Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The committe discussed and approved the proposal for 2006 and pariticipants presented 2005 states research and outreach activities. All participants mailing addressess were updated. In connection with research projects, the participants exchanged their views and current funding opportunites with respect to USDA, USAID and The Federal and State Marketing Improvement Program (FSMIP). And senior members of the committee, those who have received funds from the respective organisations shared their experiences in prpearing good proposal to get funding. Pariticipants discussed the possibilities to organize a symposia in comming AAEA conference. Members discussed potential participation in WERA-72 (old WCC-72) and S-1019 to have a session at their 2006 meeting . As usual, WERA-72 meeting will be held in Las Vegas in June 2006. The overall research activites and potential impacts of the members of the committee is being reported under the broad objectives.

Objective 1. To assess the evolution of Supply-Chain Management in the fruit and vegetable sector and identify strategic organizational and marketing implications for diverse firms and specific commodity sub-sectors. Supply Chain Management Activities A supply chain is a network of producers and marketers interacting in a unique fashion to produce and sell or deliver product into a target market segment. Participating producers, suppliers, wholesalers and retailers coordinate together with the market activities. This coordination or collaboration increases the produce market efficiency and productivity of farmers. The market stratagies and segmentation are influenced by supply chain management activities and vise versa. Price and quality of the produce is closely embeded in the supply chain management. Fruits and vegetables are the best examples to explain the embededness of supply chain management activities. The Georgia project focused on Changing Structure of the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Supply Chain. The overall purpose of this study is to determine whether produce wholesalers and brokers have been adversely impacted by the increase in mass merchandisers and retailers in the food industry. The specific objectives of the study targeted to determine whether there is evidence of deterioration in the profitability and leverage ratios of wholesalers and brokers in the past 20 years and also to determine the extent of consolidation and change in concentration over time as possible signals of adversity by produce market intermediaries. The Banana production and marketing study of Georgia aimed to investigate the possibility of growing bananas in sub-tropical area for the U.S. niche and ethnic markets respectively. And if it were possible, marketing, distribution channels, pricing, production costs and other studies could be initiated. Thai bananas sell for $1.79 in the Atlanta metro area and the U.S. is the largest consumer and net importer of bananas in the world. The result of this study would provide information on the economic and agronomic/horticultural feasibility of adopting the production of this important crop in Georgia. Other objectives included production for landscape, ornamental and nursery or the Green Industry, and the determination of banana cultivars with sufficient cold hardiness under Georgia weather conditions. A study of strawberry consumer preferences in geographic areas relevant to Louisiana production area was conducted. A survey instrument was developed based on conjoint analysis methodology that included the attributes brand/origin, price, container, and farmer's pesticide program. Data analysis revealed a strong preference for the Louisiana berry, in terms of average product ratings and in terms of relative importance as measured by conjoint analysis results. These respondents placed little importance on container or farmer's pesticide program. Demographic information was captured, and preferences were estimated and reported, again using conjoint analysis, for the demographic subgroups. Behavior of grocery retailers was also evaluated by studying their print promotions (newspaper and mailed advertisements). Strawberries from California and Florida dominated among the major retailers, while Louisiana berries were promoted by local grocers. There is a strong stated preference for the local product through direct (farmers' markets, etc) and local grocers. A preliminary case study analysis of responses of small and medium sized produce wholesalers and distributors to industry concentration is being initiated. Two separate studies of Michigan State focused on changes within specific sectors of fruit and vegetable supply chains and the implications for organizational structure and strategy. The fresh produce wholesale sector is an intermediate stage in the supply chain comprised of business operations which in general do not transform a specific fresh product, but rather provide services related to the sale of this product. This project is designed to present a general overview of current trade practices wholesalers utilize to adapt to these changes and to document future trends and the role of wholesalers in the fresh produce distribution system in the U.S. Three areas where wholesalers have had to significantly adapt to new market structures include requirements for certification, business model, trade practices. A second study evaluates changes in the pattern of structural adjustments between the 1970/71 and 1999/00 seasons among Florida fresh grapefruit packers in response to sweeping trends in produce markets. Empirical results from the fresh grapefruit packing sector are indicative of an industry near equilibrium with little expectation of change in the distribution of firm sizes. While individual firms enter and exit the market and move between size categories, there are no profound structural changes suggesting acceleration in concentration in this downstream produce sector. At the same time, sluggishness in packing sector adjustment does not prohibit changes elsewhere in the supply chain. Lags in the packing sector adjustment process in the face of sweeping forces of change in fresh produce markets are likely to have put this sector of the fresh grapefruit supply chain at a relative disadvantage in terms of market power. A study on "Ethnic Produce Stores" in New Jersey State was conducted during 2005. The general objective of this study is to explore the available opportunities for farmers in the northeast region to grow ethnic crops from a market demand perspective. More specifically, this study analyses the distributors of ethnic produce and their ability to provide produce. The report, by way of survey data collection, will study 22 ethnic produce stores in NJ and make inferences on the potential profitability of ethnic produce by studying store characteristic, store activity, and item pricing and performance. It is clear that there is a significantly large market willing to buy from NJ farms, but the low level of purchasing is most likely due lack of or minimal production of the specialty