Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:

The meeting started with a brief welcome and introduction of all members. The meeting was moderated by Kelli Maddock and Dr. Emmanuel Okello. Dr. George Smith provided a recorded welcome to NC1206 members.

Dr. George Smith, scientific advisor for the NC1206 project, provided recorded remarks to the group The project was renewed and updated on 10-1-22. There are 24 registered participants in the projects. He encouraged the group to consider putting in an application for the Excellence in Multistate Research Project Award. The impact summary would be a good basis for the application. Need tangible impacts, such as tools and resources that impact industry. Projects grounded in collaboration across multiple stations are imperative. Dr. Smith is willing to assist with application preparation. As a group, members later reviewed the requirements for the 2023 Experiment Station Section Award for Excellence in Multistate Research. Requirements will be shared with the group for review and to determine if we would like to apply.

Research Updates: Drs. Cazer, Ganda, Okello, Ivanek, Plummer, Gill, Schmidt, Wang, Li, and Kelli Maddock presented current research and future collaboration interests.

Guest speakers: Dr. Amy Schmidt, iAMResponsible Project, highlighted resources developed by the iAMResponsible team that are publicly available for use, including social media products, podcasts, and real-life experiences from individuals who have experienced an antimicrobial resistant infection. Dr. Schmidt’s team can develop social media resources for researchers. The group is available as the education/extension component on grants as subcontractors.

Dr. Kathe Bjork, USDA NIFA, provided updates regarding personnel updates at NIFA as well as budgetary notes. Several competitive funding opportunities were included in the update along with program contacts for each program. This update will be provided to meeting members.

New leadership: Kelli Maddock formally transitioned to the role as president of NC1206. Thank you to Dr. Okello for serving as president. Dr. Casey Cazer was unanimously elected as the group secretary.

Annual meeting schedule, 2024: The short time between the 2022 and 2023 meetings limited travel funding for some members as funding was dependent upon fiscal year. Three meeting options were discussed. The final dates and locations will be determined through discussion of members in late 2023.

• Cornell- AMR Symposium to be held in Ithaca. March 2024. Could potentially host our group.
• NDSU VDL in Fargo is willing to host. Food could be catered by the university and delivered to the laboratory. Would include a tour of the facility. Fargo has a vibrant restaurant scene and is pleasant to visit during the months of May- September.
• NIAMRRE: 2024 Meeting scheduled for Ohio. Dr. Paul Plummer offered another joint meeting opportunity if we would like to coordinate the meeting times again.

Accomplishments:

Objective 1: Develop knowledge and tools to improve antimicrobial stewardship, including surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance, determining the ecology and mechanisms involved in resistance and transmission of resistance, and developing improved diagnostic tests

1. Integrating online platform to comprehensively assess antibiotic resistance gene pool (AR resistome) by shotgun sequencing analysis [OH]
   1. Activities: assessed total and specified AR gene pools in fermented foods, human and animal gut microbiome.
   2. Outputs: Revealed that conventional oral administration of mainstream antibiotics such as ampicillin, vancomycin, clindamycin etc. led to broad disruption of gut microbiota in human and animal hosts, and the changes of antibiotic resistome. Revealed fermented food consumption led to the surge of gut (fecal) antibiotic resistome in most consumers, but the control high plant fiber food consumption didn’t have this effect. Revealed the prevalence of antibiotic resistome in traditionally fermented foods. The method enabled comprehensive assessment of the AR risk.
2. Antibiotic resistance in fermented foods and the impact on host gut resistome [OH]
   1. Activities: Using culture dependent and independent methods revealed that traditionally fermented foods such as kimchi and artisan cheeses are highly prevalent in antibiotic resistant bacteria and opportunistic pathogens (~90% in retail kimchi and all 4 artisan cheeses assessment) and resistome.
   2. Outputs: Supported the finding that fermented foods consumption led to the surge of antibiotic resistome in gut microbiota of consumers. The results revealed a critical avenue of AR transmission and the underestimated food safety and public health risk associated with traditional food fermentation. The results presented a public health warning regarding the aggressive advocacy in recent years promoting fermented food consumption, especially towards targeted susceptible populations with compromised gut and immune functions. The results demand for prompt responses from the federal agencies and industry, in collaboration with academic experts to develop effective and targeted mitigation of antibiotic resistance in food fermentation.
3. Development of a Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) assay to discriminate pathogenic from commensal strains of Histophilus somni: A novel and affordable diagnostic tool for bovine respiratory disease in North Dakota cattle herds. [ND]
4. ORFeome display for the discovery of novel pathogen markers associated with bovine respiratory disease in shipped cattle [TX]
   1. Activities: produced phage display ORFeome libraries for multiple BRD-associated viral and bacterial pathogens and began panning for epitopes in immune sera.
   2. Outputs: One candidate epitope, a viral spike in BVDV, has been identified. The ORFeome display platform will be used to identity novel vaccine targets and biomarkers for BRD diagnosis.
5. Development of bacteriophages as an intervention to control asymptomatic Salmonella carriage in beef cattle [TX]
   1. Activities: Completed trial to assess the effects of phage on Salmonella carriage in the lymph nodes of beef cattle.
   2. Outputs: Lymph node carriage of Salmonella was low across the trial, but phages may have modulated Salmonella serovar prevalence.
6. Development of a targeted sequencing approach for AMR gene profiling [PA]
   1. Activities:
   2. Outputs: Targeted sequencing based detection of AMR genes will allow for better characterization and surveillance of AMR, and to identify the impact of different management practices in AMR enrichment.
7. Characterize the resistome, microbiome, and performance in broilers fed various feed supplements. [PA]
   1. Activities: Performed experiment feeding broilers with 4 different antibiotic free feed additives
   2. Outputs: Knowledge on antibiotic free feed additives for use in poultry will help producers decide which type of additive to use. Understanding the impact of these additives on antimicrobial resistance will allow for rational decisions regarding the potential of off-target antimicrobial resistance selection that might happen when certain antibiotic free feed additives are used, such as in the case of heavy metals.

