Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

NC-213 Annual Meeting Business Notes

Wednesday, March 15, 2023 – 12:30PM

12:34PM Devin Rose called NC-213 Annual Business Meeting to order.

Three items of business for the meeting:

-Update on the new 5-year plan and renewal process

-Determine annual meeting location for 2024

-2024 Executive Office Discussion

Updates on 5 Year Workplan – Rewrite:

-The current 5-year project plan end this fiscal year and the executive committee, led by Devin, re-wrote and submitted a new 5-year project plan. The new plan is currently being reviewed and is expected to be accepted.

-Gretchen Mosher recognized the efforts put forth by Devin and the re-write and the NC-213 group offered a round of applause.

-Devin remined the group to check their emails for updating Appendix E and to reach out if individuals need to be added to Appendix E.

2024 Annual Meeting:

-Devin informed the group about the previous discussion the executive committee held previously to the annual meeting. The executive committee came up with 3 options for next year’s meeting.

Option Number 1. Hold the meeting in-conjunction with GEAPS in Kansas City, MO (discussion points below):

-Hesitation the executive committee on hosting with GEAPS again based on prior experiences.

-GEAPS is going transitions with their leadership and Steve Records (GEAPS Representative on the Industry Panel) mentioned he would bring our concerns and ideas to the new board before his departure.

-Sam McNeil brought up the cost associated with GEAP attendance. There has not been a discounted membership fee or conference attendance fee in the past and can be expensive to attend.

-Gretchen Mosher stated that there is now an affiliate member ship for academics and government employees and is ~$350/yr. Gretchen also mentioned that there is an option for a 1-day pass to the expo for $50 per individual.

-A student member in attendance also stated that the GEAPS meeting is free for students and would be the preferred option for students and young professionals.

-Deanna Scheff mentioned that we could “pair/not pair” with GEAPS next year. The GEAPS exchange ends on Tuesday, so we [NC-213] could attend the expo on Monday and start the NC-213 meeting on Tuesday. That would offer both opportunities for that want to attend both meetings.

-Gretchen Mosher mentioned that GEAPS holds blocks of hotels near the Expo, so we may be able to work with GEAPS and get a block of rooms in the same area or change to a different venue to host the meeting.

-Chuck Hill stated he could get a wheat expert to sit on the industry panel if we feel we are lacking on that commodity representation and Mark Macrander from Ingredion offered to hold tours of their facilities on Tuesday morning for the NC-213 group.

Option Number 2. Hold the meeting in-conjunction with Wheat Quality Council in Olathe, KS (discussion points below):

-Initially the favorite by the committee and would be earlier in the month of February.

-The last meeting with the Wheat Quality Council was 2015 and 2017 in Kansas City.

-Senay Simsek called a representative on the Wheat Quality Council and the representative the individual stated that we [NC-213] are welcome to pair our meeting with them in Olathe, Kansas.

Option Number 3. Hold the meeting at another member university (discussion points below):

-Not a great response by the group to host at another university next year

-Griffiths Atungulu offered to host NC-213 at the University of Arkansas in the future

-Kansas State University and the USDA in Manhattan could host in the future

-University of Nebraska – Lincoln could host in the future

Option Number 4.

-Sam McNeil informed the group about the National Farm Machinery Show in mid-February that could be an option (now or in the future). It is a free show to attend and has exhibitors for agricultural products, equipment, and services in the farming industry.

After discussion was completed, a vote was called for:

GEAPS: 5 votes

Wheat Quality Council: 4 votes

NC-213 2024 meeting will be held in conjunction with GEAPS in Kansas City, MO.

2024 Executive Office Discussion

Current officers for 2024

-Secretary: Open

-Vice-Chair: Deanna Scheff

-Chair: Janie McClurkin Moore

-Past-Chair: Devin Rose

*Paul Armstrong will be rotating off

Devin informed the group that there were 2 nominations for the secretary position.

-Kali Silveru from Kansas State University

-Salah Issa from the University of Illinois at Urbana

Salah Issa gave a short speech to the group about his background and interest in serving on the executive board. Kali Silveru was not present at the meeting, due to another conflict, but Devin presented a short background about Kali to the group.

Mark Casada questioned the committee why we have two choices. He mentioned that in the past the board had already had a nomination for the secretary position and the nominee had “accepted” the nomination. Devin responded by confirming that the board had a nomination prior to the NC-213 Annual meeting, but during the meeting another name was brought forward.

Devin called for a vote:

Salah: 6 votes

Kali: 3 votes

Other important information:

Student Poster Competition – People’s Choice Award: Mike Ssenjogi “Light Extinction Through Dust Clouds and the Relationship with Dust Particle Properties” Purdue University

The Andersons Cereals and Oilseeds Award of Excellence: Sam McNeil, University of Kentucky

The Andersons Early-in-Career Award: Deanna Scheff, USDA-ARS-CGAHR-SPIERU, Manhattan, Kansas

Meeting adjourned.

NC-213 2022 Accomplishments

Objective 1: To measure, model, and assess factors which influence quality and safety attributes in the post-harvest usage, drying, handling, and distribution of cereal grains and oilseeds.

