Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The meeting was called to order 8:00 am MST by Carlos Urrea, Chair, W-3150. Carlos Urrea welcomed everyone. A motion was passed to nominate Francisco Gomez to secretary. Motion passed and Francisco Gomez started serving as secretary immediately to record meeting minutes. Maria Munoz Amatriain, vice chair, will compile the final report.

A motion was made by Carlos Urrea and seconded to approve the minutes of the previous meeting.

David R Gang (Admin Advisor), provided administrative update. Dr. Gang’s comments included acknowledgement of the great group collaboration among members of this project, noted a change in the reporting process which includes the multi-state project, and emphasized the importance of the impact statement to make sure that the land grant mission is supported nationally. Juan Osorno commented that NDSU Ag. Research Station recently requested impact statements demonstrating the importance of these statements.

Presentation meeting summaries followed:

California: Paul Gepts - 

This year’s activities have been impacted severely by COVID-19. After a stay-at-home order, first from the county and then statewide, the activities at UC Davis were strongly limited to online teaching and very focused research activities aiming at those experiments with time limitations, but always under guidelines of distancing, masking, and hygiene. Therefore, we were limited to the following field experiments: a) Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery of common bean; and b) Advanced generation testing of lima bean lines, with emphasis on large-seeded cultivars. These experiments have been harvested; yields and seed weights are being measured and analyzed. Furthermore, certain greenhouse and lab activities continued, including crossing blocks and evaluations of certain metabolites potentially involved in resistance to Lygus bug.

Colorado: Maria Munoz-Amatriain –

Colorado State University has participated in the evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN), the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN), and the Dry Bean Drought Nursery (DBDN). Nurseries were planted on June 8th at CSU’s Agricultural Research Development and Education Center (ARDEC). This has been an exceptional dry year in Colorado, and the DBDN has only received 1.12’’ of rainfall this season. Colorado State University also evaluates a Rust Nursery including 486 entries from ProVita, 30 lines from Michigan State University, and 8 lines from Dr. Timothy Porch. Rust inoculations were conducted on July 8, and scoring is expected to occur at the end of August with the help of Barry Ogg.

Delaware: Emmalea Ernest -

Two snap bean yield trials were conducted at University of Delaware’s research farm located in Georgetown. A June-planted trial was exposed to significant nighttime heat stress during flowering and a July-planted trial experienced more favorable weather conditions. These trials continue efforts to identify heat tolerant snap bean varieties suitable for production in the Mid-Atlantic region. PV 857 (Crites Seed) performed well in the heat stressed trial, as it has in past heat trials in Delaware. Bridger (HM Clause) had not been trialed in the past but did well in the 2020 heat trial. Most other entries produced low marketable yields under heat stress. Seventy-nine advanced lines from the University of Delaware lima bean breeding program were tested for yield and maturity. In the early-June planted trial several lines matured earlier than the earliest standard variety (Cypress, ADM), with the fastest maturing line harvested at 62 DAP, which was 7 days earlier than Cypress. Some of the early maturing lines are heat tolerant and/or resistant to root-knot nematode and lima bean downy mildew (Phytophthora phaseoli).

Venu (Kal) Kalavacharla -

Currently, we are interested in identifying drought-related factors in various common bean genotypes. To overcome limitations, such as drought, plants have evolved a strategy, employing reversible modifications of its genome by external factors, which affect gene expression changes without altering the genetic makeup. These external factors are categorized as epigenetic factors. In our present study, we are growing identical genotypes of common bean in various locations, with differing weather conditions, such as in Delaware and Nebraska. The present study is aimed to identify the direct effect of drought on the region of the genome and induced modification on the regulatory sequence of genes related to important traits in common bean. Epigenetic modifications, such as histone modifications, DNA methylations, Nucleosome positioning affect gene expression changes in response to environmental cues.

Idaho: Alexander V. Karasev -

A new strain of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), named BCMV-A1, was collected from lima beans in Hawaii in 2017, with the sequence 93% identical to the peanut stripe virus strain of BCMV. BCMV-A1 induced an unusually severe systemic necrosis in cultivar ‘Dubbele Witte’, and pronounced necrotic or chlorotic reaction in inoculated leaves of five other bean differentials. BCMV-A1 was able to partially overcome resistance alleles bc-1 and bc-2 expressed singly in common bean, inducing no systemic symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis of the BCMV-A1 sequence, and distinct biological reactions in common bean differentials suggested that BCMV-A1 represented a new, lima bean strain of BCMV. In 2017, two BCMV isolates were collected in Idaho from common bean, and based on partial genome sequences were found 99% identical to the BCMV-A1 sequence. The data suggest that the lima bean strain of BCMV may have a wider circulation, including common bean as a host. This new strain of BCMV may thus pose a significant threat to common bean production.

Iowa: Donna Winham -

Iowa State University has conducted collaborative research with MSU on the short-term effects of three different formulations of 100% black bean consumption on glucose in 18 healthy young adults. The pastas were made from the same harvest of Zenith – thus bean variation was controlled for. One pasta was made using a standard milling process, and the other two were formulated using a new milling technology. The 3 pastas were similar in their effect with no significant differences in blood glucose changes despite the variation in macronutrient content and processing. Sensory and satiety data analysis are in process. A second collaborative project with Puerto Rico on the sensory evaluation of black tepary vs. black common bean was shut down with COVID in March. Two consumer bean related surveys were completed in Iowa. One with low-income men at food pantries indicated high knowledge of pulses, but low consumption. An Iowa State University campus wide survey on pulse uses found low consumption, and limited knowledge of pulses. One manuscript is under review and a second is in preparation.

Maryland: Talo Pastor-Corrales -

During 2020, an important objective of the ARS-USDA common bean project at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, was to characterize new genes conferring resistance to the pathogens that cause the rust and anthracnose diseases of common bean. These genes are present on three Andean common bean accessions: G 19833, Beija Flor, and PI 260418. Among these, G 19833 appears to be exceptional in its resistance spectrum to the known races (virulent strains) of the bean rust and anthracnose pathogens. This accession was used to sequence the first reference genome of common bean. Thus, a large quantity of sequence information (BAC and cDNA libraries, SNP databases, gene expression profiles, etc.) is available for G 19833. So far, we have evaluated the reaction of G 19833 to 17 races (12 Mesoamerican and five Andean) of the rust pathogen. None of the known genes in common bean conferring resistance to the rust pathogen are resistant to all the races used in these studies. In addition, other sources of broad rust resistance with unnamed or unmapped rust resistance genes were also susceptible to one or more of the 17 races to which G 19833 was resistant. Equally important, G 19833 is also highly resistant to many Andean and Mesoamerican races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the bean anthracnose pathogen. So far G 19833 has been evaluated as resistant to 14 races (10 Mesoamerican races and to four Andean) of C. lindemuthianum. Currently, G 19833 appears to have broader rust and anthracnose resistance than all known sources of rust and anthracnose resistance in common bean. During 2020, we have also studied the inheritance of rust resistance present in G 18933 and PI 260418 and the anthracnose resistance present in bean Beija Flor. The results suggest that a single and dominant gene confers rust resistance in G19833 and anthracnose resistance in Beija Flor. However, it appears that there are two different genes conferring rust resistance in PI 260418. The results from using bulk segregant analysis and the SNP chip suggest that the rust resistance gene in G 19833 and one of the genes in PI 260418 are positioned on chromosome Pv04. Similarly, the anthracnose resistance gene in Beija Flor was also positioned on the same Pv04 chromosome. Additional genomic technologies such sequencing, genotyping and fine mapping, are in progress with the purpose of developing KASP makers linked to the two rust resistance genes in G 19833 and PI 260418 and for the anthracnose resistance gene in Beija Flor. During 2020, we have also completed studies of the epistatic interactions between the Ur-3 and Ur-5 and between the Ur-4 and Ur-5 rust resistance genes in common bean. To that end we have used phenotypic and molecular markers. Both the phenotypic and KASP markers reveled that Ur-3 was epistatic to Ur-5 and that Ur-5 was epistatic is to Ur-4. In addition, we have continued our collaborations with scientists from universities in the US (Nebraska, North Dakota, Puerto Rico) to detect rust resistance genes in Pinto, Great northern, Black bean lines/cultivars developed by bean breeders from these universities.

Michigan: Francisco Gomez -

The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program has conducted 17 yield trials in 2020 in ten market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, National Drought and the National Sclerotinia Nurseries in Michigan and winter nursery in Puerto Rico. The nurseries were planted (5 June and between 17-18 June). Research updated was given on major QTL available for anthracnose resistance and available color retention markers. Four new bean varieties were planted in Idaho in 2020 for Initial breeder/foundation seed production. These include a black bean ‘ADAMS’, pinto bean ‘CHARRO’, great northern ‘EIGER’ and a yellow bean ‘YELLOWSTONE’.

