Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

A total of 100,342 accessions of 1608 plant species representing 282 genera were maintained in the Griffin plant genetic resources collection. Over 85% of these accessions were available for distribution to users and over 97% were backed up for security at a second location. Bulk seed samples for 83,671 accessions were maintained at -18oC for long-term storage with seed of the remaining accessions stored at 4oC. A total of 46,676 seed and clonal accessions were distributed upon request to scientists and educators worldwide in calendar year 2018 and another 17,485 distributed in 2019 as of June 6, 2019. Sorghum, watermelon, and pepper were the most distributed crops. Long-term clonal maintenance of 188 wild peanuts, 435 warm-season grasses, and 96 bamboo accessions was continued in the greenhouse or field. Seven hundred and fifty-five (756) accessions of sweet potato were maintained in vitro (or in the greenhouse) and serially re-cultured, as necessary. Viability testing has been conducted on 86,687 accessions in total. Of those, 2121 seed inventories were pulled for viability testing in 2018 and 2275 so far for 2019. All of these activities ensure that the crop genetic resources at the Griffin location are safeguarded for future use in developing new cultivars and identifying novel traits and uses in our food and fiber crops.

A total of 1451 plant samples were pulled for regeneration this season. Accessions of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMV) infected Capsicum spp. were increased in the greenhouse for production of virus free seed. Accessions of watermelon, pepper, and cucurbits were regenerated in the field and greenhouse in Griffin, GA. Accessions of various vegetable crops were regenerated and phenotyped in collaboration with USDA/ARS Parlier, CA, USDA/ARS Mayaguez, PR, Rijk Zwaan, HMClause, Bayer, and the World Vegetable Center. Thirty little bluestem accessions from recent collection trips were regenerated in Byron, GA and 435 clonal grasses are successfully regenerating in the greenhouse and field plots. Peanut accessions with low seed inventories were planted in Byron and a total of 411 accessions were shelled, cleaned, and submitted to the seed storage laboratory for processing to add to the national collection. A total of 77 newly regenerated accessions of 17 wild peanut species were submitted to the seed storage. Long-term clonal maintenance of the perennial peanut species, Arachis glabrata, and perennial peanut hybrids was continued in the greenhouses.
These peanut genetic resources provide a valuable source of variability for plant breeders to use in the development of improved varieties. For seed regeneration of sweet potato wild species, five Ipomoea wild species accessions (PI 538280, PI 540726, PI 543822, PI 543831, and PI 561543) were planted in the greenhouses at Griffin and Puerto Rico. So far, over 850 seeds have been harvested at Griffin. Viability tests were also conducted on 285 lines of morning glory that had been stored over 30 years. Among them, 116 lines had over 10% viability. Based on this data, several of these sweet potato wild

species will be added to the germplasm collection and made available for use in sweet potato breeding programs.
The genetic relationship among certain of the cultivated species of Capsicum (pepper) remains unclear. This has hindered the development of a Capsicum core collection. Overlapping phenotypic characteristics have thwarted efforts to definitively assign all observed phenotypes to a specific taxon. Collaborative studies continue in an effort to develop and apply Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques to define the boundaries (if they exist) of individual taxa. Many new species of Capsicum (pepper) have recently been described. However, much remains to be determined regarding the genomic relationships between these new identified species and the cultivated species. Work continues to identify and characterize unique genomic components of both. Approximately 200 accessions of pepper were genotyped for eventual selection of a core collection that will facilitate use of the germplasm collection by plant breeders.

All species of Citrullus (watermelon) are monoecious – except one. The species of Citrullus most distantly related to the cultivated watermelon is dioecious, indicating an ancient shift from dioecy to monoecy. Work continues in an effort to identify the genetic/genomic basis for this shift as part of a broader pan-genomic characterization of the genus. Collaboration continues with ARS Charleston and the Cucurbit Coordinated Agricultural Project (CucCAP) regarding genotyping and phenotyping of Citrullus germplasm. Evaluation of the basis for insect resistance in the desert perennial vine (Citrullus ecirrhosus spp.), a relative of cultivated watermelon, continues in collaboration with USDA/ARS Oxford, MS and USDA/ARS Charleston, SC. Genomic studies in Citrullus (sex determination, general genomics).

