Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Chair, Mark Hanigan opened the meeting and introductions were made.

Remarks by Dr. David Benfield Dr. Benfield described intent and use of newly required Annual Impact Statements. Reminded committee that project expires in 2007 and that we need writing committee assigned at this meeting.

Remarks by Dr. Gary Cromwell Dr. Cromwell introduced himself and presented a report from CSREES, describing the organizational structure, proposed budgets, and anticipated release dates for future NRC publications. Dr. Cromwell led a brief discussion regarding cost and value of NRC publications to industry.

Station Reports addressing Objective 1 were presented by: 1. Dr. Lou Armentano (University of Wisconsin) 2. Dr. Jeff Firkins (Ohio State University) 3. Dr. Gabriella Varga (Pennsylvania State University) 4. Dr. Tilak Dhiman (Utah State University) 5. Dr. Arnold Hippen (South Dakota State University)

Station Reports addressing Objective 2 were presented by: 1. Dr. Keith Cummins (University of Alabama) 2. Dr. Shawn Donkin (Purdue University) 3. Dr. Don Beitz (Iowa State University) 4. Dr. Mike VandeHaar (Michigan State University)

Discussion followed the presentation of each station report.

The first day of discussion was closed with an open discussion led by Lou Armentano (WI) on potential collaborative research regarding determination and reporting of particle size of experimental diets.

DAY 2

Station Reports addressing Objective 3 were presented by: 1. Dr. Joanne Knapp (University of Vermont) 2. Dr. Gale Bateman (Akey) 3. Dr. Mark Hanigan (Virginia Tech) 4. Dr. John McNamara (Washington State University)

Discussion followed the presentation of each station report.

Dr. David Benfield outlined timetable for preparation of the project rewrite for 2007. Important dates follow:

9/15/06 Statement of issues and justification submitted into NIHMS

9/30/06 Submission of validation

10/15/06 Appendix E due from member

11/15/06 Approval by Experiment Station Directors

12/01/06 Full proposal submitted into NIHMS by Committee Chair

12/15/06 Last SAES 422 due

Jan-Feb 07 NCA Review by Department Heads

2/15/07 NCA Evaluation due

Feb-Apr 07 MRC Review of proposal at spring meeting

Follow-up and Other Business: 1. Dr. Lou Armentano (WI) was unanimously voted in as Secretary for FY06 to be Chair in FY07. Lou accepted nomination 2. Dr. John McNamara (WA) volunteered to lead rewrite of project for 2007. Drs. Keith Cummins (AL) and Jeff Firkens (OH) volunteered to assist with rewrite. Committee members are encouraged to provide Dr. McNamara with documentation of collaborative efforts. Dr. Benfield recommendation impact statements to specifically address impact of research on the discipline and reinforced the need to highlight collaborative efforts. 3. Next years meeting to be held October 30 and 31 in Sioux Falls, SD arranged by Dr. Arnold Hippen (Chair 06; South Dakota State University). 4. Members were reminded to submit an electronic copy of this year's report to Committee Chair, Dr. Mark Hanigan (VA). 5. The meeting closed with appreciation to Dr. Hanigan for his service as Committee Chair for the past year.

Chair Hanigan concluded and adjourned the meeting.

To quantify properties of feeds that determine the availability of nutrients critical to milk production.

Major findings under Objective 1 during 2005 include:

The results of work at Utah suggest that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) contents of milk from cows fed fresh green chopped alfalfa forage can be enhanced up to 60% by feeding 475 g/d of linseed oil plus menhaden fish oil at a 65:35 ratio without any negative effects on feed intake, milk yield or milk composition. Feeding 2.1% of the diet as calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids had a similar affect on CLA and TVA contents. Inclusion of ground canola seed in the diet was found to be linearly associated with increased duodenal flow (g/d) of stearic acid (C18:0), the cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 C18:3 isomer of linolenic acid, total linolenic acid, long-chain, monounsaturated, total omega-3, and total fatty acids (ND). Ileal flow of stearic acid, trans-9 C18:1 (oleic acid), cis-6, cis-9, cis-12 C18:3 (linolenic acid), total C18:3, long-chain, monounsaturated, saturated, and total fatty acids were linearly increased by the addition of canola to the diet. Ileal flow of the cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers of CLA were unaffected by diet. However, CLA flow at the ileum was greater than at the duodenum. The cis-9, trans-11 isomer was not present in duodenal digesta, but it was present in ileal digesta in small amounts.

It was observed that glycerol from soy biodiesel production may be fed at up to 2 kg/d to lactating dairy cows (SD). Effects on production are few, though increased feed efficiency may result for the energy content of glycerol used to support milk production. Drying distillers grains with solubles (DGS) marginally increased ruminally undegraded DM and markedly increased RUP. Drying DGS, however, does decrease the concentration of Lys in the CP fraction post-ruminally. Feeding wet distillers grains at 15% of diet DM for 12 wk did not have any significant impact on health, production, or composition of milk. Though milk protein was not effected by WDG, concentrations of MUN were increased by feeding WDG.

It was observed that for corn silage and alfalfa haylage, the percent of DM above the 9 mm screen is very highly correlated with the mean particle size (WI). The same holds true for TMR, although the regression is different than it is for forages. The next smaller screen size (5.4 mm diagonal) also had a strong relationship. The strength of the relationship fell off for longer and shorter screens. This analysis suggests that a single medium sized screen could be used to get a reasonable estimate of physical effectiveness.

Work at USDA-DFRC was conducted to evaluate possible in vitro culture technique improvements for evaluation of NDF digestion. The work may offer a method of more easily assessing NDF disappearance and progress of the fermentation of ND-soluble carbohydrates in the same vessel.