Karen A. Cichy -

Relationship between cooking time and canning quality: The study was conducted to determine if cooking time influences canning quality in dry beans and whether reducing processing time could improve canning quality of fast‐cooking genotypes. A set of 20 yellow bean genotypes including Ervilha, PI527538 and 18 recombinant inbred lines with fast, moderate, or slow cooking times were canned across five retort times (10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 min). All genotypes performed better when processed for less time than the standard 45 min, but canning quality was highest at 10 min for fast‐ and medium‐cooking genotypes and 15 min for slow‐cooking genotypes. Cooking time was correlated positively with texture and intactness. Color changed with retort processing such that longer times produced darker beans with more red and yellow.

Nebraska: Carlos Urrea -

In 2020, the University of Nebraska Dry Bean Breeding Program coordinated the national CDBN and DBDN trials (24 and 25 lines, respectively) and participated in the WMMN and MRPN (including six Nebraska lines). The program is also conducting studies on bacterial wilt resistance. From the six generations of G16829/Raven (including both parental lines, F1s, F2s, and backcrosses to both parental lines), we found a segregation of 13 susceptible: 3 resistant. We are currently proofing this 13: 3 segregation in F5:6 RILs. The shuttle breeding program between Nebraska and Puerto Rico is releasing one pinto (SB-DT2) and one small red (SB-DT3) line. Both lines have drought tolerance and multiple disease resistance. The University of Nebraska Dry Bean Breeding Program is releasing one great northern (NE1-17-10) and one pinto (NE2-17-18) line. NE1-17-10 has an upright plant architecture and Ur-3 and SAP6 markers for rust and common bacterial blight resistance, respectively. NE2-17-18, a slow darkening pinto bean, has a semi-upright plant architecture, larger seed size, and SAP6 and Ur-11 markers for common bacterial blight and rust resistance, respectively. Breeder to foundation seed increases of NE1-17-10 and NE2-17-18 and breeder to breeder seed increases of NE1-17-36 (a great northern line), and NE2-17-37 and NE4-17-6 (slow darkening pinto lines) are being carried out at the Kimberley Experimental Station in Idaho.

New York: Griffiths, Phillip -

The Cornell University vegetable breeding program has developed new kidney bean breeding lines in several seed colors including purple kidney bean and black kidney bean. The high seed coat color retention trait has been introgressed into two new black bean lines BB6 and BB13. This trait enables improved color following canning/cooking with a glossy appearance against standards such as ‘Zenith’. A new mini-kidney bean has also been developed.

North Dakota: Juan Osorno -

Research activities within this project included collaborative work on: i) the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) and the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN), ii) winter nurseries, iii) development of germplasm with Multiple Disease Resistance (MDR) to rust, anthracnose, and common bacterial blight (CBB), iv) Development of a MAGIC population for white mold resistance. The Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) and the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN) were planted at Hatton-ND and Staples-MN, with excellent quality of data. In collaboration with the Univ. of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, a total of ~1800 early-generation lines (F3 to F5) were planted at the winter nursery at Isabela, Puerto Rico. On the genetics side, genome-wide association studies continue to allow the identification of genomic regions associated with resistance/tolerance to biotic/abiotic factors. For example, new genomic regions for resistance to white mold have been identified using a MAGIC population. Also, genomic regions associated with Uromyces appendiculatus, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani resistance as well as soybean cyst nematode have been found. Several Pythium (Globisporangium) species have been identified as causing root rot in ND and MN. A multiplex qPCR assay was developed for the detection of four bacterial pathogens of dry beans. Just this last year, three new dry bean cultivars were released for the North Dakota/Minnesota region: ND Falcon pinto has resistance to rust and soybean cyst nematode in addition to good agronomic performance. ND Pegasus great northern is a very upright and high yielding cultivar with excellent seed quality and good level of tolerance to white mold. ND Whitetail white kidney is a high yielding cultivar with high levels of resistance to bacterial diseases and white mold. With 92% of the total acreage planted with black beans, Eclipse is the most important cultivar used in the region for black bean production. However, Eclipse was released in 2005 and therefore, intensive efforts are underway to find a good replacement for Eclipse. A new black bean (ND Twilight) was released in early 2020. ND Palomino (released in 2017) continues to be one of the most commonly grown slow darkening pinto cultivars in the region. Talon dark red kidney and Rosie light red kidney (released in 2015) continue to show higher seed yields than the commercial checks given their agronomic performance and quality, as well as intermediate resistance to the root rot complex and bacterial blights. New potential sources of resistance/tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stress are identified each year by intensive evaluation and phenotyping/genotyping of germplasm from different bean production areas around the world. Examples include resistance/tolerance to rust, anthracnose, root rots, common bacterial blight, halo blight, white mold, waterlogging/flooding, among others (see publications for details). The NDSU dry bean breeding project is also educating/training the next generation of plant breeders that will continue making North Dakota’s agriculture highly competitive. Each year, at least one individual on average complete their graduate studies (either M.S. or Ph.D.) doing genetic and agronomic research relevant to dry bean production. New germplasm, improved breeding lines, and cultivars of major market classes have been developed and shared among the multistate project members. The continuous sharing of germplasm is critical for the sustained increase of genetic gains and resilience across all the dry bean breeding programs in the country. For example, just in 2019, three new cultivars have been released in North Dakota and Minnesota that include parental genotypes from other U.S. dry bean breeding programs. Germplasm exchange, tropical germplasm characterization and conversion have provided researchers with novel genes to broaden the genetic base of U.S. cultivars (e.g., new resistance genes to abiotic and biotic stresses). The extent and nature of genetic diversity of the pathogens causing economically important diseases in the U.S. have been obtained through a collaborative effort using phenotypic analysis and genome sequencing. All the recently developed diversity panels, including the Mesoamerican Diversity Panel (MDP), the Andean Diversity Panel (ADP), the Durango Diversity Panel (DDP), the BASE120 panel, the MA96 Mesoamerican drought panel, the Snap bean diversity panel (SnAP), and the Tepary bean Diversity Panel (TDP), continue providing a broad framework for rapidly advancing the discovery of novel alleles for agriculturally important traits and for the development of markers for marker assisted selection. This can be measured based on the high number of publications using any of these panels either alone or in combination with others. Genome resequencing efforts are underway in both the Middle American and Andean common bean gene pools with about ~200 lines from each gene pool. This data will allow for the development of a SNP chip with at least 200k SNPs. Dry bean scientists now have several reference genomes available for genetic studies and improvement, which will allow for more accurate mapping and dissection of specific gene functions and networks. Association mapping analysis (GWAS) and QTL analysis have been conducted using cutting edge technologies, such as genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and the available SNP chips, to accelerate the genotyping efforts for the identification of key regions and markers for important traits. New genes for resistance/tolerance and nutritional attributes have been discovered. Concurrently, KASP, Indel and other breeder-friendly molecular markers for existing and new resistance alleles, abiotic stresses, and nutritional and processing quality traits are being generated from this multi-state project. Novel information on nutrition, canning quality and color retention, traits affecting the marketability, nutritional quality and health benefits of eating dry beans and snap beans are being generated. W-3150 members continue to share results from this project and learn from colleagues involved with other specific/regional research and extension projects funded in recent years by the USDA-NIFA, USAID and Specialty Crop Research Initiative (SCRI) regarding issues of relevance to the national bean industry.

Oregon: James R. Myers -

Approximately 10,000 A of snap beans are grown in western Oregon for processing. With the bankruptcy of Norpac in 2019, we are now down to one major processor (National Frozen Foods) in the region. This processor has picked up the acreage dropped by Norpac, so there has been no net loss in acreage. The vegetable breeding program at Oregon State University focuses about 50% time on snap bean breeding with the primary objective being the development and release of bush blue lake type green beans for western Oregon growers and processors. The primary research objective has been to identify and introgress white mold resistance into elite cultivars. GWAS of snap bean diversity panels has been used to identify white mold resistance QTL in snap beans and a MAGIC population is being created to recombine resistance QTL into commercially desirable snap bean lines. We participate in growing the National Sclerotinia Initiative nursery and screen lines submitted by private industry for this disease. In addition to the white mold research, we have projects on pod and leaf color, and chlorophyll content to determine the interaction of these factors on pod quality and plant productivity. Mainly, we are measuring traits in the Snap Bean Diversity Panel using a colorimeter, Multispeq and unmanned aerial systems to acquire data. Another project involves examination of the microbiome of recombinant inbred snap bean populations selected in parallel under organic and conventional production systems. A graduate student recently completed a thesis project on the persistent color (pc) trait in snap beans. This trait confers superior color to pods but has deleterious effects on germination. First found in Flageolet dry bean types, pc is a member of the stay-green gene family. Beans with this trait have pods that are uniformly dark green, foliage that remains green during senescence, seeds that are pale green and bleached white cotyledons upon emergence. The stay-green phenotype is caused by a disruption of chlorophyll catabolism during senescence. Our research objective was to understand why pc seeds show reduced emergence when planted in the field. Key to this study was the use of near isogenic pairs that were with white- or green-seeded as well as a pair that had white- vs. colored-seed. No differences in germination percentage were observed in the laboratory. Treatment with fungicides increased field germination and emergence, and in untreated seeds, infections with rhizoctonia were prevalent. Pc seeds had significantly higher electrical conductivity, more rapid imbibition and had more seed coat cracking during imbibition. When seed coat anatomy was observed microscopically, a significantly thinner osteosclereid layer was found in pc types compared to white- and colored-seeded types. Our model for why pc types show reduced field emergence is that the thinner seed coat allows more rapid water uptake, which causes mechanical stress across the seed. Seeds coats are inherently more fragile and crack more easily which allows early and copious solute leakage into the surrounding spermosphere. Pathogens sense these solutes, migrate to and rapidly colonize seeds before seedlings have had a chance to emerge. One potential solution to this problem is to select for pc types with thicker, less fragile testas. The OSU vegetable breeding program continues to work on dry beans. We have developed improved virus resistant Peruano (or Mayo Coba) beans for the nascent U.S. yellow bean market and for export to Mexico. We released ‘Patron’ which has resistance to BCMV and BCTV in a high yielding yellow bean background. It is being grown commercially in Idaho and Wyoming. We continue to work on lines with more intense yellow color combined with BCMV & BCTV resistance. There is a concerted effort in western Oregon to grow dry beans without irrigation and relying only on residual moisture from winter rains. We have contributed three black bean advanced lines derived from crosses to tepary beans for trial in the Dry Farm Project. This project has also sourced lines from the USDA-ARS-TARS tepary breeding program in Puerto Rico for their trials.

