Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

On Wednesday, September 6, 2023, NC1186 members that were attending the meeting in-person arrived in Cincinnati, Ohio. Members met at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden Urban Learning Garden at Rockdale Academy (334 Northern Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229) four a tour. Afterwards, members received a tour of the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden (3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220) to learn about the botanical gardens, plant selection, and water collection and management.

The NC1186 meeting was held Thursday, September 7, 2023 at the Hamilton County Extension Office (2055 Reading Road, Cincinnati, OH 45202) in a hybrid format with participation in-person and virtual via Zoom. The meeting started at 8:30 a.m. EST with welcome and introduction from Dr. W. Garrett Owen, The Ohio State University. Dr. Jeanette Thurston, North Central Executive Director, provided a 30-minute overview and reporting presentation. Starting at 9:15 a.m. EST, station reports from all attendees followed, each lasting approximately 10 minutes with an additional 5 minutes for questions. Presentations were provided via Powerpoint so in-person and virtual attendees could follow. The station reports ended at 12:00 p.m. EST whereupon the business meeting started (also hybrid format).

Dr. W. Garrett Owen, The Ohio State University, opened the business meeting. Dr. Raul Cabrera, Rutgers University, is the incoming chair and Dr. Jake Shreckhise, USDA-National Arboretum, is the incoming Vice-Chair. Dr. Jim Owen, USDA-ARS, motioned to nominated Dr. Ping Nu, University of Georgia, for secretary. Motion was seconded by Dr. James Altland, USDA-ARS. The NC-1186 membership discussed. There was a unanimous vote and Dr. Ping Nu was elected as secretary.

A motion was made by Dr. Jim Owen, USDA-ARS, “To determine 2024 meeting location and date”. Dr. James Altland, USDA-ARS seconded the motion. Floor opened for discussion. Discussion occurred. Dr. Jim Owen, USDA-ARS, made a motion to amend the original motion by rephrasing to, “Poll the NC-1186 membership to determine participation in January IPPS meeting versus attending a meeting mid-year in New Jersey. Poll should be emailed out to the membership within one week, i.e., September 15, 2023.” Amendment seconded by Dr. James Altland, USDA-ARS. Floor opened for discussion. Discussion occurred by NC-1186 membership. Amendment passed unanimously. Newly amended motion was discussed, and motion made to, “Table the amended motion for further discussion based on NC-1186 membership polling and feedback.” Motion seconded by Dr. Jim Owen, USDA-ARS. Floor opened for discussion. No discussion occurred. Motion passed and tabled.

Dr. Xi Xiong, University of Missouri, introduced herself as a new members.

Dr. Jim Owen, USDA-ARS made a motion to adjourn the business meeting. Second by Dr. James Altland, USDA-ARS. Business meeting adjourned at 12:30 p.m. EST whereupon the group was dismissed for lunch.

After the business meeting, the NC-1186 in-person membership traveled to Natorp’s Nursery Outlet & Landscaping (8601 Snider Rd, Mason, OH 45040). Starting at 1:30 p.m. EST, members received a tour of the 333-acre commercial greenhouse, nursery, and retail facility offering annual, perennial, trees, shrubs, and tropical plants to Cincinnati and beyond. The tour aligns with the NC1186 objectives as Natorp’s captures runoff from neighboring communities, clean and use for irrigation. The NC1186 members toured the commercial greenhouse facilities, propagation, production lines, overwintering structures, and retail garden center. Afterwards, the NC1186 membership enjoyed dinner on the Natorp’s Landscape Design Studio patio until 7:00 p.m. EST.

On Wednesday, September 6, 2023, Dr. W. Garrett Owen, The Ohio State University, held a Water Management and Quality for Greenhouse and Nursery Crop Production Workshop at the Hamilton County Extension Office (2055 Reading Road, Cincinnati, OH 45202). The workshop was held in-person and started at 9:00 a.m. EST with introductions my Dr. W. Garrett Owen, The Ohio State University. NC1186 members provided 20 minutes presentations to 29 attendees that were classified as university Extension agents or growers from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Indiana, and Tennessee. The workshop concluded at 3:00 p.m. EST.

Ohio

Dr. W. Garrett Owen started a new position at The Ohio State University after departing the University of Kentucky. He will develop his greenhouse and nursery research and Extension program to include objective of NC1186. To date, research is focused on water footprinting/benchmarking and leveraging artificial intelligence to manage irrigation.

Louisiana

Over the past year, the Fields’ Lab has continued to lead the national research priority in stratified substrates. We have developed key findings to utilize substrate stratification to reduce peat reliance by upwards of 50% in container crop production. Further, we have proven the potential of utilizing sugarcane bagasse as a peat amendment to reduce peat use by upwards of 30% in container production. Further, Louisiana collaborated with Oregon (Nackley Lab) to evaluate the effect of irrigation scheduling and container color on substrate temperature, noting the significant reduction from utilizing white containers. This reduction in temperature resulted in an overall improved crop quality in both LA and OR, as well as shifting fertilizer release patterns. Overall, the Fields’ Lab has provided significant improvements in nursery and greenhouse production efficiency, while minimizing associated costs for growers. We have also hosted USDA scientists to evaluate nursery pond water quality in Louisiana. Further, I organized a Grower Research Conference at the Gulf States Horticultural Expo, inviting faculty from the gulf states region to share current research updates with growers. 

South Carolina

Researchers from Clemson University, Louisiana State University, NC State University, and USDA-ARS Wooster conducted sampling at operations in the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Gulf Coast, and Midwestern Ecoregions of the US in August 2023. We collected samples at strategic locations within each operation to evaluate the presence of emerging contaminants of concern (e.g., PFAS, metals, harmful algal blooms, and microplastics). Data are currently being analyzed. These information will help us inform growers of the presence of contaminants that could impact their operation in the future.

Researchers from Clemson University completed experiments with floating treatment wetlands paired with bioreactors and iron oxide filters (in varied order) over two winter seasons (2019-20, 2020-21) and determined that iron oxide filters enhanced P removal over winter and supplemented removal efficacy from dormant plants in the floating wetlands and from bioreactors with reduced microbial activity due to cooler temperatures. The first publication was submitted in August 2023, one additional publication is in progress.

Researchers from Clemson University are exploring phosphorus (P) dynamics in coastal stormwater ponds. They are investigating the implications of the age of the pond on P dynamics. The team conducted sediment core sampling of nine different stormwater ponds to understand P dynamics. In addition to water chemistry, they also identified various algal species present in the samples. The team will conduct another round of sampling in the winter of 2023. The results from the study could assist growers in understanding P dynamics in irrigation reservoirs.

