Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

See attached file below for a shorter, more multistate focused 2024 report.

We held the NC1180 2024 meeting August 6 to 7 at the new Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. The meeting was hosted by Drs. Mohamed El-Gazzar and Yuko Sato. This year we modified the meeting agenda; rather than having each station provide its report, the program highlighted topics within each project objective that the group considered relevant to discuss. In addition, the program included two invited speakers—Dr. Mia Torchetti from the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) USDA presented an update on avian influenza in poultry and milking cows. Dr. Steven Clark from HUVEPHARMA updated the group on the introduction and spread of avian metapneumovirus in the United States. We have approximately 33 participants; around 21 were online, and 12 were on-site. This new agenda format allowed for more fruitful discussion. We were able to discuss the relevance of the NC1180 group as a "think tank" on poultry diseases and recognized the value of the group as a safe space to discuss and collaborate. During the meeting the group voted and appointed Dr. Ruediger Hauck as NC1180 Secretary to replace Dr. Brian Jordan the former group Secretary.  This is the last year of Dr. Maricarmen García serving as Chair of the group. One of the items in agenda for the 2025 meeting is to elect a new Chair.  This October we started the first year of the new project entitle “Endemic and Emerging Infectious Diseases of Poultry in the U.S.”

OBJECTIVE 1 - Investigate the ecology of poultry respiratory diseases and their role in poultry flocks.  AL & SEPRL (EEAVD) are conducting surveillance and genetic characterization of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in commercial poultry and wild birds using novel sequencing protocol to increase sequencing depth and data quality. CA is conducting surveillance on infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in broiler and layers. The most prevalent genotype was the CA/2228 variant detected in 38% followed by 26% of the cases were Mass strain associated to the use of the Mass vaccine in the region. CT is conducting surveillance for avian influenza (AI) from live bird markets, domestic poultry and wild birds using AI matrix specific PCR followed by H5 and H7 specific PCR assays. Fifteen samples were positive for H5N1 HPAIV subtype and confirmed by USDA Ames Iowa, laboratory. Eighty-five samples from wild birds were PCR positive for AI matrix gene but were negative for H5 and H7 subtypes. DE continues to provide diagnostic services and reported the prevalence of mixed respiratory infections of IBV and NDV (n = 17), IBV and Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) (n=25), IBV and Ornitobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) (n = 100) and IBV and avian metapneumovirus B (AMPV B) (n=137). MD in collaboration with IA continue to grow their sequence data base of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) for epidemiological analysis of MG and MS populations from 21 different countries. SEPRL (EEAVD) & OH used machine learning algorithms to inform about risk factors analyses of poultry diseases. GA conducted genotyping in 79 cases of ILTV (66 from broilers, 11 from breeders, and 2 from layers) and found that 83% percent of the samples belonged to genotype VI, genotype associated with field isolates and not to vaccine strains. GA is collaborating with IA to genotype ILTV samples from layer production sites to compare prevalence of specific genotypes in broiler and layer sites. IA conducted active surveillance on non-pathogenic Avibacterium paragallinarum (npAP) from 80 clinically normal laying sites across 13 U.S. states. A total of 710 oropharyngeal (O.P.) swab pools (5 swabs/pool) were screened by qPCR and followed by differential qPCR assays. Results revealed that 231 swab pools were positive for npAP (32.5%), representing 28 positives of 80 (35%) tested sites distributed among eight states. Multiage layer complexes showed the highest percent positivity (57.5%) compared to all-in/all-out production systems (12.5%).