• Researchers at Iowa State University continue creating corn and soybean proximate analysis calibrations for multiple models of near infrared transmission (NIRT) analyzers. Recently, work was completed to measure the inter-reliability between and among NIRT units.
• Researchers at Iowa State University performed experiments on grain quality characteristics, moisture content, test weight, dry matter loss, percent grain damage, commercially objectionable foreign odor, aflatoxin content, and the number of insects.
• These researchers also continue to perform life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis on hermetic storage bag. Calculated annual costs based on a 9-month period which included costs for purchasing the bags, insecticide, adoption, and transportation. Assessed annual revenue, including discounts, and economic impacts calculated for storage as profit and loss reduction or the entire lifetime of bags.
  • Incorporated feedback from expert on calculations of oxygen depletion in hermetic storage bags, continue to develop online dashboard for launch in 2023.
• Researchers are also working on reducing post-harvest loss in the shea value chain in rural Ghana. They have developed moisture sorption isotherms and predicted shelf life for shea nuts, at different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50°C). Likewise, equilibrium relative humidity was monitored on nuts at different moisture contents (4, 7, 10, 15, and 20% wet basis).
• PICS bag maize storage was tested for long-term, on-farm storage of maize in Haiti. Bags filled with 50kg of maize kept live maize weevil counts down to around 5 weevils/kg compared to control bags that increased from 5 to 199 weevils/kg.
• Iowa state researchers also worked on developing gluten free snack and pasta products. Extrusion trails were performed to help mitigate texture issues with high-protein pasta and snack foods using lentil, chickpea, and fava bean flours.
• Researchers at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln evaluated heat treatment of wheat kernels using a continuous steamer, like what is found in commercial milling, to reduce bacteria on wheat samples. Log reduction of 7.67 for Enterococcus faecium B-2354 and 4.66 for generic E. coli ATCC 25922 were achieved with a 2-minute residence time of steam, where samples reached about 80°
• Dialyzability assay was used to determine mineral element bioavailability in unprocessed, germinated, and fermented whole wheat porridges. The reduction in phytic acid concentration and pH of fermented flour increased the bioavailability of cadmium. The dialyzability assay may be utilized for the rapid screening of additional wheat-based foods
• Analysis of 23 wheat cultivars' protein digestibility and end-use quality parameters was performed. Bread protein digestibility was positively correlated with kernel diameter, loaf firmness, milling yield, and Mixograph midline peak time, and increased with release year. With release year and protein digestibility, high molecular weight protein increased and low molecular weight protein decreased. Compared to the low digestibility samples, the high digestibility samples possessed a greater variety of peptides, less cysteine, and more proline.
• North Dakota State University researchers have been developing alternatives to the mixograph. GlutoPeak, Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC), and gluten index tests have been proposed as potential replacements. By milling grain into semolina and evaluating dough quality with mixograph, GlutoPeak, SRC, and gluten index tests, eleven durum cultivars cultivated in ten different environments were evaluated in a study. Additionally, the cooking quality of the dry spaghetti was assessed. Using solutions of water, sodium carbonate, lactic acid, and sucrose, several parameters, including time-to-peak, peak height, and mixogram score, peak maximum time and maximum torque, and SRC, were evaluated.
• NDSU researchers discovered that hop essential oil nanoemulsion inhibited Fusarium growth and mycotoxin production during micro-malting with naturally FHB-infected barley grains. Hop essential oil nanoemulsion reduced fungal biomass, DON content, and aldehydes compared to the control. Fungal hyphae on barley and malt surfaces and tissues were also examined. Compared to raw barley grains, fungal hyphae on kernel surfaces decreased after steeping but increased between the husk and testa layer after germination.
• Researchers at Purdue University measured the temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, moisture content, and insect activity of corn stored in eight cylindrical steel bins using sensors and insect traps. In addition, sieved grain samples were analyzed monthly for their proximate composition, susceptibility to fungal invasion, and insect activity. The objective of the study was to comprehend the behavior and seasonal patterns of stored grain conditions, which are crucial to grain quality and economic value.
• Researchers at Purdue University developed an open-source database that stores and manages physical property data crucial for the selection and design of equipment and structures for cereal grains, co-products, and biomass. The database contains links to data/standards sources and permits the submission of new data. This achievement has enabled more accurate model predictions for computational modeling techniques, such as the discrete element method and the finite element method, which are increasingly utilized by the industrial sector for equipment design and process optimization.
• Using Radio Frequency (RF) treatments, Purdue researchers increased the nutritional value of corn bran by fermenting insoluble dietary fibers (IDF). The IDF remains insoluble while targeting essential gut bacteria. RF or RF/enzymatic hydrolysis of isolated corn fiber is used. In vitro fecal fermentation will quantify SCFA production from processed samples. SCFA production increases with bacterial growth. Targeted amplicon sequencing will assess the fecal microbiome. This boosts corn bran's nutritional value and industrial potential.
• Using arabinoxylans and β-glucans, Purdue researchers examined the dietary fiber fractions of hulled wheat flour and bread. This comprehensive analysis localized these components using staining and immunolabeling. The study investigated the genetics of health-promoting compounds in hulled wheat species and their potential for developing more nutrient-dense common wheat cultivars. This research reintroduces hulled wheat as a valuable raw material for a variety of food products, expanding the market and meeting consumer demand for natural and organic products.
• In addition to the previous accomplishment, the study revealed differences in the distribution of non-starch polysaccharides within the kernels of hulled wheat species. Utilizing the AOAC 2011.25 integrated dietary fiber assay, different fiber fractions in flour and bread were analyzed. Einkorn and spelt whole meal flour had significantly lower levels of insoluble dietary fiber and total dietary fiber compared to hard red spring wheat, and bread samples exhibited a similar trend. Some genotypes of einkorn and emmer contained more soluble dietary fibers of low molecular weight (SDF-LM). To evaluate the health benefits associated with SDF-LM in these wheat varieties, additional research is required.
• Purdue University researchers evaluated the grain quality of five industrial hemp cultivars, as well as their yield, physical characteristics, composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. There were significant differences between cultivars in terms of kernel weight per thousand, dietary fiber content, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacities. These findings contribute to the development of a comprehensive industrial hemp grain quality program that will allow producers and processors to increase industry profitability and equity while catering to specific applications such as oil, plant-based protein, and dietary fiber. To evaluate the nutritional quality of hemp grain components and to increase knowledge in this field, additional research is required.
• Texas A&M University researchers are investigating the use of hyperspectral imaging techniques for classifying aflatoxin- and fumonisin-contaminated corn samples, with the support vector machine model achieving high levels of accuracy. In addition, the Texas Feed and Fertilizer Control Service developed time-of-flight mass spectrometry and micro-fluidics to measure toxins, drugs, and bacterial contaminants, allowing for the monitoring of dangerous toxins in laboratories with high containment. In addition, a method was developed for identifying and confirming six antibiotics in catfish feed using UPLC-MS-MS, based on modified and expanded USDA guidelines for detecting antibiotic residues.
• Researchers at CGAHR, USDA-ARS in Manhattan, KS evaluated several factors that influence sorghum grain composition and end-use quality, including the effect of nitrogen fertilization, genetic variability, and environmental effect.

Objective 2: To improve management and operational systems to increase efficiency, retain quality, enhance value and preserve food safety in the farm-to-user supply chain

