Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Virtual Zoom Meeting (4:00-8:00 PM EST)

4:00    Introductions

4:20    Business Meeting

Meeting Format Overview

Current Chair: Jaume Amengual

Current Secretary: Kacie Ho (to be promoted to chair)

Election: Incoming Secretary –Peng Ji elected 

Discussion of next meeting (in-person vs virtual)

In-person preferred if COVID-19 conditions continue to improve University of Hawaii at Manoa to host in Honolulu, HI. Tentative dates for May are preferred. 

Upcoming project renewal

    To work on after the submission of the Final Report for 2020-2021

 Required Structure of Annual Report (due date April 25^th)

4:40     Station Reports Session I – 5-6 Members (5 min + 2 min for questions)

-       Kacie Ho – Nutrients and phytochemicals from Hawaii commodities

-       Richard Bruno – Bioavailability and anti-inflammatory bioactivity of green tea catechins

-       Allison Ehrlich – Modulation of gut immune function by dietary AhR ligands

-       Janos Zempleni – Milk Exosomes in nutrition and drug delivery

-       Emily Ho -  TBD

-       Ji-Young Lee – Research on alcohol-induced diseases

5:30     Open Q&A Panel Discussion (Break-out Rooms)

5:45     Lisa Jahns, our NIFA representative, will cover important topics such funding opportunities for faculty, trainees, and institutions.              

6:15     Station Reports Session II – 5-6 Members (5 min + 2 min for questions)

-       Urszula Iwaniec – Isoliquiritigenin and bone

-       Lavanya Reddivari – Bioactive compound and gut bacteria interaction in gut health

-       Elad Tako – TBD

-       David Dallas - Milk protein and peptide digestion and bioactivity

-       Peng Ji - Use of Symbiotics to Mitigate Adverse Effect of Iron Excess in Formula-Fed Piglets

-       Yanghong Liu – Cellular iron status modulates immunometabolism in macrophage cells

-       Frank Duca - Plant-based flour and fibers impact metabolic homeostasis

7:15     Open Q&A Panel Discussion (Break-out Rooms)

7:30     Meeting Summary & Adjournment

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Jaume Amengual). Background: β-carotene is the primary precursor of vitamin A in mammals, which is crucial for life. My laboratory focuses on understanding the dietary and pharmacological factors controlling carotenoid uptake. Activities:  We developed a specific mouse model that mimics the accumulation of β-carotene to study the role of bioactive compounds implicated in carotenoid uptake. Outcomes: Over the past year, we unveiled the role of fenretinide on carotenoid and vitamin E uptake in mammals.

University of Florida, Gainesville  (Juan Andrade). Background: In low-middle income countries, tools to monitor fortification processes are lacking and represent a hurdle to improve food and nutrition security of vulnerable populations. Activities: We validated a low-cost, smartphone-assisted, paper-based sensor to measure iron in fortified foods. The paper-based sensor measures different types of added iron into flours. We are continuing the validation of the sensor using maize samples from different countries and fortified with different iron types. Outcomes: Our work supports current rice and maize fortification programs in Bangladesh and Mexico, respectively, and provides tools to improve food and nutrition security.

Background: Diarrhea worldwide affects the growth and health of children under five. Cryptosporidium parvum, a zoonotic protozoan, is one of the top three leading causes of diarrhea worldwide. Activities: We have shown that volatile terpenes (thymol) and their modifications (thymol-octanoate) can inhibit the growth and infectivity of Cryptosporidium in vitro. Outcomes: The esterification of octanoic acid on thymol can improve the safety margins of addition to mammalian cells and offer enhanced physicochemical properties that could make it more suitable for diverse applications as an antiparasitic agent.