OBJECTIVE 2 - Develop new and improved diagnostic tools for poultry respiratory diseases. CA has a establish an Avibacterium paragallinarum genotyping assay. Following specific parameters for the sequence analysis of the HMTp210 gene resulted in close association between genogroups and serovars. This genotype assay provides ready-to-use information which serve as a basis to updated strains included in the vaccines. GA found that there were not significant differences in the sensitivity of detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) by real-time PCR when pools of 5 or 11 swabs where tested as long there is a strong positive swab, when weak positive swabs were pooled the detection of MG or MS was compromised by pooling swabs. DE added real-time PCRs and Sanger sequencing assays to detect and identify avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtypes A, B and C.  GA utilized nanopore sequencing of the avian reovirus Sigma C gene and compared it to the standard protocol of cloning the Sigma C gene and perform Sanger sequencing on five clones to resolve the group of mixed viral populations in the sample. Nanopore sequencing correlated strongly with the cloning/sequencing protocol results. In addition, nanopore low-level reads revealed additional viral populations not detected by cloning. The co-circulation of non-pathogenic (np) and pathogenic (p) Avibacterium paragallinarum represent a significant challenge in diagnosing Infectious coryza (IC). IA is developing real-time PCR assays specific to amplify npAP (np-HMTp210) and pAP (hctA) genes; these assays showed high specificity, sensitivity, and efficiencies. However, ongoing surveillance uncovered a new population of npAP. Ongoing work is focused on designing and validating new primers and probes to increase the specificity of the nAP and pAP assays. IA & SEPRL (EEAVD) are collaborating to customize, optimize, and validate Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) multiplex-assay for the rapid identification and genetic characterization of IBV, AIV, and velogenic (v) NDV. Also, based on ONT sequencing protocols, IA & SEPRL (EEAVD), are customizing and validating point-of-care diagnostic (POCD) tools for the accurate and rapid identification and characterization of AIV and vND. IL & DE are currently collaborating to express and purify chicken complement and complement receptors proteins and to develop antibodies against these proteins to study interactions in the presence of avian herpesvirus (ILTV, MDV) infection to understand how these viruses transmit from chicken to chicken and establish infection. NE developed a whole blood assay to measure IL-6 induction after a 24-hours activation period with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the primary cell type responsible for IL-6 production are peripheral blood monocyte. The IL-6 whole blood assay is easy to perform and can be used to determine which vaccines and vaccine strategies enhance the innate immune response. OH, is developing an epithelial cell line derived from the upper respiratory tract of turkeys as a tool to improve the isolation of viral respiratory agents affecting turkeys.  SEPRL (EEAVD) continues to optimize the non-target RNA depletion protocols for random sequencing of total RNA for detection of pathogens in poultry samples to establish next generation sequencing (NGS), both Illumina and Nanopore MinION technologies, as a front-line diagnostic and surveillance tool. SEPRL (EEAVD) in collaboration with AL has developed and optimized the Enzyme linked lectin assay (ELLA) for avian orthoavulavirus 1(AOaV-1) (NDV) strains. ELLA is a functional assay that allows to characterize the NA activity of AOAV-1, and the assay can also be used as antibody test like the hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) test. ELLA neuraminidase inhibition (NI) correlated well with the HI antibody titer.  The ELLA-NI showed higher sensitivity than the HI test and has high-throughput screening capability.