Interactions of hay type and grain processing were assessed at Pennsylvania. Dry matter intake (DMI) was lower for cows fed grass hay diets (20 vs. 23 kg/d), while amount of NDF consumed did not differ across diets. Milk yield (37.2 ± 1.37 kg/d) and fat corrected milk yield (FCM; 36.7 ± 3.3 kg/d) did not differ. Dry matter efficiency (FCM/DMI) was higher (P =0.08) for cows fed grass hay vs. grass silage diets (1.92 vs. 1.54). Numerical trends showed lower milk fat, protein and lactose percentages and yields for cows provided grass silage vs. grass hay diets. DM digestibility was higher for grass silage diets (54.7 vs. 48.4%), however no differences were observed for NDF digestibility across diets (37.8% ± 3.36). Fecal output (% DM basis) was highest for the grass hay diet with coarse corn compared to the other three diets (13.8 vs. 9.85 kg/d). Numerical trends were observed for ruminal contents such that cows provided the grass silage diets had greater amounts of ruminal digesta than cows provided grass hay diets (90.4 vs. 75.6 kg). Propionic acid concentration was higher for cows provided diets containing fine ground corn vs. cracked corn. Higher concentrations of total VFA and isoacids were observed for diets containing grass silage vs. grass hay diets.

Following from earlier work (WI), abomasal infusion of inulin did not significantly affect intake of N, milk N, or N balance, but inulin significantly increased fecal N by 23 g/d and decreased urinary N by 24 g/d. These results suggest that manipulating dairy diets to increase hindgut fermentation and reduce manure ammonia volatilization should not reduce N recycling to the rumen for microbial protein production. However, inulin did decrease nutrient digestibility and milk fat yield, indicating that hindgut fermentation or small intestinal passage of soluble fiber may negatively impact production potential.

Work at Illinois suggests that partially replacing solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) with extruded SBM, non-enzymatically browned SBM, or whole roasted soybeans may increase the quantity of feed protein that reaches the small intestines of dairy cows. However, significant improvements in the supply of previously reported limiting amino acids for milk production, particularly of Met, should not be expected.

Supplementation of diets for non-lactating cows with DL- Methionine and L-Lysine hydrochloride resulted in no effects on ruminal VFA concentrations or proportions, or ruminal pH. Ruminal NH4+N concentrations were low (average 2.9 mg/dL) and may be an indication that ruminal N availability was limiting in the experiment (LA). Feeding Met as dl-Met, 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (HMB), or as the isopropyl derivative of HMB appeared to alter ruminal bacterial but not protozoal populations (OH). There appears to be minimal selective retention of protozoal genera between the rumen and omasum (i.e., the reticulum) in dairy cattle, supporting the use of omasal sampling for assessing microbial populations (OH). However protozoal numbers in omasal samples were found to be significantly greater than for ruminal samples. Preliminary efforts to grow protozoa in continuous culture indicate that diverse species (including isotrichids) can be repeatedly maintained by decreasing the feeding, fluid dilution, and stirring rates and by substituting a 50-¼m filter (including prefilters to prevent clogging, which occurred with 10-¼m filters) instead of the 250-¼m standard filter such that all except the very small protozoa pass only with the overflow port (OH).

Objective 2

To quantify metabolic interactions among nutrients that alter synthesis of milk.

Major findings under Objective 2 during 2005 include:

Chromium supplementation was associated with increased basal glucose and decreased basal insulin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in serum in a dose-dependent, quadratic manner (WA). Chromium increased glucose clearance rate as measured by half-life, time to nadir and area under the curve. Insulin concentrations tended to be lower in treated animals while clearance rates were unchanged. Serum NEFA were negatively correlated with glucose, such that treated animals with increased glucose had lower NEFA overall. This study helps to confirm biological activity of supplementation of chromium in dairy animals.

Supplementation with rumen protected choline (RPC) or dry propylene glycol (PG) did not significantly affect DMI, MY, milk composition, BCS, body weights or blood glucose concentrations in either the prepartum or postpartum period (PA). Calf birth weights were also not affected by treatments. Based on results obtained in the present study, neither RPC nor dry PG appeared to affect intake, blood glucose concentration or production responses of multiparous periparturient Holstein dairy cows. In a second dose-response study, RPC appeared to have dose-dependent effects on reducing NEFA with 11% and 23 % reduction for cows provided 25 g and 50 g RPC vs. control, respectively.

It was observed that glucagon, glycerol, and glucagon plus glycerol increases plasma glucose and decreases NEFA on a short-term basis, but not rates of gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. TNF-a does not alter rates of gluconeogenesis or lipolysis on short-term basis (IA).

A study was begun at Alabama to assess changes in the muscle proteome associated with the onset of lactation. Muscle biopsies were being taken at -10 and + 4 days of lactation. 2-D gel electrophoresis has been used to visualize the proteins before and after the onset of lactation. Results so far indicate changes in muscle proteome with onset of lactation. Identification of the proteins has not begun.

Studies were conducted at Maryland with ruminal and intestinal cells from beef cattle to determine the influence of feeding a low (25:75, n=6) or high (75:25, n=6) forage ration on 1) contributions of volatile fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids to oxidative metabolism and 2) the relative expressions of a number of metabolism related genes in tissues comprising the viscera.