• Texas A&M University researchers evaluated the effects of diatomaceous earth and atmospheric cold plasma treatment on stored grains and discovering that atmospheric cold plasma acted as a stabilizer against the degrading effects of diatomaceous earth on wheat dough strength.
• Researchers at the University of Arkansas aimed to improve rice drying, storage, and milling through a variety of studies. This included testing new grain management tools, characterizing rice cultivars, and studying seed germination after drying. Dielectric heating was used for rice drying, instantization, and pasteurization. Salting rice before harvest affected drying, milling yield, and physicochemical quality. The study also standardized milling yield assessment methods, developed nondestructive rice chalk content measurement methods, and quantified rice cultivar physicochemical and functional characteristics. Studying aflatoxin formation, developing dielectric heat treatments for insect pest control, and investigating nonthermal rice flour decontamination addressed safety concerns.
• University of Idaho researchers studied the use of antioxidants, specifically -tocopherol, to mitigate OTA-induced toxicity. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a potential human carcinogen, is present in a variety of foods and cereal grains, including oats, and poses a health risk. α-tocopherol exhibited a protective effect against oxidative stress induced by OTA in human kidney cells, according to the research. It was observed that α-tocopherol decreased cytotoxicity, boosted antioxidant defense systems, and mitigated OTA-induced renal damage.
• University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Iowa State University researchers simulated real-world storage conditions with varying moisture and temperature to estimate soybean dry matter loss (DML) and lipid oxidation (LO) over 30 days. Moisture affected vDML (volatile) more than temperature. Higher moisture content also increased LO indicator concentrations, indicating lipid oxidation. Under unfavorable storage conditions, LO products, DML, and vDML correlated positively, indicating lipid decomposition and dry matter loss. These findings may improve maximum storage time recommendations by considering qualitative and quantitative soybean deterioration.
• Iowa State University researchers addressed the concerns of supply chains aiming to produce non-genetically modified (GM) animal feed by managing the unintentional presence of GM grain (Adventitious presence (AP)) at each stage. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) were utilized to assess AP risks and identify over 150 sources of AP in the non-GM feed supply chain. In addition, a comprehensive cost analysis using Monte Carlo simulation shed light on the economic aspects of non-GM grain and feed isolation and segregation. A vulnerability analysis was also conducted to identify the grain and feed handling system's most vulnerable points.
• Iowa State University researchers developed an integrated strategy for mycotoxin monitoring and management in commodity corn and established an advisory panel to guide the development of practical supply chain recommendations. The objective of the project is to determine the historical incidence of mycotoxins in the corn-growing region of the United States and to identify early-season and harvest-time predictors of mycotoxin risk in commodity corn.
• Researchers at Iowa State University analyzed post-harvest loss (PHL) data from the Rockefeller Foundation Yieldwise Initiative in Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria. In the mango, maize, and tomato value chains, this research seeks to comprehend the effect of various post-harvest technologies on the reduction of PHL, the enhancement of farmer income, and the management of environmental impact. Specific objectives include conducting a comparative analysis of post-harvest technologies, identifying key drivers of PHL, predicting the impact of technology adoption, and developing a decision-support tool for maximizing technology adoption in low-income countries.
• By analyzing post-harvest loss (PHL) data in Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria, Iowa State University researchers aimed to meet the rising demand for safe and nutritious food. The research provides valuable insights by examining the impact of post-harvest technologies on lowering PHL, increasing farmers' income, and controlling environmental impact in the mango, maize, and tomato value chains. Specific achievements include conducting a comparative analysis of post-harvest technologies, identifying key drivers of PHL, predicting the impact of technology adoption, and developing a decision support tool to maximize the adoption of post-harvest technologies in low-income countries.
• Researchers from Iowa State University developed a new wireless monitoring system that replaces conventional temperature cables with headspace and plenum sensors. This system effectively monitors grain conditions, makes aeration decisions, and sends timely alerts when grain spoilage is imminent. The research also includes the development of a computational model that accounts for various factors affecting grain storage, and its validation will allow Amber Ag and Iowa State University to use the model for commercial and academic purposes, respectively.
• Iowa State University researchers developed a survey instrument to quantify and assess the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from grain handling, drying, and storage operations. The objective of the survey was to collect information from industry stakeholders regarding energy consumption and equipment specifics. The survey results will be used to identify and evaluate strategies for achieving net-zero carbon emissions in these operations, contributing to more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly grain industry practices.
• Kansas State University researchers found alternative fumigants for pest control in stored grain, synergized deltamethrin, and identified sources of microbial contamination in wheat milling to improve food safety. investigated the synergistic effect of "C8910" short-chain fatty acids on deltamethrin, an important grain-storing insecticide. Deltamethrin-resistant red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum was studied. C8910 increased deltamethrin toxicity, especially against the resistant beetle strain. Inhibiting detoxification enzymes was another synergistic mechanism found. This study reveals deltamethrin's efficacy enhancement and suggests C8910 as a natural synergist.
• University of Kentucky researchers tested soft red winter wheat storage methods like hermetic bags and metal cans. Wheat varieties, temperatures, and storage times were considered. Hermetic storage preserved wheat quality for food and phytochemical applications in quality preservation research. Hermetic storage affected microbial growth, α-amylase activity, β-glucan content, total protein content, and germination potential. A study on microbial growth and water activity found no difference between hermetic and conventional storage. Hermetic storage reduces water activity, which inhibits spoilage microorganisms. The Hermetic storage sprouting prevention study reduced sprouting risk by lowering α-amylase activity. Hermetic storage may prevent sprouting and preserve wheat quality.
• Researchers at Mississippi State University have developed methods for the rapid detection of aflatoxin contamination and toxigenic fungi infection in corn kernels. The researchers gathered corn kernels infected with aflatoxin-producing and non-producing Aspergillus flavus and performed imaging with a tabletop shortwave near infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging system and a Raman hyperspectral imaging system. SWIR and Raman images were analyzed using artificial intelligence and multivariate image processing algorithms to identify aflatoxin-infected kernels and detect the presence of aflatoxin.
• Purdue University researchers sought a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative carrier for Aflasafe®, a biocontrol product used to combat aflatoxin contamination in grains and oilseeds. The cost of the current carrier, sorghum, makes it inaccessible to smallholder farmers in developing nations. The study investigated the possibility of substituting sorghum with grains from a local brewery. The properties of various brewers' grains, as well as their influence on granulation and final granule properties, were analyzed. Granules were successfully manufactured, and their particle and bulk properties were evaluated through wet granulation with a rotating drum. This research has the potential to yield a cheaper carrier option for Aflasafe®, making it more accessible to smallholder farmers and improving food safety in developing nations.
• Texas A&M University researchers reviewed the scientific literature on dietary fumonisin exposure and cattle health and performance. PECO (Purpose, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcome) statements and bias risk were used to evaluate the review. According to research analysis, the 2001 FDA fumonisin guidance was based on three studies. These studies were confounded and did not meet EPA Benchmark Dose Software requirements. Recent literature did not meet analysis criteria. A meta-analysis was also prevented by differences in cattle fumonisin toxicity indicators. The review highlights the gaps and challenges in our understanding of how dietary fumonisin affects cattle health.
• Texas A&M researchers created a Monte Carlo simulation for economic risk assessment. The evaluation estimated the financial loss from banning fumonisin-contaminated corn in Texas. Fumonisin incidence, mycotoxin testing, alternative markets, grain elevator price discounts, and crop insurance were simulated. This study examined how these variables affected corn that exceeded the FDA-recommended cattle feed level. The evaluation highlights the economic effects of eliminating the blending option and the importance of accurate mycotoxin testing and market considerations in fumonisin-contaminated corn management.
• Texas A&M University researchers developed a risk assessment model to evaluate the impact of effective neutral detergent fiber (eNDF) on polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in Texas backgrounding and finishing cattle consuming rations containing various sources of dietary sulfur (S). The study examines the potential negative effects of increased S content in animal diets, particularly from dried distiller grains with solubles (DDGS), on cattle health.
• Researchers at the Center for Grain and Animal Health Research in Manhattan, Kansas, used near-infrared hyperspectral imaging to predict sorghum grain protein, oil, and kernel weight. This study shows that this nondestructive and fast method is comparable to near-infrared spectroscopy. This method generates prediction maps by visualizing grain and kernel protein variation. Breeders, cultivators, and processors can benefit from hyperspectral imaging's quality control of sorghum grains, especially oil content. The review also emphasizes the importance of non-destructive seed phenomics techniques in seed quality evaluation and crop improvement, particularly near-infrared spectroscopy and other imaging methods. These crop improvement and sustainability-promoting methods are also reviewed.
• Researchers from CGAHR in Manhattan, Kansas, Kansas State University, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Iowa State University examined how tarpaulin movement affects grain bunker fumigation PH3 distribution. Bunker storage and fumigation are cost-effective grain storage methods. This study uses CFD and FSI to understand tarpaulin motion and PH3 distribution. A mathematical representation was created to characterize various scenarios based on the tarpaulin's sinusoidal motion. The study shows that PH3's behavior is sensitive to motion parameters and that minimizing the bunker's tarpaulin's spatial frequency optimizes fumigant distribution. A Deep Neural Network (DNN) model was created to correlate tarpaulin motion parameters with the predicted fraction of bunker volume receiving a lethal PH3 concentration, eliminating the need for CFD simulations. Field workers can use this model to build bunkers for fumigation.