Researchers are initiating characterization of the impact of emerging contaminants, particularly herbicides and pesticides, on phytoplankton in various agricultural and stormwater ponds. 

Researchers are exploring the importance of stream restoration on nutrient dynamics in agricultural and urban streams by conducting short-term nutrient injection studies. They have obtained preliminary results from the nutrient dynamics study in lower order restored and unrestored streams. The results from this study could help growers understand the importance of the riparian area, vegetation, and other in-stream best management practices that could be adopted and implemented for better source water quality. The researchers have also investigated the applications of fiber optics in understanding various stream processes.

Researchers have worked over the last four years to screen more than 12 species of plants that tolerate brackish (salty) waters to various degrees and evaluate their potential to mitigate nutrient contaminants in coastal stormwater ponds impacted by salt waters. Researchers also held 3 listening sessions and conducted a nationwide survey with consumers with interest in the use of floating wetlands in coastal stormwater ponds. We have a preliminary understanding of the factors that influenced consumer acceptance of the use and installation of floating wetlands in stormwater ponds and are working to develop installation guidelines to help them succeed when installing floating wetlands in coastal ponds, whether fresh or saltwater. We have also begun initial characterization of the ecosystem services associated with floating wetlands via monitoring of three full-size floating wetlands in three ponds in Mt. Pleasant, SC.

The researchers are continuously involved in developing educational materials for Extension agents, water agents, NRCS agents, and farmers regarding harmful algal blooms in livestock ponds. The materials include an HAB manual, presentations, and factsheets on HABs. They have organized workshops for Extension agents, NRCS personnel, state regulatory authorities, and farmers to comprehend HABs and their implications. The researchers are also assessing the knowledge gained through these training sessions.

Additionally, the researchers are working on developing AI-ML-based models to understand and predict harmful algal blooms (HABs).

Tennessee

Researchers at the University of Tennessee in partnership with the USDA evaluated substrate moisture sensor (SMS) probe placement. Her lab determined that the zone of interference, which was previously considered to be the zone of influence was non-existent for four EC-5 SMS probe orientations. Probe can be installed within 1 cm of one another when in any of the four tested orientations without affecting the measurement.

Researchers in conjunction with the USDA quantified the bulk density of select nursery substrates in 2.8 L production containers and subsequently developed and tested a new packing technique to pack substrate cores to a predictable, consistent bulk density commensurate with that of 2.8 L nursery containers. Outcomes: These projects collectively expanded the tools and framework within which irrigation and substrate scientists conduct research and expand the utility of high density sensor placement for research and applied uses with grower collaborators.

In collaboration with the USDA, Dr. Fulcher’s lab developed a counterbalanced scale. The scale is located within a square irrigation zone that was designed to replicate typical nursery irrigation application rates based on field work with Tennessee nursery producers. This system is being used to test leaching fraction, infiltration, and other hydraulic conductivity characteristics of coir, Sphagnum peat moss and pine bark substrates.

Missouri

Activities performed at the University of Missouri in this period focused on incorporating soil surfactants into water management plan, with a goal to inhibit water runoff and/or leaching, by improving water infiltration and retention, especially on water-repellent soils. Specific activities performed included collection of hydrophobic sands from a field plot with sand-based growing media, where soil hydrophobicity has been placed in the very severe hydrophobic category based on its molarity of ethanol droplet test, which was determined to be 3.4 M.

In the laboratory, the hydrophobic soils were packed in rubber rings to a consistent bulk density and mass, before they were subjected to treatments which included 21 soil surfactants in addition to distilled, deionized water as a control. After 24-hour of exposure to the treatments, the sands were saturated, except the water control due to the level of hydrophobicity. The treated sands were then moved into pressure chambers and placed onto porous ceramic plates. The pressure chambers were subjected to pressure treatments at -2.9 kPa or -1,500 kPa, for estimating water retention at field capacity or permanent wilting point, respectively. After 5 days equilibration, the soil samples were then transferred to moisture cans, and their masses were recorded before and after oven drying at 105 ℃ for 45 hours, for calculation of gravimetric water content. Plant available water was then calculated as the difference between water retained at field capacity and permanent wilting point. This experiment was designed as a completely randomized design with four replications, and the entire experiment was repeated once. Another activity performed at the University of Missouri during this period also included determining the surface tension of the 21 soil surfactants at five dosages of 1/4×, 1/2×, 1×, 2×, and 4× label suggested rates. At each rate for each surfactant, three droplets were tested, and each droplet was measured three times by using an Attension Theta Lite Tensiometer. This experiment was designed as a completely randomized design with three replications for each surfactant and rate combination. All data collected from both experiments were subjected to ANOVA using PROC GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. Significant means were separated based on Fisher’s Protected LSD at P≤0.05. As of now, we found substantial differences among the 21 soil surfactants for their water retention capacity in water-repellent soils. The plant available water ranged between 5.5% and 13.3% among treatments, implying that some soil surfactants will likely result in a greater risk of leaching, and possible agrichemical contaminations to ground water. Results from surface tension influenced by soil surfactants also revealed a 1.86-fold difference, ranging from 24.89 mN/m to 46.41 mN/m. For reference, without addition of soil surfactants, surface tension of tap water was determined to be 72.74 mN/m. This result suggested that all soil surfactants tested significantly reduced surface tension of water, which implies that all soil surfactants tested would improve water infiltration and therefore, reduce water surface runoff in the field. However, due to the significant differences among soil surfactants for their influences on surface tension of water, it would be wise to choose a proper soil surfactant based on the soil characteristics, for the desirable effect of runoff water reduction.  

Collectively, both projects implied that it is important to find a delicate balance between surface water runoff reduction and water retention improvement, in a water management plan where soil surfactants are incorporated. 

New Jersey

Rutgers University (NJAES) is evaluating how specialty floral and fiber hemp crops grown under field plasticulture and soilless production in greenhouse environments respond to differential irrigation and fertilization management practices. Results to date indicate that in both growing environments mild water stress can significantly reduce harvested flower yields. Preliminary greenhouse studies with hemp cultivars growing in containerized substrates show reduced flower yields with additions of ammonium fractions to the fertigation solutions, highlighting a crop preference for nitrate-nitrogen sources. The applied irrigation and nitrogen management treatments did not affect the cannabinoid production nor terpene profiles of the harvested flowers. These observations support those reported from other abiotic stresses in hemp, suggesting a strong genetic control on the biosynthesis of these compounds.  