OBJECTIVE 3 - Elucidate the pathogenesis of poultry respiratory diseases. Diseases of viral etiology. AL performed a comprehensive study to show that IBVARK-type viruses associated with broiler disease outbreaks emerged by selecting vaccine subpopulations and through naturally occurring recombination events. This study also showed that although variant strains emerged from ARKDPI vaccination, this vaccine no longer induced adequate protection against these variants. AL evaluated the IgG antibody responses in serum (systemic), IgA antibody responses in lacrimal fluid (local), and cellular responses in the Harderian gland (HG) induced by vaccination with La Sota NDV vaccine in the presence and absence of maternal-derived antibodies (MDA). Unlike the interference shown by MDA on vaccine-induced serum antibody responses, MDA does not interfere with the mucosal immune response of the HG. AL assessed host gene expression by RNAseq in the Harderian gland (HG) and trachea (TC) of specific pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial broilers (NDV maternal antibodies positive) vaccinated at 1 and 14 days of age with La Sota NDV vaccine and the HG and TC were collected 24- and 48-hours following vaccination. Most differential expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with innate immunity and viral genome replication inhibition, but the correlation between host gene expression and viral shedding analysis remains pending. AL is developing a protein histochemistry assay to determine changes in the tropism and virulence of newly emerging NDV strains. NE used a chicken egg embryo model and an IBV vaccine strain has provided evidence of Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) occurring in vitro with the avian infectious bronchitis virus. This finding has significant implications for the poultry industry, as ADE is a phenomenon in which non-neutralizing antibodies or suboptimal levels of neutralizing antibodies facilitate cell entry and promote increased viral replication. The potential for ADE to occur in IBV-vaccinated or infected commercial poultry is a crucial consideration for disease management and vaccine development. AL & SEPRL (EEAVD) aims to identify the immune mechanisms behind avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccines that elicit a rapid onset and broadly protective immunity. In collaboration CA & GA are studying the role of passive immunity (maternal antibodies) in preventing the development of chronic microscopic lesions in kidneys and oviducts of mature layers caused by the early exposure to IBV. Findings indicate that rather than the IBV strain, lack of adequate maternal antibody levels at early IBV vaccination or challenge will cause microscopic lesions that could increase the incidence of disease throughout the bird's life. GA and SEPRL (ENAVD) are collaborating in obtaining whole genome sequences of avian reoviruses (ARV) associated with clinical cases of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis and of isolates associated with enteric disease with the aim to identify genome regions associated with specific viral pathogenic phenotypes. This study will improve the understanding of the relationship between genetic sequence, pathotype, and pathogenicity of ARV isolates from clinical cases belonging to the seven genetic clusters (GC).  Also, SEPRL (ENAVD) in collaboration with GA have identified a novel viral (v)IL-4 in the ILTV genome homologous to the chicken (ck) IL-4 interleukin. Generation of a (v)IL-4 null mutant with in vivo studies demonstrated that the vIL-4 gene plays a role in ILTV virulence. Understanding the mechanisms by which the ILTV v-IL4 manipulates the host immune response could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. MD is using chicken intestinal organoids to dissect the pathogenesis of avian reoviruses (ARV). Two ARV strains were grown in the primary intestinal organoids, one strain causes enteritis but not tenosynovitis and a second strain that causes tenosynovitis but not enteritis. Infection with the enteritis-causing ARV strain led to an elevated expression of inflammatory cytokine genes in the intestinal organoids, significantly reducing their barrier integrity. Meanwhile, the ARV strain that causes tenosynovitis did not show harmful effects on the organoids. Intestinal primary organoids can be used effectively to screen ARV isolates to evaluate whether this cause enteritis. OH, is conducting whole genome sequencing on currently circulating turkey metapneumovirus strains and analyzing the tissue tropism of these APMV strains to identify genome regions associated with viral phenotypes. Also, OH is working on the establishment of a reverse genetic system for IBV with the future goal of modifying strains for potential vaccines. IA obtained whole genome sequences of non-pathogenic Avibacterium paragallinarum (npAP) and compared these to genomes of pathogenic (p) AP isolates which allowed the identification of critical variations between nAP and npAP genomes and among npAP genomes, the major hemagglutinin antigen gene, Hmtp2, revealed three genome clades among npAP isolates.  A challenge study was conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity of the npAP strains and confirmed their apathogenic nature. Furthermore, inoculation with npAP isolates did not induce protection against serotype C pAP challenge. IL in collaboration with SEPRL (ENAVD) is studying the role of gC on the transmission of Herpesvirus of Turkeys (HVT) in turkeys. An HVT commercial clone did not transmit from chicken to chicken but transmitted efficiently from turkey to turkey. Deletion of gC abrogated HVT transmission in turkeys. Consistent with the ability of MDV expressing HVT gC to transmit among chickens, replacement of the HVT gC with the MDV gC in HVT also favored transmission in turkeys. Therefore, the gCs of MDV and MD vaccines were swapped with no apparent effect on transmission. An HVT vaccine expressing MDV gC may enhance MDV-specific immune responses. Future work will resolve host genes relevant to MDV transmission in chickens and turkeys. IN conducted studies to reveal the association of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) protein 5 (VP5) with the cell cycle progression of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Results indicated that IBDV VP5 protein causes cytostasis of chicken embryo fibroblasts at G2/M transition. This work demonstrated that the IBDV VP5 protein is a virulent factor, and there is potential to develop attenuated strains of the virus that induce adequate protection by targeting the VP5 viral protein. Diseases of bacteria etiology. GA has obtained whole genome sequences for M. gallisepticum vaccine-like isolates, and “wild-type” field strains isolated from commercial and non-commercial (backyard/pet) chickens, turkeys, and wild birds across the United States from 1984 – 2024.  Several potential virulence factors were identified among the genomes of MG isolates that vary widely in their relative pathogenicity. Future objective is to identify virulence factors and/or genetic changes associated with antibiotic resistance for the development of genetically modified vaccines and for the judicious use of antibiotics. MD in collaboration with DE and the Depts of Agricultures in MD and OH are investigating the impact of different strains of Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP) infection on the microbiome of the chicken upper respiratory tract (URT). Results indicate that AP infection of the avian URT causes significant changes in the microbial richness and community composition. impact of different AP strains in the URT microbiome did no show significant changes. potential future work will include the study of microbiome changes during pathogen co-infections including AP. IA performed whole genome sequences in non-pathogenic Avibacterium paragallinarum (npAP) isolates from clinically normal layer flocks and when compared to other reference AP genomes critical variations were detected in the major hemagglutinin antigen gene Hmtp210 also revealed three genomes’ clades for npAP.  