In a set of 38 cowpea accessions evaluated for biochemical and seed traits, the main components of variation within this set was attributed to anthocyanins, flavonols, 100 seed weight, seed pattern, and seed pattern color. Cluster analysis grouped the 38 cowpea accessions into five anthocyanin and flavonol groups. A group of 27 roselle accessions which were previously thought to be non-seed producers because of photo-period sensitivity were tested for viability. Percent viable ranged from 0 to over 80% for these roselle accessions and several exceeded 65%. The information obtained in these studies will provide plant breeders and scientists valuable biochemical variability data in cowpea and germination data in roselle for development of important cultivars as well as the identification of roselle genotypes which can produce high quality seed quantities.
Fifty-two high oleic acid peanut accessions were grown in replicated field trials at three locations (Georgia, Florida, and New Mexico). Seeds were harvested and used for oil, fatty acid, and protein analysis. The 52 peanut lines were genotyped with FAD2A and FAD2B DNA markers. These DNA markers were developed to easily identify high oleic acid peanut varieties. The interaction between the different FAD2A and FAD2B genotypes with the environment was found to be significant and could alter the amount of oleic acid produced. The revealed interaction will be very useful to peanut breeders, farmers, and processors of peanut products for understanding and utilizing this important trait. In a separate study, 14 high stearic acid (C18:0) peanut accessions were planted in the field trials to determine if levels of stearic acid previously measured in long term storage peanut samples would be consistent in newly harvested seed. Significant differences between the freshly harvested and long term-stored peanut seed were identified. Additional germplasm characterizations performed at the location include 146 samples (104 cultivated peanut, 19 Desmodium, 9 lablab, and 12 Corchorus) measured for protein content and 44 samples (19 Desmodium and 25 Vigna) measured for flavonoid content. In collaboration with the University of Georgia and ARS Scientists in Lubbock, TX, 256 EMS-induced mutant sorghum lines were evaluated for low-phosphorous tolerance at the lab conditions. Ten high oleic acid sesame lines (M5-M6) were planted in the greenhouse in 2018 to confirm the high oleic trait identified in previous studies.

State Reports Submitted in 2019

Alabama
Charles Chen, Auburn University

According to records provided by S-009, a total of 659 accessions were sent to Alabama from 2015 to 2018. In 2018, the requested germplasm covered 12 genera. They are grasses (warm season), hibiscus, okra, peppers, watermelon, eggplant, millets, and Gourds. The most requested crops were millets by Auburn University (Table 1). The recipients of required germplasm were university scientists, consultants, seed companies, gardeners and citizens of Alabama (Table2). The largest number of accessions was requested by Dr. Scott McElroy at Auburn University for millets (45 accessions), following by Dr. Mckain from the University of Alabama for grasses (34 accessions), Mr. Pounders from Innovative Plants for Okra (21 accessions), and Dr. Srinivasa Mentreddy from Alabama A&M University for Hibiscus (12 accessions). Three individuals in AL required germplasm for gourds, peppers, watermelon, and eggplant.
In addition to the records provided by S-009, the peanut breeding program by Dr. Charles Chen at Auburn University is maintaining the purified accessions of the U.S. peanut mini-core collection (104 accessions). Dr. Chen distributed the seeds of the U.S. peanut mini-core collection to Dr. Phat Dang at USDA-ARS National Peanut Research Lab, Dawson GA for phenotyping of drought tolerance in rainout shelters in 2018 again.