University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Janos Zempleni). Background: Exosomes are nanoparticles (~100 nm) that play crucial roles in cell-to-cell communication. We have discovered that exosomes and their cargos do not originate exclusively in endogenous synthesis but may also be absorbed from dietary sources such as milk. Activities: We demonstrated that milk exosomes play an important role in cognitive function and brain health in neonate and juvenile mice and probably human infants. In the drug delivery realm, we developed a novel bovine cell line that secretes milk exosomes. Cells were amenable to genetic engineering, thereby enabling the development of milk exosomes with properties conducive to optimal drug delivery. Outcomes: Since our research showed that exosomes play a key role in cognitive function, this work has broader impacts for improving infant formula for optimal brain health. The generated bovine cell line can greatly improve future pharmaceuticals, such as drugs for brain tumors.  

University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Jiujiu Yu). Background: Dietary exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) have recently been identified in many vegetables and fruits. Emerging evidence indicates that these dietary ELNs have beneficial functions in the consumers. Honey has been used as a medicinal food worldwide for many centuries. However, it remains unknown if honey contains such ELNs. Activities: We have investigated if honey contain such ELNs. After identification of ELNs in honey, we further explored the functions of honey ELNs in cell culture and animal disease model. Outcomes: We found ELNs as a new component in honey. These honey ELNs demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory functions in cell culture, as well as in a chemical-induced acute liver injury mouse model. A microRNA miR4057 in these honey ELNs was identified in inhibiting inflammation. Our studies change how people think of bioactive components in honey and also contribute to scientific understanding of medicinal functions of honey.

University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Satish Kumar Natarajan).  Background: Our goals are to determine the bioavailability of nutrients and bioactive components and to determine the efficacy and mechanisms of action of these compounds towards improved health. Activities: In macadamia nuts, we identified high levels of palmitoleate and oleate and observed a protective ability against saturated free fatty acid-induced placental trophoblast lipoapoptosis. Outcomes: We are working on elucidating the protective role of macadamia nut supplementation against maternal obesity-induced placental trophoblast lipoapoptosis.

The Ohio State University, Columbus (Richard Bruno). Background: Our team aims to define the extent to which the physiological stress of obesity alters absorption and pharmacokinetics of green tea catechins. We are also defining anti-inflammatory activities of green tea polyphenols at the intestinal level in populations at heightened cardiometabolic risk. Activities: We conducted two human clinical trials to define the pharmacokinetics and gut-level anti-inflammatory activities of green tea polyphenols in persons with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Healthy persons and obese persons were provided a fecal sample for gut microbiome assessments prior to ingesting green tea polyphenols (a mixture of epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate). We established that the oral bioavailability of green tea polyphenols was reduced among obese persons compared with healthy persons. In a separate randomized controlled trial, persons with metabolic syndrome and healthy persons were provided placebo or green tea extract-enriched confections (equivalent to 5 cups of tea per day) for 1-month. Fecal calprotectin, a biomarker of intestinal inflammation, was lowered in response to the green tea confection. Measures of gut permeability indicated that green tea reduced small intestinal but not colonic permeability. Outcomes: These findings support the conclusion that green tea polyphenols provide anti-inflammatory function at the gut to protect against gut barrier dysfunction. Continued study is underway to link improved gut health to potential improvements in systemic inflammation.

University of Maine, Orono (Dorothy Klimis-Zacas). Background: Wounds occur in over 15 million people with approximately $60 billion spent annually on wound care. At the present time, there are no effective treatments to speed up wound healing and improve tissue remodeling. Thus, there is need to develop effective, new cost-effective therapies that enable patients to recover faster and improve their quality of life. Activities: Pre-clinical studies demonstrated the efficacy of non-fidelity biomedical prototypes composed of wild blueberry extract(s) to promote angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, vascularization, collagen formation and attenuate inflammation related to wound healing. We developed two biomedical prototype products from wild blueberry extracts for trans dermal application to release the wild blueberry bioactives and promote wound healing. We also completed pre-clinical studies with animal models, to determine the role of non-fidelity biomedical prototypes on the speed of wound closure, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, collagen formation and inflammation related to wound healing as well as gene expression of several proteins responsible for inflammation, angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. Outcomes: Phenolic acid extracts at specific concentrations significantly induced faster wound closure by 15% over the control and significantly increased re-epithelialization and vascularization compared to control. Additionally, upregulation of genes associated with vascularization was observed with the wild blueberry extract.