Objective 3: To work with multi-institutional colleagues to improve the cereal grain and oilseed supply chain by creating measurable impacts that preserve quality, increase value, and maintain food safety/food security.

• Texas A&M University researchers implemented APTECA, a multi-institutional approach to manage aflatoxin and fumonisin risk in Eastern and Southern Africa, proficiency testing programs and distance learning initiatives in several countries, and a project in Malawi to introduce co-regulation and policy workshops involving key stakeholders. AgriLife Research and COMESA also signed a Memorandum of Understanding to address Non-Tariff Trade Barriers, improve regulatory science, and measure and manage mycotoxin risk in the region. These efforts improve food safety, market transparency, and laboratory testing and technical expertise.
• Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Iowa State University have published a paper with the intent of developing a series of extension-based safety messages on this topic. Together with the GHSC, they developed training curriculum on Dump Pit Safety and Cold Weather Hazards.
• Iowa State University researchers are nearing completion of the new ISU Kent Feed Mill and Grain Science Complex, a cutting-edge facility. It has feed manufacturing and grain handling, drying, and storage. Iowa State University supports the global grain and feed industry through research, instruction, service, Extension, and industry and international outreach. The facility will open mid-2023. The 2021 report summarized capabilities. The new facility hosted the August 2022 Advanced Grain Elevator Operations Management short course and the fall 2022 3-credit Feed Processing and Technology course (TSM455/555) required for the ISU Feed Technology Minor. Over 500 people took 40 tours in 2022. Before the facility opens, feed safety, quality management, personnel safety, business management, and Standard Operating Procedures have improved.
• Researchers at Montana State University developed and advanced wheat stem sawfly management and wheat quality research projects. Utilizing genetic manipulation and carbohydrate reserves, these projects explored methods to stabilize yield and improve pest control. Moreover, presentations and efforts to improve hygiene and temperature management in on-farm storage were made to address concerns regarding wheat quality and safe storage practices.
• Researchers from Purdue University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, CGAHR in Manhattan, and Kansas State University examined the factors that influence dust cloud formation. Surface characteristics, such as adhesion and surface energy, play a role in dust generation during grain handling, as determined by simulation. By minimizing air turbulence, modifying the cross-sectional area of downspouts can reduce dust separation from grains, according to the findings.

Impacts

Objective 1 impacts

1. Continuation of the development and implementation of ASABE standard (ASABE Project X657) Measurement and Rating of Hermetic Storage Bags – Specifications of Gas Barrier Liners
2. Improvements to low-cost, locally-manufactured moisture meters for determining the moisture content of shea nuts during drying and storage.
3. Determining the dialyzability of mineral elements in wheat-based foods and evaluating the effect of feed rate and residence time on heat treatment of wheat kernels.
4. Identifying a potential screening method for cadmium availability and correlating bread protein digestibility with end-use quality parameters. Outputs include log reduction of pathogenic bacteria and protein molecular weight and composition analysis.
5. GlutoPeak's peak maximum time, SRC lactic acid solution, and gluten index could be suitable alternatives to the mixograph test when evaluating the cooking quality of semolina and pasta.
6. The study sheds light on how the susceptibility of corn to biological activity varies throughout the storage season and provides insights on monitoring CO₂ levels at the plenum.
7. The detailed analysis of fiber components in hulled wheats and the effects of bread baking provides insights for developing hulled wheats that may benefit high-fiber, low-FODMAP diets. More research is needed to assess hulled wheat products' fiber fractions' health benefits.
8. Identified industrial hemp's chemical composition and grain quality affect its use in oil, protein, and dietary fiber production. Hemp grain quality knowledge will boost producers' and processors' profits and industry standing.
9. Rapid, simple, and cost-effective hyperspectral imaging methods should be a convenient and reliable tool for qualitative and quantitative screening of mycotoxin-contaminated corn products and management and control of the products to improve animal and human safety. In low-resource settings, maize aflatoxins and fumonisins quantification will improve food safety monitoring.

