Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The meeting was called to order on Thursday May 20, 2021 at 8:00am Pacific time by Anna Denicol.

A report on the status of the New project proposal, W4112, was given by Brenda Alexander. She reported the project had been positively reviewed with minor revision. Those revisions had been made and the revised project had been submitted for final approval through the NIMSS system. Milan Shipka added that with minor revisions the report was not returned to reviewers and the project was likely to have full approval soon.

Milan Shipka announced that his retirement was eminent. Milan announced Leslie Edgar from New Mexico State University as the new W4112 Administrator. Milan had a brief review of the W112 project and its future. He reiterated the power of collaborations within the W112 project.

Election of new – Member at Large- Andrea Cupp nominated Sofia Ortega and Tod Hansen seconded and moved to have nominations cease. This was passed unanimously. Sofia will be secretary at our next meeting in 2022. Brenda Alexander will be chair in 2022.

A time and place for the 2022 meeting was discussed by the membership. Brenda Alexander moved to have the meeting at the Nebraska Experiment Station on May 20 and 21 (Friday and Saturday) in 2022. Wansheng Liu, seconded the nomination. There was some banter and light hearted discussion about having the meetings in Reno. Perhaps next year was the discussion which was emphatically squashed by the wish to have meeting in Alaska while Milan was still present. The move to have the 2022 meeting May 20 and 21 at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln was passed unanimously.

University Updates were heard from attending scientists.

Project reports from: Nathan Long, Southern Clemson, Tom Geary, USDA-ARS, Sarah McCoski, Montana State University, David Grieger, Kansas State University. Brenda Alexander, University of Wyoming, John Hall, University of Idaho, Caleb Lemley, Mississippi State University, Ryan Ashley and Jennifer Hernandez Gifford, New Mexico State University, Chi Zhou, Arizona State University.

Meeting was adjourned at 1 pm, PDT on May 20, 2021

Project updates were resumed at 8:00 am PDT, May 21, 2021

Project reports from: Phil Cardoso, University of Illinois, Russ Anthony and Tod Hansen, Colorado State University, Sofia Ortega, University of Missouri, Ky Pohler and Rebecca Poole, Texas A & M, Karl Kerns, Iowa State University, Kristin Govoni, University of Connecticut, Anna Denicol, University of California, Davis, Andrea Cupp, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

At 12:30 pm PDT Mark Mirando joined the meeting to provide a USDA update. He was positive about increased funding for grant programs. An August deadline is in place for 2022 project proposals. He reported 30% predoctoral funding success.

Station reports resumed following Dr. Mirando’s update with Carl Dahlen, North Dakota State University, Wansheng Liu- Pennsylvania State University, Sean Limesand, University of Arizona, and Carla Sanford, Montana State University.

There was general discussion about symposia to be presented by W3112 members at ASAS and SSR 2021 annual meetings.  General discussion regarding collaborations were held. There was a call for collaborations to be submitted by email to Brenda Alexander and Anna Denicol.

The ASAS symposium will be a full day program entitled “Factors affecting the reproductive performance of ruminants”. The W3112 group will be represented by 13 speakers. The symposium will be held on July 14, 2021, on the first day of the ASAS annual meeting in Louisville, KY. The meeting format will be hybrid and there was discussion as to whether speakers could attend in person or not. The current decision is that the symposium will follow the hybrid format.

The meeting was adjourned at 1:00 pm PDT.

W3112

Reporting period: 10/1/2019 to 9/30/2020

Meeting Date: May 21 and 22, 2021

Report submitted by: Brenda M. Alexander

Accomplishments

11 Thesis and Dissertations

50 Meeting Abstracts

63 Published manuscripts

Progress and Important Discoveries by W3112 Objectives

1. Project Objective: Further understand mechanisms of gonadotropin synthesis and release to improve management of reproductive behavior, the reproductive cycle, gamete development and the ovulatory event.

Remotely identifying behavior may help make informed time-sensitive decisions. Direct accelerometer metrics require less processing than predicting behaviors and accelerometers can remotely detect parturition on an hourly and daily scale (New Mexico).

An early open cow test (OCT) that distinguishes open from pregnant cows by day 18 following AI is being developed. Initial studies for proof of concept testing at a 1,000 lactating dairy cow study has been initiated (Colorado).

Marker of embryo quality has been identified. This marker is differently expressed in morphologically (IETS scoring system) good compared to bad day 5, 6 and 7 bovine in-vitro fertilized (IVF) derived embryos (Colorado).

Using transcriptome and bioinformatic approaches, SNP associated with gene expression in the corpus luteum, endometrium, embryo, white blood cells and milk have been identified and are being tested in a genotype-phenotype study in dairy cows (Colorado).

1. Project Objective: Determine the interaction of growth factors and steroid production on gonadal function, and utilize this knowledge to improve sperm and oocyte quality and develop technologies to mediate infertility caused by gamete production and ovulation.

Bovine granulosa cells express signaling receptor complex that recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Higher concentrations of follicular LPS impacts oocyte competency. Follicular hormonal milieu did not differ among follicles with Low and High LPS (New Mexico).

Detection of phthalate metabolites in the ovary after oral dosing with their parent compounds demonstrate direct exposure in the ovary (Arizona).

Phthalate exposure altered gene expression in the ovaries and uteri of treated mice (Arizona).

Knowledge gained from the study of the PRAME/PRAMEY gene family increases understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying spermatogenesis and fertilization, which in turn, will help address issues related to male subfertility and infertility (Pennsylvania).

The PRAMEY gene has been identified as a potential biomarker for sperm quality and sperm function (Pennsylvania).

The Pramex1 and Pramel1 KO mice are unique models for studying the functional role of the PRAME gene family during spermatogenesis, particularly during the first round of spermatogenesis (Pennsylvania). 

VEGFA KO mice have reduced Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) overall which does not suggest that AMH contributes to arrested follicular development (Nebraska).