OBJECTIVE 4 - Develop new prevention and control strategies for poultry respiratory diseases.  Viral Vaccines- AL developed a vaccination strategy for IBV where a recombinant NDV La Sota co-expressing the trimeric spike ectodomain (SE) of the ARK-DPI and the chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) (rLS/Ark.Se.GMCSF) was co-administered with Massachusetts (Mass) live vaccine at hatch. The recombinant virus enhanced cross-protection against the heterologous challenge. Thus, rLS/GMCSF co-expressing the Se of regionally relevant IBV serotypes can be used in combination with live Mass to protect against regionally circulating IBV variant strains. CA investigated how to extend the protective effects of IBV maternal-derived antibodies by passively immunizing chickens at hatch via spray. IBV passive immunization at hatch effectively reduced the clinical signs and trachea pathology in a dose-dependent manner, but it did not affect viral load in the trachea. Passive immunization against IBV could postpone vaccination and prevent detrimental long-term reproductive effects of IBV infection and vaccination. CT is developing a platform to produce IBV S1 mRNA vaccine formulated in cationic BSA-polyamine nanocomplex. An mRNA vaccine platform against IBV will allow the swift production of multiple serotypes of IBV vaccines. GA demonstrated that eye drop immunizations at hatch followed by boost at 14 days of age with ILTV glycoproteins B, D, and I DNA plasmid pools were effective in reducing mortalities and clinical signs of the disease after challenge but failed to decrease challenge virus replication in the trachea. This study opens the possibility of applying ILTV DNA vaccines via mucosal routes, but further optimization is necessary. GA assessed the replication and protection efficacy of administering the ILTV CEO vaccine in the hatchery via gel drop. When administered at hatch, active CEO vaccine replication persisted for longer than when administered at 10 days of age. Vaccination at the day of age via oral gel and eye drop at ten days prevented mortalities and clinical signs and reduced the challenge of virus replication. However, as compared to chickens vaccinated at the day of age, chickens vaccinated at ten days of age showed a more effective reduction of challenge virus replication, revealing that vaccination at the day of age is not as safe and effective as when the vaccine is administered at ten days of age. GA will utilize commercial and experimental modified live and inactivated avian reovirus (ARV) vaccine combinations to evaluate the immune response following vaccination and investigate the duration of immunity provided by homologous and heterologous vaccination.  SEPRL (EEAVD) evaluated the protection efficacy of two commercially available avian influenza (AI) herpes virus of turkeys (rHVT) vector vaccines against challenge with a recent North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAI virus in specific pathogen-free white leghorn (WL) chickens and commercial broiler chickens this study also showed that ELLA can be a viable option for DIVA surveillance. SEPRL (ENAVD) has developed a temperature-sensitive platform of novel recombinants based on the La Sota vaccine strain as a vector that expresses the prefusion conformation of glycoprotein B of ILTV in monomeric and trimeric configurations as well as generated NDV recombinants expressing secreted ILTV antigens and ILTV/NDV chimeric antigens, for incorporation of ILTV antigens into the NDV envelop. Also, based on a chicken Beta globin mRNA, the ILTV gB mRNAs expressing gB in monomeric and trimeric configurations have been developed. Biosecurity-Education-Outreach programs. NE continues using the "Big Red Biosecurity Program" outreach efforts to provide information on how to improve biosecurity to avoid the introduction of Avian Influenza. MD has established an extension program to facilitate passive and active control of HPAI outbreaks. The group performs biosecurity compliance audits and implements risk-based planning to improve outbreak responses. DE has established multiple training programs aimed to the identification and response funded by the National Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Program (NADPRP). 