1. Assess the impact of FDA antimicrobial use (AMU) regulations on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella Dublin. [NY]

1. Activities: Assess the impact of FDA antimicrobial use (AMU) regulations on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella
2. Output: Assess the impact of FDA antimicrobial use (AMU) regulations on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella

Objective 2: Develop and evaluate antimicrobial use, resistance transmission, mitigation strategies, and stewardship programs in food systems from a One-Health perspective. Includes antimicrobial use and stewardship, and AMR transmission and mitigation strategies.

1. Determine phylogenetic relationships, antimicrobial resistance determinants, and virulence potential ofDublin from cattle and humans in the United States. [PA, ND, USDA]
   1. Activities: Analyzed >2,100 Salmonella Dublin genomes to determine phylogenetic relationships between isolates from bovine or human sources.
   2. Outputs: Salmonella Dublin is highly multidrug resistant and virulent. It has been increasingly isolated from human bloodstream infections. Better understanding the genomic epidemiology of this pathogen might aid in better prevention strategies.
2. One Health Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport Isolated from Humans and Exotic Felids. Pecoraro HL, Stenger BLS, Maddock KA, Evans D, Breuer A, and Rickey C. [ND]
   1. Activities: Coordinated a One Health response and investigation of a multi-drug resistant Salmonella Newport impacting human and animal species.
3. Genomic sequencing has been leveraged to identify genotypes of Moraxella bovis and utilized to inform strain typing tools and to improve vaccine and other prevention strategies to decrease antimicrobial usage. [NE]
4. Investigate the transmission and persistence of antimicrobial resistant genes, resistant indicate bacteria and antibiotics in the natural environment and the impact on human health risks, and translate the science to enhance stakeholders understanding of and behaviors toward AMR risks. [NE, IA, NY]
5. Determine ideal sampling strategies and strains variation between cattle with different antimicrobial treatments and detection of AMR strains of Mannheimia haemolytica. [NE, TX, MS]
6. Investigate the role of insertional elements in antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella. In addition, machine learning and classifier models have been used to predict AMR phenotypes in Salmonella strains using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. [NE]
7. New generation of antibiotic to mitigation antibiotic resistome in host gut microbiome [OH]
   1. Activities: First pilot study in poultry to study the effect of the patented OSU new generation of probiotic on the most troublesome AR gene pools (for beta-lactams and multidrug).
   2. Outputs: the probiotic effectively mitigated the most troublesome AR gene pools (for beta-lactams and multidrugs) up to 3 logs with short-term treatment and further significantly improved weight gain in experimental chickens
8. Evaluated alternative to antibiotics and their impact on development/propagation of antimicrobial resistance in both cattle and swine production systems. [KS]
   1. Outputs: Improved understanding and knowledge on antibiotic alternatives and their use in food animals.
9. Evaluate dietary interventions to enhance intestinal health of nursery pigs without antimicrobial growth promoters in feeds [NC]
10. Determine Dublin prevalence in Salmonella enrichments from cattle clinical specimens in Pennsylvania and establish antimicrobial resistance genotype-phenotype relationship in S. Dublin from agricultural and food sources [PA]