Cornell University, Ithaca (Elad Tako). Background: Resveratrol and pterostilbene, polyphenolic compounds found in grapes, are associated with health benefits and are known to chelate iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), however studies using in vitro and in vivo models are not elucidated. Activities: An in vivo study was conducted, beneficial morphological and microbial changes with concomitant increases in the serum Fe and Zn were detected. Outcomes: In vivo exposure to stilbenes demonstrated a significant bacterial-host interaction that contributed to enhancements in human health (intestinal functionality, morphology and physiological status). 

Background: Zinc (Zn) deficiency affects 17% of the world's population. Accurate assessment of Zn status is difficult, hence, sensitive and specific biological markers of Zn physiological status are needed. Activities: Development of the Zn status index (ZSI) concept, which consists of a three-pillar formula: (1) a zinc biomarker (LA:DGLA ratio), (2) mRNA gene expression of Zn-related proteins, and (3) gut microbiome profiling to provide a clear assessment of Zn physiological status and degree of Zn deficiency with respect to assessing dietary Zn manipulation. Outcomes: Development of the ZSI, a statistical model trained on data from these studies, was built to give an accurate estimation of Zn physiological status.

Background: The consumption of teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal grain, has increased due to its dense nutrient composition including complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals (especially Fe), and phytochemicals. Activities: In vivo study was conducted and data demonstrated a significant improvement in intestinal functionality, morphology and microbiome. Outcomes: Teff appeared to represent a promising staple food crop and should be further evaluated.

Oklahoma State University, Stillwater (Dingbo Lin). Background: Oxygenized carotenoids, such as zeaxanthin and astaxanthin are fat-soluble pigments rich in colorful diets. The goals of my research is focused on further understanding their metabolism and function in human health and diseases. Activities: We analyzed the absorption and accumulation of astaxanthin and zeaxanthin as bioactive carotenoids in mouse feeding studies and human participants using whole salmon filets. We also tested the health beneficial effect of these carotenoids in fecal metabolome, gut microbiome homeostasis shift, tight junction, and hepatic oxidative stress to elucidate the protective role of these carotenoids in chronic inflammation. Outcome: The results suggested that those xanthophylls are health beneficials in humans through the regulation of the host and gut microbiome interaction.  

University of Missouri, Columbia (Ingolf Gruen). Background: 1. How cacao is processed and its origin have a large impact on the flavor of chocolate. 2. Using Greek yogurt in the production of frozen yogurt may impact consumer liking of frozen yogurt. Activities: 1. Roasting conditions for cocoa leading to the lowest concentration of bitter compounds and the degree of liking were determined for cocoa beans sourced from three different locations. 2. Frozen yogurt made with varying amounts of Greek yogurt was compared to that made with regular yogurt. Outcomes: 1. Higher roasting temperatures decreased cocoa bitterness due to the decrease of some bitter chemicals (epicatechin, procyanidin B2), whereas for catechin and cyclo(Proline-Valine), significant increases were observed. Reduction of bitterness, sourness, and astringency were all correlated with increased liking of the chocolates. The chocolate industry can use this information to optimize roasting condition to minimize bitterness and maximize liking of high cocoa containing chocolate. 2. Using Greek instead of regular yogurt in frozen yogurt increases bitterness, alkaline, and iciness, which were negative drivers of liking, but if the amount of Greek yogurt is limited to 10%, then the product is acceptable to consumers.

University of Arizona, Tucson (Frank Duca).  Background: Dietary fiber is known to improve metabolic health, however it is unknown whether certain plant-based fibers are more effective than others. Activities: We performed extensive long-term dietary studies, with mice maintained on a high-fat diet that was supplemented with different plant-based dietary fibers: beta-glucan, oligofructose, pectin, wheat dextrin, cellulose, and resistant starch. Outcomes: We found that wheat dextrin and oligofructose supplementation resulted in reduced body weight gain and adiposity, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.