The progesterone agonist (MPA) does affect androgens and spermatogenesis in reindeer bulls and should not be recommended to producers as a management tool when they are trying to get females pregnant (Nebraska).

High A4 cows have altered cytokine production during the estrous cycle with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines that are decreased following FSH stimulation (Nebraska).

Increased estradiol leads to improved pregnancy establishment and maintenance. Work is now established to identify the mechanism(s) of how it does so (USDA-ARS, Miles City, MT).

In vitro studies demonstrate that exposure of the ovarian cortex and preantral follicles to high levels of NEFA may alter lipid accumulation, lipid transport and the architecture of the ovarian cortex. These changes might be important predictors of future fertility (California).

To study gonadotropins, several novel approaches are being investigated including in vitro cell enrichment using alpha polypeptide, CGA (aka aGSU) gene fused to the cDNA encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein to enrich for gonadotropes through flow cytometry, development of transgenic “Stoplight” sheep, and injection of adeno-associated virus expressing GFP through the a catheter into the hypophyseal artery (Colorado).

The role of estradiol in gonadotrope transcription is being investigated by conducting a time-course experiment to identify early and late-expressing genes in estradiol-induced gene regulation. This will be further assessed using single-cell RNA-sequencing for sheep pituitary cells. This approach would allow in vivo experiments to discover the transcriptional events in gonadotropes elicited by estradiol (Colorado).

Obesity influenced the LH surge, both in regard to peak LH (decreased in obese ewes) as well as in timing (delayed in obese ewes). This is consistent with the hypothesis that body condition and subsequent metabolic adaptation affect measures of fertility in ewes, potentially via PPAR-alpha. Return to normal weight restored the LH surge, both peak and timing. To further determine the influence of obesity, a follow-up experiment will be conducted to assess the role of circulating free fatty acids and hyperinsulinemia on the LH surge (Colorado).

Melatonin supplementation did not alter carcass traits, testicular blood flow, or testes thermoregulation characteristics in bulls. Lack of differences may be attributed to geographical locations that impact day length or endogenous melatonin status (Mississippi).

1. Project Objective: Improve management of reproductive cycles through increased understanding of follicle recruitment, ovulation and corpus luteum development.

Practical implication of an injectable estradiol used in conjunction with synchronization of ovulation could increase pregnancy rates 11 to 27% with timed AI (USDA-ARS, Miles City, MT).

1. Project Objective: Increase knowledge of mechanisms that allow for the establishment of pregnancy. Further understanding the interface of the reproductive and immune systems will allow for the development of technologies that target the immune system decreasing the incidence of early embryonic loss. 

Lack of paternal genetics reduced trophectoderm cell formation at the blastocyst stage and prevented post-elongated embryo attachment to endometrium (Texas).

Identifying mechanisms that limit pregnancy establishment under positive and negative plains of nutrition would provide opportunities to overcome nutrition-associated pregnancy loss in cattle (USDA-ARS, Miles City, MT).

Supplementation of FLI [fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)], during in vitro production of bovine embryos improved preimplantation embryonic development and embryo quality (Missouri).

Variability in pregnancy loss between days 30 and 60 of gestation were observed among sires. Identifying these phenotypes would be useful in the evaluation of sire fertility and incorporation would increase fertility score reliability (Texas).

A quantitative bull fertility index that combines flow cytometry and microscopic measures of sperm fertility and their correlations to field fertility is being developed. This index would allow for fertility selection among bulls (USDA-ARS, Miles City, MT).  

A clear effect of sire on pre-implantation embryonic development was established with low performing sires producing a higher proportion of embryos with developmental delays, increased autophagy and expression of DNA damage and pro-apoptotic genes, resulting in embryonic arrest at the 5-6 cell stage. Interestingly, sire conception rate was not indicative of pre-implantation development (Missouri).

Suppressing CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling during the small window of conceptus implantation reduces trophoblast invasion, delays uterine remodeling, diminishes placental vascularization, induces autophagy, and dampens the inflammatory placental environment (New Mexico).

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) of 293 cross-bred heifers identified chromosome loci associated with measures of fertility. These regions contain genes associated with cell proliferation, transcription, apoptosis and development (Idaho).

Feeding rumen-protected lysine around parturition results in modulation of genes involved in inflammatory and immune responses (Illinois).

It is likely that prepartum supply of rumen-protected lysine allows for a greater utilization of methionine, exemplified by the greater expression of MAT2A in the placenta of cows that were fed rumen-protected lysine prepartum (Illinois).

Cows fed rumen-protected methionine decrease the expression of genes involved in inflammatory processes (IL1β, IL6, IL8, PTGES3, MUC1 and SOD1) in cytological smear samples (Illinois).

Cows fed rumen-protected methionine increased expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism (LCAT and APOL3), amino acid metabolism (SAHH), and overall tissue metabolism (FGF7 and GLU4) in the endometrium (Illinois).

The expression of MAT1A mRNA was identified for the first time in bovine cytological smear samples (Illinois).

Feeding rumen-protected methionine during transition period and early lactation enhanced reproductive immunity (Illinois).

Presence of unique SNP associated with upregulation of IRF7 and BOLA mRNA may reflect a hyperstimulation of type I IFN pathways to induce IFNT production and conceptus protection, which eventually fails during embryo mortality pregnancies (Colorado).

In vitro supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may alter the endometrial synthesis of prostaglandins to be more embryotropic. Therefore, treatment with EPA may be therapeutic to favorably influence the early uterine environment (Mississippi).

1. Project Objective: Increase the understanding of communication and nutrient flow between the fetus and the dam. This understanding would improve fetal health outcomes and adult wellbeing, and would be important for the optimization of livestock production goals.

Beef cows managed on range conditions with limited feed during the first two-thirds of gestation decreased calf growth, cow body weight and body condition. Differences due to gestational nutrition were not detected for birth weight, antral follicle count, tract score, or pregnancy to artificial insemination (Idaho).

Intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) fetuses have altered glucose response independent of catecholamines. These results implicate adaptation in glucose metabolism in utero to hypoxic and hypoglycemic environment as the cause of the metabolic responses (Arizona).

Reduced activity of α1-adrenergic receptors (AR) play a fundamental role in regulating carotid blood flow in neonatal lambs. Evidence of epigenetic mechanisms such as promoter DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA -mediated mechanisms in regulating α1-ARs expression and function in the preterm carotid arteries has been determined (Arizona).

Fetuses born to complicated pregnancies (such as IUGR) are with impaired endothelial function. Stress during pregnancy impairs fetal endothelial function in a sex-specific manner with female fetuses more impacted by complicated pregnancies. Female fetal endothelial cells have a greater cellular responses to cytokines and growth factors (Arizona).

Maternal nutrient restriction followed by re-alimentation restores liver and muscle gene expression of growth and metabolic factors while negatively impacting liver composition and muscle lipid content potentially leading to altered tissue function and metabolism later in life (Connecticut).

Nutrient restriction during mid- and late-gestation impacts proteins involved in gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and the regulation of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. Re-alimentation appears to improve these changes, but also alters cell migration pathways (Connecticut).

Maternal restricted- and over-feeding during gestation alters offspring growth, but not residual feed intake indicating other mechanisms that contribute to altered growth in these offspring (Connecticut).

Female Holstein calves carrying the slick mutation and born in the cool season in California have similar birth weight, average daily weight gain, and weaning weight to their non-slick half siblings, indicating that the mutation is not detrimental to the young calves’ weight gain (California).

While maternal glucose, insulin and chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH) were not impacted by

SLC2A3 RNAi, uterine artery IGF1 concentrations were reduced. This suggests that inhibiting glucose uptake by the placenta via SLC2A3 caused a reduction in a placenta-derived factor that stimulates maternal IGF1 secretion (Colorado).

Chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH) RNAi reduced fetal and uterine weights and tended to reduce fetal liver weights. Umbilical blood flow (mL/min) was suppressed at 90 dGA and 130 dGA in CSH RNAi pregnancies resulting in reduced umbilical IGF1 concentrations, as well as reductions in the umbilical uptake of oxygen, glucose, lactate and several amino acids in CSH RNAi pregnancies. By examining unique transcriptional changes to functional groups and genes in CSH RNAi phenotypes pathways involved in the development of CSH RNAi dependent IUGR will be elucidated (Colorado).

BVDV infection epigenetically alters T-cell transcription factors in persistently infected fetal spleens. Results revealed hypermethylation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) 1 and 4, with NFAT2 hypomethylated. Hypermethylation of NFAT 1 and 4 is likely to shift the Th cell differentiation from Th1 to Th2 cells. An increase in NFAT2 and VAV1 expression due to hypomethylation would promote synergy of T-cells, further exacerbating the shift from Th1 to Th2 cells. The observed epigenetic modification of critical T-cell genes may help explain inability of postnatal PI calves to fight secondary infections efficiently, contributing to performance loss and continued BVDV viral shedding (Colorado).

Melatonin supplementation increases fetal weights in nutrient restricted dams during the summer. Nutrient restricted dams show altered placentome vascularity and may indicate a compensatory mechanism (Mississippi).

Maternal nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation did not impact fetal mammary gland vascularity in spring calving heifers; however, melatonin supplementation during nutrient restriction in fall calving heifers may increase fetal mammary gland vascularity. In conclusion, seasonal differences and natural melatonin production may influence melatonin-induced changes in fetal development (Mississippi).

W3112

Reporting period: 10/1/2019 to 9/30/2020

Meeting Date: May 21 and 22, 2021

Report submitted by: Brenda M. Alexander

Publications

Abedal-Majed, M. A., Kurz, S. G., Springman, S. A., McNeel, A. K., Freetly, H. C., Largen, V., . . . Cupp, A. S. (2020). Vascular endothelial growth factor A isoforms modulate follicle development in peripubertal heifers independent of diet through diverse signal transduction pathways. Biology of Reproduction, 102(3), 680-692. doi:10.1093/biolre/ioz211

Ali, A., Swanepoel, C. M., Winger, Q. A., Rozance, P. J., & Anthony, R. V. (2020). Chorionic somatomammotropin RNA interference alters fetal liver glucose utilization. J Endocrinol, 247(3), 251-262. doi:10.1530/JOE-20-0375

Candelaria, J. I., Rabaglino, M. B., & Denicol, A. C. (2020). Ovarian preantral follicles are responsive to FSH as early as the primary stage of development. J Endocrinol, 247(2), 153-168. doi:10.1530/JOE-20-0126

Chen, X. X., Zheng, Y., Lei, A. M., Zhang, H. X., Niu, H. M., Li, X. L., . . . Zeng, W. X. (2020). Early cleavage of preimplantation embryos is regulated by tRNA(Gln-TTG)-derived small RNAs present in mature spermatozoa. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295(32), 10885-10900. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA120.013003

Ciernia, L. A., Perry, G. A., Smith, M. F., Rich, J. J., Northrop, E. J., Perkins, S. D., . . . Geary, T. W. (2021). Effect of estradiol preceding and progesterone subsequent to ovulation on proportion of postpartum beef cows pregnant. Anim Reprod Sci, 227, 106723. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106723

Davis, M. A., Camacho, L. E., Anderson, M. J., Steffens, N. R., Pendleton, A. L., Kelly, A. C., & Limesand, S. W. (2020). Chronically elevated norepinephrine concentrations lower glucose uptake in fetal sheep. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 319(3), R255-R263. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2019

Dechow, C. D., Liu, W. S., Specht, L. W., & Blackburn, H. (2020). Reconstitution and modernization of lost Holstein male lineages using samples from a gene bank. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(5), 4510-4516. doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17753