It was observed that high energy diets fed to prepubertal heifers for longer durations result in a linear increase in leptin concentrations in serum and mammary tissue and leptin expression in mammary tissue (MI). Similar results were obtained with mammary tissue from heifers fed for 1200 vs 800 g/d from 4 months to puberty. These data are consistent with the idea that leptin may mediate the negative effects of high energy diets on mammary development. Thus, we speculate that increased energy intake, which increases IGF-I, a potent mitogen of muscle and mammary cells, does not increase mammary growth as it increases muscle growth because leptin interferes with mammary cell proliferation. Intramammary infusions of leptin inhibited the mitogenic action of IGF-I infusions in prepubertal heifers. It was found that leptin increased expression of SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling-3) in quarters infused with IGF-I. This may explain why leptin inhibits IGF-I action. The activated leptin receptor recruits the transcription factor STAT3. This results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 and its translocation to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, STAT3 mediates gene transcription, including transcription of SOCS3. SOCS3 inhibits signaling by certain cytokine receptor-Jak kinase complexes, either by directly inhibiting Jak2 activity or by targeting the complex to the proteosome. When cows fed 11, 15, or 19% CP diets for 12 days, efficiency of N use increased from 27% on the high protein diet to 41% on low protein diet, but milk protein output declined by 25% on the low protein diet.

Genomic DNA containing the bovine pyruvate carboxylase (PC) promoter has been cloned and the promoter identified (IN). Translational efficiency experiments coupled with observations of increased expression of the same mRNA variants with feed restriction indicate that both the profile of mRNA variants as well as overall level of PC mRNA are potential control points for lactate metabolism. Sequence data for bovine phospho-enol-pyruvate carboxy kinase (PPECK) promoter indicates the lack of homology in promoter sequence and transcription factor binding map. The latter may contribute to the lack of similarity in response to alimentary status and hormonal conditions in cattle compared with rats and other nonruminants and may provide a unique control of PEPCK expression in dairy cattle.

Objective 3

To use these quantitative relationships to challenge and refine computer-based nutrition systems for dairy cattle.

Major findings under Objective 3 during 2005 include:

In general, the NRC model was found to be more sensitive to dietary inputs than MOLLY (LA, VA, WA, and CA). Therefore, having an accurate description of nutrient supply to use as inputs for the models is important and should be considered when evaluating predictions from those models.

A meta-analysis was used to evaluate two data sets, one for nitrogen flow to the small intestine and one for performance of cows (IL). Responses of dairy cows to rumen undegradable protein supplements were variable. A portion of this variability is explained by source of CP in the control diets, the proportion and source of rumen undegradable protein in the experimental diet, the effect of rumen undegradable protein on microbial protein outflow from the rumen, the degradability and amino acid content of the rumen undegradable protein, and the crude protein percentage of the diet. Compared with soybean meal, the mean milk production responses to feeding rumen undegradable protein supplements ranged from -2.5% to +2.75%. Because of the large variation and small magnitude of response when rumen undegradable protein supplements are fed compared with soybean meal, efficiency of nitrogen utilization and the cost to benefit ratio for these crude protein supplements may determine the source and amount of crude protein to feed to dairy cows in the future.

The effects of using a non-integral value of less than 3 mol ATP/mol NADH was further explored in Molly with respect to observed challenges with predictions of weight change. If ATP yields are adjusted downwards, predictions of body weight gain decline as expected (CA and WA). This would help address overpredictions of body weight gain observed when full lactation simulations are undertaken. However, the model becomes unstable likely due to the loss of internal flux balance. If this change is undertaken, the model must be reparameterized with the new ATP yield in place to bring the model back into balance.

Previous formulas used to calculate protozoal generation time were based on steady state growth kinetics. Using those formulas biased generation time estimates. Consequently, regression was deemed the most appropriate way to calculate the change in generation time during adaptation to an abrupt change in transfer rate. Net protozoal generation time was calculated using protozoal count data determined at each of the transfers and calculating the cumulative cells from the 0 and 0.25-µmol/L monensin treatments. Mean cumulative cell counts were transformed to logarithm base2, because normal protozoal cell replication is completed by binary fission. Mean cell counts were regressed against day of experiment (i.e., 1, 2, or 3 d) for each transfer rate to determine the fraction of the protozoal pool generating per day. Protozoal growth curves were fit using PROC GLM of SAS. The first derivative of the regression equation provided the change in cells per day (OH). If the equation was not linear, then the slope was solved at that respective day. A change of one logarithm unit is one doubling (i.e., one generation), so the slope is the proportion of one generation per day. After converting to hours, the reciprocal was the generation time at each respective day of incubation.

Molly was found to accurately predict N partition between excretion into urine, feces, and milk during short-term simulations (two weeks). The model was also able to predict the consequences of daily variation in dietary crude protein intake on milk and milk protein yield during short-term simulations (J. D. Heiskell).

Molly was challenged with experimental data and found to simulate milk component production well when supplied with intake data and individual cow genetic potential (WA). The model simulates the effects of changes in feed intake well. Sensitivity analyses investigated the effects of increasing the basal costs of protein turnover in the body, the effect of increased food intake on energy expenditure in the body and the effect of increased feed intake on energy metabolism in the viscera. Increasing the energetic cost of increased feed intake in the viscera gave the most satisfactory improvement. Studies compared data collected from Reynolds et al (OH) on metabolism in viscera. These data justified alteration in the parameters that describe visceral metabolism in the model. Increase in energy use in the viscera improved accuracy of body fat use without compromising accuracy of milk component prediction. Inclusions of equations on ketosis and butyrate use were added to the model to more accurately reflect carbon use in early lactation.

Protein turnover in the lactating goat was estimated from isotope kinetics and found to be greater than 200%/d as compared to the assumed turnover of 8%/d in Molly (VA and MD). If adopted, such a change in turnover would result in significant increases in predictions of energy expenditure associated with mammary maintenance.