Puerto Rico.

Tim Porch- TARS-LH1, a broadly adapted pinto bean germplasm with resistance to the leafhopper pest was released with resistance to E. krameri and E. fabae in collaboration with MI and PR. A description of germplasm was published in JPR of two ADP that are being released in Tanzania, ‘Yunguilla’, tested as ADP-447, and Baetao-Manteiga, tested as ADP-190, a collaborative effort with WA, Tanzania and South Africa. TARS-Tep 23 (Phaseolus acutifolius) with broad drought and heat adaptation and resistance to CBB and rust will be released in collaboration with PR, NE, CA, and Honduras. TARS-Tep 93 with improved culinary characteristics and with leaf hopper resistance and tolerance to BGYMV will be released in collaboration with PR, MI, IA, MD, and the Dominican Republic. The NE and PR shuttle breeding program will be releasing a small red and pinto with drought tolerance. A phylogenetic analysis on angular leaf spot, caused by Pseudocercospora griseola, using isolates from Puerto Rico, Central America and Tanzania confirmed the existence of the Afro-Andean clade. Sources of resistance to angular leaf spot were also identified in common bean through greenhouse screening.

Consuelo Estevez -

Released the white bean cultivar ‘Bella’ and the black bean cultivar ’Hermosa‘ that combine resistance to major bean diseases found in the Caribbean with superior performance in low N soils. Promising pink and a pinto bean breeding lines with resistance to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV are in advanced stages of testing and are potential candidates for release as improved germplasm or cultivars. Plant pathological research dealing with root and stem rot, common bacterial blight and angular leaf spot pathogens has contributed to the identification of bean genotypes with resistance to important diseases that limit bean production in the tropics. Dry bean winter nurseries are a cooperative activity of Regional Hatch Project W-3150. During the 19-20 winter growing season, the nursery included 5,145 bean breeding lines from Michigan State University, the University of Nebraska, North Dakota State University and the USDA-ARS. Project personnel were authors or co-authors of ten publications that included a book chapter entitled “Genomic designing of climate-smart pulse crops” and a feature article in the J. of Agric. of the University of Puerto Rico that describes bean research contributions in Puerto Rico during the past century. Early Generation Nurseries: F3 and F4 lines derived from crosses between elite lines having traits of economic value such as disease resistance and/or tolerance to abiotic stress were planted at the Isabela Substation. Pedigree selection was used to choose adapted individual plants with good pod set, erect growth habit and absence of disease symptoms. Individual plant selections were made from these nurseries based on seed type and agronomic traits including seed yield potential. The most promising F4 lines will be screened in the greenhouse for resistance to BCMNV and the presence of molecular markers for BGYMV, BCMNV, common bacterial blight (CBB) and rust resistance. Advanced Generation Nurseries: During 2019, several performance trials of promising bean breeding lines, that include elite pink bean and white bean breeding lines with resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV, CBB and ALS (white lines) were planted in field trials at the Isabela Substation. Pink bean and white lines were identified and mean seed yields > 2,000 kg/ha. Snap bean breeding lines developed between a cross of a source of BGYMV and BCMV resistance and a snap bean with heat tolerance were advanced to the F5 generation in trials planted at the Isabela Substation. These lines were screened with molecular markers for BGYMV and in the greenhouse for resistance to BCMV. Lines were selected that have the bgm gene and the SW12 QTL for BGYMV resistance. These lines will be tested in the field in 2021. Yield trials of Andean and Mesoamerican bean breeding lines that combine resistance to bruchids and diseases were planted at the Isabela in 2019. Andean lines that yielded as well as the light red kidney bean cultivar ‘Badillo’ were identified. Black, dark red and white bean lines with bruchid resistance and genes for resistance to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV also performed well. W-3150 Dry Bean Winter Nursery: In December 2018, the project planted 5,145 bean breeding lines from the USDA-ARS, Michigan State University, the University of Nebraska and North Dakota State University in winter nurseries as a cooperative activity of Regional Hatch Project W-3150. A few lines with traits of economic value were selected from the winter nursery for use as parents in the UPR bean breeding program. The Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery was planted at Isabela, Puerto Rico in January 2019. Local white bean cultivar ‘Bella’ and two pinto bean lines from Puerto Rico produced seed yields similar to elite bean cultivars from the U.S. Cultivar and Germplasm releases: A paper describing the release of the pinto bean lines PR1572-19 and PR1572-26 was published in the J. Plant Reg. A paper identifying recent releases of bean cultivars in Central America and the Caribbean was published in the 2020 Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. Screening against Fusarium solani: The virulence of Fusarium solani isolate ISA-Fs-008 was characterized in the BASE 120 nursery. The severity in four plants form each genotype ranged from 1 to 7 and the genotypes with no visible symptoms of F. solani infection were: SEQ 342-39, SEQ 342-89, G21212, MEN 2201-64ML, SB2-170, RCB-593 and FBN 1205-31. Nodulation data was also recorded.

The meeting was adjourned at 1:00 PM MST. Due to time constraints, station reports from Washington and Wyoming were not presented.

Sort-term Outcomes:

The W-3150 project produced a number of short-term outcomes benefitting stakeholders in the bean industry, among them:

A new black bean variety, ‘Zenith’, is grown on 50% of black bean acreage in Michigan and is replacing ‘Zorro’ that was formerly grown on 90% of black bean acreage. Both varieties allow direct harvesting, reducing grower costs. Estimated increase in value is $5 million per year based on a 10% yield advantage and time and equipment savings.

About 8% of great northern bean acreage in western Nebraska and the surrounding area is planted with ‘Panhandle Pride’; more seed of ‘Coyne’ and ‘Panhandle Pride’ will be available in 2021. About 1,200 dry bean producers in western Nebraska and eastern Colorado have access to dry bean varieties with multiple disease resistance and drought/heat tolerance, enabling them to reduce production costs and increase net income.

‘ND Palomino’ (2017 release) continues to be one of the most commonly grown slow darkening pinto cultivars in the North Dakota region. ‘Talon’, dark red kidney, and ‘Rosie’, light red kidney, (2015 releases) continue to out yield commercial cultivars, have desirable agronomic qualities, and intermediate resistance to the root rot complex and bacterial blights.

Oregon State University release (2018) ‘Patron’, a virus resistant and high yielding Peruano type yellow seeded bean, was commercially grown in Idaho and Wyoming in 2019 and 2020.

Outputs:

The W-3150 researchers produced a number of longer-term outputs benefitting the bean industry and the breeding community, among them:

Releases

California: Previous research with organic sectors led to the development and release of 6 heirloom lines (UC Four Corners Red, UC Sunrise, UC Southwest Red, UC Rio Zape, UC Southwest, UC Tiger’s Eye) with high yield and resistance to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV, I gene).

Michigan: Produced foundation and certified seed of two new varieties with excellent canning quality and uniform maturity, ‘Zenith’ (a high-yielding, disease resistant, upright full-season black bean with superior color retention following canning) and ‘Alpena’ (an upright navy bean with natural dry down at maturity). In 2020, Michigan State University released four cultivars: ‘Adams’ (high-yielding, upright, full-season black bean with anthracnose resistance and acceptable canning quality), ‘Charro’ (high-yielding, upright, full-season pinto bean with excellent canning quality), ‘Eiger’ (high-yielding, upright, full-season great northern bean with anthracnose resistance and acceptable canning quality), and ‘Yellowstone’ (determinate, virus resistant yellow bean with highly desirable vibrant dry seed coat color).