DeShazo, E. K. R., Sydney T; Franco, Gessica A; Neuendorff, Don A; Randel, Ron; Pohler, Ky. (2020). Utilizing Breeding Indictors for an Effective AI Program in Brahman Cows. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 98. Retrieved from http://libproxy.uwyo.edu/login/?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/utilizing-breeding-indictors-effective-ai-program/docview/2501933204/se-2?accountid=14793

Diasa, H. P., R.K. Poole, J.P. Albuquerque, P.H.dos Santosm, A.C.S.Castilho, K.G.Pohler, J.L.M.Vasconcelos. (2020). Progesterone dose during synchronization treatment alters luteinizing hormone receptor and steroidogenic enzyme mRNA abundances in granulosa cells of Nellore heifers. Animal Reproduction Science, 225, 106681. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106681

Dickson, M. J., Piersanti, R. L., Ramirez-Hernandez, R., de Oliveira, E. B., Bishop, J. V., Hansen, T. R., . . . Bromfield, J. J. (2020). Experimentally Induced Endometritis Impairs the Developmental Capacity of Bovine Oocytesdagger. Biol Reprod, 103(3), 508-520. doi:10.1093/biolre/ioaa069

Fehlberg, L. K., Guadagnin, A. R., Thomas, B. L., Sugimoto, Y., Shinzato, I., & Cardoso, F. C. (2020). Feeding rumen-protected lysine prepartum increases energy-corrected milk and milk component yields in Holstein cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 103(12), 11386-11400. doi:10.3168/jds.2020-18542

Fontes, P. L. P., Oosthuizen, N., Ciriaco, F. M., Sanford, C. D., Canal, L. B., Cooke, R. F., . . . Lamb, G. C. (2021). Effects of nutrient restriction on the metabolic profile of Bos indicus-influenced and B. taurus suckled beef cows. Animal, 15(3), 100166. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100166

Franco, G., Reese, S., Poole, R., Rhinehart, J., Thompson, K., Cooke, R., & Pohler, K. (2020). Sire contribution to pregnancy loss in different periods of embryonic and fetal development of beef cows. Theriogenology, 154, 84-91. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.021

Geary, T. W., Waterman, R. C., Van Emon, M. L., Ratzburg, C. R., Lake, S., Eik, B. A., . . . Heldt, J. S. (2019). Effect of supplemental trace minerals on novel measures of bull fertility. Transl Anim Sci, 3(Suppl 1), 1813-1817. doi:10.1093/tas/txz102

Gebremedhn, S., Ali, A., Hossain, M., Hoelker, M., Salilew-Wondim, D., Anthony, R. V., & Tesfaye, D. (2021). MicroRNA-Mediated Gene Regulatory Mechanisms in Mammalian Female Reproductive Health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(2). doi:10.3390/ijms22020938

Georges, H. M., Knapek, K. J., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H., Van Campen, H., & Hansen, T. R. (2020). Attenuated lymphocyte activation leads to the development of immunotolerance in bovine fetuses persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virusdagger. Biol Reprod, 103(3), 560-571. doi:10.1093/biolre/ioaa088

Graceli, J. B., Dettogni, R. S., Merlo, E., Nino, O., da Costa, C. S., Zanol, J. F., . . . Denicol, A. C. (2020). The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemical exposure in the mammalian hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 518, 110997. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2020.110997

Gurule, S. C., Colin T.Tobin, Derek W.Bailey, Jennifer A.Hernandez Gifford. (2021). Evaluation of the tri-axial accelerometer to identify and predict parturition-related activities of Debouillet ewes in an intensive setting. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 237. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105296

Jackson, I. J., Puttabyatappa, M., Anderson, M., Muralidharan, M., Veiga-Lopez, A., Gregg, B., . . . Padmanabhan, V. (2020). Developmental programming: Prenatal testosterone excess disrupts pancreatic islet developmental trajectory in female sheep. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 518. doi:ARTN 110950

10.1016/j.mce.2020.110950

Kelly, M. R., Halpern, A., Reed, S. A., Zinn, S. A., & Govoni, K. E. (2021). Understanding gestational and feed management practices of New England sheep producers. Transl Anim Sci, 5(1), txaa234. doi:10.1093/tas/txaa234

Kern, C. H., Mingyao Yang, Wan-Sheng Liu. (2021). The PRAME family of cancer testis antigens is essential for germline development and gametogenesis. Biology of Reproduction, 1-15. doi:10.1093/biolre/ioab074

Knapek, K. J., Georges, H. M., Van Campen, H., Bishop, J. V., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H., Smirnova, N. P., & Hansen, T. R. (2020). Fetal Lymphoid Organ Immune Responses to Transient and Persistent Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses, 12(8). doi:10.3390/v12080816

Liu, W. S., Lu, C., & Mistry, B. V. (2021). Subcellular localization of the mouse PRAMEL1 and PRAMEX1 reveals multifaceted roles in the nucleus and cytoplasm of germ cells during spermatogenesis. Cell Biosci, 11(1), 102. doi:10.1186/s13578-021-00612-6

Lu, C., Yang, M. Y., Rossi, R. M., Wang, A. H., Feitosa, W. B., Diaz, F. J., & Liu, W. S. (2020). Deletion of the mouse X-linked Prame gene causes germ cell reduction in spermatogenesis. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 87(6), 666-679. doi:10.1002/mrd.23324

Luna-Nevarez, G., Kelly, A. C., Camacho, L. E., Limesand, S. W., Reyna-Granados, J. R., & Luna-Nevarez, P. (2020). Discovery and validation of candidate SNP markers associated to heat stress response in pregnant ewes managed inside a climate-controlled chamber. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52(6), 3457-3466. doi:10.1007/s11250-020-02379-3

Maia, T. S., Guimaraes, H. R., Franco, G. A., Pohler, K. G., Cardoso, R. C., & Williams, G. L. (2020). Do pre and postnatal nutrition interact to program reproductive phenotype in sexually mature heifers? Journal of Animal Science, 98, 120-120. doi:10.1093/jas/skaa278.218

