Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

March 19 – March 21, 2024, Grand Junction, CO

Executive Summary

1. Attendees: Alan Blaylock (Nutrien), Chris Rogers (USDA-ARS), Matt Yost (Utah State University), Ken Greer (Western Ag) , Erik Wardle (Colorado State University), Amber Moore (Oregon State University), Jared Spackman (University of Idaho), Troy Bauder (Colorado State University), Robert Miller (ALP Labs), Grant Cardon (Utah State University), Katie Lewis (Texas A&M), Eric Mcgee (Qualitech)
2. WERA103 Leadership Election: Christopher W. Rogers, Past-Chair; Matt Yost, President; Vice-Chair, Ken Greer; Secretary, Jared Spackman.
   1. Ken Greer stepped down due to a lack of availability following the meeting.
3. WERA103 Renewal

Executive committee will work on project renewal for January of 2025

4. WNMC Updates:

Group consensus is to continue with the WNMC as a stand-alone meeting to be held in a location that is suitable. Conference Chair – Amber Moore.

5. Crops and Soils Magazine (Chris Rogers):

Chris Rogers as past-chair. Christopher Rogers (crop nutrient uptake), Eric Bremer (Zn supply from black carbon), Alan Blaylock (Sulfur oxidation), Eric Wardle (Edge-of-field water quality), N response in small grains (Jared Spackman & Chris Rogers)

6. State Reports (Chris Rogers):

Standard formatting was used and streamlined process. Will continue with this practice. (see attached state report file)

7. Objective Discussion:

Discussed accomplishments and new tasks for each objective.

By Objective

Objective #1: Develop and/or improve nutrient recommendations for diverse cropping systems based on soil, water, and plant analysis results and management strategies in the Western Region.

Peer-reviewed book chapters, journal, and extension articles were published by members of the group with 100s of presentations at various professional and grower meetings. Additionally, a range of online material and user-friendly calculators have been developed.

FRST Tool will be going live in upcoming months including data from the western US.

Sulfur fertilizer and environmental impacts is of increasing interest with papers discussing positive and negatives being brought to the forefront.

Increasing acidification of western soils is reducing crop yields and multi-state update of lime recommendations in Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and Washington. A white paper on this is available. Has produced a better understanding of lime calibrations and needs.

Idaho - Sugarbeet yield has increased but nitrogen requirements have not. Tarkalson and Rogers are currently updating recommendations in collaboration with the Amalgamated Sugar Company.

Industry-sponsored research at several universities developed through collaborations and trust built through WERA-103 coordination. Example is Nutrien sponsoring nutrient trials on 4R practices of various products at about $50,000 in funding for WERA-103 members.

Idaho (Spackman) research on mustard that will help improve recommendations in Utah and Montana as well.

California (Geisler): Continued improvement on tools for Californian growers http://geisseler.ucdavis.edu/Online_Tools.html  

Objective #2: Promote effective use of soil, water, plant, manure and compost analytical information.

Expansion of the multi-state Agricultural Laboratory Proficiency Program and the growing Manure and Compost Analysis Proficiency programs (Robert Miller, CSU)

North American Proficiency Testing (NAPT) Program (with the Soil Science Society of America) continues to be coordinated, supported and utilized by members of WERA-103 with Bryan Hopkins as the program lead.

Repurposing nutrients:

Several ongoing efforts on capturing, repurposing, and recycling nutrients from byproducts, wastes, etc. 

Idaho – phosphorus removal from waste streams of dairy cattle and fish farms as a source of crop nutrients.

Environmental Quality:

Greenhouse gas emissions work by USDA-ARS in Idaho (Rob Dungan and Chris Rogers).

Phosphorus legacy work in coordinated nationwide USDA-ARS project including Idaho.

Manure priming and legacy work in coordinated nationwide USDA-ARS project including Idaho.

Soil Health:

Soil Health Institute collaborated with several Western states to collect soils data from long-term trials that resulted in several manuscripts.

Nitro alfalfa as an organic N source for small grains (Spackman).