A method to consider fixed trial effects for complex nonlinear models was developed and tested with a small nonlinear gravid uterus model (VA. Additionally, this development work resulted in the externalization of the parameter estimation routines in ACSL which will allow one to make use of the matrix language provided by ACSL Math. This will be useful in developing tools to integrate micro-array and proteomic measurements with metabolism models.

Armentano, L. E. and Taysom, D. 2005 Short Communication: Prediction of Mean Particle Size and Proportion of Very Long Fiber Particles from Simplified Sieving Results J. Dairy Sci. 88: 3982-3985.

Bateman, H. G., II, J. H. Clark, and M. R. Murphy. 2005. Development of a system to predict flow of feed protein flow to the small intestine of cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88:282-295.

Bateman, H. G., II. 2005. Response to Increased Rumen Undegradable Protein Intake by Lactating Dairy Cows. Prof. Anim. Sci. 21:263-271.

Bateman, H.G., II, J.H. Clark, and M.R. Murphy. 2005. Development of a System to Predict Feed Protein Flow to the Small Intestine of Cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88:282-295.

Brown, E.G., M. J. VandeHaar, K. M. Daniels, J. S. Liesman, L. T. Chapin, D. H. Keisler*, and M. S. Weber Nielsen. 2005. Effect of increasing energy and protein intake on body growth and carcass composition of heifer calves. J Dairy Sci 88:585-594.

Brown, E. G., M. J. VandeHaar, K. M. Daniels, J. S. Liesman, L. T. Chapin, J. W. Forrest, R. M. Akers, R. E. Pearson, and M. S. Weber Nielsen. 2005. Effect of increasing energy and protein intake in heifer calves on mammary development. J. Dairy Sci. 88:595-603.

Chichlowski, M.W., J.W. Schroeder, C.S. Park, W.L. Keller, and D.E. Schimek. 2005. Altering the fatty acid profile in milk fat by including canola seed in the diet of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88:3084-3094.

Davis LE, Weber Nielsen MS, Chapin LT, Liesman JS, VandeHaar MJ 2004 Effects of a high rate of gain for increasing lengths of time on body and mammary growth in prepubertal dairy heifers. J Animal and Feed Sci 13(Suppl. 1):479-482.

DeFrain, J. M., Hippen, A. R., Kalscheur, K. F., Jardon, P. W. 2004. Feeding glycerol to transition dairy cows: effects on blood metaboliltes and lactation performance. Journal of Dairy Science 87:4195-4206.

DeFrain, J. M., Hippen, A. R., Kalscheur, K. F., Patton, R. S. 2005. Effects of feeding propionate and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids on transition dairy cow performance. Journal of Dairy Science 88(3):983-993.

Douglas, G. N., T. R. Overton, H. G. Bateman, II, and J. K. Drackley. 2004. Peripartal metabolism and production of Holstein cows fed diets supplemented with fat during the dry period. J. Dairy Sci. 87:4210-4220.

Edwards, J.E., Bequette, B.J., McKain, N., McEwan, N.R., & Wallace, R.J. (2005) Influence of flavomycin on microbial numbers, microbial metabolism and gut tissue protein turnover in the digestive tract of sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 94: 6470.

Etchebarne BE, Nobis W, Allen MS, VandeHaar MJ 2004. Design of a bovine metabolism oligonucleotide gene array. J Animal and Feed Sci 13(Suppl. 1):385-388.

Firkins, J.L., A.N. Hristov, M.B. Hall, G.A. Varga, and N.R. St-Pierre. 2005. Integration of ruminal metabolism in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. (Accepted).

Gressley, T. F. and L. E. Armentano 2005 Effect of Abomasal Pectin Infusion on Digestion and Nitrogen Balance in Lactating Dairy Cows,J. Dairy Sci. 88: 4028-4044.

Hammon, D. S., G. R. Holyoak, T. R. Dhiman. 2005. Association between elevated plasma urea nitrogen and elevated ammonia concentration in follicular fluid of preovulatory follicles in early lactation dairy cows. Anim. Repro. Sci. 86:195-204.

Hammon, H. M., C. Philipona, Y. Zbinden, J.W. Blum, and S.S. Donkin. 2005. Effects of dexamethasone and growth hormone treatment on hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes in calves. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2107-2116.

Ipharraguerre, I.R., J.H. Clark, and D.E. Freeman. 2005. Rumen Fermentation and Intestinal Supply of Nutrients in Dairy Cows Fed Rumen-Protected Soy Products. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2879-2892.

Ipharraguerre, I.R., J.H. Clark, and D.E. Freeman. 2005. Varying Protein and Starch in the Diet of Dairy Cows. I. Effects on Ruminal Fermentation and Intestinal Supply of Nutrients. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2537-2555.

Ipharraguerre, I.R., and J.H. Clark. 2005. Varying Protein and Starch in the Diet of Dairy Cows. II. Effects on Performance and Nitrogen Utilization for Milk Production. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2556-2570.

Ipharraguerre, I.R., and J.H. Clark. 2005. Impacts of the Source and Amount of Crude Protein on the Intestinal Supply of Nitrogen Fractions and Performance of Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88(E. Suppl.):E22-E37.

Khanal, R. C., T. R. Dhiman, A. L. Ure, C. P. Brennand, R. L. Boman, and D. J. McMahon. 2005. Consumer acceptability of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched milk and Cheddar Cheese from cows grazing on pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1837-1847.

Leonardi, C., Bertics, S. and Armentano, L. E. 2005 Effect of Increasing Oil from Distillers Grains or Corn Oil on Lactation Performance J. Dairy Sci. 88: 2820-2827.

Leonardi, C., Giannico, F., and Armentano, L. E. 2005 Effect of Water Addition on Selective Consumption (Sorting) of Dry Diets by Dairy Cattle J. Dairy Sci. 5 88: 1043-1049.