Table 1. Required Accessions by Genus in 2018

CROP GENUS TOTAL Okra Abelmoschus 23 Grasses (warm season) Andropogon 8 Peppers Capsicum 3 Grasses (warm season) Chrysopogon 4 Watermelon Citrullus 4 S9 - Millets Eleusine 45 Hibiscus Hibiscus 12 Gourds Lagenaria 1 Grasses (warm season) Miscanthus 14 Grasses (warm season) Schizachyrium 15 Eggplant Solanum 2 Grasses (warm season) Themeda 4
Table 2. Required Accessions by Recipients

Year University Public Service/Primary Education Private Sector Total 2015 151 1 5 157 2016 65 2 21 88 2017 267 1 10 278 2018 103 1 32 136 Sub-Total 586 5 68 659
Florida
Kevin Kenworthy, University of Florida

The state of Florida was very active in 2018 for plant genetic resources distribution. According to records provided by S-9, 31 different individuals requested materials from 32 different genera of plants and a total of 752 PIs distributed. Affiliation of individuals obtaining materials included University of Florida scientists, USDA scientists, private research organizations, private citizens, and public schools. Most individuals who responded to a request for information indicated a high level of satisfaction with materials provided and appreciation for the availability of the germplasm.

Georgia
Soraya Leal-Bertioli, University of Georgia

During 2018, 98 requests for plant germplasm were made to the S-009 unit by citizens of Georgia. As a result of these requests, S-009 provided 3,438 plant accessions. The recipients were University scientists (3,231 accessions), USDA scientists (186), seed companies (8), and gardeners/citizens of Georgia (11). The most requested crops were peanut (2689 accessions), Ricinus communis (144) sorghum (136), Lespedeza spp. (136) and Desmodium spp. (225).

The University of Georgia maintains strong emphasis on plant breeding and continues to expand its advanced molecular biology programs. The Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics at UGA currently has 42 total faculty members, being 27 full faculty from various departments (Crop and Soils Science, Plant Pathology and Horticulture), five adjunct faculty, seven affiliated members from the USDA and three emeritus members. The main mission of the Institute is to develop improved plant cultivars from agronomic and horticultural species of importance to Georgia, the U.S., and worldwide. Faculty is also engaged in training graduate students and the graduate program currently has 45 students (19 MS and 26 PhD), as well as many research scientists, and post-docs involved in various aspects of plant improvement. These programs supply new crop cultivars and associated technologies to our agricultural sector and rely heavily upon the plant materials maintained within the S-009 unit.

UGA currently has active cultivar development programs in soybean, peanut, small grains, cotton, turfgrass, forages, blueberry, pecan, grape, pepper, peach, watermelon, and numerous ornamental crops that frequently utilize the plant genetic resource collections. These cultivar development programs released seven cultivars or crop germplasm lines during 2018-19 (Table 1).

Research programs in crop science, horticulture, plant pathology, entomology and other disciplines continue to utilize the genetic resources of the S-009 unit in both basic and applied research projects designed to address the needs of Georgia and U.S. agriculture. Numerous projects are currently underway involving the S-009 germplasm

The S-009 unit remains a critical component of our research, cultivar development and student training programs in Georgia.

Table 1. Cultivar and Germplasm Releases from UGA Breeding Programs in 2018-2019.

Cultivar Name Main Breeder Date of Release TC458 Centipedegrass Dr. Wayne Hanna 2-7-19 Ga. 8-1-338 Muscadine Grape (RubyCrisp) Dr. Patrick Conner 8-14-18 Blueberry Selection TH-920 Dr. Scott NeSmith 1-3-19 Blueberry SelectionTH-889 Dr. Scott NeSmith 1-3-19 Wheat TX-EL2 (GA 06343-13E2 ) Dr. Jerry Johnson 3-12-18 Wheat GA 08535-15LE29 Dr. Mohamed Mergoum 8-29-18 'Georgia-18RU' Peanut Dr. William Branch 8-13-18
Guam
Mari Marutani, University of Guam

