SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report

Sections

Status: Approved

Basic Information

Participants

Horst Caspari, Colorado State University, horst.caspari@colostate.edu, Nicole Clark, Highland Community College, nclark@highlandcc.edu, Anne Fennell, South Dakota State University, anne.fennell@sdstate.edu, Candice Fitch-Deitz, Highland Community College, cfitchdeitz@highlandcc.edu, Harlene Hatterman-Valenti, North Dakota State University, h.hatterman.valenti@ndsu.edu, Scott Kohl, Highland Community College, skohl@highlandcc.edu, Esmaeil Nasrollahiazan, Michigan State University, nasroll2@msu.edu, Elsa Petit, University of Massachusetts , epetit@umass.edu, Paul Read, University of Nebraska, pread1@unl.edu, Suzanne Slack, Iowa State University, slacksuz@iastate.edu, Margaret Smith, Cornell University, AA NE-1720, mes25@cornell.edu, Stephan Sommer, University of Missouri,ssommer@missouri.edu, Andrej Svyantek, Montana State University, andrej.svyantek@montana.edu, Dean Volenberg, University of Missouri, volenbergd@missouri.edu, Aude Watrelot, Iowa State University, watrelot@iastate.edu

NE1720-Meeting-Minutes-11102022-11112022.docx

The NE2220 annual meeting was held on 10 November 2023 - 11 November 2022 in Manhattan, Kansas, hosted by Scott Kohl, Candice Fitch-Deitz, and Nicole Clark of Highland Community College. Participants attended in-person or virtually via Zoom. Participants presented state reports highlighting research, innovations, and industry happenings. Goals of the NE-2220 project were outlined, data acquisition paramaters were determined for vineyard and wine, and a plan for sample submission identified for partner institutions lacking resources for certain lab tests. Due to limited supply and time necessary to produce breeding stock, varietals will be sent by the breeders to states where they believe the varietals will be best suited. Three white and three red cultivars were added to the sentinel varieties list to be used as comparisons for on-going and new research plots. Future meetings; 2023 in Michigan and 2024 in Iowa.  

Meeting Minutes Appendix: State Reports 

NE1720-Meeting-Minutes-11102022-11112022.docx

Accomplishments

Objectives

  1. Comprehensive evaluation of grapevine cultivars and clones for viticultural, pest susceptibility and fruit and juice quality characteristics, including enological characteristics and local adaptation for sustainable production.
  2. Conduct initial screening evaluations of promising emerging cultivars and advanced breeding lines (pre-commercial) to determine suitability for regional adaptation of viticulture and wine quality attributes.
  3. Explore new germplasm resources including disease resistant cultivars being released in Europe, plant introductions including Asian accessions, and less-known cultivars that may have economic potential for the US grape industry.

 

  • Short-term Outcomes:Quantitative, measurable benefits of the research outputs as experienced by those who receive them. Examples include the adoption of a technology, the creation of jobs, reduced cost to the consumer, less pesticide exposure to farmers, or access to more nutritious food.
    • Since the beginning of NE1020 the percentage of vineyard area in Colorado planted to cold-tolerant cultivars has increased from less than 1% to more than 20% in 2022. Most popular cultivar, Itasca, first trialed as part of this collaborative, from the University of Minnesota breeding program.
    • Grape cultivars trialed during NE1020 and NE1720 have now become the leading cultivars planted in Kansas. Most popular cultivars planted in 2021-2022; Frontenac Gris, Itasca, and Petite Pearl.
    • Based upon the UNVP research on trellis systems, several vineyard owners have opted to transition from vertical shoot position systems to either bilateral high cordon or Geneva Double Curtain trellis systems. This has been implemented for many cultivars, but especially Edelweiss, LaCrescent, Marquette and the Frontenac group of cultivars.