University of Arizona, Tucson (Jennifer Teske). Background: We focus on the impact of insufficient sleep on chronic disease and health outcomes including how sleep affects bioavailability. We investigate how sleep curtailment due to environmental noise exposure worsens metabolic health and how consumption of Western diets exacerbates disease risk during sleep disruption in rodent models. We are also interested in addressing sex differences since women are more sensitive to noise, have worse sleep and a higher prevalence of obesity compared to men. Activities: Analyses were conducted to determine the influence of sleep, diet and sex on micronutrient intake and the role of sex hormones on weight gain in male and females rats. Outcomes: We provided virtual and hands-on training and determined proficiency for students at all levels (high school, undergraduate and graduate), provided training on anthropometrics, energy expenditure, energy intake and estrous cycle determination and scientific writing and presentation skills training for both oral and poster presentations for students.

University of Connecticut, Storrs (Christopher Blesso). Background: Diets rich in saturated fat contribute to elevated blood cholesterol and a detrimental shifting of gut bacterial populations, both of which are implicated in the development of chronic diseases. Milk fat is relatively enriched in saturated fat compared with other fats, however, it is naturally encased in a polar lipid membrane. My team has shown in animal studies that cow's milk polar lipids (MPLs) may impart health benefits by lowering blood cholesterol and altering gut bacteria. However, little research has been conducted in humans to show these effects. The major objective of this project is to examine whether the daily consumption of milk fat with and without additional MPLs influences blood cholesterol and gut microbiota in humans. Activities: We completed a human nutrition intervention pilot study that compared MPLs-rich powder to a nutritionally matched milk fat-containing control powder in a randomized, single-blinded crossover study. Outcomes: We learned that the addition of MPLs in the diet can increase the levels of lipid metabolites with potentially bioactive properties in the stool and blood circulation of healthy adults. Furthermore, consuming additional milk polar lipids on top of milk fat can alleviate potential effects on obesity, particularly abdominal obesity. This may lead to value-added usage of inexpensive dairy co-products rich in milk polar lipids, which would normally be discarded and underutilized. Knowledge gained from this study will also be important moving forward to study the health effects of milk lipids in human populations at greater risk for heart disease, such as those with central/abdominal obesity and high blood lipids levels. This may lead to recommendations to choose dairy products with higher content of milk polar lipids to obtain health benefits we observed.

University of Connecticut, Storrs (Ji-Young Lee). Background: Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is the progressive form of alcoholic liver disease. Activities: As macrophages play a crucial role in the development of AH, we determined the effect of astaxanthin, an oxygenated carotenoid, and nicotinamide riboside (NR), a NAD+ precursor, on alcohol-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in macrophages. Outcomes: We found that astaxanthin and NR inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress in macrophages exposed to alcohol via the modulation of sirtruin 1 and histone deacetylase 4. 

Kansas State University, Manhattan (Brian Lindshield). I successfully recruited and onboarded a new graduate research assistant, to conduct research toward the project goals. We have made progress on systematic literature review and on the preliminary steps towards an animal study we plan to conduct, likely in the summer of 2022.

Oregon State University, Corvallis (Emily Ho). Background: Diet plays an important role in mitigating the development and progression of several cancers, as well as immune dysfunction. This research demonstrates that nutritional strategies that decrease inflammation and/or target aberrant epigenetic alterations have the potential to dramatically reduce the incidence of cancer. Secondly, age-related decline in nutritional status may be a critical determinant of healthy aging and susceptibility to infection or other environmental insults.  Activities: We investigated the impact of broccoli sprout supplementation on the microbiome and metabolome in healthy human subjects.  We also employed cell culture models and rodent models to understand the impact of zinc status on age related inflammation and the gut microbiome. Outcomes:  We identified new risk factors in cancer and offer novel dietary modifications to reduce the incidence of cancer; Gained knowledge of the mechanisms behind the health benefits of micronutrients and phytochemicals such as zinc and compounds derived from cruciferous vegetables; Identified that gut bacteria could be a critical driving factor in differential responses to cruciferous vegetables, Established low dietary zinc as risk factor for inflammatory processes, DNA damage and cancer risk and helped identify new biomarkers for human zinc deficiency and cruciferous vegetable intake;  Established function of zinc and changes in zinc metabolism with immune function and aging.