Objective 2 impact statements

1. The improved food safety and security resulting from this project will benefit the health of 29 million Texans and one billion Texas animals.
2. Reduced OTA and its toxicity to improve food safety for the food industry and the public. OTA caused oxidative stress-induced liver and kidney toxicity despite the kidney being a major target organ. Thus, diet antioxidants may affect OTA-mediated liver toxicity, so they should be studied.
3. The research on soybean respiration provided crucial information that filled in knowledge gaps regarding soybean storage, particularly in regions of low latitude. This contributes to a better understanding of storage practices and the reduction of losses in regions like Brazil and India.
4. The work resulted in several peer-reviewed publications and the completion of Master's theses, affording students educational opportunities and contributing to the body of scientific literature in the field of soybean storage and respiration.
5. The findings highlighted the significant losses that occur in low latitude regions as a result of suboptimal drying and storage facilities, highlighting the need for improved practices and technologies to reduce dry matter loss and preserve soybean quality under high temperature and humidity conditions.
6. The research focuses on significant soybean storage losses in low-latitude regions where drying and storage facilities are often suboptimal, causing dry matter loss and quality degradation. This research fills gaps in our knowledge of soybean storage by measuring soybean respiration rates under typical storage conditions using a dynamic grain respiration system. Previous studies relied on corn respiration data and assumptions.
7. This study examines soybean storage conditions in low-latitude countries like Brazil and India, which have no cool or cold seasons. Data from this research improves soybean storage in these regions' commercial supply chains.
8. The non-GM grain and feed study provides scientific data for practical US and international policies on non-GM products. This study identifies high-risk supply chain areas and provides data to support higher tolerance levels for unintentional GM grain, reducing the risk of producing and handling specialized crops. Traceability protocols for food safety and environmental/climate impacts improve documentation efficiency to meet customer specifications and regulations.
9. It is expected that the impact of this research will benefit stakeholders by providing pragmatic, scientific strategies to manage mycotoxins in corn, thereby promoting food safety, minimizing risks, and maximizing profitability throughout the commodity corn supply chain.
10. Created a multi-criteria decision support tool to maximize post-harvest technology adoption in low-income countries, considering technical and sustainability performance and the needs of all key value chain actors. This tool helps decision-makers choose effective technologies for adoption.
11. Conducted a techno-economic analysis of image-based remote sensing technologies to quantify remaining sweet potatoes in North Carolina, USA. The study resulted in the development of an online dashboard that facilitates the evaluation of the image-based technology's economic viability.
12. Five soft red winter wheat varieties were tested for conventional and hermetic storage. Alternative storage technologies are compared to traditional methods. This helps farmers, grain managers, and processors evaluate alternative grain storage projects.
13. Provide a quicker and non-destructive method for aflatoxin detection, thereby aiding in the reduction of aflatoxin contamination in corn and ensuring food safety.
14. Economic risk assessment showed that removing fumonisin-contaminated corn from state regulatory authority would cost Texas $3–7 million. The financial impact was attributed to fumonisin accumulation, crop insurance enrollment, and reliable mycotoxin testing. The research suggests that farmers can reduce their financial risk by purchasing crop insurance yield coverage and using the OTSC OSS program for accurate and defensible mycotoxin testing.
15. dentifying Texas backgrounding and finishing cattle districts with the highest sulfur (S) toxicity risk. District 2 in the South Plains is the riskiest, according to the study. Results can guide cattle diet, water, and feed management.
16. Discovering previously unknown mechanisms that influence the distribution of phosphine gas (PH3) within bunkers during fumigation.

Objective 3 impact statements

1. Labs participated in multiple rounds of the APTECA proficiency-testing program, emphasizing the importance of validating aflatoxin B1 test kits. Technical trade barriers between EAC B1 and total aflatoxin limits hinder regional regulatory harmonization and trade.
2. The APTECA project in Kenya successfully implemented a risk-based regulatory plan of work in Meru and Marsabit counties, revealing varying levels of aflatoxin contamination in maize samples and emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring and intervention.
3. Established program with 71 countries, 304 laboratories, and 101 public health and regulatory agencies serving 5.3 billion people, 2.9 billion of whom live in low and lower-middle income countries according to 2021 World Bank lending categories. Precision and TBT reduction will improve food safety and trade.
4. Workshops, trainings, and research improved grain safety. Over 700 US workers received valuable in-person and online training. Compressed air also decrusted grain in storage bins. A grain handling paper promoted best practices and grain entrapment research. Positive participant evaluations showed that agricultural training could save lives.
5. Minimizing airflow turbulence reduces corn kernel dust during gravity handling. Also, unloading speed can increase dust production. These insights can improve grain handling facility dust control and safety.

Objective 1

Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E. “Ensuring Performance of Hermetic Storage Bag Technology for Food Security and Resource Sustainability” World Food Prize Foundation Graduate Student Poster Competition. Iowa Events Center. October 19, 2022 (3^rd Place-Best Poster)

Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E. “Ensuring Performance of Hermetic Storage Bag Technology for Food Security and Resource Sustainability” Norman Borlaug Lecture Poster Competition. Great Hall. Memorial Union. October 17, 2022. (2^nd Place-Best Poster)

Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E. “Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) applied to the ranking of commercially available hermetic storage bag liners” ASABE 2022 Annual Internal Meeting. Houston, Texas. July 17-20, 2022

Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E. “Predicting Performance of Hermetic Storage Bag Technology” Consortium for Innovation in Post-harvest Loss and Food Waste Reduction. Annual Meeting. Kumasi, Ghana, June 6-10, 2022

Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E. “Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) applied to the ranking of commercially available hermetic storage bag liners” ISU Graduate and Professional Research Conference. April 6, 2022

Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E “Predicting the performance of hermetic storage bag technology”. NC213 2022 Virtual Meeting Student Research Competition. March 30, 2022

Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E “Predicting the performance of hermetic storage bag technology”. ISU Consortium Webinar. February 24, 2022

Obeng-Akrofi, G., Akowuah, J. O., Maier, D. E. ., & Addo, A. 2022. Selection of an Appropriate Biomass Burner for Drying Maize in a Crossflow Column Dryer Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process. Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology, 6(2), 107-119. https://doi.org/10.55043/jaast.v6i2.63

Arthur, E. Akowuah, J.O. and Obeng-Akrofi, G. 2022. "Assessment of the purdue improved crop storage (pics) bag for maize storage in Ghana." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition & Development 22, no. 6. https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.111.22055

Akowuah, J. O., Boateng, H. A., Akrofi, G. O., & Maier, D. E. 2021. “Performance evaluation of a flatbed maize dryer with a biomass heat source.” International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT), 11(2355-2022-152), 37-41.

Obeng-Akrofi G., D.E. Maier, and J.O. Akowuah. Moisture Sorption Isotherm of Shea nuts. ASABE 2022 Annual International Meeting, Houston, TX, July 17 - 20, 2022. (presenter)

Arthur, E., J.O. Akowuah, G. Obeng-Akrofi and B. Asante. Comparative assessment of cold storage and hermetic bag storage on stored maize grain viability, nutritional content, and quality. ASABE 2022 Annual International Meeting, Houston, TX, July 17 - 20, 2022.

Arthur, E., J.O. Akowuah, G. Obeng-Akrofi and B. Asante. Assessment on the adoption constraints and profitability of hermetic storage technology for storage of maize in Ghana. ASABE 2022 Annual International Meeting, Houston, TX, July 17 - 20, 2022.

Kwashie, A.A., J.O. Akowuah, G. Obeng-Akrofi and S. McNeill. Thin layer mathematical modelling and performance assessment of solar bubble dryer for drying white maize. ASABE 2022 Annual International Meeting, Houston, TX, July 17 - 20, 2022.

Lawrence J., G. Obeng-Akrofi and D.E. Maier. Quantification of over‐drying of bottom layers and under‐drying of top layers based on grain depth, airflow and bin diameter during natural air drying of corn. ASABE 2022 Annual International Meeting, Houston, TX, July 17 - 20, 2022.

Rithana, R., Bern, C., Bowers, E., Brumm T., and Maier, D. "Field testing of Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bag maize storage in Haiti." Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research 13, no. 1 (2022): 1-5.

Liu S, Xu L, Wu Y, Simsek S, Rose DJ. 2022. End-use quality of historical and modern winter wheats adapted to the Great Plains of the United States. Foods 11:2975.

Haiyang Jiang, Xiaoxi Qi, Shaobin Zhong, Paul Schwarz, Bingcan Chen, Jiajia Rao* (2023). Effect of treatment of Fusarium Head Blight infected barley grains with hop essential oil nanoemulsion on the quality and safety of malted barley. Food chemistry accepted.