  

  • Outputs:Defined products (tangible or intangible) that are delivered by a research project. Examples of outputs are reports, data, information, observations, publications, and patents.
    • State Reports are included as appendix.
    • Colorado Annual Viticulture and Enology Reports - https://aes.colostate.edu/wcrc/stations/orchard-mesa/viticulture/#1550867094981-f823e4e6-c95a
    • Management of late season cluster rots to increase crop quality of Michigan wine grapes, poster presentation at 2022 Great Lake Expo.
    • Clarion (MN1220) was released by the University of Minnesota for commercial production.
    • Characterized fruit of three new accessions under MT conditions for the first time (ND.054.27, ND.213, AP.Early)
    • Five years of evaluating ‘Itasca’ has determined that it is a highly qualified cultivar for Nebraska grape growers, especially for dry and off-dry white wine production.
    • ND.213 and ND.054.27 are surviving well and have been sent to the patent office. 
    • Study of freezing tolerance and chilling fulfillment in Marquette, Frontenac, La Crescent and Brianna indicated that Brianna was slower to acclimate and deacclimated more rapidly than the other cultivars.

  

  • Activities:Organized and specific functions or duties carried out by individuals or teams using scientific methods to reveal new knowledge and develop new understanding.
    • IA – project focused on the investigation of the relationship between application of nitrogen and prohexidione-calcium on grapevines as well as mowing weeds on the grapevine nutrients, grape basic chemistry, YAN, phenolic compounds and cell wall material composition during ripening and then wine quality.
    • MA – Experimenting with grapevine cold protection by using Hibertex (geotextile) to cover vines in December and remove in March, high-wire system worked best. Using double and single layer plastic did not provide protection to the vines.
    • MI – The Michigan Grapevine Cold Hardiness project began in April 2022 by deploying 20 weather stations and based stations in the project sampling sites in northwest and southwest Michigan.
    • MI – Evaluation of bird deterrent laser efficacy for controlling migratory birds in Michigan vineyards.
    • MO – Wine was produced from two advanced breeder selections in September 2022. The fruit for these wines was supplied by the breeder. This will provide an early analysis and feedback of these two advanced breeder selections that are part of the cultivar trial.
    • MT – Screening fermentation techniques to optimize new NDSU-GGEP white wine grapes for Montana. Focus on non-traditional yeast selections, enzyme, and skin contact duration.
    • ND – For VitisGen3, using MN1405 to incorporate powdery mildew resistance allele (RUN1) successfully into NDSU-GGEP germplasm. 

 

  • Milestones: A brief of what states have reported.
    • CO – Cultivars severely damaged by the Oct 2020 cold events and retrained from the ground in 2021 had excellent recovery, producing full crops in 2022.
    • IA – Nitrogen and prohexidione-calcium project found lower levels of botrytis rot in certain treatments and further work will be done to determine the effect of treatment on disease incidence.
    • KS – End of evaluation period for 44 commercial varietals planted in 2013, separate from NE1020 and NE1720.  Vines were terminated during the winter of 2021-2022. Harvest data for years 2017-2021 published online. Three Cornell cultivars and one University of Minnesota cultivar added to the trial and research vineyard.
    • MA – Conducting hybrid research on 9 cultivars at one site. Frontenac and Chardonel on second site, planted in 2005 as a NE1020 research site. Adding cultivars in 2023 to replace Chambourcin.
    • MI – Monitoring statewide grapevine cold hardiness evaluations in order to develop the Michigan Grapevine Cold Hardiness Model. New experimental vineyard site prepared at the Northwest Michigan Horticulture Research Center.
    • MN – Clarion released commercially, 9 promising emerging cultivars identified.
    • MO – Established loose cluster Vignoles selections from USDA in Geneva, NY for comparison to standard Vignoles to increase sustainable production of the cultivar in Missouri, which currently has extensive issues with sour rot which requires high input costs for growers.
    • MT – New research vineyard for viticultural management and fermentation research composed of ‘Hasansky Sladky’, ‘Itasca’, ‘Marquette’, and ‘Somerset Seedless’.
    • NE – High tunnel Vitis vinifera trials were planted in April, 2021, including Cabernet Sauvignon, Petit Verdot, Riesling, Tannat and Zinfandel.  Because of the damage to the high tunnel noted earlier, soil was mounded around each plant to a depth of approximately 18 inches (well above the graft union) to ensure winter survival in spite of no high tunnel cover.  A new cultivar ‘Merchette’, developed by Ed Swanson, is included as a quasi-control for this ongoing project.
    • ND – ND.213 and ND.054.27 are surviving well and have been sent to the patent office. Conducting trials on the use of low tunnels to encourage earlier veraison and fruit harvest.
    • SD – Established demonstration variety blocks for new SDSU vineyard, established replicated trials for two NDSU and 3 UMN grape selections in new SDSU vineyard.