Leonardi, C., Shinners, K. J., and Armentano, L. E. 2005 Effect of Different Dietary Geometric Mean Particle Length and Particle Size Distribution of Oat Silage on Feeding Behavior and Productive Performance of Dairy Cattle J. Dairy Sci. 88: 698-710.

Nafikov, R.A., B.N. Ametaj, G. Bobe, K.J. Koehler, J.W. Young, and D.C. Beitz. 2005. Prevention of fatty liver in transition dairy cows by subcutaneous injections of glucagon. J. Dairy Sci. In press.

Oba, M., Baldwin, R.L., IV, Owens, S.L, & Bequette, B.J. (2005) Metabolic fates of ammonia nitrogen in ruminal epithelial and dudoenal mucosal cells isolated from growing sheep. J.Dairy Sci. 88: 3963-3970.

Poulson, C. S., T. R. Dhiman, A. L. Ure, D. Cornforth, and K. C. Olson. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid content of beef from cattle fed diets containing high grain, CLA or forages. Livestock Prod. Sci. 91:117-128.

Qiu, X., M.L. Eastridge, and J.L. Firkins. 2004. Effects of dry matter intake, addition of buffer, and source of fat on duodenal flow and concentration of conjugated linoleic acid and trans-11 C18:1 in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 87:4278-4286.

Radcliff RP, VandeHaar MJ, Kobayashi Y, Sharma BK, Tucker HA, and Lucy MC 2004 Effect of dietary energy and somatotropin on components of the somatotropic axis in holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci 87:1229-1235.

Reveneau, C., C.V. Ribeiro, M.L. Eastridge, N.R. St-Pierre, and J.L. Firkins. 2005. Processing whole cottonseed moderates fatty acid metabolism and improves performance by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. (In Press).

Schroeder, J.W. , M.L. Bauer, and S.A. Soto-Navarro. 2005. Rumen undegradable protein and fresh versus stored wet corn gluten feed in the diets of lactating dairy cows. Prof. Anim. Sci. 21:254-262.

Silva LFP, B.E. Etchbarne, J.S. Liesman, M.S. Weber Nielsen, and M.J. VandeHaar. 2005. Intramammary infusion of IGF-I increases BrdU-labeling in mammary epithelial cells of prepubertal heifers. J Dairy Sci 88:2271-2273.

Sylvester, J.T., S.K.R. Karnati, Z. Yu, C.J. Newbold, and J.L. Firkins. 2005. Evaluation of a real-time PCR assay quantifying the ruminal pool size and duodenal flow of protozoal nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2083-2095.

Sylvester, J.T., S.K.R. Karnati, Z. Yu, M. Morrison, and J.L. Firkins. 2004. Development of an assay to quantify rumen ciliate protozoal biomass in cows using real-time PCR. J. Nutr. 134:3378-3384.

Tozer, P. R., G. A. Varga, and W. R. Henning. 2004. Do Dairy Producers Market and Manage Dairy Cows to Improve Beef Quality? Prof. Anim. Sci (In press).

Ure, A. L., T. R. Dhiman, M. D. Stern and K. C. Olson. 2005. Treated extruded soybean meal as a source of fat and protein for dairy cows. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 18 (7):980-989.

Vallimont, J. E., F. Bargo, T. W. Cassidy, N. D. Luchini, G. A. Broderick, and G. A. Varga. 2004. Effects of replacing dietary starch with sucrose on ruminal fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 87:4221-4229

Velez, J.C. and S.S. Donkin. 2005. Feed restriction induces pyruvate carboxylase but not phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 2938-2948.

Williams, E.L., S.M. Rodriguez, D.C. Beitz, and S.S. Donkin. 2005. Effects of short-term glucagon administration on gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver of mid-lactation dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. (In press).

Book chapters and reviews during 2005

Bateman, H. G. 2005. Feeding and Nutrition of Dairy Cattle. Chapter 17 (pp. 420-442) of Applied Animal Nutrition: Feeds and Feeding, 3rd edition, Peter R. Cheeke, editor. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Bequette, B.J., Sunny, N.E., El-Kadi, S.W., & Owens, S.L. (2005) Application of stable isotopes and mass isotopomer distribution analysis to the study of intermediary metabolism of nutrients. J. Anim. Sci. 88: (Suppl. 1) (Invited Review)

Bobe, G., J.W. Young, and D.C. Beitz. 2004. Invited review: Pathology, etiology, prevention, and treatment of fatty liver in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3105-3124.

Donkin, S.S. and H.M. Hammon. 2005. Hepatic gluconeogenesis in developing ruminants. In Biology of Metabolism in Growing Animals. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Edited by D.G. Burrin and H.J. Mersmann. pp. 375-390.

Drackley, J.K., S.S. Donkin, and C.K. Reynolds. 2005. Invited Review. Major advances in fundamental dairy cattle nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. (In press).

Firkins, J.L., and C.K. Reynolds. 2005. Whole animal nitrogen balance in cattle. E. Pfeffer and A.N. Hristov, eds. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Cattle and Environment (in press).

Firkins, J.L. and Z. Yu. 2005. Characterisation and quantification of the microbial populations of the rumen. International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology (in press).

Hanigan, M.D., H. G. Bateman, J. G. Fadel, J. P. McNamara, N.E. Smith 2005. An ingredient-based input scheme for Molly. International Workshop on Modelling Nutrient Utilization. CAB International, in press.

Hanigan, M. D., H. G. Bateman, J. G. Fadel, and J. P. McNamara. 2006. Metabolic Models of Ruminant Metabolism: Recent Improvements and Current Status. J. Dairy Sci. 90. In press.