Nebraska: ‘Kikatiti,’ a pinto bean cultivar with high yield potential and multiple disease resistance developed by the dry bean breeding program at the University of Nebraska, Agricultural Research Division, was co-released with Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania in 2020. It will positively impact dry bean production in Tanzania.

North Dakota: North Dakota State University has released six cultivars for the North Dakota/Minnesota region since 2014. Releases in 2019 include ‘ND Falcon’ (pinto with rust and soybean cist nematode resistance and good agronomic performance), ‘ND Pegasus’ (upright high yielding great northern with excellent seed quality and good white mold tolerance), and ‘ND Whitetail’ (high yielding white kidney with high bacterial disease and white mold resistance). Efforts are underway to develop a replacement for ‘Eclipse’ (released in 2005), the most important black bean cultivar in the region.

Puerto Rico: ‘Bella’ (white bean) and ‘Hermosa’ (black bean), cultivars with resistance to major Caribbean bean diseases and superior performance in low N soils were released. TARS-LH1, abroadly adapted pinto bean germplasm with resistance to leafhoppers and E. krameri and E. fabae, was released in collaboration with Michigan. Two lines produced through the shuttle breeding process, SB-DT2 (pinto) and SB-DT3 (small red), will be released as sources of drought tolerance and multiple disease resistance.

Washington: ‘USDA Rattler’ (PT11-13-31) a new pinto cultivar with drought and low fertility tolerance and the I and bc-3 genes for BCMV resistance and Ur-3 and Ur-11 genes for rust resistance were released. Two RILs from the Rojo/CAL 143 population with HBB4.1, HBB5.1, and Pse-2 for resistance to halo blight, QTL for rust resistance, protected I gene, and moderate resistance to Angular leaf spot (ALS, Pseudocercospora griseola) are pending release.

Publications

W-3150 collaborators authored or co-authored 56 referred (journal articles and a book chapter) and 48 non-referred publications. The latter included Bean Improvement Cooperative publications, extension publications, bean industry publications, meeting abstracts, and newspaper articles. Additional means of dissemination/outreach to stakeholders (growers/industry) and the bean breeding community include presentations and discussions at scientific and industry meetings, field days, and use of websites.

Student Training/Degrees

The W-3150 also provided the opportunity for students to receive training in bean breeding and to conduct thesis/dissertation research. This includes one undergraduate and two PhD students at the University of Nebraska, one MS student at the University of Idaho (2019 graduate), two MS and two undergraduate students at Iowa State University, and an average of one MS or PhD student completing their graduate studies per year at North Dakota State University.

Activities:

CALIFORNIA
University of California, Davis
A previously developed large recombinant inbred population (n~230, sequenced using Genotyping-By-Sequencing) was used to develop the first molecular map and conduct the first QTL analysis of lima bean. Traits mapped included determinacy and cyanide amounts. This map was integrated into an international effort to sequence the lima bean genome; this reference sequence is included in Phytozome version 13. This year’s activities were limited because of COVID-19 restrictions. Field experiments included the common bean Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) and lima bean advanced generation testing, emphasizing large-seeded cultivars. Data measurement/analysis are in progress. Certain greenhouse and lab activities continued, including crossing blocks and evaluating metabolites involved in Lygus bug resistance.

COLORADO
Colorado State University
Colorado State University participated in the 2020 CDBN, Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN), and Dry Bean Drought Nursery (DBDN). Conditions were exceptionally dry; the DBDN only received 1.23’’ of rainfall in the non-irrigated part of the field. Researchers also evaluated a Rust Nursery (486 entries from ProVita, 30 lines from Michigan State University, 8 lines from Puerto Rico); rust resistance/susceptibility and yield data were collected. Colorado State University Crops Testing evaluated bean lines from several W-3150 collaborators at Lucerne, CO; a virtual Dry Bean Field Day was held.

DELAWARE
University of Delaware
Researchers conducted two yield trials to identify heat tolerant snap bean varieties for production in the Mid-Atlantic region. ‘’PV 857’ (Crites Seed) and ‘Bridger’ (HM Clause) performed well in the 2020 heat stressed trial; most other entries produced low yields. Seventy-nine advanced lima bean lines were tested for yield and maturity. Several matured earlier than the earliest standard variety (‘Cypress’, ADM); the fastest matured 7 days earlier than ‘Cypress’. Some early maturing lines were heat tolerant and/or resistant to root-knot nematode and lima bean downy mildew (Phytophthora phaseoli).
Delaware State University
Previous research explored epigenomic changes caused by fungal pathogen stress using sodium bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq) to identify methylated cytosines across the common bean genome with the goal of correlating methylation patterns with resistance and susceptibility profiles of common bean genotypes. Current research focuses on drought-related epigenetic factors in various common bean genotypes. This involves growing identical common bean genotypes in locations with differing weather conditions (e.g. Delaware and Nebraska) to explore direct effects of drought on important traits and epigenetic modifications of gene expression in response to environmental cues. Findings may assist in breeding high yielding environmentally adaptable common bean genotypes.

IDAHO
University of Idaho
Recent research focused on a new strain of BCMV, BCMV-A1. BCMV-A1 induced severe systemic necrosis in cultivar ‘Dubbele Witte’ and pronounced necrotic or chlorotic reaction in inoculated leaves of five other bean differentials. BCMV-A1 partially overcame resistance alleles bc-1 and bc-2 expressed singly in common bean, inducing no systemic symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis and distinct biological reactions in common bean differentials, suggest that BCMV-A1 is a new lima bean strain of BCMV. In 2017, Partial genome sequences of two BCMV isolates collected from common bean in Idaho (2107) were 99% identical to the BCMV-A1 sequence. This new strain of BCMV may pose a significant threat to common bean production.

IOWA
Iowa State University
ISU researchers are studying the health benefits and consumer acceptability of beans. Studies include evaluating knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding bean consumption and evaluating glycemic response, satiety, and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with consumption of bean foods (e.g. pasta). Findings will help support expansion of bean production and aid in developing approaches to increase bean consumption.

MARYLAND
USDA-ARS
Researchers evaluated common bean landraces for broad resistance to rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) pathogens. Andean landrace, G19833 (Chaucha Chuga), showed broader resistance to rust than all known rust resistance genes in common bean and resistance to 14 races of the anthracnose pathogen. G 2333, with three anthracnose resistance genes, showed resistance to all but one known race of C. lindemuthianum and appears to be one of the best sources of broad resistance to rust and anthracnose. Researchers also studied inheritance of rust (G 18933, PI 260418) and anthracnose resistance (Beija Flor), using phenotypic and molecular markers to study epistatic interactions between rust resistance genes, and using genomic technologies and fine mapping to map the positions of the rust and anthracnose resistance genes and develop KASP markers.

MICHIGAN
Michigan State University and USDA-ARS
In 2020, Michigan State University conducted 17 yield trials (10 market classes) and participated in the CDBN, MRPN, DBDN, and Sclerotinia Initiative (SIN) nurseries in Michigan and winter nurseries in Puerto Rico. USDA-ARS performed breeding trials in four market classes (cranberry, kidney, yellow, black) and organic beans. Introgression and screening to breed anthracnose resistance into large-seeded beans (e.g. kidney, yellow beans) continued. Four new varieties were planted in Idaho for breeder/foundation seed production. Ongoing research to enhance N-fixation in black beans indicates that N-fixation can be increased by selecting for yield under low N soils; it also identified varieties with equivalent or higher yield potential under low N conditions. Other research explored relationships between cooking time and canning quality. All genotypes studied performed better when processed for less time than the standard 45 min.; cooking time affected texture, intactness, and color.

NEBRASKA
University of Nebraska
In 2020, the UNL dry bean breeding program conducted variety trials and participated in the CDBN, MRPN, DBDN, White Mold Monitor Nursery (WMMN), yellow bean panel screening (Dr. Cichy), and ongoing shuttle breeding program with Puerto Rico (4th cycle). Other studies identified tepary beans with resistance to eight of the most representative rust races in the US; four domesticated accessions (G40142, G40148, G40161, G40237A) and two improved lines (TARS-Tep 22 and Tep 23) were immune to all eight races. Bacterial wilt research continues. Evaluation of a G18829/Raven RIL population (303 lines) revealed a 13 susceptible: 3 resistant susceptibility ratio; mapping bacterial wilt resistance is in progress. Foundation to foundation (great northern: ‘Coyne’ & ‘Panhandle Pride’), breeder to foundation (great northern: NE1-17-10, slow darkening pinto: NE2-17-18), and breeder to breeder (great northern: NE1-17-36, slow darkening pintos, NE2-17-37 & NE4-17-6) seed increases were performed. Collaborations with University of Nebraska plant pathologist, Dr. Harveson, include: evaluating Phaseolus breeding lines and germplasm for resistance to bacterial diseases, evaluating new and alternative products/applications for managing rust, white mold, root rot, bacterial and fungal diseases, and evaluating the potential for pathogens associated with new pulse crops to become disease problems in dry beans.