Oregon State University, Corvallis (David Dallas). Background: Our lab examines the digestion of milk protein and release of bioactive peptides in infants and adults.

Activities: We examined the survival of milk and recombinant antibodies across the digestive tract of infants. We also assessed differences in survival of peptides in the stomach of preterm and term infants and examined the peptides released in various cheeses. We also examined the effects of various donor milk microbial reduction techniques on the survival of a key breast milk lipase that helps infants digest breast milk fat. We also developed a novel technique to identify glycoproteins and glycopeptides in milk via mass spectrometry. We also developed a mass spectrometry technique to measure glycomacropeptides from bovine milk kappa-casein and their survival across digestion. Outcomes: We demonstrated that recombinant antibodies do not survive intact within the term and preterm infant digestive tract, but that to some extent, milk antibodies do. This demonstrates that the structure of milk antibodies makes them uniquely resistant to digestion, which allows them to exert their protective functions within the gut. We found that the peptide profile in the preterm infant gut differs from that of that term infant gut and that many of these differences are key bioactive peptides. We also demonstrated that thousands of different peptides are present in cheeses, that this varies by cheese variety and rind vs. interior, and that many of these peptides are bioactive, with antimicrobial, ACE-inhibitory and immunomodulatory actions. We demonstrated that high pressure processing and UV-C processing better preserved breast milk lipase compared with holder pasteurization. We developed a high-throughput method for identification of hundreds of unique glycopeptides in human milk. We demonstrated that glycomacropeptide does not survive digestion in the adult jejunum, but a large number of fragment forms are created, many of which have potential bioactivity in the gut.

Oregon State University, Corvallis (Urszula Iwaniec). Background: Advanced age is the strongest risk factor for osteoporosis. The immunomodulator rapamycin (Sirolimus), a macrolide compound, extends lifespan in numerous experimental model organisms and is being investigated as a potential therapeutic to slow human aging. However, little is known about the effects of rapamycin on bone. Activities: We evaluated the impact of rapamycin treatment on bone mass, architecture, and indices of bone turnover in healthy adult (16-20 weeks old at treatment initiation) female wild-type (ICR) and Nrf2^-/- mice, a mouse model for oxidative damage and aging-related disease vulnerability. Rapamycin (4 mg/kg body weight) was administered by intraperitoneal injection every other day for 12 weeks. Outcomes: Mice treated with rapamycin exhibited lower femur bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and bone volume compared to vehicle-treated mice. Rapamycin also had negative effects on cortical and cancellous bone microarchitecture. Mechanistically, rapamycin-treated mice had lower levels of bone formation in the distal femur metaphysis compared to vehicle-treated mice which occurred co-incidentally with increased serum CTX-1, a marker of global bone resorption.

University of California, Davis (Peng Ji). Background: Early-life nutrition is crucial for growth, development, and host resilience to infectious diseases. My current research is focusing on understanding health benefits and risks of micronutrient deficiency and excess and dietary bioactives. Activities: In the current review period, my lab customized 24 sets of individual housing and automatic milk feeding systems for caring neonatal piglets which can simulate formula-fed human infants. We used systems biology approach to evaluate the role of dietary prebiotics and synbiotics in iron absorption and utilization, systemic metabolism (e.g. untargeted metabolomics) and in modulation of gut microbiome in the milk-fed neonatal piglet model. This translational research aimed to explore the dietary supplements that could mitigate potential adverse effects of iron excess in non-anemic infants fed an iron-fortified formula. In addition, our research on iron has expanded to cell biology by investigating how iron status affects immunometabolism in macrophage cells in vitro. Outcomes: Iron supplementation and fortification is commonly practiced in most developed countries. The general public are increasingly concerned over the risk of dietary iron overexposure in iron-replete infants. Results from the current work could improve our understanding about developmental consequence of dietary iron excess and the effectiveness of dietary interventions.       