Hanigan, M. D. (2005). Quantitative aspects of ruminant splanchnic metabolism as related to predicting animal performance. Anim Sci. 80:23-32.

McNamara, J.P. 2005. Research, Improvement and application of mechanistic, biochemical, dynamic models: from Genetics to Kinetics. Chapter 6 In: Mathematical modeling in nutrition and Toxicology. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mathematical Modeling in Nutrition and Health Science. Georgia Center for Continuing Education, pp 87-110. Mathematical Biology Press. ISBN 1-4116-2594-3.

McNamara, J. P., G. J. Phillips, T. L. Citron, J. S. Sage. 2005. Challenge and improvement of a model of dairy cattle metabolism to describe changes in metabolism in cows in early lactation. International Workshop on Modelling Nutrient Utilization. Pp XX-YY in Proceedings of 6th International workshop on modeling in farm animals. CAB International, in press.

VandeHaar MJ 2005 Regulation of nutrient partitioning: an overview of the hormones that are affected by nutrition or that directly alter metabolism. Pages 275-289 in Pond WG, Church DC, Pond KR, Schoknecht PA, Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding, 5th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

VandeHaar MJ 2005 Dairy cattle. Pages 413-437 in Pond WG, Church DC, Pond KR, Schoknecht PA, Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding, 5th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

Non-refereed publications during 2005

Bateman, H.G., II., J.H. Clark, and M.R. Murphy. 2005. Predicting Feed Protein Flow to the Small Intestine. Illinois Dairy Report. Pp. 56-60.

Beitz, D.C., J.W. Young, A.R. Hippen, and R. Nafikov. 2004. Use of glucagon to prevent and treat fatty liver in transition dairy cows. A.S. Leaflet R1903. ISU Animal Industry Report.

Bobe, G., B.N. Ametaj, R.A. Nafikov, D.C. Beitz, and J.W. Young. 2004. Health and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows with mild fatty liver receiving exogenous glucagon. A.S. Leaflet R1904. ISU Animal Industry Report.

Bobe, G., V. Amin, D.C. Beitz, and J.W. Young. 2004. Non-invasive diagnosis of fatty liver and degree of fatty liver in dairy cows by digital analyses of hepatic ultrasonograms. A.S. Leaflet R1905. ISU Animal Industry Report.

Clark, J.H., and I.R. Ipharraguerre. 2005. Responses to Source of Supplemental Protein. Four-State Dairy Nutrition and Management Conference. Midwest Plan Service (MWPS-45018), Iowa State University, Ames. Pages 103-112.

Hall, M. B. 2005. Diagnosing & managing subclinical rumen acidosis in dairy cattle. In: Proc. 23rd Annual Forum of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, June 3, 2005, Baltimore, MD. CDROM and online.

Hall, M. B. 2005. What we do and don't know about forage and carbohydrate digestion in the dairy cow (and some more food for thought). In: Proc. Feed and Nutritional Management Cow College, January 11 - 12, 2005, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. p. 1 - 12.

Hall, M. B. 2005. Using manure evaluation as a diagnostic tool for ration evaluation. In: Proc. Feed and Nutritional Management Cow College, January 11 - 12, 2005, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. p. 67 -74.

Hall, M. B. 2005. The latest in carbohydrate nutrition & evaluating its impact on health and performance. In: Proc. New England Dairy Feed Conference, West Lebanon, NH. March 31, 2005.

Hall, M. B. 2005. The latest in carbohydrate nutrition & evaluating its impact on health and performance. In: Proc. Ruminant Health and Nutrition Conference, Syracuse, NY March 29, 2005.

Hall, M. B. 2005. Sugars in dairy cattle rations: sweetening the pot or not? In: Four-State Dairy Nutrition and Management Conference Proceedings, June 15 & 16, 2005, Dubuque, IA. p. 221 - 228. MWPS-4SD18.

Ipharraguerre, I.R., J.H. Clark, and D.E. Freeman. 2005. Effects of Protein on Ruminal Fermentation, Intestinal Supply of Nutrients, and Nutrient Digestion in Dairy Cows. Illinois Dairy Reports. Pp. 35-39.

Ipharraguerre, I.R., and J.H. Clark. 2005. Protein Effects on Cow Performance. Illinois Dairy Report. Pp. 44-46.

Ipharraguerre, I.R., and J.H. Clark. 2005. Rumen Protected Soy Products for Dairy Cows. Illinois Dairy Report. Pp. 47-50.

Schroeder, J. W. 2005. Common weights and measures for the farm. NDSU Extension Service Circular AS-1282.

Schroeder, J.W., Mostrum, M., and Anderson, V.. Test DON Before Feeding Dairy Cattle - High levels in grain and straw are cause for concern. AgWeek Regional News. Vol.21, No. 5, p. 14, Monday, September 12, 2005.

J.W. Schroeder. Improving Dairy Efficiency with Quality Forage. Forage Focus, Midwest Forage Newsletter, p. 2. May 2005

Schroeder, J.W. Use Caution When Feeding Dairy Cattle High Levels of Concentrate. The Progressive Dairyman, Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 10. March 2005.

Schroeder, J. W.. Use Corn Silage Soon After its Moved. AgWeek. Vol. 20, No. 18, p. 14. Published by the Grand Fork Herald, December 6, 2004.

Schroeder, J. W.. Storing Shelled Corn in Bags. AgWeek. Vol. 20, No.14, p.11. Published by the Grand Fork Herald, October 4, 2004.

VandeHaar M. J. 2005 Developments in replacement nutrition. Proc Michigan Veterinary Conference, Jan 29, Lansing, MI, Michigan State University.