NEW YORK
Cornell AgriTech
Research focus includes developing dry beans with improved seed-coat color and evaluating nutritional components. Promising lines include two new black bean breeding lines BB6 and BB13 (color retention), kidney bean lines Cornell LRK-6, Cornell DRK-1 and Cornell 612 (yield, upright, white mold tolerance), dark red lines DRK-1 (earlier maturity, high yields) and LRK-6 (high yields), and black kidney bean BK33 (color retention, canning quality). DRK-1 and LRK-6 were crossed to develop earlier maturing dark red kidneys with high canning quality and high yield. Other efforts include introgressing novel colors into kidney beans (producing 14 color types) and developing new upright light red kidney and dark red kidney breeding lines to improve yield and tolerance to white mold and other diseases. Promising upright selections include UPRK45 (purple), UPRK27 (pink), and UPRK49 (chestnut); increases, advances, and crossing continue. Selection continues toward developing kidney bean varieties for New York that can be planted at higher density with reduced disease spread and easier cultivation.

NORTH DAKOTA
North Dakota State University
The North Dakota State University dry bean breeding program continues to test and screen thousands of early generation genotypes, hundreds of preliminary and advanced breeding lines, commercial cultivars, and other genotypes and conduct Dry Bean Variety Trials every year in North Dakota and Minnesota. Research includes developing slow darkening pintos, waterlogging/flooding tolerance, and resistance to diseases [e.g. root rots, rust, anthracnose, common bacterial blight (CBB); a collaboration with Dr. Pasche], improving plant architecture (upright), studying soybean cyst nematode infection in dry bean, and exploring variation in seed nutritional content by cultivar and location. Association mapping of important traits (GWAS) and other genomic tools are underway (a collaboration with Dr. McClean). Greenhouse screenings have identified genotypes with improved resistance to rust, white mold, CBB, and anthracnose.

OREGON
Oregon State University
The main focus of the Oregon State University snap bean breeding program is identifying and introgressing white mold resistance into elite cultivars. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of snap bean diversity panels identified 39 regions associated with white mold resistance. Accessions with the highest genomic breeding values are being used to create two 8-parent MAGIC populations to facilitate recombination of snap bean resistance QTL; one population includes snap beans, the other includes both snap and dry beans to make the resistance QTL available for dry bean breeding. The snap bean project is also investigating effects of pod and leaf color and chlorophyll content on pod quality and plant productivity; 2 years of data have been acquired and being prepared for analysis and GWAS. A recently completed project on the persistent color (pc) trait in snap beans revealed the basis for poor germination of these types compared to white- and colored-seeded snap beans under field conditions. Oregon State University also participated in the common bean national SIN, provided a field nursery for screening for white mold resistance, and contributed three advanced black bean lines derived from crosses to tepary beans to the Dry Farm Project (trials also include lines from the USDA-ARS-TARS tepary breeding program in Puerto Rico).

PUERTO RICO
University of Puerto Rico
Early generation plants (F3 and F4) were selected based on seed type and agronomic traits; promising F4 lines will be screened for resistance to bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) and the presence of resistance markers for bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV), BCMNV, CBB, and rust. Advanced generation pink and white bean breeding lines with multiple disease resistance (BGYMV, BCMNV, CBB, ALS) were evaluated in performance trials; mean seed yields were > 2,000 kg/ha. Yield trials identified Andean lines yielding as well as ‘Badillo’ (light red kidney) and promising black, dark red, and white bean lines with bruchid resistance and disease resistance genes for BGYMV, BCMV, and BCMNV. W-3150 Dry Bean Winter Nurseries included lines from the USDA-ARS, Michigan State University, University of Nebraska, and North Dakota State University; lines with desirable traits were selected for use in the University of Puerto Rico bean breeding program. The University of Puerto Rico participated in the CDBN; local white bean cultivar ‘Bella’ and two pinto bean lines yielded similar to elite US cultivars. Fusarium solani screenings characterized isolate ISA-Fs-008 and identified genotypes without symptoms (SEQ 342-39, SEQ 342-89, G21212, MEN 2201-64ML, SB2-170, RCB-593, FBN 1205-31). Snap bean breeding lines were advanced to F5 and screened for molecular markers and resistance; those with the bgm gene and the SW12 QTL for BGYMV resistance will be field tested.
USDA-ARS-TARS, Mayaguez, PR
‘Yunguilla’ (tested as ADP-447) and Baetao-Manteiga (tested as ADP-190) are being released in Tanzania, a collaborative effort with Washington, Tanzania and South Africa. TARS-Tep 23 (Phaseolus acutifolius) with broad drought and heat adaptation and resistance to CBB and rust will be released in collaboration with Puerto Rico, Nebraska, California, and Honduras. TARS-Tep 93 with improved culinary characteristics and leaf hopper resistance and tolerance to BGYMV will be released in collaboration with Puerto Rico, Michigan, Iowa, Maryland, and the Dominican Republic. The Nebraska and Puerto Rico shuttle breeding program will be releasing a small red and pinto with drought tolerance. A phylogenic analysis of ALS using isolates from Puerto Rico, Central America and Tanzania confirmed the existence of the Afro-Andean clade; greenhouse screening identified sources of ALS resistance in common bean.

WASHINGTON
USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA
USDA-WA identified new markers for MAS of rust resistance genes Ur-3, Ur-7, and Ur-11. Physical position for Ur-7 is between Ur-3 and Ur-11. Ur-3 and Ur-11 combinations exist but not Ur-3 and Ur-7 or Ur-7 and Ur-11, likely because of the tighter linkages. Researchers also determined that 5 bp deletion in a NAC gene is the likely causative mutation for bgm-1 gene. Characterizing the bc-u (3 loci) BCMV resistance gene continues; two of the genes are well characterized, the third is in progress. Researchers found two distinct mutations (Michigan Navy Robust, Durango Landrace). Research with the BAT 93 EMS tilling population revealed that while BAT 93 has the I gene for BCMV resistance, one mutant line has the I gene knocked out, making it susceptible to BCMV; deep resequencing is being used to identify the mutation that knocked out the I gene. Nebraska pinto, ‘Kikatiti’ (DDP-94), has I, bc-3, Ur-3, Ur-11, and SAP6 QTL for moderate CBB resistance, performs okay against ALS, and has upright architecture. USDA-WA also participated in the 2020 CDBN, BWMN, and DBDN.

WYOMING
University of Wyoming, Powell REC, and Department of Plant Sciences
Line development and progeny advancement continues with selections made from F3 progeny from about 20 crosses. Seed increases included five popping (nuña) beans lines (bred by Colorado State University and the University of Wisconsin). Other researchers (University of Wyoming, Washington State system) are performing additional yield trials and cooking and sensory analysis with this seed. About one fourth of the University of Wyoming breeding program focuses on popping beans; greenhouse work with photoperiod sensitive lines is in progress. The University of Wyoming participated in the CDBN; early July and late August hailstorms caused slight damage. Screening genotypes for tolerance to low soil N and P continues. Trials with six F5 progeny (sister) lines (Long’s Peak-by-UI537 cross), the parents, and three commercial checks did not detect any fertilizer by genotype interactions. Mean yield (4090 lbs./acre) and soil/leaf blade N/P concentrations were not affected by fertilizer, however, leaf blade N, P, K, Ca, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B concentrations differed among genotypes. Yields of the F5 progeny lines were competitive with all entries except La Paz; a negative correlation between yield and canopy temperature at some sampling dates suggests that low canopy temperature may be able to serve as a selection criterion. Several years of N fertilization (+/-) studies have not found N-by-genotype interactions (multiple plant traits evaluated). Other researchers have identified genotypes that are more N-use-efficient; crosses with these lines are yet to begin. Ongoing row spacing studies (7-inch vs. 22-inch) documented an 8-15% yield increase with 7 inch rows; spacing by genotype interactions varied between years (none in one year, La Paz but not Poncho responding to narrow rows in the other). These trials also evaluated seeding and irrigation rates (results not included). A newly initiated study is evaluating the effect of planting date (optimal, borderline, late) on six cultivars with differing in maturity.

Milestones:

Michigan: Researchers found that faster cooking bean genotypes require less retort processing time than genotypes with longer cooking times. Considering cooking time as a component of canning quality is recommended so breeders can develop varieties that are convenient and cost efficient for preparation for both consumers and the canning industry.

Nebraska: After nearly a decade of field research testing new chemicals for control of bacterial diseases, a manuscript on copper-alternatives was published in 2019. It was the first published work showing the efficacy of these products on dry beans and serves as a baseline on this topic. Efforts are now expanding to evaluate these products for managing fungal diseases. A 2020 article on bacterial wilt recognized the University of Nebraska Panhandle Research and Extension Center plant pathology and dry bean breeding programs as authorities on this disease.