ethnic produce by New Jersey farmers. The availability of ethnic produce from local farms will reduce the transportation cost and the supply chain management process. A research project relating to relationships between channel participants in the food industry in North Dakota was completed and published. This study offers an explanation for the use of slotting allowances and failure fees in the retail grocery industry. An understanding is gained of slotting allowances, failure fees, two moments of the demand distribution (hence, incorporating demand risk), and the relationship they have with asymmetric information and credible relay of information. Mechanism design modeling concepts are employed to solve adverse selection problems by aligning retailer and manufacturer incentives. This study shows that a menu of contract terms can induce manufacturers to reveal product demand distribution information and either to propose or not propose new products based on available contracts. The inefficiency of asymmetric information is shown. The symmetric information case would be possible if the retailer owned the manufacturer (or private-label product) and all of the demand distribution information. Two qualitative results are particularly noteworthy. First, as wholesale price increases, asymmetry of information becomes more costly to the retailer. Overestimating mean and/or underestimating variance of demand may impose higher costs since the downside potential is higher when the wholesale price is higher. Second, contracts under symmetric information include trade allowances, because even with symmetric information, demand variability exists, imposing economic costs on retailers. Retailer margin is lower with higher wholesale price, indicating that increases in wholesale prices are not completely passed on to consumers. Slotting allowances and the possibility of receiving failure fees may offset higher wholesale prices and cause the retailer to not pass those increased costs on to consumers. Another case study in North Dakota focused on agribusiness decision making. The case examines the decision-making process of a new generation food processing cooperative to accept or reject genetically-enhanced inputs from its member/owners. The case study emphasizes the impact of one participant's decision on the rest of the market channel and the effect of consumer perceptions on the entire production and marketing process. Objective 2: To analyze the relative costs and competitiveness of fruit and vegetable sub-sectors, either regionally, nationally, and/or globally, using new and established analytical paradigms which incorporate theories from business schools and other fields. Competitiveness Supplying fruits and vegetables at competetive price and quality address the produce industry concern about usage of pesticides and food safty implications. Produce life cycle and cost will affect international competetion, quality and price. Efficient cost management and lower price will reduce the international competetion and increses the profitability of local producers. Local available resources, climatic conditions and effecient research will boost the local production. Packaging, lableling and efficient storage technologies, low transportation cost will lead to profitability. A study initiated in California examined the impacts of Mexican Avocado imports on California's Avocado industry. Imported avocados, which accounted for less than 1.5 percent of total U.S. avocado supply during the 1970's and 1980's, increased their share to over 44 percent in 2002-03 and further increases are on the horizon. With inelastic demand, imports placed substantial pressure on domestic avocado prices, but demand increases due to generic advertising and promotion, higher consumer incomes and population growth helped offset increased avocado supplies and domestic prices were maintained. The new Hass Avocado Promotion and Research Order will continue to offset a portion of the price impacts of increased imports from Mexico, Chile and other suppliers. The Colorado project recently began to assess the economic impact and strategic market position of the Colorado Wine industry. A consumer/grape grower/vintner and a feasibility of a cooperative crush/bottling facility survey was strated during 2005. And also in 2005, a Colorado State University team of Colorado received a USDA-NRI Small Farms grant to explore produce differentiation by nutritional claims between 2005 and 2007. The project will examine whether the health benefits of nutritionally superior vegetables can be important to market competitiveness of small farms. After assessing the true nutritional benefits of more nontraditional cultivars, grown both conventionally and organically, and project team will assess whether they provide a competitive supply niche for producers. Using a national consumer survey, the team will assess consumer demand for nutritionally superior produce cultivars. Estimates will be developed for willingness to pay for this differentiated product and evaluate potential labeling, promotion and educational marketing strategies. Finally, the project aim is to develop appropriate educational materials for small farm producers to influence adoption of produce cultivars with superior nutritional quality, and assist with educational programming to help producers promote these new produce lines to consumers. Another study concentrated on analyzing the price behavior and geographical market integration of major NAFTA trading partners in the tomato industry. The Georgia study mainly concentrated on overcoming barriers to the national produce market. The purpose of this study was to examine factors contributing to the development of the produce industry in Georgia and to find ways for producers to overcome barriers to entry into the national fresh fruit and vegetable market. A survey of produce growers in Georgia was conducted in 2003-2004. Information obtained from the respondents included economic and operational characteristics of grower enterprises. Additional information was ascertained about factors limiting production, expected operational changes, and marketing practices. Grower tendencies are revealed through cross tabulation of survey responses with sales from produce and refined through econometric analysis. Factors found important in overcoming barriers to national market entry stem from the degree of specialization and sophistication of producers. Another study by Georgia was initiated on "Effect of Trellis Types on Yield and Fruit Size of 'Chickasaw' Blackberry" targeted to solve the growing problems of the crop. Thorny, erect blackberries have usually been grown in the U.S. without trellises. However, the first year, thorny erect blackberries are usually semi-trailing and low to the ground without trellising. From the second year on, canes are more erect, but are prone to partial collapse near harvest if not given some support. It is difficult to locate the ripe fruit on collapsed canes. In addition, sand splashing onto the fruit on low canes can be a serious problem. Sand may splash as high as 18 