1. Develop a framework for benchmarking antimicrobial use in New York State dairy cattle and collect data on antimicrobial use on 5 dairy farms [NY]
1. Activities: Evaluated 16 indicators (count-based, mass-based, and dose-based) for quantifying antimicrobial use on U.S. dairy farms and systematized them to improve interchangeability, interpretation, and comparability. 
2. Outputs: Systematized indicators will benefit One Health by aiding the uptake of farm-level antimicrobial use indicators by U.S. dairy farms.
2. QMRA of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections associated with unpasteurized milk consumption in the United States [NY]
1. Activities: developed preliminary QMRA for Campylobacter jejuni in raw milk
2. Outputs: Identified knowledge gaps regarding human exposure to Campylobacter jejuni via consumption of raw milk
3. Design and develop a novel multimodal sensing technology to characterize and quantify changes in suckle behavior in dairy breed calves that experience pre-weaning morbidity events [NY]

1. Activities: Prototype development for novel precision livestock technology in progress

1. Outputs: Develop a novel precision livestock technology for early disease detection with the goal of early intervention and reduction of antimicrobial use in neonatal calves

Objective 3: Create and deliver programs on antibiotic stewardship in food production systems through education and outreach.

1. iAMResponsible™, a collaborative education and extension effort about antimicrobial stewardship that was developed by several institutions. [MD, NE, NY, MI]
   • Activities: Developing communication strategies and tools to best convey AMR knowledge (prevalence, treatment, stewardship, and perceptions). Supporting and disseminating research via iAMResponsible social media accounts. The iAMResponsible project team recognizes that audiences often respond best to peer-to-peer interactions or interactions with already trusted members of their personal networks for their decision-making. Thus, helping citizens, educators, and advisors articulate among themselves and to their communities the key actions they could take to slow AMR infections is a major emphasis area of iAMResponsible outreach and education efforts. To that end the team is focused on improving access to information, tools, and resources to improve both stakeholder understanding and communication of AMR-related risks.

1. Outputs:
   1. Over 25 new pieces of outreach content [videos, infographics, podcast episodes, etc.] were created during the reporting period for distribution on social media and added to the existing database of media and research related to AMR curated by the iAMResponsible team and available to the public at go.unl.edu/amrlibrary
   2. Four on-line social media outlets for dissemination of AMR related materials are managed with regular (monthly, weekly, or daily) outputs, roughly 5000 persons (4971 as of 4/11/2022) follow one or more of these accounts.

• The fourth annual offering of a multi-university graduate seminar on AMR from a one-health perspective was delivered in the Spring of 2023 [Banerjee ND, Harrison WA]

1. One Health Graduate Online Course, available to graduate students and others on the fundamentals of AMR development and spread. One Health experts collaborate to deliver the course content.
2. Resources and webinars: https://lpelc.org/tag/iamresponsible/; http://www.iamrproject.com/; Podcast: Tales of the Resistance; Partnership with the Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Community (LPELC).

2. Evaluate veterinary students’ preparedness in antimicrobial stewardship topics and develop educational interventions. [NY]
   1. Activities: Adaptation and implementation of case-based antimicrobial stewardship lessons in a required veterinary public health course. A fully-virtual/online based case was implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. This year it was adapted to be in-person with role-play that encourages veterinary students to practice communication skills. Data on graduating veterinary students’ antimicrobial stewardship knowledge was analyzed.
   2. Outputs: Developing and implementing new educational modules, topic rounds, and lectures on antimicrobial stewardship will increase veterinarians’ competency and confidence in being antimicrobial stewards.

Funding:

1. CAMRADES connecting antimicrobial resistance, agricultural decisions, and environmental systems: A tool for mitigating AMR and assessing risk to human health in agro-ecosystems. Duration: 01/01/2022-12/31/2026. Amount: $1,000,000. USDA NIFA. PI and Co-PIs: Michelle Soupir (ISU, PI), Daniel Anderson (ISU), Adina Howe (ISU), Diana Aga (U of Buffalo), Shannon Bartelt-Hunt (UNL), Amy Schmidt (UNL), Bing Wang (UNL).
2. AMR Gene Reservoirs and Bacterial Host-AMR Gene Associations in Swine Production Systems. Amount: $999,981. USDA-NIFA. PI: Fernando; Co-PIs: A. Schmidt.
3. Gut check: innovative mitigation of antibiotic resistance. Duration: 2020-2023. OSU Women & Philanthropy. PI: Wang
4. IFT Feeding Tomorrow E. Caldwell fellowship. Duration: 2022-2023. PI: Yu L (Advisor, Wang H).
5. Antibiotic Resistome in Fermented Foods and Probiotics for Mitigation. Duration: 2023-2025. OARDC Seed grant immediate needs. PI: Wang H, Pascall.
6. Whole genome sequence analysis of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, and Group B Streptococcus isolated from veterinarians and veterinary technicians in the upper Midwest. Amount: $20,000. PI: Kelli Maddock (PI), Brianna Stenger, Teckla Webb, Gerald Stokka, Paul Carson.
7. Development of a Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) assay to discriminate pathogenic from commensal strains of Histophilus somni: A Novel and affordable diagnostic tool for bovine respiratory disease in North Dakota cattle herds. Amount: $5,000. SBARE. PI: Kelli Maddock (Co-PI), Brett Webb. 2023-2024.
8. ORFeome Display for the Discovery of Novel Pathogen Markers Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease in Shipped Cattle Duration: 2022-2025. Amount: $589,000. Chancellors research initiative, Texas A&M University. PI: Gill
   
9. rhAMR: A comprehensive and cost-effective method refined and applied to understand the impact of feed additives on antimicrobial resistance. Duration: March 1, 2023 - February 29, 2028. Amount: $1,000,000. USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Federal Agencies. PI: Ganda, E. (Principal Investigator), Boney, J. (Co-Principal Investigator), Kovac, J. (Co-Principal Investigator)
10. Salmonella Dublin: Data-Driven Mitigation of an Emerging Pathogen in North-Eastern US Dairy Farms. Duration: February 28, 2023 - February 27, 2025. Amount: $300,000. USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Federal Agencies. PI: Ganda, E. (Principal Investigator), Barragan, A. (Co-Principal Investigator), Hovingh, E. P. (Co-Principal Investigator), Springer, H. (Co-Principal Investigator), Surendran Nair, M. (Co-Principal Investigator)
11. Promoting poultry health and productivity through feed additives," Duration: July 1, 2022 - June 30, 2024. Amount: $40,757. COP: Department of Agriculture, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. PI: Ganda, E. (Principal Investigator), Kuchipudi, V. (Co-Principal Investigator),
12. Impact of antibiotic use restrictions on antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Duration: 10/1/2021 – 9/30/2024. Amount: $90,000. USDA-NIFA Federal Formula Funds #NYC-478449, accession number 7000403. PI: Cazer, Cummings (Co-PI)
13. Revealing Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in the Food Chain with Machine Learning Tools. Duration: 9/30/2023 – 9/29/2025. Amount: $300,000. USDA-AFRI. PI: Cazer, Goodman (Co-PI).
14. Benchmarking Antimicrobial use in New York State Dairy Cattle. USDA-NIFA Federal Formula Funds #NYC-478945, accession number 7000433. PI: Ivanek

Design and development of a multimodal sensing technology to characterize and quantify changes in suckle behavior in dairy breed calves that experience pre-weaning morbidity events. Duration: 10/1/2022 – 9/30/2024. Cornell Institute of Digital Agriculture. PI: von Königslöw & Bhattacharjee

Appendix I: Publications

1. Ruzante J.M., Harris B., Plummer P., Raimeri R.R., Loy J.D., Jacob M., Sahin O. and Krueder A.J. (2022) Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine in the United States: Current Efforts, Challenges, and Opportunities. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1068406
2. Lewis, G.L., Fenton R.J., Moriyama E.N., Loy J.D., and Moxley R.A. (2023). Association of ISVsa3 with Multidrug Resistance in Salmonella enterica Isolates from Cattle (Bos taurus). Microorganisms.  Microorganisms 2023, 11, x. https://doi.org/10.3390