Puerto Rico: Plant pathology research on root and stem rot, CBB, and ALS pathogens contributed to identifying bean genotypes with resistance to important diseases that limit bean production in the tropics.

Wyoming: Research evaluating cultivar interactions with planting configuration suggest that upright varieties may be better suited to narrow-row culture (15-inch or less). Therefore, current breeding efforts focus on developing lines with morphology that is better suited for narrow-row culture.

Plans for the Coming Year:

This is the final report for W-3150. This multi-state collaboration will continue as W-4150: “Breeding Phaseolus Beans for Resilience, Sustainable Production, and Enhanced Nutritional Value.”

<b>Refereed-Publications</b>

Acevedo, M., Pixley, K., Nkulumo, Z., Meng, S., Tufan, H., Cichy, K.A., Bizikova, L., Issacs, K., Ghezzi-Kopel, K. 2020. A scoping review of adoption of climate-resilient crops by small-scale producers in low-and middle-income countries. Nature Plants, 6(10), 1231-1241.

Addy, S. N., Cichy, K. A., Adu-Dapaah, H., Asante, I. K., Emmanuel, A., & Offei, S. K. 2020. Genetic Studies on the Inheritance of Storage-Induced Cooking Time in Cowpeas [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 444.

Alvares, R. C., H. S. Pereira, L. C. Melo, P. N. Miklas, and P. G. S. Melo. 2020. Induction of seed coat darkening in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the association with cooking time after storage. Austral. J. Crop Sci. 14:21-27.

Alvares, R. C., R. Stonehouse, T. L. P. Oliveria, P. G. Melo, P. N. Miklas, K. E. Bett, L. Melo, L. A. Rodrigues, L. L. Souza, and H. S. Pereira. 2019. Generation and validation of genetic markers for the selection of carioca dry bean genotypes with the slow darkening seed coat trait. Euphytica 215: 141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-019-2461-y

Bassett, A., Dolan, K., and Cichy, K.A. 2020 Reduced retort processing time improves canning quality of fast-cooking dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10444

Beaver J.S., González A., Godoy-Lutz G., Rosas, J.C., Hurtado-González, O.P., Pastor-Corrales, M.A. and T.G. Porch. 2020. Registration of PR1572-19 and PRPR1572-26 pinto bean germplasm lines with broad resistance to rust, BGYMV, BCMV, and BCMNV. J. Plant Regist. 2020;1–7. https:doi.org/1010002/plr2.20027.

Beaver, J.S., González, A. Godoy-Lutz, G., Rosas, J.C., Hurtado-Gonzales, O.P., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Porch, T.G. 2020. Registration of PR1572-19 and PR1572-26 pinto bean germplasm lines with broad resistance to rust, BGYMV, BCMV, and BCMNV. J. Plant Reg.: 1-7. DOI: 10.1002/plr2.20027.

Berny Mier y Teran J, Konzen E, Palkovic A, Tsai S, Gepts P. 2020. Exploration of the yield potential of Mesoamerican wild common beans from contrasting eco-geographic regions by nested recombinant inbred populations. Frontiers in Plant Science 11:346 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00346

Berny Mier y Teran JC, Konzen ER, Palkovic A, Tsai SM, Rao IM, Beebe S, Gepts P. 2019. Effect of drought stress on the genetic architecture of photosynthate allocation and remobilization in pods of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a key species for food security. BMC Plant Biol 19:171 doi: 10.1186/s12870-019-1774-2

Berry, M., Izquierdo, P., Jeffery, H., Shaw, S., Nchimbi-Msolla, S., Cichy, KA. 2020 QTL analysis of cooking time and quality traits in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Theoretical and Applied Genetics Jul;133(7):2291-2305. doi: 10.1007/s00122-020-03598-w.

Bornowski, N., Q. Song, and J. D. Kelly. 2020. QTL mapping of post-processing color retention in two black bean populations. Theor. Appl. Genet. doi: 10.1007/s00122-020-03656-3

Bulyaba, R., D. M. Winham, A. W. Lenssen, K. J. Moore, J.D. Kelly, M. A. Brick, E. M. Wright, and J. B. Ogg. 2020. Genotype by environment effects on yield and seed nutrient composition of common bean. Agronomy 10:347; doi:10.3390/agronomy10030347

Cichy, K., J. A. Wiesinger, M. Berry; S. Nchimbi-Msolla, D. Fourie, T. G. Porch, D. Ambechew, and P. N. Miklas. 2019. The role of genotype and production environment in determining the cooking time of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Legume Science 1: e13. https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.13

Cominell. E., Galimbert, M., Pongrac, P., Landoni, M., Losa, A., Paolo, D., Daminati, M.G., Bollini, R., Cichy, K.A., Vogel-Mikus, K., Sparvoli, F. 2020 Calcium redistribution induces hard-to-cook phenotype and increases PHA-L lectin thermal stability in common bean low phytic acid 1 mutant seeds. Food Chemistry, 321:126680 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126680

Das, S., Plyler-Harveson, T., Santra, D. K., Harveson, R. M, Nielsen, K. A. 2020. A longitudinal study on morpho-genetic diversity of pathogenic Rhizoctonia solani from sugar beet and dry beans of western Nebraska. BMC Microbiology (accepted - in press).

De Ron, A.M., V. (K.) Kalavacharla, S. Álvarez-García, P. A. Casquero, G. Carro-Huelga, S. Gutiérrez, A. Lorenzana, S. Mayo-Prieto, A. Rodríguez-González, V. Suárez-Villanueva, A. P. Rodiño, J. S. Beaver, T. Porch, M. Z. Galván, M. C. Gonçalves Vidigal, M. Dworkin, A. Bedmar Villanueva and L. De la Rosa. 2019. Common bean genetics, breeding, and genomics for adaptation to changing to new agri-environmental conditions p. 1-106. In Genomic designing of climate-smart pulse crops. Chittaranjan Kole (ed.). Springer, New York, NY.

Dramadri, I.O., W. Amongi, J. D. Kelly, and C. M. Mukankusi. 2020. Genome-wide association analysis of resistance to Pythium ultimum in common bean. Plant Breeding doi: 10.1111/pbr.12855

Feng, X., *Orellana, G.E., Green, J.C., Melzer, M.J., Hu, J.S., and Karasev, A.V. 2019 A new strain of Bean common mosaic virus from lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus): biological and molecular characterization. Plant Disease 103: 1220-1227 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-18-1307-RE).

Fernandes, S., G. Godoy-Lutz, J.R. Steadman, K. Eskridge, C. Urrea, C. Jochua and J.R. Herr. 2020. Root and crown rot pathogens found on dry beans grown in Mozambique. J. Of Tropical Plant Pathol. (submitted)

Gilio, T.A.S., Hurtado-Gonzales, O.P., Gonçalves-Vidigal, M.C., Valentini, G., Elias, J.C.F., Song, Q., and Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2020. Fine mapping of an anthracnose-resistance locus in Andean common bean cultivar Amendoim Cavalo. Plos One 15(10): e0239763. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.

Haus, M.J., Wang, W., Peplinski, H., Jacobs, J., Chilvers, M., Buell, R., Cichy, K.A. 2020 Root Crown Response to Fungal Root Rot in Phaseolus vulgaris Middle American x Andean lines. Plant Disease https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-20-0956-RE

Heer MM, Winham DM. Bean preferences vary by acculturation among Latinas compared to non-Hispanic white women in the Southwest. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020 Jan;17(6):2100.

Heer MM, Winham DM. Food Behaviors, Health, and Bean Nutrition Awareness among Low-Income Men: A Pilot Study.2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(3):1039

Hufford MB, Berny Mier y Teran JC, Gepts P. 2019. Crop biodiversity: an unfinished magnum opus of nature. Annual Review of Plant Biology 70: 727-751 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040240

Hutchins AM, Winham DM. Pinto beans and green beans result in comparable glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. 2020. Food Science & Nutrition Technology5 (1), 10.23880/fsnt-16000211

Jain, S., Poromarto, S., Osorno, J.M., McClean, P.E., Nelson Jr., B.E. 2019. Genome Wide Association Study Discovers Genomic Regions Involved in Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) in Common Bean. PLOS One 14(2), p.e0212140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212140

Katuuramu, D.N., G. B. Luyima, S. T. Nkalubo, J. A. Wiesinger, J. D. Kelly, and K. A. Cichy. 2020. On-farm multi-location evaluation of genotype by environment interactions for seed yield and cooking time in common bean. Scientific Reports 10:3628 doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60087-2

Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, M.I. Chilvers, K. A. Cichy and E.M. Wright. 2020. Registration of ‘Coho’ light red kidney bean. J. Plant Registrations14: 134-138. doi: 10.1002/plr2.20051

Konzen ER, Recchia GH, Cassieri F, Caldas DGG, Berny Mier y Teran JC, Gepts P, Tsai SM. 2019. DREB genes from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) show broad to specific abiotic stress responses and distinct levels of nucleotide diversity. International Journal of Genomics 28 doi: 10.1155/2019/9520642

Kuzay S, Hamilton-Conaty PA, Palkovic A, Gepts P. 2020. Is the USDA core collection of common bean representative of genetic diversity of the species, as assessed by SNP diversity? Crop Science 60: 1398-1414 doi: 10.2135/cropsci2019.08.0497
MacQueen, A.H., White, J.W., Lee, R., Osorno, J.M., Schmutz, J., Miklas, P.N., Myers, J., McClean, P.E. and Juenger, T.E., 2020. Genetic Associations in Four Decades of Multienvironment Trials Reveal Agronomic Trait Evolution in Common Bean. Genetics, 215(1), pp.267-284.