inches or more during summer thunderstorms. Another problem on non-trellised blackberries is weed control. Without trellises, uniform application of weed control chemicals is difficult and significant plant damage may occur on low hanging canes. Trellis type should be sufficient to meet the needs of the plant, but not "over-engineered". In an effort to determine what type of trellis is most cost effective on thorny, erect blackberries, several types of trellis were tested. Results depicts marketing quality of blackberries can be obtained if the adoption of trellis is implemented. The project "Financial and Market Efficiency of Methyl Bromide Alternatives: A Case Study of Fumigant for Georgia's Bell Pepper Industries in Georgia" focused on the problems of pesticide usage. This study concentrated on alternative fumigation methods for Georgia's bell pepper production and marketing with production efficiency of MeBr. Enterprise budget analysis indicate the comparable financial feasibility of certain technically efficient fumigant systems vis-à-vis the conventional production plan involving MeBr, that is extensively used to control weeds, nematodes, soil-borne pests, and diseases. Although most of the data used in previous economic impact analyses regarding the elimination of MeBr has been obtained through the testing of tomatoes and strawberries in Florida and California, this study which focuses on bell pepper production, is aimed at evaluating the economics of three alternative fumigants and herbicides and determine which alternative will provide the best yield, marketable quality and profitability of bell pepper comparable to MeBr. The Georgian study "Economic Analysis of Producing Rabbiteye Blueberries" estimated the current cost price analysis and evaluated profitability of the crop. Southern high-bush blueberries, Rabbiteye blueberries and High Density blueberries are a fast emerging crop with a bright future in Georgia. However, blueberry, like other fruit crops, embrace price and yield fluctuations. These fluctuations depend on several factors, including the variety produced and sold (i.e. fresh or frozen), locality, aggregate productivity, targeted market and timing. As a result, profit margin is hard to determine. Surveys, farm visits and interviews were conducted to study the blueberry operations in the study area and collect the necessary primary data needed to estimate cost of production and to obtain information into the type and cost of current practices in southern high bush, rabbit eye and high density blueberry culture respectively. Several specialists, Extension Agricultural Economists, Horticulturists, Biological and Ag Engineers, and County Agents were visited and interviewed to gather agronomic, irrigation and equipment data required for this estimate. Vendors of agricultural inputs (fertilizers, chemicals and equipment) were contacted to obtain latest prices needed to generate variable and fixed costs components concomitantly. USDA, NASS and other publications were consulted to obtain historical information on productivity, marketing, price and overall outlook of blueberries. The project entitled "Trade Regulations and Technical Barriers to Trade" is aimed at investigating regulations that might directly or indirectly affect domestic, regional and international market and price trend for Georgia fruits and vegetables in particular and the U.S at large. This study further addresses issues concerning country of origin labeling (COOL), traceability, ISO-90009004, ISO-14000, ISO-22000 and Euro-Gap. The Louisiana state project of Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Innovations and Demand Assessment initiated to estimate the cost budget for production of fruits and vegetables. Costs of production and net returns over a range of yields and prices were estimated for 20 vegetable crops with differing combinations of machinery size and market channel, for a total of 37 budgets. Most combinations had returns above direct expenses in the range of $100.00 to $1000.00 per acre. Multi-state budgeting in cooperation with Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee and Arkansas states through use of common input data files on machinery, equipment and operating inputs has been developed. This gives a common base of input files as to assist with regional competitiveness. Preliminary investigation of the potential to develop cost of production budgets for long-cycle crops, including fruits (Satsuma and mayhaw), nut (pecan), sod, and containerized woody plants is in progress. The north-eastern state Maine project focused on impacts of changes in production on prices in the northeaster American potato production region, including Maine, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and New Brunswick. The Michigan study documented main characteristics of the tart cherry processing industry in Michigan; namely, business characteristics, category of products, supply sources, market outlets. Also, the study aims to assess business strategies and future expectations for the industry in Michigan. Results are indicative of an industry where very little change has, or is expected, to occur. Processors continue to market primarily for remanufacture and almost one-half expect their companies to remain unchanged in market share in the future. Changes that do occur are driven primarily by outside forces: new requirements from customers and changes in the way products are marketed, more commitments from growers and processors and more direct buying from farmers, and pressures from imported products. Poland is a developing country with a growing presence in world markets for tart cherries (and other tree fruits), including those of the United States. Competitiveness among producing regions will ultimately be driven by a combination of relative prices, income levels, consumer preferences, and market promotion. The study evaluates competitiveness based on grower ability to lower annual operating costs or increase production volumes by adopting cost reducing, yield increasing alternative harvesting technologies. Currently per unit cost of production is roughly equivalent in the two countries. Although there are a large number of small farms in the Polish tart cherry sector (in 2004, there were over 133,000 tart cherry growers in Poland and 94 percent had less than 3 acres of cherries) consolidation is underway. The potential for technological leap-frogging exists as Polish growers obtain sufficient size to adopt new over-the-row mechanical harvesters while U.S. growers are already heavily invested in alternative technologies. The New Jersey projects concentrated over local fresh fruits and vegetables made available to the Jersey consumers at lower price. Jersey Fresh and Ethnic produce market studies identified consumer market segments that are most likely to buy these products. A new NRI project was started on ethnic consumers produce during 2005. This study mainly focuses to document the ethnic produce market in east-coast of United States. And sample states will conduct pilot ethnic production according to the selected ethnic