Published abstracts during 2005

Bateman, H. G., II, T. W. Braud, C. C. Williams, D. T. Gantt, C. F. Hutchison, J. D. Ward, P. G. Hoyt, and G. A. Sod. 2005. Effects of supplemental DL-methionine and L-lysine HCl on ruminal fermentation and ruminal and total tract digestibility in non-lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sc. (Suppl. 1):319 (Abstr.).

Bedgar, S.E., J.W. Schroeder, M.L. Bauer, and W.L. Keller. 2005. Intake, duodenal flow, and ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids in Holstein steers fed canola supplemented dairy lactation diets. J. Dairy Sci.88(Suppl. 1):179.

Bedgar, S.E., J.W. Schroeder, M.L. Bauer, and W.L. Keller. 2005. Fatty acid changes in the digestive tract of Holstein steers fed canola supplemented dairy lactation diets. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1923.

Bedgar, S.E., J.W. Schroeder, M.W. Chichlowski, M.L. Bauer, and S.A. Soto-Navarro. 2004. Ruminal characteristics and rate, site, and extent of digestion of dairy diets supplemented with canola fed to Holstein steers. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):215.

Bequette, B.J., Owens, S.L., El-Kadi, S.W., Sunny, N.E., & Shamay, A. (2005) Use of 13C-mass isotope distribution analysis (MIDA) to define precursors for lactose and amino acid synthesis by bovine mammary explants. J. Dairy Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):289.

Bobe, G., B.N. Ametaj, R.A. Nafikov, D.C. Beitz, and J.W. Young. 2004. Relationships between milk fatty liver and health and reproductive performance in Holstein Cows. Abstr. A-40, 12th Int. Conf. Prod. Dis. Farm Animals. p. 40.

Braud, T. W., H. G. Bateman, II, C. C. Williams, C. C. Stanley, D. T. Gantt, C. F. Hutchison, J. D. Ward, P. G. Hoyt, and G. A. Sod. 2005. Effects of protein source on ruminal and total tract nutrient digestibility in non-lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sc. (Suppl. 1):321 (Abstr.).

Brown, N., V. Ishler, R. Chung, T. Cassidy, K. Hyler and G. A.Varga. 2005. Effect of forage processing and corn particle size on milk production and composition, and nutrient digestibility for high producing Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1): 99.

Chung, Y.-H., T. W. Cassidy, I. D. Girard, P. Cavassini, and G. A. Varga. 2005. Effects of rumen protected choline and dry propylene glycol on feed intake and blood metabolites of Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1): 61

Chung, Y. H., T. W. Cassidy, I. D. Girard, P. Cavassini and G. A. Varga. 2005. Effects of rumen protected choline and dry propylene glycol on production responses of periparturient Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1): 61

Davis L, Weber Nielsen M, Keisler D, Chapin L, Liesman J, VandeHaar M 2005 Increasing time on a high energy diet increases expression of leptin in the mammary gland of prepubertal heifers.. J Animal Sci 83 (Suppl 1):79.

Davis L, VandeHaar M, Liesman J, Chapin L, Weber Nielsen M 2005 Effects of an intensified compared to a moderate feeding program during the pre-weaning period on body growth and pubertal age in Holstein heifers.. J Animal Sci 83 (Suppl 1):386.

DeFrain, J. M., Hippen, A. R., Kalscheur, K. F., Schingoethe, D. J. 2005. The impact of ruminal butyrate production and plasma betahydroxybutyrate on the glycemic status of transition cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88:1923 (abstr).

DeFrain, J. M., Hippen, A. R., Kalscheur, K. F., Tricarico, J. M. 2005. Feeding an alpha-amylase enzyme preparation to improve the glycemic status and performance of transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88:1923 (abstr).

Dhiman, T. R., S. A. Hagos, J. L. Walters, and S. Tamminga. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega fatty acids in milk from cows fed green chopped forage. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):276.

Dhiman, T. R., A. L. Ure, and S. Nam. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk and meat products and its intake in humans. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):181.

Donkin, S., J. Knapp, M. VandeHaar, and B. Bequette. 2005. Regulation of key metabolic processes in lactation. JDS 88(Suppl.1):124.

El-Kadi, S., Baldwin, R., VI, Sunny, N., Owens, S.L., & Bequette, B.J.. (2005) Postruminal protein infusion increases leucine use by the gastrointestinal tract of sheep while glucose utilization remains unchanged. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):128.

Ellis, E. J. A., S. Solaiman, W.G. Bergen, and K. A. Cummins. 2005. Effect of dietary copper supplementation on fatty acid profile of muscle, mesenteric, and subcutaneous adipose tissue in goat kids. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl.1): 192

Firkins, J. L., A. N. Hristov, M. B. Hall, and G. A. Varga. 2005. Integration of ruminal metabolism in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1): 124.

Golombeski, G. L., Kalscheur, K. F., Hippen, A. R., Schingoethe, D. J. 2005. Highly fermentable sugars and slow-release urea in diets fed to lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88:1921 (abstr).

Hall, M. B., and S. J. Rymph. 2005. Definitions of feed analysis methods as sources of error in nutritional models. Animal Science Modelers Meeting, Cinncinati, OH. July 23, 2005.

Hall, M. B. 2005. Ruminal acidosis: beyond the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1): 377.

Hall, M. B. 2005. Starches and sugars: conceptual and analytical challenges. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1): 347.

Hanigan, M. D., H. G. Bateman, J. G. Fadel, and J. P. McNamara. 2005. Metabolic models of ruminant metabolism: Recent improvements and current status. J. Dairy Sc. (Suppl. 1):125 (Abstr.).