Compared to water use efficiency (WUE, crop biomass produced per unit of water transpired or applied), water footprint (WF) is a recent sustainability concept that provides a more comprehensive value of direct and indirect water consumed and polluted to produce a crop or harvested product. The pollution component in WF, WGgray, refers to the freshwater volume that would be required to dilute a load of agrichemical pollutant(s) in the drainage/runoff effluents produced during crop production, to local water quality standards. Data from a previous water and nitrogen mass balance study in a greenhouse rose crop was used to estimate the WF of a single cut rose stem and biomass unit of harvested flowers. The measured WUE ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 g of dry weight per liter of water applied across several irrigation and N fertilization treatments, whereas the total WF values ranged from 7.7 to 26 liters per single stem using a conservative N pollution factor to calculate the WGgray parameter.

On a comparative weight basis, the averaged WF of 0.48 liters of water per gram of fresh weight of harvested cut rose flower stems falls in between the global WF averages for vegetable (0.3 L/g) and fruit (1.0 L/g) crops.

USDA-National Arboretum

Researchers in the USDA-ARS Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit (FNPRU) in TN are conducting research in collaboration with the USDA-ARS Application Technology Research Unit (Ohio) to evaluate the effects of container color (white vs. black) and irrigation schedule (once daily vs. three daily cycles) on root zone temperature, plant growth, nutrient use efficiency, and controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) longevity in container-based production. Data from experiments replicated concurrently in TN and OH in 2022 are being analyzed. Experiments are being repeated in both locations during the summer of 2023.

USDA-ARS FNPRU researchers, in collaboration with Louisiana State University, are investigating activated alumina as a phosphorus (P)-sorbing substrate amendment for reducing P leaching while prolonging P plant-availability during container-based nursery and greenhouse production. Greenhouse studies in LA and P adsorption isotherms in TN have been completed. The manuscript is currently in progress.

USDA-ARS FNPRU researchers are collaborating with the University of Tennessee to screen Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars for heat tolerance and identify physiological and/or morphological characteristics that enhance water use efficiency. Thirty-nine H. macrophylla cultivars grown in full sun or 50% shade were evaluated for growth, flowering, and heat-stress symptoms in October 2022. Twelve of these cultivars, representing a range of heat tolerance, were further studied in a controlled environment to compare wilting rate, transpiration rate per unit leaf area, root : shoot ratio, stomatal density, and stomata size. Results are currently being analyzed. The experiment will be replicated during the summer of 2024.

Coordinated a tour of the Nursery Research Center in McMinnville, TN for 40+ members of the Illinois Landscape Contractor’s Association. Educational talks on phosphorus use efficiency and root-zone temperature management were given to stakeholders at the Illinois Green Industry Association InVigorateU 2023 Conference (Bloomington, IL) and International Plant Propagator’s Society Southern Region of North America 46^th Annual Meeting (Athens, GA).

University of California

In California, we are working with nurseries and the branches of the State Water Quality Control Board to design and implement Irrigation and Nutrient Management Plans (INMPs).  The current regions being affects are the San Joaquin Valley and the San Diego region.

The major risks in water quality in California include:  high alkalinity, high salts, and limited water availability. We are continuously working with individual growers and conducting meetings to mitigate the risks and impacts of these issues.  

We have measured distribution uniformity of 8 models of overhead sprinklers used in the nursery industry with spacing 30 x 30 ft and 15 x 15 ft in relation to different wind speeds to recommend to growers the most efficient sprinkler head.

We have developed 50 lbs and 200 lbs load cell lysimeters to continuously weight #1, #5 and #15 containers and determine daily water use. Relating this to reference evapotranspiration from the local CIMIS station, we calculate crop coefficient.

In addition to the stated projects, we are also evaluating plant material in the landscapes for drought tolerance/avoidance. The plant palette includes groundcovers, shrubs, natives and non-natives.  With these studies, we hope to develop a better plant palette for the industry that can be propagated and produced for the landscape industry; thus assisting the state’s water budget by growing and planting more waterwise landscapes.  In addition, we are also studying effects of plant material on urban heat islands, in an effort to mitigate heat loads in urban communities.

 Scientific Journals:

1. Fields, J.S. and K. Criscione. 2023. Stratified substrates can reduce peat use and improve root productivity in container crop production. HortScience 58:364-372. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI17019-22
2. Criscione, K.*, S. Fields, and J.S. Owen, Jr. 2022. Root exploration, initial moisture conditions, and irrigation scheduling influence hydration of stratified and non-stratified substrates. Special Issue: Horticultural crops water and fertilizer management, Horticulturae 8:826. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090826
3. Fields, J.S., A. Lamm, J. Owen Jr., B. Jackson, J. Altland, L. Oki, K. Criscione, and Y. Zheng. 2023. Establishing North American specialty crop growers’ current use of soilless substrates along with future research and education needs. Special Issue: Advanced research on soilless culture in horticultural production, Agriculture 13:1727. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091727
4. Fields, J.S. and K. Criscione. 2023. Pine bark particle separation improves as moisture content decreases at time of screening. HortScience 58:1068-1074.
5. Jiang, M., M.C. Fleetwood, S.H. Anderson, and Xiong. 2022. Wetting agent effects on plant available water for hydrophobic USGA root zones. Agricultural Research & Technology. 2022; 27 (1): 556360. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2022.27.556360.
6. Fessler, S. Xiaocun, W.C. Wright, H. Zhu, and A. Fulcher. 2023. Intelligent, variable-rate spray technology reduces total pesticide output while controlling foliar disease of Shumard oak. Journal of Environmental Horticulture. 41(3):109-120.
7. Fessler, L., G. Pietsch, W. Wright, H. Zhu, X. Sun, and Fulcher. 2023. Characterizing spray deposition from variable- and constant-rate spray technologies: Implications for future optimization to target trunk and foliar pests. Acta Horticulturae. 1360:267-290. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2023.1360.34.
8. Fessler, L., D. Lockwood, W. Wright, G. Pietsch, X. Sun, W. Yeary, H. Zhu, T. Bordeau, L. Russo, and Fulcher. 2023. Intelligent spray technology controls pests in nursery and orchard systems with reduced pesticide application rates. Acta Horticulturae. 1360:151-176. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2023.1360.20.
9. Warner, L.A., A.L. Rihn, Fulcher, S. Schexnayder, A.V. LeBude, and A. Joshi. 2022b. A theory of planned behavior evaluation of growers’ intent to use automated nursery technologies. Horticulturae, 8(11), 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111028
10. Cypher, Q., W.C. Wright, X. Sun, L. Fessle, and Fulcher. 2022. Automated leaching fraction-based system reduces leaching, conserves water, and supports crop growth in a commercial nursery. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 38(5):807-816.
    https://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp?aid=53633&t=3&redir=aid=53633&confalias=aeaj&redir=[volume=38&issue=5&conf=aeaj&orgconf=]&redirType=toc_journals.asp&redirType=toc_journals.asp
11. Fessler, L.^M, W. Wright, G. Pietsch^M, L. Schneider, H. Zhu, C. Fust, and Fulcher. 20XX. Characterizing spray deposition for control of trunk pests from an experimental airblast sprayer with 5-port nozzle bodies. Acta Horticulturae, in review.
12. Fulcher, A.L. Rihn, L.A. Warner, A.V. LeBude, S. Schexnayder, J.E. Altland, N. Bumgarner, S.C. Marble, L. Nackley, M. Palma, L. Ribera, M. Velandia, H. Zhu, H. Gan and J.S. Owen. 20XX. Overcoming the nursery industry labor shortage with automation: A survey of strategies to adapt to a reduced workforce and technology adoption levels, perceived helpfulness, and outcomes. HortScience.
13. Fessler, L., J.S. Owen Jr., W.C. Wright, X. Sun, C. Krauss, J.E. Altland, and Fulcher. 20XX. Leaching fraction-based irrigation schedule, coir-amended pine bark improve sustainability of H. paniculata ‘Jane’ production. Acta Horticulturae.
14. Alred, B., J.S. Owen Jr., A. Espinoza, and Fulcher. 20XX. A revised approach to packing soilless substrate cores to aid in achieving consistent, appropriate bulk density. Acta Horticulture.
15. Christopher R.M., M. Parajuli, S. Gresham, J. Barnett, S. Villani, J. Walgenbach, F. Baysal-Gurel, J.S. Owen Jr., and. M.E. Reding. 2023. Type and duration of water stress influence host selection and colonization by exotic ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Frontiers in Insect Science 3. doi.org/10.3389/finsc.2023.1219951
16. Yang, T., J.E. Altland, U.C. Samarakoon. 2023. Evaluation of substrates for cucumber production in the Dutch bucket hydroponic system. Scientia Horticulturae 308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111578.
17. Boldt, J.K., Altland, J.E. 2022. Comparison of supplemental lighting from high-pressure sodium lamps or light-emitting diodes on morphology and nutrient uptake of greenhouse crops. Acta Horticulturae. 1337:313-322. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1337.42.
18. Yvraj, K., Marble, C., Altland, J.E., Pearson, B., Chen, J., Devkota, P. 2022. Effect of substrate stratification on growth of common nursery weed species and container-grown ornamental species. HortTechnology. 32(1):74-83. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04965-21
19. Valles, S.R., J.E. Altland, A. Testen, J. Poelstra, F. Michel. Microbial community structure in soilless substrates used for nursery crops. HortScience. Accepted, in press.
20. Abdi, D., J.S. Owen Jr., P.C. Wilson, F.O. Hinz, B.M. Cregg and R.T. Fernandez. Pesticide mobility in surface and subsurface irrigation return flow in a container plant production system. Agricultural Water Management. In review.
21. Altland, J.E. and J.S. Owen Jr. 202X. The pour-through procedure preferentially extracts substrate solution from the bottom of the container in conventional and stratified substrates. HortScience. In review.
22. Criscione, K.S., J.S. Fields, J.S. Owen Jr., T. Gentimis. 202X. Stratified substrates enhance water storage and distribution between irrigation events. Soil Science Society of America Journal. Accepted-under revision.
23. Fields, J.S., J.S. Owen Jr., A. Lamm, B. Jackson, J.E. Altland, J. Samtani, K. Criscione, and Y. Zheng. 202X. Establishing North American specialty crop grower’s current use of soilless substrates and future research and education needs. Agronomy Journal. In Press.
24. Fulcher, A., A. Rihn, L. Warner, A.V. LeBude, S. Schexnayder, J.E. Altland, N. Baumgarner, C. Marble, L. Nackley, H. Zhu, M. Palma, M. Velandia, H. Gao, and J.S. Owen Jr. 202X. Overcoming the nursery industry labor shortage with automation: A survey of strategies to adapt to a reduced workforce and technology adoption levels, and perceived helpfulness and outcomes. In review.
25. Busari, I., D. Sahoo, R. Jana, and C. Privette. 2023. Chlorophyll-a predictions in a piedmont lake in upstate South Carolina using machine learning approaches. Journal of South Carolina Water Resources, 9(1), 1-14.
26. Sahoo, D., and A. Swamy. Conceptualizing turbidity for aquatic ecosystems in the context of sustainable development goals. 2023. Environmental Science: Advances, 2, 1220 – 1234.
27. Harmel, D. R., P. Kleinman, A. P. Hopkins, P. Millhouser, J. A. Ippolito, and D. Sahoo. 2022. Updates to the MANAGE database to facilitate regional analyses of nutrient runoff. Agricultural and Environmental Letters. 7(2), p.e20095
28. Busari, I., D. Sahoo, D. Harmel and B. Haggard. 2023. A review of machine learning models for harmful algal bloom monitoring in freshwater systems. Special Collections: Digital Water: Journal of Natural Resources and Agroecosystems (in press, 8/9/2023).
29. Sahoo, D., I. Busari, H. Nix, and S. W. White. 2023. Impacts of harmful algal blooms on agriculture: A short communication. Special issue on Water Quality and Applications to Natural Resources Management. Journal of South Carolina Water Resources Journal. (in press, 7/10/2023)
30. Harmel, D., H. Preisendanz, K. W. King, D. Busch, F. Birgand and D Sahoo. 2023 Water Quality Monitoring on Field-Scale and Small Watersheds: Data Quality and Cost Considerations. Water. (in press, 08/29/2023)
31. Jeffers, A., BK Behe, M Vassalos, WC Bridges, SA White. 2023. Accepted. Consumer Purchase Likelihood of Landscape Management Pest Scouting Program. HortTechnology.
32. Dekle, J, WHJ Strosnider, SA White. Ready for submission. " Phosphorus Uptake and Release Patterns in Overwintering Constructed Floating Wetlands.” Water Science and Technology. (submitted 8/14/2023)
33. Busari, I., D. Sahoo, and R. Jana. 2023. Prediction of harmful algal blooms using deep learning with Bayesian approximation for uncertainty assessment. Under revision Journal of Hydrology.
34. Busari, I., D. Sahoo, B. Haggard, and D. Harmel. 2023. Prediction of chlorophyll-a as an index of harmful algal blooms using machine learning models. Under revision in Special Collections: Digital Water: Journal of Natural Resources and Agroecosystems.
35. Guerrero, L. V., D. Sahoo., L. Dickes, T. Walker, M. R. Rad, and J. Allen. 2023. Adaptive water governance in an interest-based, stakeholder-driven state water resources planning institution in South Carolina, U.S. Submitted to the Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. (under revision, 7/16/2023)
36. Strickland, G., D. Sahoo, M. Vassalos, H. Nix, and S. W. White. 2023. Evaluation of South Carolina’s Extension and Outreach Agents’ Knowledge of Harmful Algal Bloom Management and the Impacts of One-Day Training. Journal of Extension (submitted, 04/27/2023)
37. Davis, P. B., D. M. Park, A. M. Poncet, B. T. Russell, and D. Sahoo. 2023. Winter crop performance in the southern piedmont region of South Carolina. (submitted to Agrosystems, Geosciences, and Environment Journal on 7/17/2023)
38. Jordan, E., D. Sahoo, C. Sawyer, J. Pike, D. M. Park, S. White and B. E. Haggard. 2023. Nutrient dynamics in restored and unrestored urban streams: A study in the piedmont ecoregion of South Carolina. To be submitted to Frontiers.
39. Parajuli, M., P. Liyanapathiranage, K. Neupane, Shreckhise, D. Fare, B. Moore and F. Baysal-Gurel. Tree architecture and powdery mildew resistance of yellow-flowering magnolias in Tennessee, USA. HortScience 58:383−388 doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI17036-22
40. Parajuli, M., P Liyanapathiranage, Shreckhise, D. Fare, B. Moore, and F. Baysal-Gurel. 2022. Cercospora leaf spot resistance of crapemyrtle cultivars in Tennessee. HortScience 58:84−94. doi: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI16913-22
41. Parajuli, M., J.H. Shreckhise, D. Fare, B. Moore, P. Liyanapathiranage, P. Subedi, and F. Baysal-Gurel. 2023. Evaluation of camellia cultivars and selections for growth, cold hardiness, flowering, and disease resistance in Tennessee, USA. HortScience (under review).
42. Pitton, D.J.L., Johnson, G.E., Haver, D.L. and Oki, L.R. 2022. Water use and estimated evapotranspiration at a California container plant nursery. Acta Hortic. 1335, 651-656. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2022.1335.82.
43. Sapkota, A., Haghverdi, A., Merhaut, D., Singh, A., Iradukunda, J.C. (2023). Response of Landscape Groundcovers to Deficit Irrigation: An Assessment Based on NDVI and Visual Quality Rating. HORTSCIENCE 58(3):274–285. 2023. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI16915-22.