Research on long-term changes from single time manure applications (Tarkalson, Dungan, Rogers)

Objective #3: Provide education on the principles of soil-plant-animal-water system management and the tools and practices that lead to sustainable agricultural production

WERA-103 members have provided many presentations and talks for both agriculture producers, industry personnel, and other researchers.

Articles were published in Crop and Soil Magazine with a circulation of ~15,000

A wide-range of online tools developed by UC-Davis, Oregon State University,  and other institutions.

PUBLICATIONS

California

i) Peer-reviewed journal articles

Andrews, E.M., Rivers, D.J., Gaudin, A.C.M., Geisseler, D., Brown, P.H., Khalsa, S.D.S., 2023. In a nutshell: almond hull and shell organic matter amendments increase soil and tree potassium status. Plant and Soil. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06361-4

Yu, C., Geisseler, D., Brown, P.H., Khalsa, S.D.S., 2023. Distribution of potassium, calcium and magnesium ions from potassium fertilizers in columns of orchard soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 87, 572-585. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20535

Lazicki, P., Geisseler, D., Smith, E., Lloyd, M., 2023. Nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in field-grown heirloom tomato cultivar ‘Brandywine‘. Agronomy Journal 115, 945–957. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21235

Khattar, R., Mansour, F., Abou Najm, M., Al-Hindi, M., Yassine, A., Chamas, Z., Geisseler, D., 2023. Incorporating nitrogen in the water-energy-food nexus: An optimization approach. Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy 4, 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100036

Geisseler, D., Vazquez, M., Savidge, M., Lloyd, M., 2023. Effect of grafting and cover crop quality on nitrogen uptake from different pools by drip irrigated heirloom tomatoes in an open field trial. Journal of Plant Nutrition 46, 1822-1835. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2022.2103710

ii) Extension bulletins, factsheets, and publications

Smith, R., Brennan, E., Arias, J.P.D., Geisseler, D., Henry, P., Kasapligil, D., LeBlanc, N., Lowell, K., Mitchell, J., Muramoto, J., Schmidt, R., Kate Scow, K., Wang, Y. Soil Heath and its Impact on Soilborne Disease. Salinas Valley Agriculture Blog.

Diaz, J., Soto, R., Geisseler, D. Lessons learned from a 3-year study on improving irrigation and nitrogen management in fresh market onions in California. Amazing Onion - A newsletter of the National Onion Association, XLI(2): 4-5.

Geisseler, D. Nitrogen Mineralization from Organic Fertilizers and Composts. Proceedings of the Western Nutrient Management Conference, 15: 7-10.

Mathesius, K., Geisseler, D., Savidge, M., Lundy, M., Nelson, T., Andersen, N. Biosolids-based Fertilizers as a Nitrogen Source in California Small Grains Systems. Proceedings of the Western Nutrient Management Conference, 15: 21-24.

Diaz, J., Geisseler, D., Soto, R. Do wider beds in fresh market onion production increase total water productivity? Progressive Crop Consultant, (September/October) 24-27.

Gazula, A., Dahlquist-Willard, R., Geisseler, D. Evaluation of Nitrogen Uptake and Applied Irrigation Water in Asian Vegetables Bok Choy, Water Spinach, Garlic Chives, Moringa, and Lemongrass. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Fertilizer Research and Education Program Conference, 31: 11-13.

Muramoto, J., Cahn, M., Smith, R., Geisseler, D. Developing a Nitrogen Mineralization Model for Organically Managed Vegetable Farms on the Central Coast. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Fertilizer Research and Education Program Conference, 31: 18-22.

Smith, R., Cahn, M., Muramoto, J., Geisseler, D. Immobilization of Nitrate in Winter-Fallow Vegetable Production Beds to Reduce Nitrate Leaching. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Fertilizer Research and Education Program Conference, 31: 23-27.

Geisseler, D., Parikh, S., Clark, N., Leinfelder-Miles, M., Light, S., Mathesius, K., Wilson, R. Development of site-specific nitrogen fertilization recommendations for annual crops. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Fertilizer Research and Education Program Conference, 31: 34-38.