McFee, R. M., Romereim, S. M., Snider, A. P., Summers, A. F., Pohlmeier, W. E., Kurz, S. G., . . . Cupp, A. S. (2021). A high-androgen microenvironment inhibits granulosa cell proliferation and alters cell identity. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 531, 111288. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111288

McIntosh, S. Z., Marlie M Maestas, Jordyn R Dobson, Kelsey E Quinn, Cheyenne L Runyan, Ryan L Ashley. (2021). CXCR4 signaling at the fetal-maternal interface may drive inflammation and syncytia formation during ovine pregnancy. Biol Reprod, 104(2), 468-478. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa203

Melo, G. D., B. P. Mello, L. M. F. Pinto, A. Guimarães, C. C. Rocha, I. G. Motta, E. H. Madureira, J. C. Silveira, K. G. Pohler and G. Pugliesi. (2019). 64 Prediction of pregnancy and early embryo loss through OAS-1 expression, concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins, and Doppler ultrasonography in beef cattle. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 32(2), 157. doi:10.1071/RDv32n2Ab64

Messman, R. D., Contreras-Correa, Z. E., Paz, H. A., & Lemley, C. O. (2021). Melatonin-induced changes in the bovine vaginal microbiota during maternal nutrient restriction. J Anim Sci, 99(5). doi:10.1093/jas/skab098

Moraes, J. G. N., Behura, S. K., Bishop, J. V., Hansen, T. R., Geary, T. W., & Spencer, T. E. (2020). Analysis of the uterine lumen in fertility-classified heifers: II. Proteins and metabolitesdagger. Biol Reprod, 102(3), 571-587. doi:10.1093/biolre/ioz197

Moraes, J. G. N., Behura, S. K., Bishop, J. V., Hansen, T. R., Geary, T. W., & Spencer, T. E. (2020). Analysis of the uterine lumen in fertility-classified heifers: II. Proteins and metabolitesdagger. Biol Reprod, 102(3), 571-587. doi:10.1093/biolre/ioz197

Moraes, J. G. N., Behura, S. K., Geary, T. W., & Spencer, T. E. (2020). Analysis of the uterine lumen in fertility-classified heifers: I. Glucose, prostaglandins, and lipidsdagger. Biol Reprod, 102(2), 456-474. doi:10.1093/biolre/ioz191

Murtazina, D. A., Arreguin-Arevalo, J. A., Cantlon, J. D., Ebrahimpour-Boroojeny, A., Shrestha, A., Hicks, J. A., . . . Clay, C. M. (2020). Enrichment of ovine gonadotropes via adenovirus gene targeting enhances assessment of transcriptional changes in response to estradiol-17 betadagger. Biol Reprod, 102(1), 156-169. doi:10.1093/biolre/ioz166

Nafziger, S. R., Tenley, S. C., Summers, A. F., Abedal-Majed, M. A., Hart, M., Bergman, J. W., . . . Cupp, A. S. (2021). Attainment and maintenance of pubertal cyclicity may predict reproductive longevity in beef heifersdagger. Biol Reprod, 104(6), 1360-1372. doi:10.1093/biolre/ioab044

Oliveira Filho, R. V., Cooke, R. F., de Mello, G. A., Pereira, V. M., Vasconcelos, J. L. M., & Pohler, K. G. (2020). The effect of clitoral stimulation post artificial insemination on pregnancy rates of multiparous Bos indicus beef cows submitted to estradiol/progesterone-based estrus synchronization protocol. J Anim Sci, 98(7). doi:10.1093/jas/skaa195

Oliver, K. F., Geary, T. W., Kiser, J. N., Galliou, J. M., Van Emon, M. L., Seabury, C. M., . . . Neibergs, H. L. (2020). Loci associated with conception rate in crossbred beef heifers. PLoS One, 15(4), e0230422. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230422

Oosthuizen, N., Fontes, P. L. P., Oliveira Filho, R. V., Dahlen, C. R., Grieger, D. M., Hall, J. B., . . . Lamb, G. C. (2021). Pre-synchronization of ovulation timing and delayed fixed-time artificial insemination increases pregnancy rates when sex-sorted semen is used for insemination of heifers. Anim Reprod Sci, 226, 106699. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106699

Oosthuizen, N., Fontes, P. L. P., Oliveira, R. V., Dahlen, C. R., Grieger, D. M., Hall, J. B., . . . Lamb, G. C. (2021). Pre-synchronization of ovulation timing and delayed fixed-time artificial insemination increases pregnancy rates when sex-sorted semen is used for insemination of heifers. Animal Reproduction Science, 226. doi:ARTN 10669910.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106699

Peixoto, P. M., Hubner, A. M., Cunha, L. L., Coelho, W. M., Pohler, K. G., Dias, N. W., . . . Lima, F. S. (2020). Characterization of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) and progesterone (P4) as a predictor of twins and conceptus loss in high-risk pregnancy Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 103, 244-244. Retrieved from <Go to ISI>://WOS:000581082900659

Peixoto, P. M., Hubner, A. M., Junior, W. M. C., Cunha, L. L., Garrett, E. F., Pohler, K. G., . . . Lima, F. S. (2021). Characterization of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins and progesterone as a predictor of twins and conceptus loss in high-risk-pregnancy Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 104(4), 5034-5046. doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19334

Pendleton, X. A. L., Antolic, A. T., Kelly, A. C., Davis, M. A., Camacho, L. E., Doubleday, K., . . . Limesand, S. W. (2020). Lower oxygen consumption and Complex I activity in mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle of fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 319(1), E67-E80. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00057.2020

Plewes, M. R., Hou, X. Y., Talbott, H. A., Zhang, P., Wood, J. R., Cupp, A. S., & Davis, J. S. (2020). Luteinizing hormone regulates the phosphorylation and localization of the mitochondrial effector dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP1) and steroidogenesis in the bovine corpus luteum. Faseb Journal, 34(4), 5299-5316. doi:10.1096/fj.201902958R