University of California, Davis (Yanhong Liu). Background: Emerging evidence suggests that non-nutrients provide benefits on animal health and production through different modes of action: regulating nutrient digestibility or absorption, and modulating microbial ecology in the digestive tract and/or immune responses. Activities: We have conducted several pig trials to evaluate the effects of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus spp.) or combination of phytochemicals on disease resistance and immunity of weaned pigs that were experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. Outcomes: We observed benefits of supplementing several specific probiotics or a mixture of phytochemicals in animal feed on weaned pig health and performance. We completed a grant that was obtained from National Pork Board to support more research on probiotics in pigs. In one year of W4002 support, 6 graduate students and several undergraduate students were mentored and supervised. The use of antibiotics in livestock animals and poultry is extremely important to control and treat infectious diseases, but also increase the public's concerns in the spread of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic residue. Our findings in nutrition interventions on promoting animal health and performance are important to reduce the use of antibiotics in livestock animals and mitigate antimicrobial resistance.  

University of California, Davis (Allison Ehrlich). Background: Understanding the mechanism of how specific nutritional components promote or disrupt intestinal health can impact dietary recommendations towards improving health. We hypothesized that the immunoregulatory phytochemical, indole-3-carbinol (I3C), which is found in cruciferous vegetables, will act similarly to non-dietary, high affinity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands and promote immune regulation. Activities: In non-obese diabetic (NOD) genetic strain of mice, we found that an I3C-supplemented diet led to strong AhR activation in the small intestine but minimal systemic AhR activity. Dietary I3C increased a type of proinflammatory cell called Th17 cells in the small intestine. Additionally, changes in gut microbiome was observed within one week of I3C supplementation. Outcomes: Unlike other mice, NOD mice express the lower affinity AhRd allele. This genetic difference may represent an additional factor controlling AhR-mediated immune modulation. Humans express AhR with similar ligand sensitivity to the mouse AhRd allele, thus the NOD model may be more appropriate for predicting immune modulation in humans. Collectively, these data provide insight for how AhR activation from dietary components can improve human gut health.

University of Hawaii at Manoa (Jinzeng Yang). Background: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a ligand-activated transcription factor, serves as a crucial regulator of fat formation and storage (adipogenesis, lipogenesis, lipid storage) and whole-body insulin sensitivity. These are mechanisms that can affect the quality of animal meat and can provide insight into human health. Activities: We generated skeletal muscle-specific PPARγ over-expression transgenic pigs. In this pig model, we studied the effects of PPARγ on muscle fiber type switching and fat deposition in skeletal muscle. Outcomes: Intramuscular fat (a quality parameter of pork) was significantly increased in PPARγ pigs with no changes in lean meat ratio. Proteomics analyses demonstrated that oxidative metabolism of fatty acids and respiratory chain were activated in PPARγ pigs, thus, gathering more Ca2+ in PPARγ pigs. These results support that skeletal muscle-specific over-expression of PPARγ can promote oxidative fiber formation and intramuscular fat deposition. Overall, this knowledge can be used to improve meat quality without increasing fat content. This generated knowledge regarding fat and muscle metabolism also provides insight into human health related to obesity and metabolic diseases such as diabetes.                                                                                                  

We also tested a new type of papaya, with seeds that were frozen for a long period of time and treated with “bioactive” chemicals. Based on the supplier of the seeds (confidential), the (non-GMO) papaya seeds can be only used for one generation. We planted the seeds in March 2020 and collected papaya yield and quality data. The size of papaya and yield per plant were impressive. (3-8 pounds per papaya, with about 14 papaya per plant). Further data collection and nutrition analysis will be conducted on the papaya fruits.