3. Bo Li, Min Ki Jeon, Xu Li, and Tao Yan.   Differential impacts of salinity on antibiotic resistance genes during cattle manure stockpiling are linked to mobility potential revealed by metagenomic sequencing.  Journal of Hazardous Materials, 445: 130590.
4. Yangjunna Zhang, John W. Schmidt, Terrance M. Arthur, Tommy L. Wheeler, Qi Zhang, Bing Wang. A farm-to-fork quantitative microbial exposure assessment of β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli among U.S. beef consumers. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(3): 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030661
5. Li Y, Fu S, Klein M, Wang H. 2023. Traditionally fermented foods still as a critical avenue impacting host gut antibiotic resistome | bioRxiv
6. Wang H, Li Y, Fu 2023. Food safety and host health: hazards, risks, challenges and mitigation of antibiotic resistance. Food Safety Management in Practice. (Revision in review).
7. Maddock K, Gefroh S, Burbick C. Beta-lactam resistance in veterinary beta-hemolytic Streptococcus species: Are we experiencing a public health or test method crisis? J Am Vet Med Assoc.2023 May 23; 1-4. doi: 10.2460/javma.23.03.0172. Online ahead of print.
8. Sun R, Cummings KJ, Beukema A, Hinckley-Boltax AL, Korich JA, & Cazer CL. 2023. Veterinary Students’ Knowledge and Awareness of Antimicrobial Stewardship before and after Clinical Rotations. J Vet Med Educ e20220125
9. Loy, JD., Clawson M.L., Adkins P.R.F., and Middleton J.R. (2023) Current and Emerging Diagnostic Approaches to Bacterial Diseases of Ruminants.  Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice.  Vol 39. 93-114
10. Wynn E.L., Hille M.M., Loy J.D., Schuller G., Kuhn K.L., Dickey A.M., and Clawson M.L. (2022) Whole Genome Sequencing of Diverse Moraxella bovis Strains Reveals Two Genotypes with Different Genetic Determinants.  BMC Microbiology.  Vol 22 (258) DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02670-3
11. Olson H.G., Loy J.D., Clawson M.L., Wynn E.L., and Hille M.W. (2022) Genotype classification of Moraxella bovis isolates using MALDI-TOF MS profiles.  Frontiers in Microbiology.  13:1057621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.10576215
12. Nickodem C, Arnold AN, Gehring KB, Gill JJ, Richeson JT, Samuelson KL, Scott HM, Smith JK, Taylor TM, Vinasco J, Norman KN. 2023. A Longitudinal Study on the Dynamics of Salmonella enterica Prevalence and Serovar Composition in Beef Cattle Feces and Lymph Nodes and Potential Contributing Sources from the Feedlot Environment. Appl Environ Microbiol. 89(4):e0003323. doi: 10.1128/aem.00033-23.
13. Cull, C. A., V. K. Singu, B. J. Cull, K. F. Lechtenberg, G. Amachawadi, J. S. Schutz, and K. A. Bryan. 2022. Efficacy of two probiotic products fed daily to reduce Clostridium perfringens- based adverse health and performance effects in dairy calves. MDPI Antibiotics. 11:1513. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111513
14. Cull, C. A., V. K. Singu, B. J. Cull, K. F. Lechtenberg, G. Amachawadi, J. S. Schutz, and K. A. Bryan. 2022. Efficacy of Lactobacillus animalis and Propionibacterium freudenreichii-based feed additives in reducing Salmonella-associated health and performance effects in commercial beef calves. MDPI Antibiotics. 11:1328. DOI: DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101328.
15. Cull, C. A., V. K. Singu, J. J. Bromm, K. F. Lechtenberg, G. Amachawadi, and B. J. Cull. 2023. Effects of core antigen bacterin with an immunostimulant on piglet health and performance outcomes when challenged with enteric and respiratory pathogens. Antibiotics. 12:599. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030599/.
16. Yadav, A., B. R. Singh, A. M. Pawde, P. Thomas, V. Singh, R. Singh, S. Singh, K. Ravichandran, H. Agri, V. Jayakumar, and R. G. Amachawadi*. 2023. Draft genome sequence of a Pasteurella multocida strain isolated from a Spotted Deer (Axis axis) in India. Microbiology Resource Announcements. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01297-22.
17. Duarte, M. E., C. H. Stahl, and W. Kim. 2023. Intestinal oxidative damages by F18+ Escherichia coli and its amelioration with an antibacterial bacitracin fed to nursery pigs. Antioxidants (in press) [NC, MD]
18. Moita, V. H., and W. Kim. 2023. Efficacy of a bacterial 6-phytase supplemented beyond traditional dose levels on jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota, ileal nutrient digestibility, bone and intestinal health, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 101:skad134. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad134 [NC]
19. Choi, H., Y. Chen, F. Longo, and W. Kim. 2023. Comparative effects of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in diets for nursery pigs on growth performance and acidification of digesta and urine. Journal of Animal Science 101:skad116. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad116 [NC, Brazil]
20. Deng, Z., M. E. Duarte, Y. Kim, Y. Hwang, and S. W. Kim. 2023. Comparative effects of soy protein concentrate, enzyme-treated soybean meal, and fermented soybean meal replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology (in press) [NC, Korea]