Plewes, M. R., Krause, C., Talbott, H. A., Przygrodzka, E., Wood, J. R., Cupp, A., & Davis, J. S. (2020). Trafficking of cholesterol from lipid droplets to mitochondria in bovine luteal cells: Acute control of progesterone synthesis. Faseb Journal, 34(8), 10731-10750. doi:10.1096/fj.202000671R

Pohler, K. G., Reese, S. T., Franco, G. A., Oliveira, R. V., Paiva, R., Fernandez, L., . . . Poole, R. K. (2020). New approaches to diagnose and target reproductive failure in cattle. Anim Reprod, 17(3), e20200057. doi:10.1590/1984-3143-AR2020-0057

Poole, R., Ault, T. B., Myer, P. R., Lear, A., & Pohler, K. (2020). Uterine and vaginal bacteria and cytokine profiles prior to artificial insemination between resulting pregnant and open postpartum beef cows. Journal of Animal Science, 98, 43-43. doi:10.1093/jas/skz397.099

Reese, S. T., G.A.Franco, K.M.Schubach, A.P.Brandao, S.M.West, R.F.Cooke, R.C.Cardoso, G.L.Williams, K.G.Pohler. (2021). Induced prostaglandin release alters steroid concentrations but not pregnancy survival in cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 74. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106514

Reese, S. T., Franco, G. A., Oliveira Filho, R. V., Cooke, R. F., Smith, M. F., & Pohler, K. G. (2021). Technical Note: Coccygeal vein catheterization for sampling of reproductive tract-derived products from the uterine-ovarian drainage. J Anim Sci, 99(2). doi:10.1093/jas/skab025

Rett, B., Cooke, R. F., Brandao, A. P., Ferreira, V. S. M., Colombo, E. A., Wiegand, J. B., . . . Schubach, K. M. (2020). Supplementing Yucca schidigera extract to mitigate frothy bloat in beef cattle receiving a high-concentrate diet. J Anim Sci, 98(11). doi:10.1093/jas/skaa355

Rowell, J., Geary, T., Blake, J., Zezeski, A. L., & Shipka, M. (2019). The effects of short-term medroxyprogesterone acetate on rut related behaviors, semen characteristics and fertility in farmed reindeer bulls. Theriogenology, 140, 201-209. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.08.029

Ryan, K. T., Guadagnin, A. R., Glosson, K. M., Bascom, S. S., Rowson, A. D., Steelman, A. J., & Cardoso, F. C. (2020). Increased dietary calcium inclusion in fully acidified prepartum diets improved postpartum uterine health and fertility when fed to Holstein cows. Theriogenology, 142, 338-347. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.10.014

Sanford, C. D., Owen, M. P. T., Oosthuizen, N., Fontes, P. L. P., Vonnahme, K. A., Nelson, M., . . . Cliff Lamb, G. (2021). Effects of administering exogenous bovine somatotropin to beef heifers during the first trimester on conceptus development as well as steroid- and eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes. J Anim Sci, 99(3). doi:10.1093/jas/skab050

Stegemiller, M. R., Murdoch, G. K., Rowan, T. N., Davenport, K. M., Becker, G. M., Hall, J. B., & Murdoch, B. M. (2021). Genome-Wide Association Analyses of Fertility Traits in Beef Heifers. Genes, 12(2). doi:ARTN 217

10.3390/genes12020217

Stoecklein, K. S., Ortega, M. S., Spate, L. D., Murphy, C. N., & Prather, R. S. (2021). Improved cryopreservation of in vitro produced bovine embryos using FGF2, LIF, and IGF1. PLoS One, 16(2), e0243727. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243727

Sutton, C. M., Springman, S. A., Abedal-Majed, M. A., & Cupp, A. S. (2021). Bovine Ovarian Cortex Tissue Culture. J Vis Exp(167). doi:10.3791/61668

Swanson, R. M., Gibbs, R. L., Cadaret, C. N., Erickson, G. E., Schmidt, T. B., Cupp, A. S., & Yates, D. T. (2020). Beef cows with atypical estrous cyclicity at puberty produced calves with deficits in preweaning muscling, metabolic indicators, and myoblast function but not in feedlot performance. Translational Animal Science, 4, S127-S131. doi:10.1093/tas/txaa119

Talbott, H. A., Plewes, M. R., Krause, C., Hou, X. Y., Zhang, P., Rizzo, W. B., . . . Davis, J. S. (2020). Formation and characterization of lipid droplets of the bovine corpus luteum. Scientific Reports, 10(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68091-2

Tanner, A. R., Lynch, C. S., Ali, A., Winger, Q. A., Rozance, P. J., & Anthony, R. V. (2021). Impact of chorionic somatomammotropin RNA interference on uterine blood flow and placental glucose uptake in the absence of intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 320(2), R138-R148. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00223.2020

Trotta, R. J., Lemley, C. O., Vonnahme, K. A., & Swanson, K. C. (2021). Effects of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation from mid-to-late gestation on maternal and fetal small intestinal carbohydrase activities in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 74, 106555. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106555

Wallace, R. M., Mariah L.Hart,Tina E.Egen, Amanda Schmelzle, Michael F.Smith, Ky G.Pohler, Jonathan A.Green. (2019). Bovine pregnancy associated glycoproteins can alter selected transcripts in bovine endometrial explants. Theriogenology, 131, 123-132. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.026

Yao, Y. Z., Zhang, Y. Y., Liu, W. S., & Deng, X. M. (2020). Highly efficient synchronization of sheep skin fibroblasts at G2/M phase and isolation of sheep Y chromosomes by flow cytometric sorting. Scientific Reports, 10(1). doi:ARTN 993310.1038/s41598-020-66905-x

