The largest decrease amounted to a loss of .38 lbs of breast meat yield per bird or a loss of $.44/bird. The amino acid threonine was found to be limiting for breast meat yield in diets based on corn, soybean meal and poultry byproduct meal. V. Physiological Responses Studies were conducted with three strains of commercial laying hens at NE. 1. Heat shock protein (HSP): when hens were subjected to heat stress (HS; 35C) for 18h, hens that had not been exposed to a transient (1h)HS episode earlier had significantly more HSP in blood than those that had the earlier HS exposure. 2. When hens from 2 of the strains were placed in calorimeters for 2h at 38C, blood pH increased in both, but in W-36 more than in W98. Bicarbonate decreased approximately the same amount in both strains; PCO2 decreased more in W36 than in W98. The W36 hens had greater apparent alkalosis, based on these results, which could explain, at least in part, the ability of the W98 hens to maintain shell thickness and specific gravity of eggs laid during HS. From the data collected with the three strains of hens, particularly the two white strains (W36 and W98), progress has been made toward sorting out physiological basis for better performance of the W98 hen in hot conditions. TX found that in both the broiler and Leghorn line, adenosine treatment caused an early expansion of the pulmonary arterioles (PA) that was observed on day eighteen and exceeded that of the control and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) treated embryos. This increase subsided by the time the embryos hatched, where the adenosine treated embryos were no different from controls. The effect was equal with both genetic lines and suggests that adenosine accelerates proliferation of the vascular smooth muscle cells of the PA causing early development. The bFGF administration in the PA resulted in a delayed increase for both the broiler and Leghorn genetic lines. In addition bFGF treated embryos followed a similar pattern as the controls until day twenty-one (hatch) where the PA was greater than control and adenosine treated embryos. This suggests that bFGF stimulates proliferation in the vascular smooth muscle cells of the PA that exceeds that of normal development. VI. Data Analyses and Design At MS (ARS), the nonlinear dynamics of daily broiler growth and feed intake were examined by measuring body weight and feed intake of male broiler chicks to 49 d of age. An oscillatory response was observed in velocity and acceleration calculations of body weight and feed intake. With some exceptions, the power of tests is rarely formally considered or mentioned in poultry research. Survey of the literature showed, in general, low power of statistical tests for feeding experiments involving either non-GM grains or when GM and non-GM grains were compared in poultry feeding experiments. A mixture experimental design was conducted to determine the proportion of time to feed broiler starter (23% protein), grower (20% protein) and finisher (18% protein) diets to optimize production and processing variables based on a total production time of 48 d. The results indicated that broilers fed a starter and finisher diet for 30 d and 18 d, respectively would meet the production and processing constraints. Production and processing variables were not very sensitive to the grower diet. The results of the mixture experiment concluded the grower diet was not needed for a 48 d production period.

CT 1. Patterson, P.H., K. W. Koelkebeck, K.E. Anderson, M. J. Darre, J. B. Carey, D. U. Ahn, R. A. Ernst, D. r. Kuney and D. R. Jones. 2003. National Egg Temperature Survey: 1. Production. Poultry Sci. 82(Supp. 1): 52. 2. Koelkebeck, K.W., Patterson, P.H., K.E. Anderson, M. J. Darre, J. B. Carey, D. U. Ahn, R. A. Ernst, D. r. Kuney and D. R. Jones. 2003. National Egg Temperature Survey: 2. Processing. Poultry Sci. 82(Supp. 1): 53. IA 1. Brown-Brandl, T.M., T. Yanagi, Jr., H. Xin, R.S. Gates, R. Bucklin, and G. Ross. 2003. A new telemetry system for measuring core body temperature in livestock and poultry. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 19(5):583-589. 2. Tao, X. and H. Xin. 2003. Surface wetting and its optimization to cool broiler chickens. Transactions of the ASAE 46(2):483-490. 3. Tao, X. and H. Xin. 2003. Acute, synergistic effects of air temperature, humidity and velocity on homeostasis of market-size broilers. Transactions of the ASAE 46(2):491-497. 