*** Indicates collaboration NC1180 members.

Abd-Elsalam RM, Najimudeen SM, Mahmoud ME, Hassan MSH, Gallardo RA, Abdul-Careem MF. Differential Impact of Massachusetts, Canadian 4/91, and California (Cal) 1737 Genotypes of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection on Lymphoid Organs of Chickens. Viruses. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030326

Bakre A, Kariithi HM, Suarez DL. Alternative probe hybridization buffers for target RNA depletion and viral sequence recovery in NGS for poultry samples. J Virol Methods. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114793

Buter R, Feberwee A, de Wit S, Heuvelink A, da Silva A, Gallardo RA, Soriano Vargas E, Swanepoel S, Jung A, Tödte M, Dijkman R. Molecular characterization of the HMTp210 gene of Avibacterium paragallinarum and the proposition of a new genotyping method as alternative for classical serotyping. Avian Pathol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2023.2239178

***Campler MR, Cheng TY, Lee CW, Hofacre CL, Lossie G, Silva GS, El-Gazzar MM, Arruda AG. Investigating the uses of machine learning algorithms to inform risk factor analyses: The example of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci. 2024. https://doi.org10.1016/j.rvsc

***Campler MR, Hashish A, Ghanem M, El-Gazzar MM, Arruda AG. Space-Time Patterns of Poultry Pathogens in the USA: A Case Study of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and Pasteurella multocida in Turkey Populations. Pathogens. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12081004

***Chaves M, Hashish A, Osemeke O, Sato Y, Suarez DL, El-Gazzar M. Evaluation of Commercial RNA Extraction Protocols for Avian Influenza Virus Using Nanopore Metagenomic Sequencing. Viruses. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091429

Cuadrado C, Breedlove C, van Santen E, Joiner KS, van Santen VL, Toro H. Protection Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine Recombinants and Chicken-Selected Vaccine Subpopulations. Avian Dis. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00064

Davison S, Tracy L, Kelly DJ, Bender SJ, Pierdon MK, Mills J, Barnhart DJ, Licciardello S, Mohamed Anis EA, Wallner-Pendleton E, Dunn P, Robinson C, Ladman B, Kuchipudi SV. Avian Dis. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00073

Egana-Labrin S, Broadbent AJ. Avian reovirus: a furious and fast evolving pathogen. J Med Microbiol. 2023 https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001761

Espejo R, Breedlove C, da Silva LF, Joiner K, Toro H. Cross-Protection Conferred by Combined Vaccine Containing Infectious Bronchitis Virus Attenuated Massachusetts and Recombinant LaSota Virus Expressing Arkansas Spike. Avian Dis. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00031