fruits and vegetables identified in the survey. In North Carolina, the Dole Foods has announced plans to build two (one fruit and one vegetable) processing plants and to work with the University of North Carolina system to create a "biopolis" center near Charlotte. Dole Food will invest $1 billion to establish the "biopolis" biotechnology campus. In addition, Dole and the State of North Carolina agreed to establish the Institute for Advanced Fruit and Vegetable Science to bolster economically viable fruit and vegetable in the Southeastern U.S. Also, the UNC system will establish Nutrition Institute for the purpose of boosting the nutritional content of fruits and vegetables and to conduct applied research in order to increase agricultural production in North Carolina. It is anticipated that 30 new faculty positions in the College of Agriculture and Like Sciences will be funded as part of the Dole Food initiative. The initial project of the "biopolis" will target blueberries and efforts will be directed to ward development of larger blueberry varieties. Vegetable crop research will focus on romaine lettuce. Each department in the College was asked to develop a "white paper" that identifies specific faculty, tasks, and topics that could contribute to value added agriculture in the state if sufficient funds were available. Identified topic areas include economic analysis of contracts, attribute valuation, food safety, biotechnology assessment, rural economic development, and post-harvest handling. In North Dakota a study was initiated on potato and vegetable industries. Irrigated potato producers continue to search for high-value crops for alternating years of potato rotations. Movements of U.S. potato production are being studied through a spatial econometric analysis. Okalahoma research report reflects the quality and productivity aspect by using best alternative and cost effective pesticides to control the deceases like Cercospra leaf spot on Turnip Greens. The researchers also tried to find the price effective alternatives to control the decease. This kind of process and positive results will be fruitful to the producers to reduce their cost of production and address the environment and food safety issues. The goal of the New York research project is to evaluate the 2002 Farm Bill and analyze specialty crop options for the 2007 Farm Bill. Specifically, it focuses on the Farm Bill as it relates to specialty crop agriculture in the Northeast (defined as including ME, NH, VT, MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, PA, DE, and WV), especially on the impacts on small farms, sustainability and the environment. The Northeast with its diversified agriculture intermixed with the population centers along the east coast, is an ideal setting to study rural-urban fringe issues, including land and water allocation. Policies that would enhance the competitiveness of specialty crop enterprises, and at the same time, contribute to the enhancement of the environment and providing aesthetic amenities, are addressed. Public policy briefs, research reports and presentations will be made available during 2006. In 2005, other State studies continued risk management education with horticultural producers. Working with USDA Risk Management Agency personnel, consultants and New York Department of Agriculture and Markets, case studies and education programs were developed to illustrate use of a new crop insurance product, Adjusted Gross Revenue-Lite program, around the state. In addition to the traditional specialty crop audience, special attention was paid to organic and small farms. Objective 3: Develop demand models for the produce sector that can be used to evaluate trade, commodity marketing programs, labeling programs, traceability systems, and structural changes in the U.S. produce markets. Demand Models The Colorado state project continues to work on direct marketing and market analysis for value-added enterprises by farmers and ranchers. The Colorado Crop to Cuisine project advised, which markets to chefs in Northern Colorado, has added several new value-added lines and started a Farm-to-School program in Colorado this year. The research in this area became more closely connected to the rural development interests as it represents the Colorado Agriculture Promotion Task Force (established by the Colorado state legislature), Colorado Department of Agriculture Advisory Board, Specialty Crops program Advisory Board and Colorado Food and Agriculture Policy Council. The Delaware state project started to evaluate the consumer interest in organic, genetically modified, and conventional food markets and the effects of some consumers' desire to avoid GM foods on organic demand. The specific objectives of the study mainly focused on to determine consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for non-GM and certified organic foods, and determine the amount of organic food demand generated by those wishing to avoid GM foods. The preliminary results shows the premiums were apparent for both non-GM and Organic foods. The size of the premium for the latter, however far outweighed the premium on the former. From these it appears that a separate non-GM segment is not currently needed in the food system. Questionnaire results, however, showed consumers had very little knowledge of GM foods or the extent to which they are present in their foods. This suggests these results could be subject to change as consumers become gradually more informed. A Georgia study took initiation towards price premium and demand analysis of fresh organic produce using homescan data. Another study of fruits and vegetables provide Georgia growers in particular and the Georgia Fruits and Vegetable Growers Association, Georgia Department of Agriculture, Financial and other agricultural related institutions with an update and trend of the fruit and vegetable markets and prices. The analysis covers domestic, regional and international markets respectively. A study of demand for special packs of Louisiana sweet potatoes for shipment to the United Kingdom market continues. Interviews within distribution and retailer companies in England confirmed that there is a market for specialty pack sweet potato, and the Beauregard variety appears to have characteristics that make it attractive to that market. The Maine study objective was to assess the feasibility of farmer markets in the region and the project completed the analyses of consumer attitudes toward farmers' markets in the Piscataquis and Penobscot Counties, Maine. Besides the study result provides information about the market segment mostly to purchase at the farmers' markets and product assortments for the markets. A small report was generated on small food producers' interests in a shared-use kitchen and storage facilities to be located in Bucksport, Maine. The New Jersey Food policy institute study on "Consumers perception on biotechnology evaluates factors driving consumer approval and acceptance of plant and animal genetic modification (GM)". This study was conducted using a telephone survey during 2004 in USA. Results