4. Persyn, K.E., H. Xin, A. Ikeguchi, R.S. Gates and D. Nettleton. 2003. Feeding behaviors and pecking force of chicks with or without beak trimming. Technical Paper No. 034005. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE 5. Casey, K.D., R.S. Gates, E.F. Wheeler, H. Xin, J. Zajaczkowski, P. Topper and Y. Liang. 2003. Ammonia emissions from broiler houses in Kentucky during cold weather. In: Proc of the Gaseous and Odor Emissions from Animal Production Facilities, Scandic Hotel Bygholm Park, Horsens, Denmark, June 1-4, 2003. 6. Liang, Y., H. Xin, A. Tanaka, S. H. Lee, H. Li, E. F. Wheeler, R. S. Gates, J. S. Zajaczkowski, P. Topper and K. D. Casey. 2003. Ammonia emissions from layer houses in Iowa. In: Proc of the Gaseous and Odor Emissions from Animal Production Facilities, Scandic Hotel Bygholm Park, Horsens, Denmark, June 1-4, 2003. 7. Tao, X. and H. Xin. 2003. Temperature-Humidity-Velocity Index for market-size broilers. Technical Paper No. 034037. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE 8. Tao, X. and H. Xin. 2003. Optimization of surface wetting to cool broiler chickens. Technical Paper No. 034088. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE 9. Tinoco, I.F.F., R.S. Gates, A.L.A. Tinoco, F.C. Baeta, and H. Xin. 2003. Evaluation of broiler breeder housing in high temperature Brazilian conditions. Technical Paper No. 034038. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE 10. Wathes, C. M., T. G. M. Demmers, and H. Xin. 2003. Ammonia concentrations and emissions in livestock production facilities: Guidelines and limits in the USA and UK. Technical Paper No. 034112. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE 11. Wheeler, E. F., J. S. Zajaczkowski, P. A. Topper, R. S. Gates, H. Xin, K. D. Casey, and Y. Liang. Ammonia emissions from broiler houses in Pennsylvania during cold weather. In: Proc of the Gaseous and Odor Emissions from Animal Production Facilities, Scandic Hotel Bygholm Park, Horsens, Denmark, June 1-4, 2003. 12. Wheeler, E. F., K.D. Casey, J.S. Zajaczkowski, P.A. Topper, R.S. Gates, H. Xin, Y. Liang, and A. Tanaka. 2003. Ammonia Emissions from U.S. Poultry Houses: Part III Broiler Houses. In: Proc. Third International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations. Oct 12-13, 2003, Raleigh, NC. 13. Xin, H., Y. Liang, A. Tanaka, R.S. Gates, E.F. Wheeler, K.D. Casey, A.J. Heber, J. Ni and H. Li. 2003. Ammonia emissions from U.S. poultry houses: Part I Measurement system and techniques. In: Proc. Third International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations. Oct 12-13, 2003, Raleigh, NC. 14. Liang, Y., H. Xin, A. Tanaka, S. H. Lee, H. Li, E. F. Wheeler, R. S. Gates, J. S. Zajaczkowski, P. Topper and K. D. Casey. 2003. Ammonia Emissions from U.S. Poultry Houses: Part II Layer Houses. In: Proc. Third International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations. Oct 12-13, 2003, Raleigh, NC. 15. Lim, T. T., A.J. Heber, J. Q. Ni,J. X. Gallien, and H. Xin. 2003. Air quality measurement at laying hen house: Particulate matter concentrations and emissions. In Proc. Third International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations. Oct 12-13, 2003, Raleigh, NC. 16. Persyn, K. E. 2003. Feeding behavior of pullets and laying hens with or without beak trimming. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University Parks Library, Ames, Iowa 50011 IL 1. Biggs, P.E., Persia, M.E., Utterback, P.L., Koelkebeck, K.W. and Parsons, C.M. 2003. Evaluation of low energy molt diets for induced molting of laying hens. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):50. MD 1. Keeling, L. J., Estevez, I., Newberry, R. C. and Correia, M. G. (2003). Production related traits of layers reared in different sized flocks: The concept of problematic "intermediate" group sizes. Poultry Science, 82:1393-1396. 3. Estevez, I., Keeling, L. J., and Newberry, R. C. (2003). Decreasing aggression with increasing groups size in young domestic fowl. Applied Animal Behaviour Science (In press). 4. Estevez, I. and Christman, M. (2003). Analysis of the movement and use of space of animals in confinement. Submitted to Animal Behaviour. 5. Estevez, I. (2003) Poultry welfare: Proactive strategies and voluntary regulations. Roche Tech Symposium, Proceedings of the Multi-State Poultry Conference. May 20-21, Indianapolis, IN. 18 pp. 6. Estevez, I. (2003). Animal welfare in modern animal agriculture. Proceedings of the Meeting on "Future Trends in Animal Agriculture: The Science and Ethics Behind Animal Well-Being Assessment." USDA, Jamie L. Whitten Federal Building. May 28, Washington, D.C. (In Press). 