McQueen, A., J.W. White, R. Lee, J. Osorno, J. Schmutz, P.N. Miklas, J. R. Myers, P. McClean, and T. Juenger. 2020. Genetic associations in four decades of multi-environment trials reveal agronomic trait evolution in common bean. Genetics 215: 267-284.

Miklas, P.N., Osorno, J.M. Chaves, B. and Cichy, K.A. 2020 Agronomic performance and cooking quality characteristics for slow darkening pinto beans. Crop Science https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20220

Mukuma, C., G. Godoy-Lutz, K. Eskridge, J.R. Steadman, C. Urrea, and K. Muimui. 2020. Use of culture and molecular based methods for Identification and characterization of dry bean fungal root rot pathogens in Zambia. J. of Tropical Plant Pathol. 45: 385-396.

Mungalu H, Sansala M, Hamabwe S, Mukuma C, Gepts P, Kelly JD, Kamfwa K. 2020. Identification of race-specific quantitative trait loci for resistance to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in an Andean population of common bean. Crop Science n/a doi: 10.1002/csc2.20191

Mungalu, H., M. Sansala, S. Hamabwe, C. Mukuma, P. Gepts, J. D. Kelly and K. Kamfwa. 2020. Identification of race-specific quantitative trait loci for resistance to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in an Andean population of common bean. Crop Sci. doi:10.1002/csc2.20191.

Myers, J.R., L.T. Wallace, S.M. Moghaddam, A.E. Kleintop, D. Echeverria, H.J. Thompson, M.A. Brick, R. Lee and P.E. McClean. 2019. Improving the health benefits of snap bean: Genome wide association studies of total phenolic content. Nutrients 11(10), 2509; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102509.

Nay, M.M., Souza, L.P.O., Raatz, B., Mukankusi, C.M., Gonçalves-Vidigal, M.C., Abreu, A.F.B., Melo, L.C., and Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2019. A Review of Angular Leaf Spot Resistance in Common Bean. Crop Sci. 59: 1376–1391. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2018.09.0596.

Nchimbi Msolla, S., P. Miklas, D. Fourie, M. Kilango, T. Porch. 2020. Description of Baetao‐Manteiga 41 and ‘Yunguilla’ superior Andean common beans for Tanzanian production environments. Journal of Plant Registrations. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20072

Njobvu, J., S. M. Hamabwe, K. Munyinda, J. D. Kelly, and K. Kamfwa. 2020. Quantitative trait loci mapping of resistance to aluminum toxicity in common bean. Crop Sci. 60:1294–1302. doi: 10.1002/csc2.20043

Oladzad A., Zitnick-Anderson K., Jain S., Simons K., Osorno J.M., McClean P.E., and Pasche J.S. 2019. Identifying genotypes and genomic regions associated with Rhizoctonia solani resistance in common bean. Frontiers in Plant Sci. 10:956. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00956
Osdaghi, E., Young A. J., and Harveson, R. M. 2020. Bacterial wilt of dry beans caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens: A new threat from an old enemy. Molecular Plant Pathology 21: 605-621.

Osorno, J.M., Vander Wal, A.J., Posch, J., Simons, K., Grafton K.F., Pasche, J.S., D. Nelson, B.D., Jain, S., and Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2020. ‘ND Falcon’ a new pinto bean with combined resistance to rust and soybean cyst nematode: J. Plant Reg. 14:117-125. DOI: 10.1002/plr2.20025.

Parker TA, Berny Mier y Teran JC, Palkovic A, Jernstedt J, Gepts P. 2019. Pod indehiscence is a domestication and aridity resilience trait in common bean. New Phytologist 225: 558-570 doi: 10.1111/nph.16164

Parker TA, Palkovic A, Gepts P. 2020. Determining the genetic control of common bean early-growth rate using unmanned aerial vehicles. Remote Sensing 12:1748 doi: 10.3390/rs12111748

Porch, T.G., E. I. Brisco-McCann, G. Demosthene, R. W. Colbert, J. S. Beaver, and J.D. Kelly. 2020. Release of TARS-LH1 a pinto bean germplasm with resistance to the leafhopper pest. J. Plant Registrations 14: 165-171. doi: 10.1002/plr2.20021

Sadohara, R., J. D. Kelly, and K. A. Cichy. 2020. Genotypic and environmental effects on paste quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Michigan. Hort Science, doi.org/10.21273/Hortsci14687-19

Sankaran, S., J. J. Quirós, and P. N. Miklas. 2019. Unmanned aerial system and satellite-based high resolution imagery for high-throughput phenotyping in dry bean. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 165: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.104965

Serrato-Diaz, L.M., E.D. Navarro-Monserrat, J.C. Rosas, L.A. Chilagane, P. Bayman-Gupta, and T.G. Porch. 2020. Phylogeny of Pseudocercospora griseola from Puerto Rico, Central America and Tanzania confirms the existence of an Afro-Andean clade. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 1-15. 10.1007/s10658-020-02015-8

Song, G-q. X. Han, A. T. Wiersma, X. Zong, H. E. Awale, and J. D. Kelly. 2020. Induction of competent cells for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated stable transformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). PLoS ONE 15(3): e0229909. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229909

Strock, C. F., J. Burridge, A. S. F. Massas, J. Beaver, S. Beebe, S. A. Camilo, D. Fourie, C. Jochua, M. Miguel, P. N. Miklas, E. Mndolwa, S. Nchimbi-Msolla, J. Polania, T. G. Porch, J. C. Rosas, J. J. Trapp, and J. P. Lynch. 2019. Seedling root architecture and its relationship with seed yield across diverse environments in Phaseolus vulgaris. Field Crops Research 237:53-64

Urrea, C.A., Hurtado-Gonzales, O.P., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., and Steadman, J.R. 2019. Registration of Great Northern Common Bean Cultivar ‘Panhandle Pride’ with Enhanced Disease Resistance to Bean Rust and Common Bacterial Blight. J. Plant Reg. 13: 311-315.

Vidigal Filho, P.S., Gonçalves-Vidigal, M.C., Bisneta, M.V., Souza, V.B., Gilio, T.A.S., Calvi, A. A., Lima, L.R.L., Marcial A. Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Melotto, M. 2020. Genome-wide association study of resistance to the anthracnose and angular leaf spot diseases in Brazilian Mesoamerican and Andean common bean cultivars. Crop Sci. 1-20. doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20308.

Wiesinger, J.A., Cichy, K.A., Hooper, S.D., Hart, J.J. and Glahn, R.P. 2020 Processing white or yellow dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) into a heat treated flour enhances the iron bioavailability of bean-based pastas. Journal of Functional Foods, 71, p.104018.

Winham DM, Knoblauch ST, Heer MM, Thompson SV, Der Ananian C. 2020. African American views of food choices and use of traditional foods. American Journal of Health Behavior 44(6):848-863.

Winham DM, Nikl RR, Hutchins AM, Martin RL, Campbell CG. 2020. Dietitians vary in advising about beans to type 2 diabetes clients by counseling status. Food Science and Nutrition 00:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ fsn3.1578

<b>Non-Refereed Publications</b>

Barrera, S., and C.A. Urrea. 2020. Use of tepary beans to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses in dry beans. The Bean Bag 38(2): 8-10.

Barrera, S., J.C.B. Myer y Teran, J. Diaz, R. Leon, S. Beebe, and C.A. Urrea. 2020. Identification and introgression of drought and heat adaptation from tepary beans to improve elite common bean backgrounds. The Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 21-22.

Barrera, S., P. Taming, C.A. Urrea, and M.A. Pastor-Corrales. 2020. Reaction of tepary beans to races of the bean rust pathogen that overcome all common bean rust resistant genes. The Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 43-44.

Beaver, J.S. 2020. The production and genetic improvement of beans in the Caribbean. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63:7-12.
Beaver, J.S., Estévez de Jensen, C. Miklas, P.N. and T.G. Porch. 2020. Contributions in Puerto Rico to Bean, Phaseolus spp., research. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico. 104:43-111. https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v104i1.18287

Beaver, J.S., T. Porch, G. Lorenzo, A. González and C. Estévez de Jensen. 2019. Performance of Mesoamerican beans in a low fertility soil. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 62:91-92.