University of Hawaii at Manoa (Kacie Ho). Background: Tropical commodities are rich in bioactive compounds, however content and bioaccessibility (how available a component is for absorption after digestion) are limited by factors such as growing conditions, varietal differences, and processing. Activities: Nutrients and phytochemicals (carotenoids and polyphenols) were identified in unique taro varieties. Bioaccessibility of carotenoids was also assessed. Additionally, mineral content was measured from edible seaweeds (cultivated and wild collected). Outcomes: Carotenoid content varied across taro variety. One taro variety exhibited high beta-carotene content and was a bioaccessible source of carotenoids. Seaweed samples were rich in essential minerals, but some were high in inorganic arsenic.

Purdue University, West-Lafayette (Lavanya Reddivari). Background: Research suggests that whole food containing anthocyanins is effective against colitis compared to isolated anthocyanins because of low stability and colonic bioavailability. In whole foods, anthocyanins exist in complexation with cell wall materials such as pectin and cellulose. Moreover, dietary fibers can modulate gut microbiota composition, metabolism, inflammation and barrier function to reduce colitis. Activities: We optimized the complexation protocols for anthocyanins and dietary fibers and showed that the complexation improves the stability of anthocyanins against high pH and temperature and thereby increases the colonic availability of anthocyanins. Outcomes: The complexes were stable against in vitro gastrointestinal digestion compared to isolated anthocyanins.

University of Rhode Island, Kingston (Brietta Oaks). Background: Lead exposure is a major public health concern in Rhode Island. There is evidence that omega-3 fatty acid intake may reduce circulating lead concentrations, but research has been limited and has not been explored in pregnant women, whom are at a higher risk for adverse effects of lead exposure. In addition, omega-3 fatty acid intake may reduce circulating cortisol, a stress hormone which has negative effects during pregnancy if at chronically high concentrations. Activities: A new PhD student joined the project this year and is leading recruitment, data collection, and analysis. The PhD student is interested in vitamin D and has added a vitamin D component to the project. He drafted the new study protocol to add this additional blood tube collection and received IRB approval. We are now in the stage of identifying clinics that will allow us to recruit women for the study. Outcomes: A literature review was completed which supported the addition of vitamin D to this project. 

1. Arballo J, Amengual J, Erdman JW. Lycopene: A Critical Review of Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Feb;10(3):342.

2. Amengual J, Ogando Y, Nikain C, Quezada A, Qian, Vaisar T, Fisher EA. Short Term Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibition, Combined with Apoprotein A1 Over-expression, Promotes Atherosclerosis Inflammation Resolution Mice. Mol Pharmacol. 2021 Mar;99(3):175-183.

3. Miller AP, Black M, Amengual J. Fenretinide inhibits vitamin A formation from β-carotene and regulates carotenoid levels in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2021. Nov 4;1867(2):159070

4. Akkam Y, Rababah T, Costa R, Almajwal A, Feng H, Andrade Laborde JE, Abulmeaty MM, Razak S. Pea Protein Nanoemulsion Effectively Stabilizes Vitamin D in Food Products: A Potential Supplementation during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nanomaterials. 11(4):887. (2021)

5. Andrade JE, Atahar Ali ANM, Chowdhury R, Crost B, Hoffmann V, Mustafa S, Shaima NF. Rice fortification in Bangladesh: Technical feasibility and regulatory requirement for introducing rice fortification in public modern storage/distribution of fortified rice through PFDS channels. IFPRI Working Paper. (2021) https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134540
   
6. Dominguez-Uzcanga, A, Aycart, DF, Li, K, Witola, WH, Andrade Laborde, JE.  Anti-protozoal activity of Thymol and a Thymol ester against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance. 15:126-133. (2021)
7. Mutai E, Ramer-Tait AE, Zempleni J. MicroRNAs in bovine milk exosomes are bioavailable in humans but do not elicit a robust pro-inflammatory cytokine response. BMC exRNA 2:2, 2020
   
8. Liu, B, Lu Y, Chen X, Muthuraj, PG, Li X, Pattabiraman M, Zempleni J, Kachman SD, Natarajan SK, Yu J. Protective role of shiitake mushroom-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice. Nutrients 12:477, 2020
   