Proceedings (abstracts or full articles):

1. Fields J.S. and J.S. Owen, Jr. 2023. Soilless Substrate Stratification: A review of the past and looking forward. Proc. Int. Symp. Growing Media, Soilless Cultivation and Compost Utilization in Hort. Quebec City, Quebec, CA (oral presentation; in press)
2. Criscione, K.* and S. Fields. 2023. Root growth and development in soilless culture – A review. Proc. Int. Symp. Growing Media, Soilless Cultivation and Compost Utilization in Hort. Quebec City, Quebec, CA (in press)
3. Criscione, K.*, S. Fields, and J. S. Owen, Jr. 2022. Substrate stratification can be paired with strategic irrigation practices to improve container-water dynamics. International Hort. Congress. Int. Symp. Innov. Tech. Prod. Strategies Sustainable Controlled Enviorn. Hort. Angers France. (oral presentation)
4. Criscione, K.*, S. Fields, and J.S. Owen, Jr. 2023. Root growth and the substrate interact affecting root morphology and volumetric water content through the vertical profile of a container. The annual meeting of the American Society of Horticultural Science, Orlando, FL (in press)
5. Fields, J.S. and A. Mizell. 2023. Evaluating crop productivity in growing media amended with wood fibers from three soft-wood tree species. Proc. Int. Symp. Growing Media, Soilless Cultivation and Compost Utilization in Hort. Quebec City, Quebec, CA (poster presentation; in press)
6. Fields, J.S. Reducing peat use in container production through substrate stratification. Annual meeting of the Southern Region American Society of Horticultural Science, Oklahoma City, OK (oral presentation; in press)
7. Edwards, A.R.* and S. Fields. 2023. Container color and irrigation scheduling can be used to manage substrate temperature for crop productivity in Hydrangea paniculata. Annual meeting of the Southern Region American Society of Horticultural Science, Oklahoma City, OK (in press)
8. Fields, J.S., A. Edwards, and M. Thiessen. 2022. Supplementing commercial floriculture substrates with wood fiber and sugarcane bagasse. HortScience 57:S126. The annual meeting Annual meeting of the American Society of Horticultural Science, Chicago, IL (oral presentation)
9. Criscione, K.* and S. Fields. 2022. Stratifying high-performance peat-based substrates above pine bark for cost-effective floriculture production. HortScience 57:S125. Annual meeting of the American Society of Horticultural Science, Chicago, IL (oral presentation by Fields)
10. Fields, J.S. and K. Criscione. 2022. Substrate stratification influences root architecture in containerized production. International Hort. Congress. International Symposium on Innovative Technology and Production Strategies in Sustainable Controlled Environment Horticulture, Angers France. (poster presentation; in press)
11. Krauss, C., J.S. Owen, W.C. Wright, and Fulcher. 2023. Substrate Moisture Sensor Zone of Interference: Expanding Options for Enhanced Moisture Monitoring with Sensors in Close Proximity. International Society for Horticultural Science. International Symposium on Growing Media, Compost Utilization and Substrate Analysis for Soilless Cultivation on Growing Media, Compost Utilization and Substrate Analysis for Soilless Cultivation, Quebec City, Quebec. (Abstract was submitted for selection to present at the symposium; abstracts are not published.)
12. Krauss, C., J.S. Owen, W.C. Wright, B. Alred, and Fulcher. 2023. Characterizing Water Movement and Retention Through the Profile of Two Soilless Substrates. International Society for Horticultural Science. International Symposium on Growing Media, Compost Utilization and Substrate Analysis for Soilless Cultivation, Quebec City, Quebec. (Abstract was submitted for selection to present at the symposium; abstracts are not published.)
13. Alred, B., J.S. Owen, H. Blice, and Fulcher. 2023. A revised approach to packing soilless substrate cores to aid in achieving consistent, appropriate bulk density. International Society for Horticultural Science. Symposium on Irrigating Horticultural Crops, Stellenbosch, South Africa. (Abstract was submitted for selection to present at the symposium; abstracts are not published.)
14. Fessler, L., J.S. Owen, W.C. Wright, and Fulcher. 203. Leaching fraction-based irrigation schedule, coir-amended pine bark improve Little Lime® panicle hydrangea production. International Society for Horticultural Science. Symposium on Irrigating Horticultural Crops, Stellenbosch, South Africa. (Abstract was submitted for selection to present at the symposium; abstracts are not published.)
15. Abdi, D., J.S. Owen Jr., R.T. Fernandez, P.C Wilson, F.O. Hinz, and B. 2023. Multi-year investigation of high, low, and intermediate solubility pesticides in a model nursery. 2023 American Society of Horticultural Science Annual Conference. Orlando, Florida. (abstract)
16. Altland, J.E., J.S. Owen, Jr., A. Espinoza, and K.Y. Jeoung. 202X. A high throughput method to evaluate new substrate components. (abstract, oral presentation @ 2023 ISHS International Symp. Growing Media In RE3 Conference, Quebec City, Canada)
17. Briana, A., J.S. Owen Jr., A. Espinoza, and A. Fulcher. 202X. Identifying native bulk density for static physical properties analysis. Acta Horticulturae. In press (abstract, oral presentation @ 2023 ISHS International Symp. Irr. Mgmt. Hort. Crops, Stellenbosch, South Africa, full paper)
18. Brown, F.J., J.S. Owen Jr., A.X. Niemiera, R.D. Stewart, B.D. Strahm, and J.E. Altland. 2022. Diurnal and seasonal gaseous flux of nitrogen species in a nursery production system. ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting (abstract)
19. Brown, F.J., J.S. Owen Jr., A.X. Niemiera, R.D. Stewart, B.D. Strahm, and J.E. Altland. 2022. Seeing gas in containerized crops. ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting (abstract)
20. Brown, F.J., J.S. Owen Jr., and A.X. Niemiera, 2023. Effect of Single Source Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Fate in Pine Bark Based Containerized Crop Production. 2023 American Society of Horticultural Science Annual Conference. Orlando, Florida. (abstract)
21. Criscione, K. J.S. Owen Jr., and J.S. Fields. 2023. Examining the temporal and spatial effect root exploration has on substrate water holding capacity. 2023 American Society of Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Orlando, Florida. (abstract)