Escobar, E, Miklas P.N., Osorno J.M., McClean P.E. 2019. Genetic improvement of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for resistance to white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lib de Bary) using a MAGIC population. Annual Meet National Sclerotinia Initiative, Fargo, ND.

Hamilton O., Osorno J.M., Nelson B.D. 2019. Resistance of commercial dry bean cultivars to soybean cyst nematode. APS Annual Meeting, Cleveland, OH.

Hart, J.P., A.G. Vargas, J.S. Beaver, D.G. DeBouck and T.G. Porch. 2019. Genotyping the Ex Situ genetic resources of wild and cultivated tepary bean. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 62:109-110.

Harveson, R. M. 2020. Plant Pathology Research at the Panhandle REC, Scottsbluff, Star-Herald, February 2020. This publication was also picked up and re-published (March 9, 2020) in the Fence Post, a weekly regional agricultural newspaper based out of Greeley CO.

Harveson, R. M. 2020. Specialty crops update. Proceedings of the Crop Production Clinic, University of Nebraska, Cooperative Extension, pages 46-48.

Harveson, R. M. 2020. Be Prepared for Dry Bean Rust in 2020! Star-Herald, June 2020.

Harveson, R. M. 2020. Dry Bean Disease Management Recommendations for Nebraska Producers, Bean Bag, Summer Issue.

Harveson, R. M. 2020. Pulse Crop Disease Research in 2020. Bean Bag, Spring Issue

Harveson, R. M., and Urrea, C. A. 2020. Fuscous Blight, a Bacterial Disease Caused by a Variant of the Common Blight Pathogen. Bean Bag, Winter Issue.

Heitholt, J., A. Pierson, C. Eberle, V. Sharma. 2019. Performance of Segregating Progeny from a Pinto-by-Pink Dry Bean Cross in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Day Bulletin. p. 45-46.

Heitholt, J., C. Eberle, V. Sharma. 2019. Performance of Segregating Progeny from a Pinto by Pink Dry Bean Cross in SE Wyoming after Several Hail Storms. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p. 84-85.

Higgins, R., S.E. Everhart and J.R. Steadman, J. Kelly, M. Wunch, J. Myers, P. Miklas, E. Berghauer, and C. Urrea. 2019. New sources of white mold resistance derived from wide crosses in common bean and evaluated in the greenhouse and field using Multi-site screening nurseries. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 62: 27-28.

Hurtado-Gonzales, O.P., Valentini, G., Gilio, T.A.S., Song, Q., and Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2020. Development and Validation of a marker linked to the Ur-4 rust resistance gene in common bean. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 49-50.

Jain S., Zitnick-Anderson K., Oladzad A., Simons K., Osorno J.M., McClean P.E., Pasche J.S. 2019. Fusarium root rot resistant genotypes and genomic regions identified in two major common bean gene pools. APS Annual Meeting, Cleveland, OH.

Kandel, H.J. J.M. Osorno, et al. 2019. North Dakota dry bean performance testing 2018. NDSU Ext. Serv. Doc. A-654, Fargo, ND.

Keith, J. and J. Heitholt. 2019. Potential of Seed Production of Photoperiod-Sensitive and Photoperiod-Insensitive Popping Bean Lines of Phaseolus vulgaris under Greenhouse Conditions during the Winter Months. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p. 11-12.

Keith, J. and J. Heitholt. 2019. The Effect of Two Nitrogen Sources (and Rates) on Seed Yield of Six Greenhouse-Grown Common Bean Genotypes that Express the ‘Popping’ Trait. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Day Bulletin. p. 13-14.

Kelly, J. D., Wright, E. M., Varner, G. V., & Sprague, C. L. 2019. ‘Cayenne’: A new small red bean variety for Michigan [E3405]. East Lansing: Michigan State University, MSU Extension.

Kelly, J. D., Wright, E. M., Varner, G. V., Chilvers, C. I., & Sprague, C. L. 2019. ‘Red Cedar’: A new dark red kidney bean variety for Michigan [E3404]. East Lansing: Michigan State University, MSU Extension.

Kelly, J. D., Wright, E. M., Varner, G. V., Chilvers, M. I., & Sprague, C. L. 2019. ‘Coho’: A new light red kidney bean variety for Michigan [E3432]. East Lansing: Michigan State University, MSU Extension.

Knodel, J.J., Beauzay P.B., Endres G.W., Franzen D.W., Ikley J., Kandel H.J., Markell S.G., Osorno J.M., and Pasche J.S. 2019. 2018 Dry bean grower survey of pest problems and pesticide use in Minnesota and North Dakota. NDSU Ext. Serv. Doc. E-1522, Fargo, ND.

Magallanes-Lopez A.M., Osorno J.M., and Simsek S. 2019. Varietal and location effects on antioxidant potential of pinto and black Beans. Cereals & Grains meeting, Denver, CO.

Miklas, P. Chilagane, L., Fourie, D., Nchimbi, S., Soler-Garzon, A., Hart, J., McClean, P., Pastor-Corrales, M, Song. Q., and Porch, T. 2020. QTL for resistance to angular leaf spot and rust in Tanzania vs South Africa for the Andean diversity panel & Rojo/CAL 143 RIL population. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 83-84.

Norton, J. and J. Heitholt. 2019. Sustainable Production Practices for Edible Dry Beans. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Day Bulletin. p. 40-41.

Oladzad A., Tobar-Piñón M.G., Smasal A., Osorno J.M., McClean P.E. 2019. Genetic basis of seed size-related traits in the two major gene pools of common bean. Plant and Animal Genome Conference, San Diego, CA.

Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2020. Epistasis between rust resistance genes in two common beans of Andean origin. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 125-126.

Rai, A, V. Sharma, and J. Heitholt. 2019. Dry bean growth and yield relationships in response to irrigation gradient in the semi-arid climate of Wyoming. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Day Bulletin. p. 28-29.

Rodriguez, D., J. Beaver, C. Estevez de Jensen, and T.G. Porch. 2019. Identification of sources of resistance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to angular leaf spot (Pseudocercospora griseola). Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin 72(2):8785-8791.

Rosas, J.C., Beaver, J.S. and T.G Porch. 2020. Bean cultivars and germplasm released in Central America and the Caribbean. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63:107-108.

Sanchez-Betancourt, E., R.M. Harveson, D.L. Hyten, and C.A. Urrea. 2020. Inheritance of resistance to bacterial wilt in common beans. The Bean Bag 38(3): 11.

Sharma, V., A. Rai, and J. Heitholt. 2019. Dry bean yield dynamics in response to irrigation gradients under sprinkler and furrow irrigation system. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Day Bulletin. p. 30-32.

Sharma, V., E. Oleson, and J. Heitholt. 2019. Effects of seeding-rates and row-spacing on dry bean yield under full and deficit irrigation. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Day Bulletin. p. 36-37.

Simons K.J., Lamppa R.S., Pasche J.S., McClean P.E., Osorno J.M. 2019. Utilizing dry bean breeding populations in genome wide association studies. Plant and Animal Genome Conference, San Diego, CA.

Simons K.J., Penner W.C., Stoesz D.B., Schroeder S., Conner R.L., and Osorno J.M. 2019. Dry bean anthracnose: age-related resistance under field conditions. emerging opportunities for pulse production: Genetics, Genomics, Phenomics and Integrated Pest Management Conf., Washington St. Univ., Pullman, WA, USA.

Soler-Garzon A., Oladzad A., Lee R., Macea E., Rosas J.C., Beaver J., McClean P., Beebe S., Raatz B. and P. Miklas. 2020. Genome-wide association and fine mapping of bgm-1 gene and other QTLs for resistance to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus in dry beans. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63:87-88.

Urrea, C.A. 70th Annual Report National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2019.

Urrea, C.A., and E. Valentin-Cruzado. 2020. 2019 Nebraska dry bean variety trials. Nebraska Extension MP109. 6 p.

Urrea, C.A., and E.V. Cruzado. 2019. Nebraska dry bean variety trials. The Bean Bag 38(1): 8-13.

Urrea, C.A., and E.V. Cruzado. 2020. 2019 Dry Bean Variety Trials. http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2019.

Vidigal Filho, P.S., Goncalves-Vidigal, M.C., Sousa, V.B., Vaz Bisneta,M., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Oblessuc, P.M, Melotto, M. 2020. Genome wide association analysis reveals markers tagging anthracnose and angular leaf spot resistance in common bean from Brazil. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 81-82.

Xavier, L. F. S.; Valentini, G.; Pastor-Corrales, M. A. 2020. Simultaneous inoculation of common bean cultivars with multiple races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 115-116.

Xavier, L. F. S.; Valentini, G.; Poletine, J. P; Gonçalves-Vidigal, M. C.; Silva, J. B.; Calvi, A. C.; Song, Q.; Pastor-Corrales, M. A. 2020. Phenotype and SNPs revealed an anthracnose resistance locus in Andean common bean landrace Beija Flor. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 117-118.