7. Consortium (Estevez) (2002). A Report for the Animal Agriculture Alliance (AAA): Criteria for the Evaluation of Animal Care Guidelines. 2002, Consortium, Federation of Animal Sciences Societies, Savoy, IL. 8. Freed, M., and Estevez, I. (2003). Effects of stocking density on the behavior of domestic fowl; physical and social components. M.S. Thesis, University of Maryland. 9. Okelo, P.O., L. E. Carr, P. L. Harrison, L. W. Douglass, V. E. Byrd, C. W. Wabeck, P. D. Schreuders, F. W. Wheaton and N. Zimmermann. 2003. Effectiveness of Novel Methods to Reduce Heat Stress in Broilers: Chilled and Carbonated Drinking Water. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE 46(2):453-460. 10. Okelo, P. O., L. E. Carr, P. L. Harrison, L. W. Douglass, V. E. Byrd, C. W. Wabeck, P. D. Schreduers, F. W. Wheaton and N. Zimmermann. 2003. Effectiveness of Novel Methods to Reduce Heat Stress in Broilers: Cool Roost. Transactions of the ASAE 46(6):1675-1683. 11. Hayes, J. R., L. L. English, L. E. Carr, D. D. Wagner and S. W. Joseph. 2003. A Description of Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Commercial Poultry Production Environments. App. Enviro. Microbiol (In Review) 12. Ramesh, N., S. W. Joseph, L. E. Carr, L. W. Douglass and F. W. Wheaton. 2003. Serial Disinfection with Heat and Chlorine to Reduce Microorganisms on Poultry Transport Containers. Journal of Food Protection 66(5):793-797. 13. Eriksson de Rezende, C. L., S. W. Joseph, E. Teicher, L. E. Carr, B. Tall, and R. M. Weiner. 2003. Calcofluor as a Fluorescent Probe to Detect Biofilms of Food-Borne Pathogens. Journal of Food Safety 23(1)25-34. MI 1. Ledwaba, M.F., Roberson, K.D. 2003. Effectiveness of twenty-five-hydroxycholecalciferol to prevent tibial dyschondroplasia in Ross cockerels depends upon dietary calcium level. Poultry Science 82:1769-1777. 2. Roberson, K.D., Rahn, A.P., Balander, R.J., Orth, M.W., Smith, D.M., Booren, B.L., Booren, A.M., Osburn, W.N. and Fulton, R.M. 2003. Evaluation of the growth potential, carcass components and meat quality characteristics of three commercial strains of tom turkeys. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12:229-236. MN 1. Amezcus, C.M., Parsons, C.M. and Noll, S.L. 2003. Content and bioavailability in distillers dried grains with solubles. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):36. 2. Amezcus, C.M., Parsons, C.M. and Noll, S.L. 2003. Content and bioavailability in distillers dried grains with solubles. Poultry Sci. (Accepted for publication) 3. Ergul, T., Noll, S.L., Addis, P.B. and Reineccius, G.A. 2003. High oleic acid corn in turkey diets: carcass fatty acid composition. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):17. 4. Ergul, T., Amezcus, M.C., Parsons, C.M., Walters, B., Brannon, J. and Noll, S.L. 2003. Amino acid digestibility in corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):70. 5. Johnson, L.J., Noll, S., Renteria, A. and Shurson, J. 2003. Feeding by-products high in concentration of fiber to nonruminants. Proceedings "Third National Alternative Feeds Symposium", November, 2003, Kansas City, MO. Pages 169-186. 6. Noll, S.L. 2003. Alternative Feed Ingredients for Poultry: Turkeys. Proceedings "50th Maryland Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers. 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Poultry Sci.: In review. 4. Vandegrift, K. J., T.L. Cravener, R.M. Hulet, and W.B. Roush, 2003. Analysis of the nonlinear dynamics of daily broiler growth and feed intake. Poultry Sci. 82:1091-1099. NE 1. Franco, DA, LG Robeson and MM Beck, 2003. Strain differences in endocrine responses to high temperatures: possible involvement of heat shock protein. Poultry Sci. 82(suppl):83. 2. Madison, FN, LG Robeson, CF Toombs, DF Franco, H Taira, M. Jalal and MM Beck, 2003. Productive characteristics of laying hens through 60 weeks of age as affected by strain and by body weight at age of puberty. Poultry Sci. 82(suppl):30. 3. Franco, D, L Robeson and M Beck, 2003. Changes in blood pH observed in two strains of laying hens after exposure to two different ambient temperatures. Poultry Sci. 82(suppl):123. PA 1. Wheeler, E. F., Zajaczkowski, J. L., and Sabeh, N. C. 2003. Field evaluation of temperature and velocity uniformity in tunnel and conventional ventilation broiler houses. 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