22. Fessler, L., J.S. Owen Jr., W.C. Wright, S. Xiaocun, C. Krauss, J.E. Altland, and A. Fulcher. 202X Leaching fraction-based irrigation schedule, coir-amended pine bark improve sustainability of paniculata ‘Jane’ production. Acta Horticulturae. In press (full paper, oral presentation @ 2023 ISHS International Symp. Irr. Mgmt. Hort. Crops, Stellenbosch, South Africa).
23. Gonzalez, H. R.T. Fernandez, J.S. Owen Jr., and J. Schreckhise. 202X. Engineered substrates to improve nitrogen, phosphorus, and water retention in nursery container production. (abstract, oral presentation @ 2023 ISHS International Symp. Growing Media In RE3 Conference, Quebec City, Canada)
24. S. Owen Jr. 202X. Keynote address: A 2023 perspective on anthropogenic nitrogen in soilless culture. Acta Horticulturae. In press (full paper, oral presentation @ 2023 ISHS International Symp. Growing Media In RE3 Conferernce, Quebec City, Canada)
25. Krauss, C., J.S. Owen Jr., W. Wright, and A. Fulcher. 202X. Substrate moisture sensor zone of interference: expanding options for enhanced moisture monitoring with sensors in close proximity. Acta Horticulturae. In press (full paper, oral presentation @ 2023 ISHS International Symp. Growing Media In RE3 Conference, Quebec City, Canada)
26. Owen Jr., J.S., A. Espinoza, J.E. Atland, and K.Y. Jeoung. 202X. Biochar alone can maintain optimal pH in a bark-based substrate. (abstract, oral presentation @ 2023 ISHS International Symp. Growing Media In RE3 Conference, Quebec City, Canada)
27. Owen Jr., J.S., F. Brown, and A.X. Niemiera. 202X. Emissions driven by controlled release fertilizers in bark-based substrates can significantly contribute to nitrogen use inefficiency. (abstract, oral presentation @ 2023 ISHS International Symp. Growing Media In RE3 Conference, Quebec City, Canada)
28. Shreckhise, J., J.S. Owen Jr., and A. Witcher. 2023. Container color and irrigation schedule affect root-zone temperature, plant growth, and controlled-release fertilizer longevity when growing red osier dogwood. 2023 American Society of Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Orlando, Florida. (abstract)
29. Stewart, R.D., J.S. Owen Jr. and C.C. Wolcott. 2022. Adventures in soil (less) physics: Effective physical properties for non-uniform water contents. ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting (abstract)
30. Wolcott, C. R.D. Stewart, and J.S. Owen Jr. 202X. Quantifying functional pore sizes in pine bark growing media.Acta Horticulturae. In press (full paper, oral presentation @ 2023 ISHS International Symp. Growing Media In RE3 Conference, Quebec City, Canada)
31. Wolcott, C.C., R.D. Stewart, and J.S. Owen Jr. 2022. No soil? No problem! Characterizing the physical and hydraulic properties of pine bark soilless substrates. ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting (abstract)
32. Floom, M., J.E. Altland, F. Michel, U. Samarakoon, P. Ling. Comparison of organic water-soluble fertilizer efficacy on Lactuca sativa (lettuce). Acta Hort. Full paper Accepted, in press.
33. Floom, M., J.E. Altland, F. Michel, U. Samarakoon, P. Ling. Effects of compost fertility on the growth, yield, and nutrient content of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Acta Hort. Full paper, Accepted, in press.
34. Brock, M., D. Sahoo, C. Sawyer, C. Post and J. Pike. 2022. Addressing challenges in real-time monitoring of an urban micro watershed in upstate South Carolina. ASABE AIM Conference Proceedings. (published, doi:10.13031/aim.202201069)
35. Shreckhise,H., J.S. Owen, and A. Witcher. 2023. Container color and irrigation schedule affect root-zone temperature, plant growth, and controlled-release fertilizer longevity when growing red osier dogwood. HortScience (in press).
36. Shreckhise,H. and J.E. Altland. 2022. How to help your plants hold their “P” in container-based nursery production. Intern. Plant Prop. Soc. Comb. Proc. 72:235-248.
37. Spinelli, Gerry (2023). Distribution uniformity of Multi-Stream Multi-Trajectory overhead sprinklers for outdoor container nurseries. HortScience Supplement - 2023 ASHS Presentation Abstracts. August 2023.
38. Lockhart, A., A. Vasilatis, E. Petit, R.I. Cabrera, Q. Wu and J. Simon. 2023. Chemical profiles of cannabinoids and volatiles of multiple Cannabis sativa cultivars under different irrigation and salinity treatments. Cannabis Science Conference, Portland, OR. April 20-21, 2023. Abstract
39. Cabrera, R.I. 2023. Uso de aguas no convencionales para el riego de cultivos y plantas ornamentales en paisajes urbanos. III Seminario Internacional de la Red Iberoamericana de Investigación en Agricultura Resiliente, Equitativa y Sostenible (RIARES), organized by Universidad de Almería, Spain. March 30, 2023. Presentation and Abstract http://www2.ual.es/riares/3o-seminario-internacional-riares/
40. Brumfield, R., P. Gotlieb and R.I. Cabrera. 2023. A decision-making tool to help nurseries determine costs and returns of recycling irrigation water. 2023 Extension Risk Management Education National Conference, Chicago, IL. March 28-29, 2023. Presentation and Abstract https://agrisk.umn.edu/Conferences/Presentation/a_decisionmaking_tool_to_help_nurseries_deter
41. Cabrera, R.I. 2023. Considerations on irrigation management of nursery crops, pp. 31-34. Proceedings of the 68th New Jersey Annual Vegetable Meeting. Atlantic City, NJ. February 7-9, 2023. https://nj-vegetable-crops-online-resources.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2023_Proceedings_68th_VGA_Meeting_Final.pdf
42. Cabrera, R.I. 2023. Water use efficiency and footprint in greenhouse roses. X^th International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, International Society of Horticultural Sciences, Stellenbosch, South Africa. January 29 to February 2, 2023. Presentation and Abstract. https://ishsirrigationsa2023.com/programme/
43. Cabrera, R.I. and J.E. Altland. 2023. Residential graywater as an irrigation source for urban landscape plants. X^th International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, International Society of Horticultural Sciences, Stellenbosch, South Africa. January 29 to February 2, 2023. Presentation and Abstract. https://ishsirrigationsa2023.com/programme/
44. Cabrera, R.I., E. Petit, A. Vasilatis, J. Simon and C.A. Wyenandt. Floral hemp performance under differential irrigation in field plasticulture. 2022 Virtual Cannabis Research Conference, Oregon State University and Institute of Cannabis Research at Colorado State University. August 8, 2022. Presentation and Abstract