suggest that the public is relatively more approving of plant based genetic modifications than animal based genetic modifications. Knowledge of biotechnology, trust in the GM regulatory framework, and trust in biotechnology corporations' motives are critical for acceptance. Another study in New Jersey on "Asian Ethnic Consumers Perceptions and Behavior towards Buying Produce from Ethnic Stores - A study in Northeastern States of United States of America" has documented the ethnic consumer buying behavior and estimating the ethnic demand in Northeastern states. The ethnic consumers' mail survey was conducted during October 2004 in New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania. The overall sample size was 1800 and composition of Chinese, Indians and Koreans. The return rate was about 25%. The survey results indicate, about 93% of the overall respondents who had bought ethnic produce in the past was ethnic shoppers. Over 40% of survey respondents shopped once a week and this pattern is seen among all ethnic groups. Survey respondents were asked about the type of ethnic grocery suppliers they frequented most. Retail supermarkets are the highest sellers of ethnic groceries. The overall trends remain almost the same among different ethnicities, with the exception of Chinese buying more than the other groups from roadside stands, and Indians from farmers markets. Among the overall respondents, 75% of them shop at more than one food store. There are some differences in how much each ethnic group spends on ethnic groceries per visit - about 25% of Chinese buy within $10 during each visit whereas the Koreans and Indians spend around $10 - $30 per visit. But the Chinese also make more visits to the grocery stores than the other two ethnicities in this study. The average number of visits to the grocery store is around 3 - 6 per month. Taking the population and sample size into consideration, the size of the Asian produce market in the Northeastern U.S. is estimated at $866,201,974 with a range of between $826,096,822 and $906,307,125. One of the New York state projects on "Identifying Consumer Preferences and Marketing Opportunities for New Sauerkraut Products" was designed to assess the market viability of six new sauerkraut formulations developed in Cornell University. It encompassed a mail survey administered to 2,500 individuals in five Northeast and Midwest U.S. cities and a more in-depth preference sensory evaluation test conducted with 81 untrained panelists. The results explain the consumption frequency of sauerkraut was very low. Most of the individuals identified themselves as non-consumers of sauerkraut and are not a target market for the new formulations because of their indicated aversion to fermented, pickled, sauerkraut or cabbage-derived products. Since most sauerkraut consumed at home was purchased from a store, retail stores would be an adequate marketing channel for the new sauerkraut products. Among the six new sauerkraut formulations listed in the mail survey, three generated the highest interest: sauerkraut with garlic, sauerkraut with onion, and sauerkraut with dill. They were further tested through a sensory evaluation. The sensory evaluation showed that two of the three new sauerkraut formulations, sauerkraut with garlic and sauerkraut with dill, were acceptable to most of the panelists in all age groups. On the other hand, sauerkraut with onion received lower ratings, which indicated an unfavorable market perspective. Moreover, slightly lower ratings were given to the appearance of sauerkraut with dill. Further product development is needed for this formulation. Panelists under 34 years old exhibited a higher degree of enthusiasm toward the new formulations. Promoting health benefits of sauerkraut would likely increase its consumption among all age groups. The goals of Pennsylvania state project are to assess the consumer Interest in Fresh, Inshell Edamame and Acceptance of Edamame-based Patties. An in-store consumer research study was conducted in metro-Philadelphia to determine consumer demand for and interest in fresh, in shell edamame. The respondents indicated that they had heard of or were familiar with edamame prior to purchasing the container and 78.8% had previously purchased edamame from supermarkets, natural food stores, farmers markets, or restaurants. In addition, a friend's recommendation, price, and sample of the product at the supermarket were rated highest among factors likely to affect respondent's purchasing decisions regarding new produce items. Based on the total number of packages sold and conversations with produce department managers, there appears to be a demand for fresh, inshell edamame among supermarket consumers in metro-Philadelphia. And a consumer sensory evaluation was conducted in February 2005 to determine consumer acceptance of two edamame-based patties. The two patties were primarily composed of edamame, mushrooms, and onion; however, they differed based on the type of mushroom (either button or Portobello), seasonings used, and the addition of walnuts to one of the recipes. Based on the sample evaluated, 43.4% and 35.9% of participants, each day, indicated that they "probably would buy" or "definitely would buy" this item from a supermarket. Results suggest that consumers found the two edamame-based patties acceptable indicating their potential for commercial production. Across the two studies, there appears to be consumer interest in purchasing either fresh, inshell edamame or edamame-based patties from a supermarket.

State, Station or Agency: Barrio, Olga Senise and Hoy Carman. May/June 2005. "Olive Oil: A 'Rediscovered' California Crop". Agricultural and Resource Economics Update, University of California Giannini Foundation, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 1-4. Boudreaux, J. and R. Hinson. 2005. "2005 Louisiana Commercial Vegetables Situation and Outlook", in Outlook for Louisiana's Agriculture, LSU Ag Center, Baton Rouge, 2005. Carman, Hoy. "The California Nursery Industry, 2002-2003: Value, Growth and Economic Impacts." Berkeley: University of California Agricultural Experiment Station, Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Working Paper No. 04-005, August 2004. Carman, Hoy, "Comment on Economic Analysis Proposed Rule to Allow Fresh Hass Avocados Grown in Approved Orchards in Approved Municipalities in Michoacan, Mexico, to Be Imported Into All States Year-Round" (APHIS DOCKET NO. 03-022-3), July 19, 2004. Carman, Hoy F. and Ana Maria Rodriguez , "The Hass Avocado Promotion and Research Order: Offsetting Price Impacts from Imports with Advertising and Promotion" (October 1, 2004). Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UCD. ARE Working Papers. Paper 04-006. Cheng, H. 2005. "Washington Hancock Community Agency/Town of Bucksport Regional Shared-use Commercial Kitchen: A Survey Study of Potential Users." Staff Paper No. REP545. Dept. of Resource Economics and Policy, University of Maine. Cook, Roberta and Linda Calvin, "North American Greenhouse Tomatoes Emerge as a Major Market Force," Amber Waves Vol. 3:2, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, April 2005, pp. 20-27. Cook, Roberta and Linda Calvin , "Greenhouse Tomatoes Change the Dynamics of the North American Fresh Tomato Industry," Economic Research Report Number 2, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, April 2005, 81 pp. Cuellar, W. L. Uva and J. Roberts. 