Olenloa, A.E. and K.E. Ileleji. 2023. Seasonal changes of abiotic and biotic factors in stored grain ecosystems during a year storage. Transactions of ASABE (in preparation).

Kulathunga, J., & Simsek, S. (2022). Dietary fiber variation in ancient and modern wheat species: Einkorn, emmer, spelt and hard red spring wheat. Journal of Cereal Science, 104, 103420.

Whitney, K., Vaca, J., Bolt, M., Turco, R., Simsek, S. 2022. Industrial hemp grain – development of cultivar quality assessment. Cereals and Grains Association Annual Meeting. Minneapolis, MN. USA.

Herrman, T., K.M. Lee, Y.C. Hsieh, S. Williams. 2022. Analytical uncertainty in animal feed laboratories: a current evaluation of the AAFCO proficiency testing data for select analytes. Journal of Regulatory Science 10(1) (2022) 1-13.

Nishimwe, K. V. Hoffmann, T. Herrman. 2022. Market-driven strategies for combating aflatoxins in Rwanda. 2022. Final report RWA-21162, International Growth Center.

Ncube, M.B., Taylor, J., Bean, S.R., Ioerger, B.P. and Taylor, J.R.N. 2022. Modification of zein dough functionality using kafirin as a coprotein. Food Chem. 373:131547.

Chiluwal, A., Perumal, R., Poudel, H., Muleta, K., Ostmeyer, T., Fedenia, L., Pokharel, M., Bean, S.R., Sebela, D., Bheemanahalli, R., Oumarou, H., Klein, P., Rooney, W.L., and Jagadish, S.V.K. 2022. Genetic control of source-sink relationships in grain sorghum. Planta. 255, 40.

Pontierri, P., Troisi, J., Calcagnile, M., Bean, S.R., Tilley, M., Aramouni, F., Boffa, A., Pepe, G., Guidice, F.D., Chessa, A.L., Smolensky, D., Aletta, M., Alifano, P., and Giudice, L.D. 2022. Chemical composition, fatty acid and mineral content of food-grade white, red and black sorghum varieties grown in Mediterranean environment. Foods. 11:436 https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030436

Zhao, J., Weiss, T., Du, Z., Hong, S., Bean, S.R., Li, Y., and Wang, D. 2022 Comparative evaluation of physicochemical and fermentative responses of three sorghum varieties from dryland and irrigated land and properties of proteins from distillers’ grains. J. Cereal Sci. 104: 103432 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103432

Emendack, Y., Xin, Z., Hayes, C., Burow, G., Sattler, S., Bean, S., and Smolensky, D. 2022. Registration of three new bmr12 sorghum mutants from an EMS-induced BTx623 mutant population. J. Plant Registration. 16:453-458.

Li, J. Zhao, R., Xu, Y., Wu, X., Bean, S.R., Wang, D. 2022. Fuel ethanol production from starchy grain and other crops: An overview on feedstocks, affecting factors and technical advances. Renewable Energy. 188:223-239.

Ostmeyer, T.J., Bahuguna, R.N., Kirkham, M.B., Bean, S.R., Jagadish, S.V.K. 2022. Enhancing sorghum yield and grain quality through efficient nitrogen utilization – challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Plant Science. 13:845443

Xu, X., Bean, S., Wu, X., and Shi, Y-C. 2022. Effects of protein digestion on in vitro digestibility of starch in sorghum differing in endosperm hardness and flour particle size. Food Chem. 382:123635

Ayalew, H., Peiris, K.H.S., Chiluwal, A., Kumar, R., Tiwari, M., Ostmeyer, T., Bean, S.R., and Jagadish, S.V.K. 2022. Genetic control of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grain quality under variable environments. The Plant Genome. E20227

Akin, P. Demirkesen, I., Bean, S.R., Aramouni, F., and Boyaci, I.H. 2022. Sorghum flour application in bread: Technological challenges and opportunities. Foods. 11, 2466.

Yoganandan, M., Buenavista, R.M., Bean, S.R., Aramouni, F.M., Dogan, H. and Siliveru, K. 2022. Influence of tempering methods on waxy white sorghum kernel, milling, and flour properties. Journal of the ASABE. 65:1303-1316.

Objective 2

Mohammad Shad, Z., Venkitasamy, C., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Fungi and Mycotoxin in Rice: Concerns, Causes, and Prevention Strategies (pp. 61-77). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_4

Atungulu, G*., Shafiekhani, S. (2022). Rice Drying Systems. Storage of Cereal Grains and Their Products (Fifth Edition) (pp. 331-345). Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, UK. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812758-2.00009-X

Bruce, R., Sadaka, S., Mauromoustakos, A., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Aging characteristics of rice dried using microwave at 915 MHz frequency. Cereal Chemistry, 99(5), 1218-1233. doi.org/10.1002/cche.10584

Odek, Z., Siebenmorgen, T., Mauromoustakos, A., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Effect of post-drying tempering of rice on minimizing kernel fissuring and maximizing moisture removal. Transactions of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 65(1), 1-9. Doi:10.13031/ja.14698

Hampton, R., Atungulu, G., Rolland, V., Wilson, S., McKay, T*. (2022). Effects of infrared radiation on germination of long grain rice. Applied Engineering in Agriculture Journal of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 38(1), 129-133. doi: 10.13031/aea.14774

Oduola, A., Callewaert, P., Devlieghere, F., Bluhm, B., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Growth and aflatoxin b1 biosynthesis rate of model Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357 exposed to selected infrared wavelengths. Food Control, 109204. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109204

Bruce, R., Atungulu, G*., Sadaka, S., Mauromoustakos, A. (2022). Influence of harvest moisture content and milling duration on microwave-dried rice physicochemical properties. Cereal Chemistry, 99(5), 1086-1100. doi.org/10.1002/cche.10555

Shafiekhani, S., Rocha, M., Finberg, E., Shiflett, M., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Modeling heat and mass transfer of long-grain hybrid rice in a chilled environment. Applied Engineering in Agriculture Journal of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 38(1), 113-128. doi: 10.13031/aea.14440

Dey, S., Hettiarachchy, N*., Bisly, A., Luthra, K., Atungulu, G., Ubeyitogullari, A., Mozzoni, L. (2022). Physical and textural properties of functional edible protein films from soybean using an innovative 3D printing technology. Journal of Food Science, 87(11). doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16349

Bruce, R., Atungulu, G., Crandall, P*., O'Bryan, C. (2022). Uncooked Rice Consumption: Causes, Implications. Cereal Chemistry, 99(5), 971-984. doi.org/10.1002/cche.10580

Luthra, K., Scott, S., Graham-Acquaah, S., Siebenmorgen, T., January, R., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Development and validation of rapid visco analyzer method for rapid determination of gelatinization temperatures of Arkansas rice cultivars BR Wells: Arkansas Rice Research Studies 2021 (pp. 269).