Book Chapters:

1. White, SA, E Bores, J Hains, HB Nix. D Sahoo. Harmful Algal Blooms: A Pocket Field Guide for South Carolina. 2023 April. Clemson Extension and and SC Department of Health and Environmental Conservation.
2. White, SA. “Water Requirements and Irrigation." Chapter 3. Certified Nursery Professional Manual, 4th ed. SC Green Industry Association, Certified Nursery Professional Manual.
3. White, SA. “Nursery Production.” Chapter 9. Certified Nursery Professional Manual, 4th ed. SC Green Industry Association, Certified Nursery Professional Manual.
4. Busari, I., and D. Sahoo. 2023. Hydro-Environmental Impact Assessment of Climate and Land Use Change on Watersheds for Sustainable Development. Chapter-Climate and Land Use Change Impacts on Harmful Algal Blooms in Freshwater Systems, Cambridge Scholars Publishing (Accepted 05/22/2023)
   
   

Popular press:

1. Fields, J.S. and J. Owen, Jr. Substrate security – Thoughts on the future of soilless substrates in the United States and how things may change soon. Greenhouse Management Magazine, July 2023.
2. Fields, J.S. and K. Criscione. Substrate stratification can effectively reduce peat reliance by 50% in ornamental crop production. GrowerTalks, July 2023.
3. Fields, J.S. and J.S. Owen Jr. 2023. It's security, stupid: Recently learned lessons to ensure substrate security into the future. Growing Media Report. In Greenhouse Management. 43(7):S9-S13.
4. , D and S. Mehan. 2022. Digital Water, Special Issue, Resource Magazine, Vol 29(4). (published). https://www.morningagclips.com/streamflow-what-is-it-and-how-do-we-measure-it/, April 3, 2023.
5. Spinelli, Gerardo; Pitton, Bruno J.L, et al. (2023). Water retention characteristic curves for substrate in containerized ornamental production. Nursery Management. 2023.
6. Cabrera, R.I. 2022. Fertilización y su impacto en salinidad, contaminación y la huella hídrica en cultivos de flores. Revista RedAgrícola Colombia S.A.S. No. 17, pp. 26-30. https://redagricola.com/fertilizacion-y-su-impacto-en-salinidad-contaminacion-y-la-huella-hidrica/
7. Cabrera, R.I. 2022. Proper landscape mulching practices - El buen uso de acolchados en jardinería (Bilingual article). The New Jersey Landscape Contractor Magazine - Winter 2022. pp. 32-35. https://issuu.com/njlca/docs/njlcamag-jan22e/s/15290513

Workshop Participant:

1. Fields, J.S. Stratified substrates can improve crop productivity and costs. Water Management and Quality for Greenhouse and Nursery Crop Production Grower Workshop. Cincinnati, OH
2. Fields, J.S. Easily and effectively manage substrate temperature for improved crop productivity and fertilizer efficiency. LSU AgCenter Horticulture Field Day. Hammond, LA (demonstration)
3. Fields, J.S. Substrate stratification: layering media to help improve rooting, resource efficiency, and cost. Proc. Int. Plant Prop. Soc. Athens, GA
4. Fields, J.S. Substrates, Water, and Fertilizer: New methods for improving resource efficiency in container production. Cultivate ’22. Columbus, OH (live presentation and webinar)
5. Criscione, K.* and S. Fields. 2023. Stratified substrates can be used to improve root growth in container nurseries. Grower Education Conference. Mobile, AL
6. Thiessen, M.*, and S. Fields. 2023. Using sugarcane bagasse and wood fibers as substrate amendments. Grower Education Conference. Mobile, AL
7. Fields, J.S. Improving crop productivity with substrate stratification. Grower Education Conference. Mobile, AL
8. Fulcher, A.* Addressing the Nursery Labor Shortage with Automation. August 29, 2023, AmericanHort webinar
9. Fulcher, A.* Development and Commercialization of the Intelligent Sprayer. AI in Agriculture Conference, Orlando, FL April 19, 2023.
10. Fulcher, A. The Weight of Water: Simple Calculations to Improve Irrigation Efficiency. South Africa Grower Workshop on Nursery Irrigation, Stellenbosch, South Africa, February 2-3, 2023.
11. Fulcher, A. Leaching Fraction Demonstration. South Africa Grower Workshop on Nursery Irrigation, Stellenbosch, South Africa, February 2-3, 2023.
12. White, SA. 2023. “Viability of water recycling systems for the nursery and landscape industry.” Utah State University and Western SARE Nursery and Landscape Train the Trainers Webinar. (16 Feb, 48 attendees).
13. White, SA. 2023. “Reservoir design and ecological water treatment for pathogen management.” South African Grower Workshop on Nursery Irrigation. Stias Conference Center, Stellenbosch, South Africa - Hosted by SGASA (Seedling Growers Association of South Africa). (3 February, 105 attendees).
14. White, SA and R. Cabrera. 2023. “Test and interpret water EC, pH, and alkalinity.” Hands-on demonstration Fall Creek Nursery, Paarl, South Africa - Hosted by SGASA (Seedling Growers Association of South Africa). (2 February, 105 attendees).
15. Cabrera, R.I. 2023. Fisiología vegetal relacionada con parámetros de análisis de agua, suelo-sustrato y plantas. Curso Internacional de Fisiología, Nutrición y Bioestimulación en Flores de Corte, sponsored by RedAgrícola, Bogotá, Colombia. August 9, 2023. 91 attendees.
16. Brumfield, R. and R.I. Cabrera. 2023. Cost and return on investment on construction of water recycling system in the nursery. Utah State University Extension Train-the-trainer Program on Recycling Nursery Irrigation Runoff (Virtual Meeting). March 14, 2023. 33 attendees.
17. Cabrera, R.I. 2023. Plant biology for tree workers (In Spanish). Garden State Tree Conference, New Jersey Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture. Tropicana, Atlantic City, NJ. March 2, 2023. 120 Attendees.
18. Cabrera, R.I. 2023. Best management practices for the care of trees and shrubs (In Spanish). Garden State Tree Conference, New Jersey Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture. Tropicana, Atlantic City, NJ. March 2, 2023. 110 Attendees.
19. Cabrera, R.I. 2023. Irrigation management of nursery crops. 2023. New Jersey Agricultural Convention & Trade Show. Harrah’s Resort and Waterfront Conference Center, Atlantic City, NJ. February 7, 2023. 38 attendees.
20. Cabrera, R.I. 2023. Managing ions and alkalinity in irrigation water. South Africa Growers Workshop on Nursery Irrigation, South Africa Nursery Seedling Growers Association, Stellenbosch, South Africa. February 3, 2023. 135 attendees .
21. Cabrera, R.I. and S. White. 2023. Test and interpret irrigation water EC, pH and alkalinity. Nursery Visit and Hands-on Demonstration Stations from South Africa Growers Workshop on Nursery Irrigation, South Africa Nursery Seedling Growers Association, Fall Creek Nursery at Paarl, South Africa. February 2, 2023. 147 attendees.
22. Cabrera, R.I. 2023. Prácticas de riego y manejo de plantas en jardinería. Winter Symposium and Expo. Connecticut Nursery & Landscape Association. Bloomfield, CT. January 25, 2023. 60 attendees.

Extension publications:

1. Fessler, L. and Fulcher. 2023. Irrigation Calculations III: Capture Factor. UT Extension Publication D208. https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/D208.pdf
2. Fessler, L. and Fulcher. 2023. Irrigation Calculations II: Leaching Fraction. UT Extension Publication D200. https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/D200.pdf
3. Fessler, L. and Fulcher. 2023. Irrigation Calculations I: Distribution University, Application Rate, and Run Time of Container Grown Crops. UT Extension Publication D196.
   https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/D196.pdf
4. Davis RH, HB Nix HB, SA White, WB Smith. Livestock Ponds in South Carolina. Clemson (SC): Clemson Cooperative Extension, Land-Grant Press by Clemson Extension; 2023 Jan. LGP 1156. https://lgpress.clemson.edu/publication/livestock-ponds-in-south-carolina/
5. Nix, HB, D Sahoo, SA White, J Hains, I Busari. Harmful Algal Blooms: Prevention, Response, and Avoidance Manual. Clemson Extension. 2022 Nov.
6. Busari, I., D. Sahoo and C. Privette. 2023 Introduction to Watershed Water Quality Models. Land Grant Press, Clemson University.
7. Brock, M., D. Sahoo, C. Sawyer, and J. Pike. 2023. Streamflow: What is it and how do we measure it? Land Grant Press, Clemson University.
8. D. 2022. Digital Water: Technologies to understand water as an integrated system. Resource Magazine. 29(4).
9. Nix, H., J. Hains, D. Sahoo, and S. A. White. 2022. Do it yourself: Visual indicators, stick test and jar test for cyanobacteria. Home and Garden Information Center, Clemson University.
10. Silva, L., S. W. White, H. Nix and D. Sahoo. 2023. Plants for the Buffer Zone Around Livestock Ponds. Land Grant Press, Clemson University. (revision).
11. Middleton, Eric; Spinelli, Gerry (2022). Agave Mites: A Tiny Menace. San Diego Cooperative Extension Newsletter. December 2022.
12. Middleton, Eric; Spinelli, Gerry (2023). Managing Agave Mites: What we know so far. The Adviser. California Association of Pest Control Advisers. https://capca.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/CAPCA_ADV_AUG-2023_LOW.pdf.
13. Spinelli, Gerardo; Middleton, Eric (2023). Can Predatory Mites Help As A Pest Management Strategy Against Agave and Aloe mite? San Diego Cooperative Extension Newsletter.               
14. Spinelli, Gerry; Johnson, Grant (2023). Why Pressure Drops as Water Flows in a Pipe and Other Irrigation Mysteries. San Diego Cooperative Extension Newsletter. August 2023.
15. Spinelli, Gerry; Shogren, Chris (2023). Why it is not as simple as changing the nozzles A common mistake with sprinkler irrigation in container nurseries. San Diego Grown Magazine. September 2023.
16. Rajmohan, N., S. Komar, W. Bamka, R. Buckley, K. Brown, M. Infante-Casella, R.I. Cabrera, T. Gianfagna, J. Simon, and C.A. Wyenandt, A. 2023. Emerging Diseases of Hemp in New Jersey. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Bulletin E374, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, NJ. https://njaes.rutgers.edu/e374/.
    
    

Dissertations/ Thesis:

1. Tomlin, Morgan. “Salinity in propagation: germination and juvenile acclimatization of wetland halophytes using saline irrigation.” MS Thesis. August 2023. Clemson University.