Espejo R, Breedlove C, Toro H. Immune Responses in the Harderian Gland after Newcastle Disease Vaccination in Chickens with Maternal Antibodies. Avian Dis. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00007

Garcia G Jr, Irudayam JI, Jeyachandran AV, Dubey S, Chang C, Castillo Cario S, Price N, Arumugam S, Marquez AL, Shah A, Fanaei A, Chakravarty N, Joshi S, Sinha S, French SW, Parcells MS, Ramaiah A, Arumugaswami V. Innate immune pathway modulator screen identifies STING pathway activation as a strategy to inhibit multiple families of arbo and respiratory viruses. Cell Rep Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm

***Ghanem M, Hashish A, Chundru D, El-Gazzar M. Complete Genome Sequence and Annotation of Malacoplasma iowae Type Strain 695, Generated Using PacBio Sequencing. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023. https://doi.org//10.1128/mra.00490-22

***Ghanem M, Hashish A, Chundru D, El-Gazzar M. Complete Genome Sequence and Annotation of Malacoplasma iowae Type Strain 695, Generated Using PacBio Sequencing. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00490-22

Hardy M, Williams C, Ladman B, Pitesky M, Overton C, Casazza M, Matchett E, Prosser D, Buler J. Examining inter-regional and intra-seasonal Differences in Wintering Waterfowl Habitat Use Among Pacific and Atlantic Flyways and its Application for Food Security in the U.S. Authorea. 2024. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.171032186.69221006/v1

Hashish A, Chaves M, Macedo NR, Sato Y, Schmitz-Esser S, Wilson D, El-Gazzar M. Complete genome sequences generated using hybrid Nanopore-Illumina assembly of two non-typical Avibacterium paragallinarum strains isolated from clinically normal chicken flocks. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00128-23

Hashish A, Johnson TJ, Chundru D, Williams ML, Sato Y, Macedo NR, Clessin A, Gantelet H, Bost C, Tornos J, Gamble A, LeCount KJ, Ghanem M, Boulinier T, El-Gazzar M. Complete Genome Sequences of Two Pasteurella multocida Isolates from Seabirds. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01365-22

Hashish A, Johnson TJ, Smith E, Chundru D, Williams ML, Macedo NR, Sato Y, Ghanem M, El-Gazzar M. Complete Genome Sequences of Three Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale Strains from Avian Sources, Using Hybrid Nanopore-Illumina Assembly. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01059-22

Hashish A, McKeen L, Sato Y, El-Gazzar M. Development and Evaluation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Challenge Model in Layer Pullets. Avian Dis. 2024. https://doi.org//10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00045

Helmy YA, El-Adawy H, Sanad YM, Ghanem M. Editorial: Food safety and public health. Front Microbiol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1169139

Jude R, da Silva AP, Rejmanek D, Crossley B, Jerry C, Stoute S, Gallardo RA. Whole-genome sequence of a genotype VIII infectious bronchitis virus isolated from California layer chickens in 2021. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023.  https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00959-22

***Jude R, da Silva AP, Slay AM, Luciano RL, Jordan B, Gallardo RA. Mitigation of False Layer Syndrome Through Maternal Antibodies Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Dis. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00039

Lee CW, Bakre A, Olivier TL, Alvarez-Narvaez S, Harrell TL, Conrad SJ. Toll-like Receptor Ligands Enhance Vaccine Efficacy against a Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Challenge in Chickens. Pathogens. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101230

Lee J, Lee CW, Suarez DL, Lee SA, Kim T, Spackman E. Efficacy of commercial recombinant HVT vaccines against a North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. PLoS One. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307100

Lopes TSB, Nankemann J, Breedlove C, Pietruska A, Espejo R, Cuadrado C, Hauck R. Changes in the Transcriptome Profile in Young Chickens after Infection with LaSota Newcastle Disease Virus. Vaccines (Basel). 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060592