Montazar, A., Cahn, M., Geisseler, D., Sidhu, J. Enhancing Nitrogen and Water Use Efficiency in California Carrot Production Through Management Tools and Practices. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Fertilizer Research and Education Program Conference, 31: 56-60.

Montazar, A., Geisseler, D., Cahn, M. Developing Tools and Information on Irrigation and Nitrogen Best Management Practices in California’s Low Desert Lettuce Production Systems. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Fertilizer Research and Education Program Conference, 31: 96-100.

Montazar, A., Cahn, M., Sidhu, J., Geisseler, D. Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Strategies. Carrot Country, 31(4): 4-7.

University of Hawai’

i) Peer-reviewed journal articles

Autufuga, D; Quintus, S; Yoo, K; Day, S; Huebert, J; Deenik, J; Lincoln, NK. 2023. Distribution of Soil Nutrients and Ancient Agriculture on Young Volcanic Soils of Ta'u, American Samoa. Soil Systems 7(2) 10.3390/soilsystems7020052

Maaz, T.M., R H. Heck, C T Glazer, M K. Loo, J Rivera Zayas, A Krenz, T Beckstrom, S E. Crow, J L. Deenik. 2023 Measuring the immeasurable: A structural equation modeling approach to assessing soil health, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 870, DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161900

Crow, S., Hubanks, H., Deenik, J.,Maaz, T., Glazer, C.T., Vizka, E., Rivera-Zayas, J., 2023. Legacy of Intensive Agricultural History in the Health of (Sub)Tropical Landscapes. Fronteirs in Environmental Science 10:991262.doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.991262.

Idaho

i) Peer-reviewed journal articles

Leytem, A.B., Moore, A.D., Rogers, C.W., & Dungan, R.S. 2023. Predicting nitrogen mineralization from dairy manure and broadleaf residue in a semiarid cropping system. Accepted. Soil Science Society of America Journal. (ARIS: 402245)

Nouwakpo, K., Bjorneberg, D., & Rogers, C.W. 2023. Patterns and associations between dominant crop productions and water quality in an irrigated watershed. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. Accepted. Journal of Soil & Water Conservation (ARIS: 0000389842)

Olsen, D., Tarkalson, D.D., Bjorneberg, D.L. Comparison of nitrogen recommendation strategies in the Northwest U.S. sugar beet production. Journal of Sugarbeet Research. 60:4-10. 2023.

Rogers, C.W., Marshall, J.M., Butera, M. & Curl, C. 2023. Bromide concentrations in agronomic crops following methyl bromide applications in southeastern Idaho. Journal of Environmental Quality. Accepted. Journal of Environmental Quality. (ARIS: 404879)

Tarkalson, D.D., Olsen, D., Bjorneberg, D.L., Dean, G., and Alder, C. Nitrogen Management in Northwest U.S. Sugar Beet Production. Journal of Sugar Beet Research. 60:11-17. 2023.

ii) Extension bulletins, factsheets, and publications

Spackman, J.A., C.W. Rogers, J.M. Marshall, A. Rashed, and D.W. Morishita. 2023. CIS1217 2023 Southern Idaho Spring Barley Quick Facts.

Minnesota

i) Peer-reviewed journal articles

Frankl, A., K.T. Sherbine, J.S. Strock, F.G. Fernández, A.M. Cates, and L.A. Pease. 2023. Comparing the short- and long-term impacts of subsurface drainage installation on soil physical and biological properties. J. Soil Water Conserv. 78: 457-465. doi: 10.2489/jswc.2023.00147

Sherbine, K.T., A. Frankl, F.G. Fernández, L.A. Pease, and A.M.. Cates. 2023. Haney Soil Health Test changes with season, not subsurface drainage. Agric. Environ. Lett. 8:e20098

Singh, G., V. Sharma, D. Mulla, M. Tahir, and F.G. Fernández. 2023. Effect of irrigation scheduling methods on maize grain yield and nitrate leaching in Central Minnesota. J. Nat. Resour. Agric. Ecosyst. 1:13-31. doi: 10.13031/jnrae.15476.