HJ Lee, HD Kim, and D Ryu. 2023. Protective Effect of alpha-Tocopherol against Ochratoxin A in Kidney Cell Line HK-2, Journal of Food Protection, Under review.

Latanze, M.P. 2022.  Dry matter loss and lipid oxidation evaluation of soybeans during storage at elevated moisture content and temperature.  Transaction of the ASABE 65(5):1039-1048 (doi: 10.13031/ja.14777).

Gupta, P., C.R. Hurburgh, E.L. Bowers, and G.A. Mosher. 2022. “Application of fault tree analysis – failure mode and effect analysis to evaluate critical factors influencing non-GM segregation in the U.S. grain and feed supply chain”. Cereal Chemistry, 99, 1394-1413. DOI: https://10.1002/cche.10601  

Sharma, R., C.R. Hurburgh, and G.A. Mosher. 2022. “Vulnerability analysis using evidence-based traceability in the grain supply chain.” Cereal Chemistry, 99(4), 860-872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10545

Pizzaro, Mateus. Cost estimate models for the isolation and segregation of non-GM feed. 2022. Doctoral dissertation.

Chikez, H.; Maier, D.; and Sonka, S. Identifying most critical drivers of mango, tomato, and maize postharvest losses (PHL) and predicting their impact: An analysis of the YieldWise Initiative data in Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania. 2022 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Houston, Texas, July 17-20, 2022.

Chikez, H.; Maier, D.; Rosentrater, K.; and Sonka S. Decision Support Tool for Post-harvest Technologies Selection in Low-income Countries. Norman Borlaug Dialogue Lecture Poster Competition, Ames, Iowa, October 17, 2022. (3rd Place Award)

Chikez, H.; Maier, D.; Rosentrater, K.; Olafsson, S.; and Sonka S. A multi-criteria ranking of agricultural technologies for increased adoption in low-income countries. 2022 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Houston, Texas, July 17-20, 2022.

Multi-criteria decision support system: https://phldashboard.shinyapps.io/MDCA/

Techno-economic analysis (TEA) of remote sensing image-based technologies to quantify sweet potatoes left in the field in North Carolina, USA: https://phldashboard.shinyapps.io/TEASP/

Maier, Dirk E. and Jordan J.J. Wright. "Detecting spoilage with temperature sensors: The number and placment of sensors are key to detecting increasing temperatures in stored grain." World Grain November 2022: 56-60.

Maier, Dirk E. and Jordan J.J. Wright. "Temperature cable placment: Location of cables is important in monitoring grain during the aeration and storage periods." World Grain April 2022: 46-50.

Yang, Xiangbing, Liu, Yong-Biao, Singh, Rippy, Phillips, Thomas W. 2022. Nitric oxide fumigation for control of ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae). J. Econ. Entomol. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac014

Ramadan, G. R. M., Zhu, K. Y. and Phillips, T. W. 2022. Synergism of deltamethrin with a mixture of short chain fatty acids for toxicity against pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible strains of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 184: 105132; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105132

Edde, P.A. and Phillips, T. W. 2022. Integrated pest management strategies for cigarette beetle control in the tobacco industry – a mini review. Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research. Volume 31 @ No. 2 @ July 2022 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2022-0009

Ramadan, G. R. M., Maille, J. J. and Phillips, T. W. 2022. Sorption and desorption dynamics of ethyl formate and propylene oxide as fumigants in durable agricultural commodities. J. Stored Prod. Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2022.102007

Navratilova, B., Sopko1, B., Nesvorna, M., Phillips, T. W., and Hubert, J. 2022. Pesticide exposure results in bacterial changes in the microbiomes of distinct cultures of the pest mite Acarus siro . FEMS Microbiology Ecology. In review.

Jan Hubert, B. Navratilova, B. Sopko, M. Nesvorna, and T. W. Phillips. 2022. Pesticide residue exposure provides different responses of the microbiomes of distinct cultures of the stored product pest mite Acarus siro. BMC Microbiology. 22:252, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022- 02661-4.

Martin, R., K. Siliveru, J. Watt, P. Blodgett, and S. Alavi. 2022. Pilot scale roller milling of chickpeas into a de-hulled coarse meal and fine flour. Processes 10 (11), 2328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112328

Anjali, K. U., C. Reshma, N. U. Sruthi, R. Pandiselvam, A. Kothakota, M. Kumar, K. Siliveru, K. Marszalek, and A. Mousavi Khaneghah. 2022. Influence of ozone treatment on functional and rheological characteristics of food products: an updated review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2134292

Yoganandan, M., R.M. Buenavista, S. R. Bean, F. M. Aramouni, H. Dogan, and K. Siliveru. 2022. Influence of tempering methods on waxy white sorghum kernel, milling, and flour properties. Journal of the ASABE, 65(6), 1303-1316. DOI: 10.13031/ja.15221

Shivaprasad, D. P., E. Nkurikiye, B. Rajpurohit, Y. Li, and K. Siliveru. 2022. Significance of different milling methods on white proso millet flour characteristics and rheological and baking properties. Journal of Texture Studies, 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12717

Sajith Babu, K., K. Siliveru, and J. Amamcharla. 2022. Influence of micro and nano-bubble treatment on morphological characteristics and flow properties of spray-dried milk protein concentrate powders. Journal of Dairy Science, 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2022-0226

Rivera, J. M. K. Pulivarthi, D. P. Shivaprasad, R. Phebus, G. Aldrich, and K. Siliveru. 2022. Quantifying Escherichia coli contamination in milling equipment during lab scale milling operations. Cereal Chemistry, 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10558

Rivera, J., M. K. Pulivarthi, D. P. Shivaprasad, R. Phebus, G. Aldrich, and K. Siliveru. 2022. Significance of wheat milling operations on the distribution of Escherichia coli bacterium into milling fractions. Cereal Chemistry, 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10554 (Editor’s pick).

Pulivarthi, M.K., M. Selladurai, E. Nkurikiye, Y. Li, and K. Siliveru. 2022. Significance of milling methods on brown teff flour, dough, and bread properties. Journal of Texture Studies, 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12669

Nanje Gowda, N. A., K. Siliveru, P. V. Vara Prasad, Y. Bhatt, B. P. Netravati, and G. Chennappa. 2022. Modern processing of Indian millets: a perspective on changes in nutritional properties. Foods, 11, 499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040499

McGuire, C., K. Siliveru, R. P. K. Ambrose, and S. Alavi. 2022. Food powder flow in extrusion: role of particle size and composition. Processes, 10, 178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010178

Yao, K. D., Bh. Subramanyam, and R. G. Maghirang. 2022. Moisture content and application rates of inert dusts: Effects on dust and wheat physical properties. Food Research 6 (3): 12-20.