Impacts

  1. Colorado growers continue to replace cold-tender grape cultivars with more cold-tolerant cultivars, many of which have been tested in the NE1020/NE1720 project. For example, the most popular cultivar for new plantings in 2022 was Itasca, first tested in our trial under its breeding number MN1285. Since the beginning of NE1020 the percentage of the vineyard area planted to cold-tolerant cultivars has increased from less than 1% to more than 20 % in 2022.
  2. In the past year, Dr. Watrelot was able to leverage funding using NE2220 for 3 projects. She also has 7 publications relative to NE2220 objectives. Winemaking practices to improve cold-hardy wine quality over time. USDA-AMS-Iowa Specialty Crop Block Grant. A. Watrelot (PI) 2022-2023. $22,214. Improvement of phenolic compounds extraction in cold-hardy red wines using DTMA. Industry: Tassel Ridge Winery, IA. A. Watrelot (PI) Cooperators: Tassel Ridge winery owner and winemaker. 2021-2022. $3,144. Development of best production practices for improving quality of cold-hardy red wines over time. USDA-AMS-Iowa Specialty Crop Block Grant. A. Watrelot (PI). Cooperators: Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute (MGWII) 2021-2022. $11,577
  3. Highland Community College’s ongoing efforts to operate the 456 Wineries business incubator has seen three new wineries emerge in different ways. One client is moving out to open their winery outside the incubator, one moved in and released wines in Oct 2021, and a third has committed to moving in during the spring 2022. The incubator continues to accelerate industry growth. Viticulture and Enology Science and Technology Alliance (VESTA) 2021-2024 sub-award. NSF-ATE. Norgren, M. Co-PIs: Fitch-Deitz, C; Bower, D; Trebets, E. Aug 2021 – June 2024, $393,391. National Resource Center and Online Education Emphasis.
  4. Monitoring statewide grapevine cold hardiness evaluations in order to develop the Michigan Grapevine Cold Hardiness Model. Michigan State University AgBioResearch Project GREEEN Funding system ($40,000.00). This project leveraged matching funds from the Michigan Craft and Beverage Council ($20,172.43). • Project title: Meeting Michigan Grape and Wine Industry's Educational Needs. Michigan Craft and Beverage Council ($ 21,746.00). • Project title: Cold Hardiness Monitoring for Grapevines in Northwest Michigan. Michigan State University AABI Programming Fund ($12,500). • Project title: Looking into the effectiveness of triggering the grape gene contributing to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Parallel 45 Vines & Wines ($1900).
  5. Clarion (MN1220) was released by the University of Minnesota for commercial production.
  6. The Missouri grape and wine industry has only two primary red grape cultivars, Norton and Chambourcin which limits offerings to wine consumers. The industry wants to increase the diversity of red grape varietal wines. A replicated grape cultivar trial was established in 2021 that includes red grape cultivars and red grape cultivars from advanced breeder selections. Viticultural characteristics of each cultivar will be recorded and small-batch wine will be made from each cultivar. Industry representatives will play a role in sensory analysis of finished wines. Wines will be compared to industry standards-Norton and Chambourcin that are included in the cultivar trial. Both grape growers and the wine industry will benefit economically from the cultivar trial as potential cultivars and advanced breeder selections are moved forward. Additionally, many advanced breeder selections are not available to commercial growers but only academic institutions. The results of the trial will have far reaching impact not only in Missouri but other states with continental climates.