2005 Market Opportunities for New Sauerkraut Products. S.P. 2005- 01. Dept. of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Eastwood, D., J. Brooker, C. Hall, E. Estes, T. Woods, J. Epperson, and F. Stegelin. 2004. A Marketing Systems Approach to Removing Distribution Barriers Confronting Small-Volume Fruit and Vegetable Growers. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin SCSB 403 (ISBN: 1-58161-403-9). University of Tennessee. http://web.utk.edu/%7Ebrooke00/RESEARCH/covers222.html. Fonsah, E.G. (2005). "Tracking Traceability". American Fruit Grower. pg. 14. (June). Also see: www.americanfruitgrower.com Fonsah, E.G. (Contributing author) (2005) "Vegetable Price Increase Not Good Reason To Boost 2005 Acreage". A Primedia Publication, Southeast Farm Press Vol. 32, No. 2, January, pp. 6-10. Also see http://www.southeastfarmpress.com Fonsah, E.G. (Contributing author) (2005) "Georgia Farmers Could Go Bananas". By Elliot Minor, Associated Press, The Albany HERALDA, January 27, pp. 1A and 4A. Also see http://albanyherald.net/frontsarchive/0105/front012705.html Fonsah, E.G. (Contributing author) (2005) "Will Georgia Become A Banana Republic?". By Elliot Minor, The Associated Press, Savannah Morning News, Issue 011, January 27, pp. 1A and 5A. Also see http://www.savannahnow.com Govindasamy, R., B. Onyango, W. Hallman, H. Lang and V. Puduri. "Public Approval of Plant and Animal Biotechnology in Korea: An Ordered Probit Analysis," Food Policy Institute Report WP1104-016, June 2004. Govindasamy, R., B. Schilling, K. Sullivan, C. Turvey, L. Brown and V. Puduri. "Returns to the Jersey Fresh Promotional Program - The Impacts of Promotional Expenditures on Farm Cash Receipts in New Jersey," Food Policy Institute Report RR-0404-006, March 2004. Hinson, R. and J. Boudreaux. Projected Costs for Selected Louisiana Vegetable Crops - 2005 Season. AEA No. 231, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, LAES, LSU AgCenter, La. State Univ., Baton Rouge, 89 pp., 2005. Lamb, Donna and Hsiang-tai Cheng, 2005. "Why Consumers Buy-and Don't Buy-Your Farm-direct Products." Bulletin #1160, University of Maine, Cooperative Extension. Montri, D.N., K.M. Kelley and E.S. Sánchez. 2005. Direct marketing Pennsylvania grown edamame to professional chefs in metro-Philadelphia: Background. The Vegetable and Small Fruit Gazette 9:1. http://hortweb.cas.psu.edu/extension/vegcrops/vegetable_gazette/2005/jan2005.htm Montri, D.N., K.M. Kelley and E.S. Sánchez. 2005. Direct marketing Pennsylvania grown edamame to professional chefs in metro-Philadelphia: The sensory evaluation. The Vegetable and Small Fruit Gazette 9:2. http://hortweb.cas.psu.edu/extension/vegcrops/vegetable_gazette/2005/feb2005.htm Montri, D.N., K.M. Kelley and E.S. Sánchez. 2005. Direct marketing Pennsylvania grown edamame to professional chefs in metro-Philadelphia: Follow-up survey results. The Vegetable and Small Fruit Gazette 9:3. http://hortweb.cas.psu.edu/extension/vegcrops/vegetable_gazette/2005/mar2005.htm Montri, D.N., K.M. Kelley and E.S. Sánchez. 2005. Direct marketing Pennsylvania grown edamame to professional chefs in metro-Philadelphia: Edamame as a recipe ingredient. The Vegetable and Small Fruit Gazette 9:4. http://hortweb.cas.psu.edu/extension/vegcrops/vegetable_gazette/2005/apr2005.htm Onyango, B, R. Govindasamy, W. Hallman, H. Lang and V. Puduri. "Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Food in Korea: Factor and Cluster Analysis," Food Policy Institute Report WP1104-015, June 2004. Onyango, B., R. Govindasamy and R. Nayga. "Measuring U.S. Consumer Preference for Genetically Modified Foods Using Choice Modeling Experiments: The Role of Price, Product Benefits and Technology," Food Policy Institute Report WP1104-017, June 2004. Onyango, B., and R. Govindasamy. "South Korea Public Preferences for Genetically Modified Foods: A Random Parameter Model," Food Policy Institute Report, June 2004. Picha, D. H. and R. A. Hinson. "Export Opportunity: More Louisiana Sweet Potatoes to the UK". Louisiana Agriculture, Vol. 48, No. 3, Summer 2005, pp 12-13. Thilmany, D. and P. Watson. "The Increasing Role of Direct Marketing and Farmers Markets for Western US Producers." Western Economics Forum 3(December 2004). Uva, W.L. 2005. "Premium Tree-Ripened Fruit - A Ripening Market Opportunity". Smart Marketing Newsletter Series. June 2005. Dept. of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Uva, W.L. 2005. "Marketing Specialty Jams and Jellies to Gourmet Consumers" Smart Marketing Newsletter Series. July 2005. Dept. of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Uva, W.L. 2005. "Marketing Specialty Fruit" Smart Marketing Newsletter Series. August 2005. Dept. of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Outreach/Industry Publications Cook, Roberta, "The U.S. Fresh Produce Industry: An Industry in Transition," UCD Postharvest Technology Short Course, Campus, June 24, 2005. Cook, Roberta, "Consumer Issues in Quality and Safety," UCD Postharvest Technology Short Course, Campus, June 24, 2005. Cook, Roberta, "Predictions on the Supply Chain of the Future," PMA's Retail Produce Solutions Conference, Moderator and Speaker, Monterey, California, June 4, 2005. Cook, Roberta, "Trends in U.S. Fresh Produce Marketing: Towards a More Streamlined Supply Chain," Keynote Speaker, Houston Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association, Houston, Texas, April 13, 2005. Cook, Roberta, "NAFTA at 11: Impact on the California Fresh Produce Industry," Address to UC President Dynes' Agricultural Advisory Council, Berkeley, California, April 7, 2005. Cook, Roberta, "The Changing Marketplace for California Crops: Focus on Fruits and Vegetables," California Agriculture Symposium, Sacramento, March 23, 2005. Cook, Roberta, "Cooperatives: Serving Customers Year-Round," Agricultural Council Annual Meeting, Carmel, California, March 1, 2005. Cook, Roberta, "Trends in U.S. Food and Fresh Produce Marketing: Implications for the Vegetable Seed Industry," Keynote Address, Roger's Vegetable Seed Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, February 2, 2005. Cook, Roberta, "Drivers Affecting the California Fresh Produce Industry," California Ag Leadership Program, Campus, January 14, 2005. Thilmany, D. Book review of Agri-Food Globalization in Perspective: International Restructuring in the Processing Tomato Industry. In Agribusiness: An International Journal. Thilmany, D. and Adrian Card "Market Fresh", Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report. 2004. Thilmany, D., "Farmers Markets in Colorado and the Western US", Southwest Marketing Network Newsletter. December 2004. Thilmany, D., "Farmers Markets and Direct Marketing: Opportunities for Colorado Producers", ABM Update, Vol. 1, September 2004. Thilmany, D. and K. Pepinsky "Direct Marketing Agricultural Producers to Restaurants: The Case of Colorado Crop to Cuisine", September 2004. 