9. Sadri M, Shu J, Kachman SD, Cui J, Zempleni J. Milk exosomes and microRNAs cross the placenta and promote embryo survival in mice. Reproduction 160:501-509, 2020
   
10. Zempleni J. Letter to the editor (regarding Perspective: The role of human breast-milk extracellular vesicles in child health and disease by D. O’Reilly et al., published in AN on 24 August 2020). Adv Nutr 12:280, 2021

11. Sukreet S, Pereira Braga C, An TT, Adamec J, Cui J, Trible B, Zempleni J. Isolation of extracellular vesicles from byproducts of cheese making by tangential flow filtration yields heterogeneous fractions of nanoparticles. J Dairy Sci 104:9478-9493, 2021
    
12. Khanam A. Yu J, Zempleni J. Class A scavenger receptor-1/2 facilitates the uptake of bovine milk exosomes in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and C57BL/6J mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 321:C606-C614, 2021
    
13. Ogunnaike M, Wang, H, Zempleni J. Bovine mammary alveolar MAC-T cells afford a tool for studies of bovine milk exosomes in drug delivery. Int J Pharm 610:121263, 2021
14. Ong SL, Blenkiron C, Haines S, Acevedo-Fani A, Leite JAS, Zempleni J, Anderson RA, McCann MJ. Ruminant milk-derived extracellular vesicles: a nutritional and therapeutic opportunity? Nutrients 13:2505, 2021
    
15. Goodus MT, Carson KE, Sauerbeck AD, Dey P, Alfredo AN, Popovich PG, Bruno RS, McTigue DM. Liver inflammation at the time of spinal cord injury enhances intraspinal pathology, liver injury, metabolic syndrome and locomotor deficits. Exp Neurol. 2021;342:113725.
    
16. Chen L, Zhang S, Sun X, McDonald JD, Bruno RS, Zhu J. Application of comparative lipidomics to elucidate postprandial metabolic excursions following dairy milk ingestion in individuals with prediabetes. J Proteome Res. 2021;20:2583-95.
    
17. Bruno RS, Pokala A, Torres-Gonzalez M, Blesso CN. Cardiometabolic Health Benefits of Dairy-Milk Polar Lipids. Nutrition Reviews. 2021 Dec 8;79(Suppl 2):16-35. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab085. Review. PubMed PMID: 34879146; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8653938.
    
18. Bruno RS, Neilson AP, Lambert JD, Moustaid-Moussa N. Journal of nutritional biochemistry special issue: Polyphenols, obesity, and cardiometabolic health. J Nutr Biochem. 2021;89:108565.
    
19. Traber MG, Bruno RS. Chapter 7 - vitamin e. In: Present knowledge in nutrition, 11th edition (Marriott BP, Birt DF, Stallings VA, Yates AA, editor). Academic Press; 2020.
    
20. Quarles WR, Pokala A, Shaw EL, et al. Alleviation of metabolic endotoxemia by milk fat globule membrane: Rationale, design, and methods of a double-blind, randomized, controlled, crossover dietary intervention in adults with metabolic syndrome. Curr Dev Nutr. 2020;4:nzaa130.
    
21. Kuchan MJ, Ranard KM, Dey P, et al. Infant rhesus macaque brain α-tocopherol stereoisomer profile is differentially impacted by the source of α-tocopherol in infant formula. J Nutr. 2020;150:2305-13.

22. Kemski MM, Rappleye CA, Dabrowski K, Bruno RS, Wick M. Transcriptomic response to soybean meal-based diets as the first formulated feed in juvenile yellow perch (perca flavescens). Sci Rep. 2020;10:3998.
    
23. Hodges JK, Zhu J, Yu Z, et al. Intestinal-level anti-inflammatory bioactivities of catechin-rich green tea: Rationale, design, and methods of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial in metabolic syndrome and healthy adults. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2020;17:100495.
    
24. Hodges JK, Sasaki GY, Bruno RS. Anti-inflammatory activities of green tea catechins along the gut–liver axis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Lessons learned from preclinical and human studies. J Nutr Biochem. 2020;85:108478.
    
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