  7. Extreme weather patterns coupled with increasing pesticide costs has resulted in renewed focus on sustainable vineyard practices. Missouri is known for producing some of the finest Vignoles wine throughout eastern viticulture. Producing high quality Vignoles grapes requires high input costs, especially during extreme wet growing seasons. Vignoles is very susceptible to Sour rot, a complex disease that involves native yeast species, acetic acid bacteria and fruit flies. The disease initiates when the integrity of the berry skin in compromised. The berry skin is often damaged by rainfall events that cause berry swelling followed by berry cracking since the grape clusters of Vignole are very tight and compact. To reduce berry cracking, USDA in Geneva, New York has selected Vignole with loose cluster architecture. Currently we are trialing two of these selections in Missouri and comparing the incidence of Sour rot to the current industry standard Vignole. Grapevines were established in 2021 and data will first be collected in 2023. Loose clustered Vignole selections hopefully will have reduced Sour rot incidence compared to the industry standard and this in turn will result in sustainable production of Vignole. Positive results from this research will have far reaching impact beyond Missouri to other states and countries growing Vignole.
  8. Prohibition had a very negative impact on the grape industry throughout the United States. More so on eastern viticulture as a great number of grape cultivars were lost compared to California. Whereas after prohibition, California could rely on reestablishing vineyards from Vitis vinifera from European stock. Most of the eastern grape cultivars were destroyed except for some cultivars that were sent to France during the phylloxera epidemic. Prohibition also eliminated further grape cultivar research and grape breeder efforts. Many of the grape cultivars released by grape breeder T.V. Munson of Dennison, TX prior to prohibition were never adequately evaluated. Fortunately, some of these Munson cultivars survived and are available through Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)-USDA. These cultivars provide the opportunity to potentially introduce cultivars that have desired viticultural and enological characteristics. Additionally, these cultivars may have viticultural sustainability through limited protective fungicide applications. As all T.V. Munson cultivars were developed prior to his death in 1913 which was prior to the development of modern pesticide era starting around 1945. Additionally, T.V. Munson used the grape cultivar Norton in developing some of his cultivars, which would likely impart disease tolerance among some of his cultivar selections. Approximately 15 T.V. Munson cultivars will be established in April 2023 at South Farm, Columbia, MO. These cultivars will be evaluated for viticultural characteristics and once fruit bearing, wines will be produced and evaluated. Results from this research will potentially provide Missouri and surrounding states with cultivars that have viticultural sustainability and high wine quality.
  9. Montana vineyards are in recovery following a severe freeze event in late Oct. 2020 which occurred with limited preceding temperatures below freezing. Damage at some sites approached 100% death of above ground plant material (cordons, trunks). Most of the state’s 2022 crop consisted of fruit from re-established suckers. The test vineyard at Western Agricultural Research Center only had two cultivars with superior survival of trunks: ‘Frontenac’ and ‘Frontenac gris’. These results reinforce the need for further testing and identification of locally adapted genotypes.
  10. The University of Nebraska Viticulture Program (UNVP) has conducted science-based research enabling Nebraska grape growers and wineries to produce high quality grapes and wines from new and improved germplasm (cultivars and numbered selections).
  11. Based upon the UNVP research on trellis systems, several vineyard owners have opted to transition from vertical shoot position systems to either bilateral high cordon or Geneva Double Curtain trellis systems. This has been implemented for many cultivars, but especially Edelweiss, LaCrescent, Marquette and the Frontenac group of cultivars.
  12. Nebraska Department of Agriculture Block Grants totaling in excess of $600,000 over the past 5-year period. Nebraska Grape and Wine Board Grants Totaling over $425,000 over the past 5-year period.
  13. Continue to develop extremely cold hardy parents for NDSU GGEP. ND.213 and ND.054.27 are surviving well and have been sent to the patent office. Awarded $60,000 grant by the North Dakota Department of Agriculture.