1. Evaluation of germplasm adaptation to Guam’s climate

1.1 Sorrel or Roselle, Hibiscus sabdariffa:
Ten (10) accessions of Hibiscus sabdariffa, sorrel or roselle, were evaluated for field performance at Guam Agricultural Experiment Station during late March to December 2018. There were eight lines of H. sabdariffa var. sabdariffa: PI 256039 (Bangladesh), PI 265319 (Cuba), PI 273389 (Taiwan), PI 275414 (Poland), PI 286316 (Ghana), PI 291128 (Ghana), PI 500706 (Zambia),
PI 500713 (Zambia), and PI 500724 (Zambia), and two lines of H. sabdariffa var. altissima: PI 275413 (Senegal) and PI 286316 (Ghana). All but one accession (PI 286316) were short day plants and began producing calyxes between late October to early November. PI 286316 produced calyxes in August, 74 days after transplant. On Guam, H. sabdariffa are susceptible to general herbivore damage as seedlings, but are generally resistant upon reaching maturity. The only major pests of mature plants were mealybugs (family Psuedococcidae). H. sabdariffa were also be prone to parasitism from dodder plants (Cuscuta sp.). H. sabdariffa are also prone to iron deficiencies in calcareous soils with high pH. During the experiment, iron chelate was applied monthly. Two accessions, PI500706 and PI 265319, produced more calyx and tolerant to pests.

1.2 Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo)
Two field trials were conducted to study performance of commercial zucchini cultivars in Guam cobbly clay soil. The first trial tested five (5) different cultivars from December 20, 2017 to February 15, 2018, with incorporation of compost and using organic pesticides including Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki), neem (Azadirachta indica) oil extract, and garlic and chili pepper extracts. Plants grew very rapidly with broad leaves to cover over adjacent plants. However, there was a rapid decline of plants due to high occurrence of powdery mildew. Cultivar ‘Tigress’ performed the best, followed by ‘Partenon,’ ‘Cue Ball,’ and ‘Eight Ball’. ‘Lucky 8’ had the poorest yield. Three cultivars were tested with a conventional method during December 22, 2017 - March 1, 2018. Cv. Tigress produced more fruits than ‘Partenon’ and ‘Eight Ball.’ A copper hydroxide was applied to control powdery mildew fungus and neem oil was used to control insect pests. Field was

terminated due to high pressure of a virus, possibly zucchini yellow mosaic virus. ‘Tigress’ was the best cultivar in both trials.

1.3 Green edamame soybean (Glycine max)
Three edamame soybean cultivars, ‘Midori,’ ‘Biel’ and ‘Karikachi,’ were evaluated in Guam cobbly clay soil (pH 7.5) from January 26 - April 20, 2018. The total weight of harvested pods/plant was 128g (‘Midori’), 117g (‘Biel’) and 77g (‘Karikachi’). The number of pods harvested per plant was 52 (‘Midori’), 57 (‘Biel’) and 40 (‘Karikachi’). Cultivar ‘Karikachi’ had the least yield while ‘Midori’ consistently yielded over 90% large two and three-seeded pods and appeared to adapt to Guam’s climate.

1.4 Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica)
Four (4) kale cultivars, ‘Beira,’ ‘Scarlet,’‘Starbor’ and ‘Redbor’ were examined in Guam cobbly clay soil (pH=7.5) from April 3 - June 7, 2018 at University of Guam Horticulture campus field by Extension Horticulturist, Joseph Tuquero. Harvested plants were measured for fresh weight and labeled as marketable or non-marketable. Approximately 17% of plants in the whole trial plots were affected by cabbage webworm (Hellula undalis). Cultivar ‘Beira’ yielded more than other cultivars while ‘Scarlet’ had the poorest growth. ‘Redbor’ had the least insect damage.