McDuie F, Overton C, Lorenz A, Matchett E, Mott A, Mackell D, Ackerman J, De La Cruz S, Patil V, Prosser D, Takekawa J, Orthmeyer D, Pitesky M, Diaz-Muñoz S, Riggs B, Gendreau J, Reed E, Petrie M, Williams C, Buler J, Hardy M, Ladman B, Legagneux P, Bêty J, Thomas P, Rodrigue j, Lefebvre J, Casazza M. Mitigating Risk: Predicting H5N1 Avian Influenza Spread with an Empirical Model of Bird Movement.  Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5525298

Palomino-Tapia VA, Zavala G, Cheng S, Garcia M. Attenuation of a Field Strain of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus in Primary Chicken Culture Cells and Adaptation to Secondary Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts. Poultry. 2023.  https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2040038

Ramsubeik S, Stoute S, Gallardo RA, Crossley B, Rejmanek D, Jude R, Jerry C. Infectious Bronchitis Virus California Variant CA1737 Isolated from a Commercial Layer Flock with Cystic Oviducts and Poor External Egg Quality. Avian Dis. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00014

Reynolds DL, Simpson EB, Hille MM, Jia B. A Whole Blood Method for Assessing the Innate Immune Response in Chickens. Poultry. 2024.  https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry3030016

Reynolds DL, Simpson EB, Hille MM. Evidence for Antibody Dependent Enhancement for an Avian Coronavirus. International Journal of Veterinary Science. 2024. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijvs/2024.159

Spackman E, Suarez DL, Lee CW, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Lee SA, Youk S, Ibrahim S. Efficacy of inactivated and RNA particle vaccines against a North American Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. Vaccine. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.070

Wang, Y, Saelao P, Chanthavixay G, Gallardo, RA, Wolc A, Fulton, JE, Dekkers JM, Lamont SJ, Kelly, TR, Zhou H. Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes Affecting Response to Heat Stress with Newcastle Virus Infection in Commercial Layer Chicks Using Chicken 600K SNP Array. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052640

Xu H, Vega-Rodriguez W, Campos V, Jarosinski KW. mRNA Splicing of UL44 and Secretion of Alphaherpesvirinae Glycoprotein C (gC) Is Conserved among the Mardiviruses. Viruses. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050782

Zhou H, Baltenweck I, Dekkers J, Gallardo R, Kayang BB, Kelly T, Msoffe PLM, Muhairwa A, Mushi J, Naazie A, Otsyina HR, Ouma E, Lamont SJ. Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry: a holistic approach to improve indigenous chicken production focusing on resilience to Newcastle disease. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 2024.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2024.2321350Top of FormTop of Form

Ahmed Ali, R.A. Gallardo, F.A. Careem. Comparative pathogenicity of CA1737/04 and Mass infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in laying chickens. Comparative immunology microbiology and infectious diseases. 2023. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. Accepted. 

da Silva AP, Buter R, Mills J, Dijkman R, Feberwee A, Beckstead R, Huberman Y, Jonas M, Malena R, Paolicchi F, Gallardo RA. Infectious Coryza Classification, Diagnostics, and a comprehensive investigation on the HMTp210 gene of Avibacterium paragallinarum. Avian Dis.2024 Submitted.

Lane J, Chenais E, Bird B, Vidal G, Zhou H, van Hoy G, Gallardo RA, Roug A, Smith W, Kelly T. A One Health Approach to Reducing Livestock Disease Prevalence in Developing Countries: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. In Press.

Nguyen V, Stoute S, Ramsubeik S, Miller I, Jerry C, Corsiglia, and Gallardo RA. Epidemiological patterns of the infectious coryza outbreak in California 2016-2022. Avian Diseases. Accepted.

Hashish A, Johnson TJ, Ghanem M, Sato Y, Macedo NR, LeCount KJ, El-Gazzar M. Complete Genome Sequences of Eight Pasteurella multocida Isolates Representing All Lipopolysaccharide Outer Core Loci. “Microbiology Resource Announcements – Accepted – September 2024”.