Publications

Publications

Caspari, H.: Grape cultivar evaluations. VinCO 2022 conference, Grand Junction, CO, 18 January 2022.

Cheng Y., *Watrelot A.A. (2022) “Effects of Saignee and Bentonite Treatment on Phenolic Compounds of Marquette Red Wines” Molecules 27(11) (I.F. 4.411).

Cheng Y., Savits J., *Watrelot A.A. (2022) “Effect of The Application Time of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) on Marquette Wine Phenolic Compounds.” Molecules 27(2): 542 (I.F. 4.411).

Lai, L., Yilmazg, T, Kumar, S, Fennell, A, Hernandez, JLG. 2022. Influences of grassland to cropland converson on select soil properties, microbiome, and agricultural emissions.  Soil research 60:561-579. 

Loseke, Benjamin A., Paul E. Read and Stephen J. Gamet. 2022. Groundcovers for Nebraska Vineyards.  Nebraska Extension NebGuide G2341, 8 pages.

Moroney M., Clarke C., Watrelot A.A., *Gleason M.L. (2021) “The phylloxera challenge: planting a new grape vineyard in Victoria, Australia”. American Phytopathological Society, for Plant Health Instructor DOI:10.1094/PHI-I-2021-0816-01 (I.F. 4.438).

Moroney M., Savits J., Watrelot A.A. April 2022 “Sulfur Dioxide in Winemaking” Iowa State University Extension Publication. FS53

Moroney M., Savits J., Watrelot A.A. January 2022 “Use of Inert Gases” Iowa State University Extension Publication. FS52

Moroney M., Savits J., Watrelot A.A. January 2022 “Using Potassium Sorbate to Inhibit Yeast Growth in Bottled Wines” Iowa State University Extension Publication. FS51

Olson, B.K., M. Brooke, A. Wang, A. Svyantek, J. Stenger, and H. Hatterman-Valenti.(2021). ‘Frontenc’ grape response to canopy management in North Dakota. Horticulturae 7(9), 288 https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090288.

Stenger, J. E., & Hatterman-Valenti, H. (2022). Complex plant process trait evaluation through decomposition of higher-order interaction: A case study in acclimation responses of cold-climate hybrid grapevine through bilinear and multiway methods. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 147(3), 161-173.

Watrelot A.A. (2022) “Iowa Wine Industry and Its Educational Needs.” Journal Of Extension. 60 (1). Article 13.

Yilmazg, T, Fennell* A. 2021. Spur and short cane pruning influence bud viability yield and fruit quality.  Proc. SD Academy of Science. 100:81-91.

Yilmazg, T and Fennell*, A. 2021. Freezing tolerance and chilling fulgillment differences in cold climate grape cultivars. Horticulturae 7:4.

 

 

 

Scientific and Outreach Oral Presentations (relative to NE 1720 activities):

 

Adams, Cooper, Harper LaFond, Zhiwei Fang, Christine Spinka, Dean Volenberg, and James Schoelz. 2022. Impact of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 and grapevine red blotch virus on yield and berry juice quality in the American grape variety Norton/Cynthiana (Vitis aestivalis) Show Me Grape and Wine Conference and Symposium. Columbia, MO. March 9-10, 2022.

Cameronug, G, McMinnug, B, Alahakoonppd, D, Fennell, A. 2022. Quantitative analysis of phenotypic variability of shoot internode length for usin selecting improved grapevine canopy architecture.  2022 South Dakota Undergraduate Research Symposium, Brookings, SD, July 2022.

Cheng Y., Buren L., Nonnecke G., *Watrelot A.A. “Impact of Post-Fruit Set Leaf Removal on Marquette Grape Chemistry During Development and Ripening”. American Society of Enology and Viticulture – Eastern Section (ASEV-ES). July 13-15 2022. Poster presentation and flash talk presentation. Award of best viticulture poster.

Cheng Y., and *Watrelot A.A. “Synergetic Effect of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) and Pectinase on Marquette Wine Quality.” 73th National meeting, June 21-24th 2022. Poster presentation and flash talk presentation. Award of best enology flash talk.

Fennell*, A. 2022. Update on cultivar technologies: The vines are a changing. 17th Annual VESTA Curriculum Retreat, Geneva on the Lake, Ohio, June 2, 2022.

Fitch-Deitz, C.  Pruning Workshop.  Wamego, KS.  3/19/2022. 7 Attendees.

Fitch-Deitz, C; Clark, N; Kohl, S. Viticulture and Enology Field Day.  Hartford, KS.  7/19/2022.  19 Attendees.

Kohl, S.  Emcee, Marketing and Barrel Tannin Mgt Workshops by Brian and Cristin Hosmer.  Wamego, KS. 5/24/2022. 19 Attendees.

Kohl, S.  Evolution of HCC Viticulture and Enology Program and Winery Incubator.  VESTA Annual Summit. Geneva, OH.  6/3/2022.  26 Attendees.

Kohl, S.  Emcee, Grafting Workshop by Ed Swanson.  Wamego, KS. 6/7/2022. 20 Attendees.

LaFond, Harper and Dean Volenberg. 2022. Survey for alternate host plants of red blotch virus in Missouri vineyards. Show Me Grape and Wine Conference and Symposium. Columbia, MO. March 9-10, 2022.