9 pp. Thilmany, D. "Planning and Developing a Farmers Market: Marketing, Organizational and Regulatory Issues to Consider", February 2005. 8 pp. Watson, P., D. Thilmany and S. Davies. "County Level Analysis of Net Farm Income: Crop Mix, Marketing Channels and Locational Factors." Paper presented in Organized Symposium, County Level Analysis of Farm Operator Household Financial Performance: Findings from the Census of Agriculture, organized by Ken Erickson for the 2005 WAEA Annual Meetings, San Francisco, CA. Refereed Conference Proceedings Bernard, John C., Gifford, Katie and Toensmeyer, Ulrich C. "Degree of Processing and Consumer Willingness to Pay for Non-Genetically Modified and Organic Foods", Food Distribution Research Society Annual Meeting, Morro Bay, CA, October 10-13, 2004. Bruchhaus, M. and R. Hinson, R. "An Assessment of Consumer Preferences for Strawberry Products". Presented to the Southern Agricultural Economics Association, Little Rock, AR, February, 2005. Carman, Hoy F. and Julian M. Alston. "Overview of California's Mandated Commodity Programs." Presented at The Economics of Commodity Promotion Programs: Lessons from California, NEC-63 Spring Conference, San Diego, CA, March 17-18, 2005. Carman, Hoy F. "Producer Funded Health Research: Examples and Results for California Commodity Organizations." Paper presented at the 97th EAAE Seminar, The Economics & Policy of Diet and Health, University of Reading, April 21-22, 2005. Cook, Roberta, "Making the Transition to Globalization: Fresh Produce Marketers, Including Cooperatives," Organized Symposium on Strategizing for Cooperatives of the Future, AAEA Annual Meeting, Providence, Rhode Island, July 25, 2005. Cook, Roberta, "Structural Change Affects Fresh Produce Marketing," Global Agrifood Forum 2005, Mexico City, June 9, 2005. Cook Roberta, "Worldwide Changes in Food Marketing Affect Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Implications for Plasticulture," Keynote Address, American Society for Plasticulture, Plasticulture 2005, Charleston, South Carolina, March 6, 2005. Fonsah, E.G. (2005) "TRACEABILITY, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN (COOL) AND ISO 9000". Proceedings of the 2005 Southeast Regional Vegetable Conference, Savannah International Trade & Convention Center, Savannah, Georgia, January 7-9, 2005, pp. 43-49. Fonsah, E.G. (2005) "How to Determine Your Break Even Cost in Grape Production". Proceedings of the 2005 Southeast Regional Vegetable Conference, Savannah International Trade & Convention Center, Savannah, Georgia, January 7-9, 2005, pp. 12-15. Govindasamy, R. "Consumer Demand for Environmentally Friendly Products - Agricultural Examples," Invited Lecture at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Strategic Policy Division, Toronto, Canada, June 24, 2004. Govindasamy, R. "Demand for Environmentally Friendly Products," Invited Lecture at Tamil nadu Agricultural University, Department of Agricultural Economics, India, July 21, 2004. Govindasamy, R., C. Turvey and V. Puduri. "The Influence of Agro-terrorism on Consumers' Preference for Locally Grown Products: A Case Study from New Jersey," Food Distribution Research Society, Morro Bay, California, October 13, 2004. Govindasamy, R. and V. Puduri. "Consumer Preferences towards Buying Integrated Pest Management Produce," Northeastern branch, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Bordentown, New Jersey, June 11-14, 2004. Govindasamy, R., B. Schilling, K. Sullivan, and C. Turvey. "Returns to State Agricultural Promotion: A Case Study of the Jersey Fresh Program," Northeastern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meetings, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 20-23, 2004. Govindasamy, R., B. Onyango, W. Hallman, H. Jang and V. Puduri. "Public Approval of Plant and Animal Biotechnology in Korea: An Ordered Probit Analysis." Northeastern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meetings, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 20-23, 2004. Govindasamy, R. "Ethnic Produce Marketing in the Northeastern U.S.", National Research Initiative - Project Directors Meeting, Washington DC, November 1, 2005. Hinson, R. and D. Reaves. "A Relationship between Food Safety Issues and Structure in the Production Sector: A Strawberry Example". Presented to the Southern Agricultural Economics Association, Little Rock, AR, February, 2005. Hinson, R. and D. Reaves. "A Relationship between Food Safety Issues and Structure in the Production Sector: A Strawberry Example". Abstract: Proceedings of the Southern Agricultural Economics Association, Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 37(2) p 516, 2005. Hinson, R. and M. Bruchhaus. "Louisiana Strawberries: Consumer Preferences and Retailer Advertising". Journal of Food Distribution Research, Vol XXXVI, No. 1, 86-90, 2005. Lamb, D, H. Cheng, et. al. 2005. "Consumer Survey Assessing Direct Marketing Opportunities for Farmers in Urban vs. Rural Communities." Proceedings, 90th Annual Meeting and Professional Improvement Conference, National Association of County Agricultural Agents. July 17-July 21, 2005. Buffalo, NY. Li, Lan, Hoy F. Carman and Richard J. Sexton. "Grocery Retailer Pricing Behavior for California Avocados with Implications for Industry Promotion Strategies." Paper presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Providence, R.I., July 24-27, 2005. Nemana, A., R. Govindasamy and V. Puduri. "Asian Ethnic Consumers Perceptions and Behavior towards Buying Produce from Ethnic Stores - A Study in Northeastern United States," Food Distribution Research Society, Washington DC, October 16-19, 2005. Onyango. B., R. Nayga and R. Govindasamy. "U.S. Consumers willingness to Pay for Labeling Information on Genetically Modified Foods," American Agricultural Economics Association, Providence, Rhode Island, July 24-27, 2005. Onyango. B., R. Govindasamy, and R. Nayga. "U.S. Public Awareness, Knowledge and Interest towards GM Foods: A Principal Component Factor Analysis," Food Distribution Research Society, Washington DC, October 16-19, 2005. Onyango. B., and R. Govindasamy. "South Korea Public Preferences for Genetically Modified Foods: A Random Parameter Model," Food Distribution Research Society, Morro Bay, California, October 13, 2004. Onyango. B., R. Govindasamy, and R. Nayga. "An Application of Choice Modeling To Measure U.S. Consumer Preferences for Genetically Modified Foods," American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Conference, Denver, Colorado, August 1-4, 2004. Onyango, B, R. Govindasamy., W. Hallman, H. Jang and V. Puduri. "Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Foods In Korea: Factor and Cluster Analysis," Northeastern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meetings, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 20-23, 2004. Smith, N.B., E. G. Fonsah, M. Best, A. Flanders and J. McKissick (2005) "Do Market Windows Provide Potential for Double-Cropping Vegetables with Peanuts in South Georgia?" Food Distribution Research Society (FDRS) 46th Annual Conference, Washington, DC, October 15-19, 2005. Refereed Journals Carman, Hoy and Karen Klonsky. September 2004. "Organic Almond, Kiwifruit and Winter Pear Handlers Views on Federal Marketing Order Programs." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 176-184. Carman, Hoy. Jan/Feb/Mar 2005. "Eye on Economics: Dealing With Avocado Imports." Blueprints - The Produce Professionals' Quarterly Journal, pp. 72-75. Cook, Roberta and Linda Calvin, "Eye on Economics: North American Greenhouse Tomatoes Emerge as a Major Market Force," Blue Prints, The Produce Professionals' Quarterly Journal, July/Aug/Sep 2005, pp. 73-79. Cook, Roberta, "Supermarket Challenges and Opportunities for Producers and Shippers: US Experience," Australian Farm Policy Journal, Vol. 2:1, February Quarter 2005, pp. 46-52. DeVuyst, C. S. 2005. "Demand Screening with Slotting Allowances and Failure Fees." Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization 3(2) article 5 (http://www.bepress.com/jafio/vol3/iss2/art5). DeVuyst, C. S. and C. Wachenheim. 2005. "Genetically-Enhanced Sugarbeets: To Be or Not To Be." Review of Agricultural Economics 27 (1) pp. 105-116. Govindasamy, R., M. DeCongelio and S. Bhuyan "An Evaluation of Consumer Willingness to Pay for Organic Produce in the Northeastern U.S." Journal of Food Products Marketing, 11 (2005): 3-20. Hossain, F., R. Jain and R. Govindasamy. "Financial Structure, Production and Productivity: Evidence from the U.S. Food Manufacturing Industry," Agricultural Economics, 2005. (Accepted) Onyango, B., R. Govindasamy, W. Hallman, H. Jang and V. S. Puduri. "Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Foods in Korea: Factor and Cluster Analysis" Journal of Agribusiness, 2005. (Under Revision) Onyango, B. and R. Govindasamy. "Consumer Willingness to Pay for GM Food Benefits: Pay-off or empty promise? Implications for the food industry" Choices, 2005. (Accepted). Puduri, V., R. Govindasamy, J. Lang and B. Onyango. "I will not eat with a fox; I will not eat in a box: What determines acceptance of GM Food for American consumers' Choices," 2005. (Accepted). Thilmany, D. "Direct Food Marketing to Restaurants through Existing Farmer's Market Alliances: The Case of Colorado Crop to Cuisine." Review of Agricultural Economics. 26(September 2004) 404-17. Book Chapters Carman, Hoy F. and Julian M. Alston. "California's Mandated Commodity Programs." Chapter 2 in Kaiser, H.M., J.M. Alston, J.M. Crespi, and R.J. Sexton. The Economics of Commodity Promotion Programs: Lessons from California. Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York , 2005, pp. 13-37. Carman, Hoy and Kim Craft. "Evaluation of Avocado Promotion by the California Avocado Commission." Chapter 7 in Kaiser, H.M., J.M. Alston, J.M. Crespi, and R.J. Sexton. The Economics of Commodity Promotion Programs: Lessons from California. Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York , 2005, pp. 137-166. Abstracts Bernard, John C. Toensmeyer, Ulrich C., "Experimental Investigation of Interactions in Willingness to Pay for Certified Organic and Non-Genetically modified Foods." Journal of Food Distribution Research, 35 (2004): 107-108. Brooker, J., D. Eastwood, C. Hall, E. Estes, T. Woods, J. Epperson, and F. Stegelin. 2005. State Department of Agriculture Participation in Fresh Produce Marketing in Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee. J. Food Distr. Res., 36(1):220. Byrd, M, C. Escalante, E. G. Fonsah and M. Wetzstein (2005) "Impact on Farm Profitability and Yield Efficiency of Bell Pepper Production Under the Methyl Bromide Phase-out Program in Georgia". Journal of Food Distribution Research (In press). Cheng, H. 2005. "Competitive Relationship among Potato Production Areas in Northeastern America". Proceedings. Journal of Food Distribution Research. 36(1):27-32. Eastwood, D., C. Hall, J. Brooker, E. Estes, T. Woods, J. Epperson, and F. Stegelin. 2005. Produce Growers and Market Development: A Four-State Comparison. J. Food Distr. Res., 36(1):228. Fonsah, E. G., G. Krewer, R. Wallace (2005) "Third Year Banana Cultivars Trial in South Georgia". Journal of Food Distribution Research (In press). Fonsah, E.G, G. Krewer and M. Rieger (2005) "Second Year Banana Cultivars Trial in South Georgia". Journal of Food Distribution Research, Volume XXXVI, Number 1, March, pp. 48-54. Govindasamy, R. "Predicting Consumer Willingness to Purchase Value Added Products at Direct Agricultural Markets," Journal of Food Distribution Research Society, 35(2004): p 109. Govindasamy, R., B. Schilling, K. Sullivan, and C. Turvey. "Returns to State Agricultural Promotion: A Case Study of the Jersey Fresh Program," Agricultural and Resource Economic Review, 33(2004): p 299. Govindasamy, R., B. Onyango, W. Hallman, H. Jang and V. Puduri. "Public Approval of Plant and Animal Biotechnology in Korea: An Ordered Probit Analysis." Agricultural and Resource Economic Review, 33(2004): p 299. Hall, C., D. Eastwood, J. Brooker, E. Estes, T. Woods, J. Epperson, and F. Stegelin. 2005. Removing Distribution Barriers Confronting Small-Volume Fruit and Vegetable Growers: Results of the Tennessee Extension Service Survey. J. Food Distr. Res., 36(1):231. Picha, D.H. and R.A. Hinson. 2004. Postharvest care and market analyses of sweetpotatoes exported to the U.K. HortScience, vol. 39(3):667. Hinson, R. "The Role of 3rd Party Logistics (3PL) Providers in Produce" Journal of Food Distribution Research, 36(2) 12-19, 2005. Hinson, R. "Responses to Industry Concentration by Small- and Medium-Sized Fruit and Vegetable Wholesalers" Journal of Food Distribution Research, 36(1) 243-248, 2005. Kahn, Brian A., John.P. Damicone, and Raymond.Joe. Schatzer.,"Alternatives to Benomyl for Management of Cercospora Leaf Spot on Turnip Greens", HortScience 40(5):1324-1326, 2005. Kelley, K.M. and E.S. Sánchez. 2005. Accessing and understanding consumer awareness of and potential demand for edamame (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). HortScience 40(5):1347-1353. Krewer, G., E. G. Fonsah, G. Boyhan (2005) "A Third Year Study on the Effect of Trellis Type on Yield, Fruit Size and Economics of Blackberry Production in Georgia". Journal of Food Distribution Research (In press). McPherson, P.D., J. E. Epperson, and F. E. Stegelin. 2005. Overcoming Barriers to the National Produce Market: The Georgia Case. J. Food Distr. Res., 36(1):110115.* Montri, D.N., K.M. Kelley and E.S. Sánchez. 2005. Assessing consumer acceptance of edamame-based patties. HortScience 40(4):1139. (abstract) Montri, D.N., K.M. Kelley and E.S. Sánchez. 2005. Investigating consumer demand for fresh market edamame in metro-Philadelphia supermarkets. HortScience 40(4):1064. (abstract) Onyango, B, R. Govindasamy., W. Hallman, H. Jang and V. Puduri. "Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Foods In Korea: Factor and Cluster Analysis," Agricultural and Resource Economic Review, 33(2004): p 298. Uva, W.L. 2005. "Consumer Willingness to Pay and Marketing Opportunities for Quality Guaranteed Tree-Ripened Peaches in New York State". Journal of Food Distribution 36 (1): 177-184.