Bohman, B.J., M.J. Culshaw-Maurer, F. Ben Abdallah, C. Giletto, G. Bélanger, F.G. Fernández, Y. Miao, D.J. Mulla, and C.J. Rosen. 2023. Quantifying critical N dilution curves across G × E × M effects for potato using a partially-pooled Bayesian hierarchical method. Eur. J. Agron. 144: 126744.

Ransom, C. J., N. R. Kitchen, J. J. Camberato, P. R. Carter, R. B. Ferguson, F.G. Fernández, D. W. Franzen, C. A. M. Laboski, D.B. Myers. E. D. Nafziger, J. E. Sawyer, and J.F. Shanahan. 2023. Combining corn N recommendation tools for an improved economical optimal nitrogen rate estimation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 87:902-917.

Shao, H., Y. Miao, F.G. Fernández, N.R. Kitchen, C.J. Ransom, J.J. Camberato, P.R. Carter, R.B. Ferguson, D.W. Franzen, C.A.M. Laboski, E.D. Nafziger, J.E. Sawyer, and J.F. Shanahan. 2023. Evaluating critical nitrogen dilution curves for assessing maize nitrogen status across the US Midwest. Agron. 13:1948.

Montana

i) Peer-reviewed journal articles

Baber, K., Jones, C., McPhee, K., Miller, P. R., & Lamb, P. (2023). Nitrogen fixation among pea and lentil varieties in the Northern Great Plains. Agronomy Journal, 115(5), 2325–2338. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21419

Baber, K., Jones, C., Miller, P., Lamb, P., & Atencio, S. (2023). Lentil nitrogen fixation response to fertilizer and inoculant in the Northern Great Plains. Agronomy Journal, 115(5), 2614–2630. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21421

Fordyce, S. I., Carr, P. M., Jones, C., Eberly, J. O., Sigler, W. A., Ewing, S., & Powell, S. L. (2023). Sentinel-2-based predictions of soil depth to inform water and nutrient retention strategies in dryland wheat. Agricultural Water Management, 289, 108524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108524

Hegedus, P. B., Ewing, S. A., Jones, C., & Maxwell, B. D. (2023). Using spatially variable nitrogen application and crop responses to evaluate crop nitrogen use efficiency. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 126(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-023-10263-3

Miller, P. R., Jones, C. A., Zabinski, C. A., Tallman, S. M., Housman, M. L., D’Agati, K. M., & Holmes, J. A. (2023). Long‐term cover crop effects on biomass, soil nitrate, soil water, and wheat. Agronomy Journal, 115(4), 1705–1722. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21336

ii) Extension bulletins, factsheets, and publications

Jones, C., Olson-Rutz, K., & Barber K. (2023). Soil fertility considerations for market gardens. MontGuide MT202305AG. Montana State University Extension - Bozeman, MT. https://www.montana.edu/extension/montguides/montguidepdfsforstore/MT202305AG%20Soil%20Fertility%20Considerations%20for%20Market%20Gardens.pdf

Oregon

Peer-reviewed journal articles

Blauer, J. M., Sathuvalli Rajakalyan, V., Charlton, B. A., Yilma, S., Shock, C. C., Baley, N. A., Qin, R., Feibert, E. B. G., Novy, R. G., Whitworth, J. L., Pavek, M. J., Knowles, N. R., Knowles, L. O., Fuller, N., Stark, J. C., Spear, R. R., Thornton, M., Olsen, N., Jayanty, S., … Vales, I. (2023). Rainier Russet: A Dual Use Russet Potato with Long Tuber Dormancy, Excellent Process Quality, and High Early Harvest Packaging Efficiency. American Journal of Potato Research.

Christy, I., Myrold, D., Moore, A., Kleber, M. 2023. A mechanistic inquiry into the applicability of Permanganate oxidizable Carbon (PoxC) as a soil health indicator. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 87, 1083-1095.