Read, Paul E., Benjamin A. Loseke and Stephen J. Gamet. 2022. A Wine Industry Dilemma: does crop size reduction make better wine? ASEV Eastern Section, Minneapolis, July 14, 2022.

Read, Paul E., Stephen J. Gamet and Benjamin A. Loseke. 2022. High tunnel table grapes for Nebraska and the Read, Paul Midwest.  Int. Cool Climate Wine Symposium, St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada, July 18, 2022. (Extended Abstract)

Read, Paul E., Benjamin A. Loseke and Stephen J. Gamet.  2022. Grapevine trunk disease in Nebraska and the Midwest. Int. Cool Climate Wine Symposium, St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada, July 18, 2022.  (Extended Abstract).

Read, P. E., Gamet, S. J. and Loseke, B. A. 2022. High Tunnel Table Grapes: An alternative to field production? International Society for Horticultural Science (abstract). August, 2022.

Svyantek, A., Stenger, J., Kose, B., Auwarter, C. and Hatterman-Valenti, H. 2022.  Long Live the King (of the North): Analysis of Yield Stability Unveils Critical Production Gaps for Grapevines in North Dakota. American Society of Enology and Viticulture Conference, San Diego, CA June 19-22.

Svyantek, A., Stenger, J., Kose, B., Auwarter, C. and Hatterman-Valenti, H. 2022.  The North Dakota State University Grapevine Variety Trial: A Stable of Cold-Hardy Grapevines, but are any Grapevines Stable? American Society of Enology and Viticulture Eastern Section Conference, Bloomington, MN July 13-15.

Svyantek, A., Z. Wang, Z. Miller. Grapevine Crop Load and Canopy Management for Cool Climates. Montana Grape and Wine Association Annual Conference; Whitefish, MT. Apr. 2022

Vavra C., Cheng Y., Gapinski A., *Watrelot A.A. “How Does the Quality of Cold-Hardy Red Wines Change Over Time?”. American Society of Enology and Viticulture – Eastern Section (ASEV-ES). July 13-15 2022. Oral presentation.

Wang, Z., Svyantek, A., and Hatterman-Valenti, H. 2022.  The King has Left the Bottle: Characterizing ‘King of the North’ Rose Wines Fermented with Five Different Yeast Strains. American Society of Enology and Viticulture Conference, San Diego, CA June 19-22.

*Watrelot A.A., Carmen Vavra, Alexander Gapinski, and Yiliang Cheng. “What Are the Challenges to Produce High Quality Red Wines From Interspecific Grapes?” Oral presentation to the 43rd World Congress of Wine and Vine, Ensenada, Mexico. October 29th-Nov 4th 2022.

Watrelot A.A. November 13-14th 2022. “Advances in enology, principles and progress.” 2022 Nebraska Winery & Grape Growers Association Annual Conference, Grand Island, NE.

Watrelot A.A. February 24th-26th 2022. “Use of whole clusters in cold-hardy red winemaking.” Cool Climate Conference, Minnesota Grape Growers Association (MGGA), Rochester, MN.

Watrelot A.A. February 20th-22nd 2022. “An overview of phenolic research in hybrid red wines.” Ohio Grape and Wine Conference, Dublin, OH.

Watrelot A.A. February 20th-22nd 2022. “Wine instabilities and faults: their recognition, management, and prevention.” Ohio Grape and Wine Conference, Dublin, OH.

Watrelot A.A. February 9th-10th 2022. “How to manage phenolics in Marquette red wines?” Iowa State Specialty Crop Producers Annual Conference. Ankeny, IA.

Monitoring NW Michigan grapevine cold hardiness evaluations at the 2022 Northwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard Show on January 18, 2022

Michigan Grapevine Cold Hardiness Model overview at 2022 Michigan Statewide Grape Spring Kickoff meeting on April 29, 2022

NW Michigan commercial varieties and production challenges at Northwest Michigan Wine & IP: Trademark your winery brand hosted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) on September 23, 2022.

Poster at the 2022 Great Lake Expo: Management of late season cluster rots to increase crop quality of Michigan wine grapes

Poster at the 2022 Great Lake Expo: Spore trapping and detection advances in Michigan vineyards

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