Zhou, C., Yan, Q., Zou, Q. Y., Zhong, X. Q., Tyler, C. T., Magness, R. R., . . . Zheng, J. (2019). Sexual Dimorphisms of Preeclampsia-Dysregulated Transcriptomic Profiles and Cell Function in Fetal Endothelial Cells. Hypertension, 74(1), 154-163. doi:10.1161/Hypertensionaha.118.12569

Zwiefelhofer, E. M., M. L. Zwiefelhofer, J. Singh, M. G. Colazo, G. A. Franco, S. T. Reese, K. G. Pohler and G. P. Adams. (2019). 156 Oestrus response, corpus luteum function, and pregnancy rates following aromatase inhibitor treatment in beef heifers. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 32(2), 204-205. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1071/RDv32n2Ab156

1. Abedal-Majed, M.A., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor A isoforms modulate follicle development in peripubertal heifers independent of diet through diverse signal transduction pathways. Biology of Reproduction, 2020. 102(3): p. 680-692.
2. Candelaria, J.I., M.B. Rabaglino, and A.C. Denicol, Ovarian preantral follicles are responsive to FSH as early as the primary stage of development. J Endocrinol, 2020. 247(2): p. 153-168.
3. Chen, X.X., et al., Early cleavage of preimplantation embryos is regulated by tRNA(Gln-TTG)-derived small RNAs present in mature spermatozoa. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2020. 295(32): p. 10885-10900.
4. Ciernia, L.A., et al., Effect of estradiol preceding and progesterone subsequent to ovulation on proportion of postpartum beef cows pregnant. Anim Reprod Sci, 2021. 227: p. 106723.
5. Davis, M.A., et al., Chronically elevated norepinephrine concentrations lower glucose uptake in fetal sheep. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2020. 319(3): p. R255-R263.
6. Dechow, C.D., et al., Reconstitution and modernization of lost Holstein male lineages using samples from a gene bank. Journal of Dairy Science, 2020. 103(5): p. 4510-4516.
7. DeShazo, E.K.R., Sydney T; Franco, Gessica A; Neuendorff, Don A; Randel, Ron; Pohler, Ky, Utilizing Breeding Indictors for an Effective AI Program in Brahman Cows. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2020. 98.
8. Diasa, H.P., R.K. Poole, J.P. Albuquerque, P.H.dos Santosm, A.C.S.Castilho, K.G.Pohler, J.L.M.Vasconcelos, Progesterone dose during synchronization treatment alters luteinizing hormone receptor and steroidogenic enzyme mRNA abundances in granulosa cells of Nellore heifers. Animal Reproduction Science, 2020. 225: p. 106681.
9. Fehlberg, L.K., et al., Feeding rumen-protected lysine prepartum increases energy-corrected milk and milk component yields in Holstein cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 2020. 103(12): p. 11386-11400.
10. Fontes, P.L.P., et al., Effects of nutrient restriction on the metabolic profile of Bos indicus-influenced and B. taurus suckled beef cows. Animal, 2021. 15(3): p. 100166.
11. Franco, G., et al., Sire contribution to pregnancy loss in different periods of embryonic and fetal development of beef cows. Theriogenology, 2020. 154: p. 84-91.
12. Geary, T.W., et al., Effect of supplemental trace minerals on novel measures of bull fertility. Transl Anim Sci, 2019. 3(Suppl 1): p. 1813-1817.
13. Graceli, J.B., et al., The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemical exposure in the mammalian hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 2020. 518: p. 110997.
14. Gurule, S.C., Colin T.Tobin, Derek W.Bailey, Jennifer A.Hernandez Gifford, Evaluation of the tri-axial accelerometer to identify and predict parturition-related activities of Debouillet ewes in an intensive setting. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2021. 237.
15. Jackson, I.J., et al., Developmental programming: Prenatal testosterone excess disrupts pancreatic islet developmental trajectory in female sheep. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 2020. 518.
16. Kelly, M.R., et al., Understanding gestational and feed management practices of New England sheep producers. Transl Anim Sci, 2021. 5(1): p. txaa234.
17. Kern, C.H., Mingyao Yang, Wan-Sheng Liu, The PRAME family of cancer testis antigens is essential for germline development and gametogenesis. Biology of Reproduction, 2021: p. 1-15.
18. Liu, W.S., C. Lu, and B.V. Mistry, Subcellular localization of the mouse PRAMEL1 and PRAMEX1 reveals multifaceted roles in the nucleus and cytoplasm of germ cells during spermatogenesis. Cell Biosci, 2021. 11(1): p. 102.
19. Lu, C., et al., Deletion of the mouse X-linked Prame gene causes germ cell reduction in spermatogenesis. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 2020. 87(6): p. 666-679.
20. Luna-Nevarez, G., et al., Discovery and validation of candidate SNP markers associated to heat stress response in pregnant ewes managed inside a climate-controlled chamber. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2020. 52(6): p. 3457-3466.
21. Maia, T.S., et al., Do pre and postnatal nutrition interact to program reproductive phenotype in sexually mature heifers? Journal of Animal Science, 2020. 98: p. 120-120.
22. McFee, R.M., et al., A high-androgen microenvironment inhibits granulosa cell proliferation and alters cell identity. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 2021. 531: p. 111288.
23. McIntosh, S.Z., Marlie M Maestas, Jordyn R Dobson, Kelsey E Quinn, Cheyenne L Runyan, Ryan L Ashley, CXCR4 signaling at the fetal-maternal interface may drive inflammation and syncytia formation during ovine pregnancy. Biol Reprod, 2021. 104(2): p. 468-478.
24. Melo, G.D., B. P. Mello, L. M. F. Pinto, A. Guimarães, C. C. Rocha, I. G. Motta, E. H. Madureira, J. C. Silveira, K. G. Pohler and G. Pugliesi, 64 Prediction of pregnancy and early embryo loss through OAS-1 expression, concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins, and Doppler ultrasonography in beef cattle. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 2019. 32(2): p. 157.