Dungan, R., Leytem, A., Moore, A. D., Bjorneberg, D., Grace, P., Brunk, C., Rowlings, D. (2023). Growing and non-growing season nitrous oxide emissions from a manured semiarid crop and under irrigation. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 348.

Johnson, Mark G., David M. Olszyk, Tamotsu Shiroyama, Michael A. Bollman, Maliha S. Nash, Viola A. Manning, Kristin M. Trippe, Donald W. Watts, and Jeffrey M. Novak. "Designing amendments to improve plant performance for mine tailings revegetation." Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 6, no. 3 (2023): e20409.

Raza, M. A., Ud Din, A. M., Wang, Z., Gul, H., Rehman, S. U., Bukhari, B., Haider, I., Rahman, M. H., Liang, X., Luo, S., Sabagh, E., Qin, R., & Ma, Z. (2023). Spatial differences influence nitrogen uptake, grain yield, and land-use advantage of wheat/soybean relay intercropping systems. Scientific Reports, 13, 16916. 

Raza, M. A., Wang, Z., Yasin, H. S., Gul, H., Qin, R., Rehman, S. U., Mahmood, A., Iqbal, Z., Ahmed, Z., Rahman, M. H., Luo, S., Chen, J., Liang, X., Gitari, H., Bin Khalid, M. H., Yang, F., & Ma, Z. (2023). Effect of crop combination on yield performance, nutrient uptake, and land use advantage of cereal/legume intercropping systems. Field Crops Research, 304, 109144. 

Rezapour, S., Nouri, A., Asadzadeh, F., Barin, M., Erpul, G., & Qin, R. (2023). Combining chemical and organic treatments enhance remediation performance and soil health in saline-sodic soils. Communications Earth & Environment, 4, 285.

Torabian, S., Farhangi-Abriz, S., Qin, R., Noulas, C., & Wang, G. (2023). Performance of nitrogen fertilization practices and nitrification inhibitor in the irrigated wheat fields. Agronomy, 13(2), 366. 

Torabian, S., Lu, Y., Qin, R., Sathuvalli Rajakalyan, V., Liang, X., Noulas, C., & Charlton, B. A. (2023). Nitrogen Altered Petiole Nutrient Concentration, Yield, and Quality of Castle Russet and Echo Russet Potatoes in an Irrigated Arid Region. American Journal of Potato Research, 100, 464–478. 

ii) Extension bulletins, factsheets, and publications

Sullivan, D. M., Downing, T., Brewer, L. J., and J.M. Hart. (2023). Silage Corn Nutrient Management Guide for Western Oregon (EM 8978). Oregon State University Extension Service. https://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pub/em-8978-silage-corn-nutrient-management-guide-western-oregon

Utah

i) Peer-reviewed journal articles

Petrzelka, P., J. Schad, and M. Yost. 2023. "We’re very late to the party": Motivations and challenges with improving soil health in Utah. Agriculture and Human Values. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-023-10467-x.  

Crookston, B., M. Yost, M. Bowman, K. Veum, and J. Stevens. 2023. Microbial respiration gives early indication of soil health improvement following cover crops. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. Mar 2023, 00015.

ii) Extension bulletins, factsheets, and publications

Zesiger, C., J. Gale, M. Yost, and G. Cardon. 2023. Managing soil pH for crop production in alkaline soils. Utah State Univ. Ext. Fact Sheet. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1922&context=extension_curall.

Miller, R., C. Zesiger, K. Taylor, and M. Yost. 2023. Manure and wastewater sampling guide for field crops. Utah State Univ. Ext. Fact Sheet. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/extension_curall/2370/.

Barker, B., M. Yost, E. Rivers, R. Miller, K. Taylor, T. Evans. 2023. Irrigation water quality sampling guide. Utah State Univ. Ext. Fact Sheet. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/extension_curall/2360/.

Barker, B., G. Cardon, M. Yost, E. Creech, J. Gale, and M. Stock. 2023. Managing saline and sodic soils and irrigation water. Utah State Univ. Ext. Fact Sheet. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/extension_curall/2357/.