Hippen, A. R. 2005. Dietary supplements for prevention of fatty liver and ketosis. Journal of Dairy Science 88:1921 (abstr).

Jones, C., E. Pajor, S. Donkin, J. Marchant-Forde, and M.M. Schutz. 2005. Effect of recorded calf vocalizations on milk production with an automatic milking system. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1617.

Karnati, S.K.R., J.T. Sylvester, Z. Yu, N.R. St-Pierre, and J.L. Firkins. 2005. Detecting changes in bacterial and protozoal populations in ruminal and omasal samples from cows fed supplemental methionine. Proc. Conf. Gastrointestinal Function, p. 13.

Kleinschmit, D. H., Ladd, J. M., Schingoethe, D. J., Kalscheur, K. F., Hippen, A. R. 2005. Ruminal and intestinal digestibility of distillers grains with solubles varies by source. Journal of Dairy Science 88(Suppl 1):186 (abstr).

Kleinschmit, D. H., Schingoethe, D. J., Kalscheur, K. F., Hippen, A. R. 2005. Evaluation of various sources of corn distillers dried grains plus solubles (DDGS) for lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 88:1922 (abstr).

Lew BJ, Liesman JS, VanDorp TE, Oliveira MDS, Sipkovsky S, VandeHaar MJ 2005 Effects of diet and bST on gene expression profile in the liver of heifers. J Animal Sci 83 (Suppl 1):25.

Lew BJ, Liesman JS, Oliveira MDS, VandeHaar MJ 2005 Effects of diet and bST on expression of leptin and leptin-receptor in mammary parenchyma of heifers. J Animal Sci 83 (Suppl 1):209.

Mpapho, G. S., Hippen, A. R., Kalscheur, K. F., Schingoethe, D. J. 2005. Long term feeding of wet corn distillers grains and lactation performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88(Suppl 1):394 (abstr).

Nafikov, R.A., B.N. Ametaj, G. Bobe, K.J. Koehler, J.W. Young, and D.C. Beitz. 2004. Prevention of fatty liver in transition dairy cows by subcutaneous glucagon injections. A-41, 12th Int. Conf. Prod. Farm Animals, p. 40.

Reveneau, C., M.L. Eastridge, and J.L. Firkins. 2005. Source and amount of pelleted cottonseed influences fat digestibility and milk fat composition through ruminal metabolism of fatty acids in lactating cows. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):372-373.

Reynal, S.M., I.R. Ipharraguerre, M. Liñeiro, A.F. Brito, G.A. Broderick, and J.H. Clark. 2005. Ruminal Outflow of Soluble Amino Acid Fractions in Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):89.

Reynolds, C., B. Bequette, and J. Knapp. 2005. Nutrient supply for milk production by splanchnic tissues in dairy cows. JDS 88(Suppl.1):124.

Rodriguez, S.M., C.A. Bidwell, and S.S. Donkin. 2005. Translational efficiency of bovine pyruvate carboxylase 5 untranslated region mRNA variants. FASEB J. 19:A317.

Sumner, J.S. and J. P. McNamara 2005. Effects of dietary chromium propionate and calcium propionate on adipose tissue metabolism and milk production of dairy cattle in the transition period. J. Dairy Sci 88(Suppl 1): 167.

Tyrrell, H, and K.A. Cummins. Metabolic relationships in supply of nutrients in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl.1): 124.

Tyler, P. J., K. A. Cummins, C. W. Wood, and B. Wood. 2005. Effect of season on ammonia volatilization from urine and beef and dairy feces. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl.1): 44.

Ungerfeld, E., Bequette, B.J., Owens, S.L., & Kohn, R. (2005) Measurement of volatile fatty acid interconversion as a means to study the role of thermodynamics in the control of fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1)

VandeHaar M 2005 The energy system of the 2001 Dairy NRC: Challenges for a ration formulation program. J Animal Sci 83 (Suppl 1):393.

Van Saun, R. J., A. Todd, G.A. Varga. 2005. Serum Mineral Concentrations and Risk of Periparturient Disease. Amer. Assoc. Bov. Pract.

Wang, L., B. Ametaj, J.A. Story, S.S. Donkin, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Milkfat naturally enriched with conjugated linoleic acid alters expression of genes for lipid metabolism in the liver, but not in adipose tissue in growing female rats. FASEB J. 19:A1501.

Williams, E.L., S. Rodriguez, D.C. Beitz, and S.S. Donkin. 2005. Effects of short-term glucagon administration on gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver of mid-lactation dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1)/J. Anim. Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1):79.

Donkin, S.S., J.R. Knapp, M.J. VandeHaar and B.J. Bequette. 2005. Regulation of Key Metabolic Processes in Lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1):124.

Williams, E.L., S.M. Rodriguez, D.C. Beitz, and S.S. Donkin. 2005. Effects of short-term glucagon administration on gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver of mid-lactation dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl 1):79

Theses and Dissertations

Braud, T. W., 2005. Effects of Protein Sources with Differing Ruminal Degradation Characteristics on Nutrient Digestibilities and Flows through Various Segments of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Non-lactating Hostein Cows. M. S. Thesis, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge.

Bedgar, S. E. December 2004. Metabolism of Fatty Acids from Canola Supplemented Dairy Lactation Diets. M.S. Thesis,

Golombeski, G. L. 2005. Slow-release urea and highly fermentable sugars in diets fed to lactating dairy cows. M.S. Thesis, South Dakota State University, 71 pp.

Linke, P. L., Hippen, A. R. 2005. Ruminal and plasma responses in dairy cows to drenching or feeding glycerol. South Dakota State University Journal of Undergraduate Research 3:49-60.