21. Vanessa Lagos, L., J. C. Woodworth, W. Kim, and H. H. Stein. 2023. Short communication: Commercial diets for pigs in the United States contain more calcium than formulated. Journal of Animal Science 100:(in press) [IL, NC, KS]
22. Jang, K. B., V. H. C. Moita, N. Martinez, A. Sokale, and W. Kim. 2023. Efficacy of zinc glycinate reducing zinc oxide on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli. Journal of Animal Science 101:skad035. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad035 [NC]
23. Jang, K. B., and W. Kim. 2022. Evaluation of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in fermented soybean meal for nursery pigs using direct and difference procedures. Animal Bioscience 36:275-283. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.22.0269 [NC]
24. Rocha, G. C., M. E. Duarte, and W. Kim. 2022. Advances, implications, and limitations of low crude protein diets in pig production. Animals12:3478 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12243478 [NC, Brazil]
25. Cheng, Y. C., H. L. Lee, Y. Hwang, and W. Kim. 2022. The effects of SID His to Lys ratio on growth performance, intestinal health, and mobilization of histidine-containing proteins in pigs at 7 to 11 kg body weight. Journal of Animal Science 100:skac396 https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac396 [NC, Korea]
26. Moita, V. H. C., and W. Kim. 2022. Nutritional and functional roles of phytase and xylanase enhancing the intestinal health of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. Animals 12:3322 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233322 [NC]
27. Cheng, Y. C., and W. Kim. 2022. Use of microorganisms as nutritional and functional feedstuffs for nursery pigs and broilers. Animals 12:3141 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223141 [NC]
28. Duarte, M. E., and W. Kim. 2022. Phytobiotics from oregano extracts enhance intestinal health and growth performance of pigs. Antioxidants 11:2066 https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102066 [NC]
29. Boston, T. E., F. Wang, X. Lin, Leonard, S. W. Kim, D. McKilligan, V. Fellner, and J. Odle. 2022. Gruel creep feeding accelerates growth and alters intestinal health of young pigs. Animals 12:2408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182408 [NC]
30. Niu, Q., G. Pu, L. Fan, C. Gao, T. Lan, C. Liu, T. Du, W. Kim, P. Niu, Z. Zhang, P. Li, and R. Huang. 2022. Identification of gut microbiota affecting fiber digestibility in pigs. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 44:4557-4569 https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44100312 [NC, China]
31. Deng, Z., M. E. Duarte, K. B. Jang, and W. Kim. 2022. Soy protein concentrate replacing animal protein supplements and its impacts on intestinal health, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 100:skac255. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac255 [NC]
32. Xu, X., M. E. Duarte, and W. Kim. 2022. Postbiotics effects of Lactobacillus fermentate on intestinal health, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth efficiency of nursery pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli. Journal of Animal Science 100:skac210. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac210 [NC]
33. Moita, V.H.C., M.E. Duarte, and S.W. Kim. 2022. Functional roles of xylanase enhancing intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs by reducing the digesta viscosity and modulating the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum. Journal of Animal Science 100:skac116. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac116 [NC]
34. Holanda, D. M., and W. Kim. 2022. Impacts of weaning weights and mycotoxin challenges on jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal and systemic health, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 13:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-022-00691-6. [NC]
35. Cheng, Y. C., M. E. Duarte, and W. Kim. 2022. Effects of Yarrowia lipolytica supplementation on growth performance, intestinal health, and apparent ileal digestibility of diets fed to nursery pigs. Animal Bioscience 35:605-613. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0369 [NC]
36. Duarte, M. E., and W. Kim. 2022. Intestinal microbiota and its interaction to intestinal health in nursery pigs. Animal Nutrition 8:169-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.001. [NC]
37. Jang, K. B., and W. Kim. 2022. Role of milk carbohydrates in intestinal health of nursery: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 13:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00650-7 [NC]
38. Ganda E, Chakrabarti A, Sardi MI, Tench M, Kozlowicz BK, Norton SA, Warren LK, Khafipour E. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product improves robustness of equine gut microbiome upon stress. Front Vet Sci. 2023 Feb 24;10:1134092. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1134092. PMID: 36908513; PMCID: PMC9998945.