Yost, M., G. Cardon, M. Baker, J. Gale, E. Creech, M. Pace, K. Taylor, C. Zesiger, T. Evans, and R. Miller. 2023. Soil sampling guide for field crops. Utah State Univ. Ext. Fact Sheet. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/extension_curall/2329.

Hopkins, B., C. Rogers, and M. Yost. 2023. Soil Health: What We Know—and Don’t Know. Crops & Soils Mag., 56:43-49. https://doi.org/10.1002/crso.20301

Washington

i) Peer-reviewed journal articles

Belo T.R., du Toit L.J., Waters T.D., Derie M.L., Schacht B., and G.T. LaHue. 2023. Reducing the risk of onion bacterial diseases through managing irrigation frequency and final irrigation timing. Agric. Water Manag. 288:108476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108476

Belo T.R., du Toit L.J., and G.T. LaHue. 2023. Reducing the risk of onion bacterial diseases through irrigation, fertility, and other cultural management strategies. Agron. J. 115:459–473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21301

Griffin-LaHue, D., D. Wang, A.C.M. Gaudin, B. Durbin-Johnson, M.L. Settles, K.M. Scow. 2023. Extended soil surface drying triggered by subsurface drip irrigation decouples carbon and nitrogen cycles and alters microbiome composition. Frontiers in Soil Science 3, 1267685. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2023.1267685

Liptzin, D., E.L. Rieke, S.B. Cappellazzi, G. Mac Bean, M. Cope et al. 2023. An evaluation of nitrogen indicators of soil health in long-term agricultural experiments. Soil Science Society of America Journal 87, 868-884. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20558

Lu, Q., R. Bunn, E. Whitney, Y. Feng, L.W. DeVetter, and Haiying Tao. 2023. Arbuscular mycorrhizae influence raspberry growth and soil fertility under conventional and organic fertilization. Frontiers in Microbiology. 14: 1083319.

Seefeldt, S.S., T.M. Una, D. McMoran, B. Maupin, E. Myhre, D. Griffin-LaHue. 2023. Impacts of two years of autumn cover crops in Northwestern Washington on winter annual weed populations. Weed Science 71(2), 150-159. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.7

Sloan C., Wasko DeVetter L., Griffin LaHue D., Benedict C., Bryla D., and G.T. LaHue. In Press. Nitrogen supply from soil organic matter: Predictors and implications for recommended nitrogen application rates in northern highbush blueberry. HortScience.

Waterhouse, H., F. Aburto, G. Rees, D. Griffin-LaHue, W.B. Salls, D.A. Rippner, Z. Tian, K.M. Scow, A.T. O’Geen. 2023. Diversified vegetation types on rangelands promote multiple soil-based ecosystem services. Land Degradation & Development, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4967

ii) Extension bulletins, factsheets, and publications

Breslauer, R., K. Smith, D. Griffin-LaHue. 2023. FS379E: A Practical Guide to Soil Health Indicators for Monitoring Shifts in Soil Organic Matter. WSU Extension. https://pubs.extension.wsu.edu/a-practical-guide-to-soil-health-indicators-for-monitoring-shifts-in-soil-organic-matter

DeVetter, L.W., D. Griffin LaHue, T. Walters, I. Zasada, C. Benedict. 2023. Red raspberry. Chapter in Washington Soil Health Initiative. https://washingtonsoilhealthinitiative.com/roadmap/

LaHue G.T., Belo T., and L. du Toit. 2023. Cultural management strategies to reduce the risk of onion bacterial diseases. Crops & Soils Magazine. 56(5): 22 – 28. Available from: https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/crso.20305

McIlquham, M., M. Moyer, J. Davenport, D. Rippner, D. Gelardi, T. Potter, L. Michel, D. Griffin-LaHue. 2023. FS378E: Soil Health in Washington Vineyards. WSU Extension. https://pubs.extension.wsu.edu/soil-health-in-washington-vineyards