Berhe, M., Bh. Subramanyam, M. Chichaybelu, G. Demissie, F. Abay, and J. Harvey. 2022. Post-harvest insect pests and their management practices for major food and export crops in East Africa: An Ethiopian case study. MDPI Insects 13: 1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111068.

Alemayehu, S., F. Abay, K. M. Ayimut, R. Darnell, R. Mahroof, J. Harvey, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2023. Effects of storage duration and structures on sesame seed germination, mold growth, and mycotoxin accumulation. MDPI Toxins 15, 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010039.

Tao, F., Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Kincaid, R., & Rajasekaran, K. 2022. Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging for evaluation of aflatoxin contamination in corn kernels. Biosystems Engineering. 221, 181 194. DOI:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2022.07.002

Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Kincaid, R., Tao, F., Rajasekaran, K. 2022. Elucidating the Relationship between Aflatoxin Contamination and Maize Kernel Strength. ASABE No. 2201049. ASABE Annual International Meeting, July 17-20. Houston, TX.

Tao, F., Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Rajasekaran, K., Qin, J., Kim, M. 2022. Identification of aflatoxin contamination in corn kernels using line- scan Raman imaging.  Proc. SPIE 12120, Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety XIV, paper No. 1212002. https://doi: 10.1117/12.2624965. June 1, 2022.

Xiaorong Wu, Paul R Armstrong, Elizabeth B. Maghirang. Predicting Single Kernel Moisture and Protein Content of Mushroom Popcorn Using NIR Spectrscopy: Tool for Determining their Effect on Popping Performance. Applied Engineering in Agriculture  38, pp 469-476. 2022.  https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.14875

Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B., Chen, M.-H., McClung, A.M., Yaptenco, K.F., Brabec, D. and Wu, T., Predicting Single Kernel and Bulk Milled Rice Alkali Spreading Value and Gelatinization Temperature Class Using NIR Spectroscopy. Cereal Chemistry. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10587

Kai Su, Elizabeth Maghirang, Jia Wen Tan, Ju Young Yoon, Paul Armstrong, Pradeep Kachroo, David Hildebrand, NIR spectroscopy for rapid measurement of moisture and cannabinoid contents of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa), Industrial Crops and Products, Vol 184, 2022, 115007, ISSN 0926-6690, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115007.

Hacisalihoglu Gokhan, Armstrong Paul R., Mendoza Princess Tiffany D., Seabourn Bradford W. Compositional analysis in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) NIR spectral techniques based on mean spectra from single seeds  Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 2022.   DOI=10.3389/fpls.2022.995328

Gokhan Hacisalihoglu, Paul Armstrong. Crop seed phenomics: enabling nondestructive phenotyping approaches for characterization of functional and quality traits. Accepted to Plants. 2023.

Princess Tiffany D. Mendoza, Paul R. Armstrong, Kamaranga H. S. Peiris, Kaliramesh Siliveru,  Scott. R. Bean, Lester O. Pordesimo. Prediction of sorghum oil content using near‐infrared hyperspectral imaging, Accepted to Cereal Chemistry 2023.

Application of Machine Learning for insect monitoring in grain facilities Querriel Arvy Mendoza, Lester Pordesimo, Mitchell Neilsen, Paul Armstrong, and James Campbell. Accepted to AI. 2023.

Petingco, M.C., M.E. Casada, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson, A.P. Turner, S.G. McNeill, M.D. Montross. 2022. Discrete element method simulation of wheat bulk density as affected by grain drop height and kernel size distribution. Journal of the ASABE 65(3): 555-566.

Boac, J.M., M.E. Casada, L.O. Pordesimo, F.H. Arthur, R.G. Maghirang, C.D. Mina. 2022. Effect of internal insect infestation on single kernel mass and particle density of corn and wheat. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 38(3): 583-588.

Barretto, R., K. Siliveru, M. Casada. 2023. Shape characteristics and particle size distribution: Effects on flowability and floodability of select grain dust types. Biosystems Engineering 225: 13-24.

Objective 3

Issa, S.F., Gaither, D., Raza, M.M, Lee, J., Field, W.E. (2022). Removing out-of-condition grain: An exploration and documentation of existing strategies. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health. 28(4): 245-259. (doi: 10.13031/jash.14897) @2022

Maier, D.E. and Wright, J.J. Temperature cable placement: Location of cables is important in monitoring grain during the aeration and storage periods. Part 2. World Grain, April 2022: 46-50.

Maier, D.E. and Wright, J.J. Detecting spoilage with temperature sensors: The number and placement of sensors are key to detecting increasing temperatures in stored grain. Part 3. World Grain, November 2022: 56-60.

Advanced Grain Elevator Operations Management Short Course, Agribusiness Association of Iowa (AAI), Ames, Iowa, August 8-11, 2022. (Maier, Ewing, Wright, Obeng-Akrofi)

Advanced Grain Elevator Operations Management – Grain Quality Management Virtual Course, Grain Elevator & Processing Society (GEAPS), February 21-25, 2022. (Maier, Wright, Obeng-Akrofi)

Best Corn (Maize) Storage Management Practices in Hot Climates, Middle East and Africa Region U.S. Corn

Harvest Quality Report Program, U.S. Grains Council, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, January 10-14, 2022 (Maier)

Feed Processing and Technology Workshop, Animal and Food Science departments, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, May 30, 2022. (Maier; 5 lectures)

Middle East Poultry Industry Training Course, Middle East and Africa Feed Manufacturing Training Center (Tunisia), U.S. Grains Council, May 29-June 2, 2022. (Ewing; 2 lectures; 4 hands-on trainings)

Assessing Feed Mill Efficiency – Steam Utilization and Mash Conditioning, WATT Kemin Webinar, From Ames, Iowa, October 26, 2022. (Maier, Ewing)

Wong, M.-L., P. L. Bruckner, J. E. Berg, P. F. Lamb, M. L. Hofland, C. G. Caron, H.-Y. Heo, N. K.  Blake, D. K. Weaver, D. K., and J. P. Cook. 2023. Evaluation of wheat stem sawfly resistant solid stem Qss.msub-3BL alleles in hard red winter wheat.  Crop Science 63(Early View): 1-12 published online on November 23, 2022. doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20866

Cavallini, L., R. K. D. Peterson, and D. K. Weaver. 2023. Dietary sugars and amino acids increase longevity and enhance reproductive parameters of Bracon cephi and B. lissogaster, two parasitoids that specialise on wheat stem sawfly.  Physiological Entomology 48(1): 24-34. doi.org/10.1111/phen.12399

Weaver, D. K. 2022. IPM of stored-grain insects. Outreach presentation provide Montana Seed Trade Association online in April and May.

Weaver, D. K. 2022. Consideration of safe storage of stored grain in Montana during the time of COVID. NC-213 Regional Research Project (Multi-State). Virtual Presentation, Kansas City, Missouri. March 29.

Weaver, D. K. 2022. How critical is the need for portable, small capacity local storage of dried commodities? How critical is the need for portable, small capacity local storage of dried commodities?