25. Moraes, J.G.N., et al., Analysis of the uterine lumen in fertility-classified heifers: II. Proteins and metabolitesdagger. Biol Reprod, 2020. 102(3): p. 571-587.
26. Moraes, J.G.N., et al., Analysis of the uterine lumen in fertility-classified heifers: I. Glucose, prostaglandins, and lipidsdagger. Biol Reprod, 2020. 102(2): p. 456-474.
27. Nafziger, S.R., et al., Attainment and maintenance of pubertal cyclicity may predict reproductive longevity in beef heifersdagger. Biol Reprod, 2021. 104(6): p. 1360-1372.
28. Oliveira Filho, R.V., et al., The effect of clitoral stimulation post artificial insemination on pregnancy rates of multiparous Bos indicus beef cows submitted to estradiol/progesterone-based estrus synchronization protocol. J Anim Sci, 2020. 98(7).
29. Oliver, K.F., et al., Loci associated with conception rate in crossbred beef heifers. PLoS One, 2020. 15(4): p. e0230422.
30. Oosthuizen, N., et al., Pre-synchronization of ovulation timing and delayed fixed-time artificial insemination increases pregnancy rates when sex-sorted semen is used for insemination of heifers. Anim Reprod Sci, 2021. 226: p. 106699.
31. Oosthuizen, N., et al., Pre-synchronization of ovulation timing and delayed fixed-time artificial insemination increases pregnancy rates when sex-sorted semen is used for insemination of heifers. Animal Reproduction Science, 2021. 226.
32. Peixoto, P.M., et al., Characterization of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) and progesterone (P4) as a predictor of twins and conceptus loss in high-risk pregnancy Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 2020. 103: p. 244-244.
33. Peixoto, P.M., et al., Characterization of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins and progesterone as a predictor of twins and conceptus loss in high-risk-pregnancy Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 2021. 104(4): p. 5034-5046.
34. Pendleton, X.A.L., et al., Lower oxygen consumption and Complex I activity in mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle of fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2020. 319(1): p. E67-E80.
35. Plewes, M.R., et al., Luteinizing hormone regulates the phosphorylation and localization of the mitochondrial effector dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP1) and steroidogenesis in the bovine corpus luteum. Faseb Journal, 2020. 34(4): p. 5299-5316.
36. Plewes, M.R., et al., Trafficking of cholesterol from lipid droplets to mitochondria in bovine luteal cells: Acute control of progesterone synthesis. Faseb Journal, 2020. 34(8): p. 10731-10750.
37. Pohler, K.G., et al., New approaches to diagnose and target reproductive failure in cattle. Anim Reprod, 2020. 17(3): p. e20200057.
38. Poole, R., et al., Uterine and vaginal bacteria and cytokine profiles prior to artificial insemination between resulting pregnant and open postpartum beef cows. Journal of Animal Science, 2020. 98: p. 43-43.
39. Reese, S.T., G.A.Franco, K.M.Schubach, A.P.Brandao, S.M.West, R.F.Cooke, R.C.Cardoso, G.L.Williams, K.G.Pohler, Induced prostaglandin release alters steroid concentrations but not pregnancy survival in cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 2021. 74.
40. Reese, S.T., et al., Technical Note: Coccygeal vein catheterization for sampling of reproductive tract-derived products from the uterine-ovarian drainage. J Anim Sci, 2021. 99(2).
41. Rett, B., et al., Supplementing Yucca schidigera extract to mitigate frothy bloat in beef cattle receiving a high-concentrate diet. J Anim Sci, 2020. 98(11).
42. Rowell, J., et al., The effects of short-term medroxyprogesterone acetate on rut related behaviors, semen characteristics and fertility in farmed reindeer bulls. Theriogenology, 2019. 140: p. 201-209.
43. Ryan, K.T., et al., Increased dietary calcium inclusion in fully acidified prepartum diets improved postpartum uterine health and fertility when fed to Holstein cows. Theriogenology, 2020. 142: p. 338-347.
44. Stegemiller, M.R., et al., Genome-Wide Association Analyses of Fertility Traits in Beef Heifers. Genes, 2021. 12(2).
45. Stoecklein, K.S., et al., Improved cryopreservation of in vitro produced bovine embryos using FGF2, LIF, and IGF1. PLoS One, 2021. 16(2): p. e0243727.
46. Sutton, C.M., et al., Bovine Ovarian Cortex Tissue Culture. J Vis Exp, 2021(167).
47. Swanson, R.M., et al., Beef cows with atypical estrous cyclicity at puberty produced calves with deficits in preweaning muscling, metabolic indicators, and myoblast function but not in feedlot performance. Translational Animal Science, 2020. 4: p. S127-S131.
48. Talbott, H.A., et al., Formation and characterization of lipid droplets of the bovine corpus luteum. Scientific Reports, 2020. 10(1).
49. Wallace, R.M., Mariah L.Hart,Tina E.Egen, Amanda Schmelzle, Michael F.Smith, Ky G.Pohler, Jonathan A.Green, Bovine pregnancy associated glycoproteins can alter selected transcripts in bovine endometrial explants. Theriogenology, 2019. 131: p. 123-132.
50. Yao, Y.Z., et al., Highly efficient synchronization of sheep skin fibroblasts at G2/M phase and isolation of sheep Y chromosomes by flow cytometric sorting. Scientific Reports, 2020. 10(1).
51. Zhou, C., et al., Sexual Dimorphisms of Preeclampsia-Dysregulated Transcriptomic Profiles and Cell Function in Fetal Endothelial Cells. Hypertension, 2019. 74(1): p. 154-163.
52. Zwiefelhofer, E.M., M. L. Zwiefelhofer, J. Singh, M. G. Colazo, G. A. Franco, S. T. Reese, K. G. Pohler and G. P. Adams, 156 Oestrus response, corpus luteum function, and pregnancy rates following aromatase inhibitor treatment in beef heifers. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 2019. 32(2): p. 204-205.