1.5 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Extension Pathologist of the University of Guam, Dr. R. Schlub, conducted an evaluation of 22 commercial cucumber cultivars for their severity of leaf spot symptom inoculated by anthracnose (Colletrotrichum sp.) using distal image analysis. It was determined that ‘Summer Top,’ ‘Olympia (trd),’ ‘Olympia,’ ‘Blessing,’ ‘Poinsett76,’ ‘Soarer’ and ‘TI-09E’ were resistance cultivars, while susceptible cultivars included ‘Early Triumph,’ ‘Tasty King’ and ‘Turbo.’ Cultivars Among cultivars currently grown by Guam growers, ‘Blessing,’ ‘Soarer’ and ‘Summer Top’ were more resistant to the disease.

2. Acquisition and conservation of plant germplasms

2.1 Sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas:
Fifteen (15) in-vitro sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) germlines have been maintained in tissue culture laboratory of Horticulture Unit at the University of Guam: PI 531122 (Jewel, Peru), PI 531126 (Vilca, Romero, Peru), PI 531131 (Camote Morado-1, Peru), PI 531149 (Amarilo local, Peru), PI 531150 (Lurin, Peru), PI 531154 (Corazon de Huarango, Peru), PI 531168 (Morado de Cante), PI 538289 (Morado, Peru), PI 566613 (Beauregard, US, Louisiana), PI 573297 (Purple, Myanmar), and PI 573322 (85016-100 Tonga). PI 645582 (Okinawa Purple), ‘Stokes’ and ‘Liberty.’

2.2 Chili pepper (Capsicum spp.)
Local lines ‘Guafi’ and ‘Barcinas’ were grown to produce seeds at Guam Agricultural Experiment Station Yigo field.

2.3 Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
One line of day-neutral line was obtained from a local farmer and planted at Guam Agricultural Experiment Station Yigo field for seed collection.

2.4 Guam white field corn (Zea mays)
Local line of field corn was planted at Guam Agricultural Experiment Station Yigo field for seed collection.

b. Outcomes / Impact:
The search for new germlines and commercial cultivars with heat tolerance and pest resistance will assist growers in choosing locally adapted vegetable crops to promote their farming operation in Guam.

Kentucky
Tim Phillips, University of Kentucky

Germplasm requests for material housed at Griffin and sent to requesters in Kentucky during 2018 saw a small increase over 2017 in number of accessions. A total of 48 accessions in total were sent to three individuals in Kentucky in 2018. These include 9 accessions of sweet potato (to Dr. Aardra Kachroo, University of Kentucky, Plant Pathology), 4 grass and 24 okra accessions (to Tim Phillips, University of Kentucky, Plant and Soil Sciences), and 11 accessions of Capsicum (to Brandywine Seed Farm, LLC.) The accessions obtained by Tim Phillips were used in a small-scale okra breeding project. In 2018 F1s from a 15-parent diallel cross were identified and F2 seed was harvested for selection in 2019. One grass accession was used in teaching a grass taxonomy class, with the three Digitaria accessions being used to search for endophytic fungi.

The following table summarizes numbers of accessions from Griffin sent to Kentucky during 2009- 2018:
Recipient
Year Univ. of KY Other KY Univ. Private/other Total 2009 38 1 30 69 2010 4 25 4 33 2011 83 0 11 94 2012 66 3 17 86 2013 29 160 32 221 2014 27 31 59 117 2015 43 66 217 326 2016 177 70 (APSU) 8 255 2017 0 0 8 8 2018 37 0 11 48

Louisiana
Don LaBonte, Louisiana State University

Sorghum bicolor germplasm was requested and screened in laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments to evaluate levels of resistance of plant introductions to Melanaphis saccharis, sugarcane aphid. There were a number of very susceptible plant introductions identified and several with moderate levels of resistance. A poster was presented at the Entomology Society of America, Southern branch. This represents on-going work as accessions are requested each season. Various pepper and watermelon accessions were requested to be used in grafting experiments. The dallisgrass seed I obtained from the USDA-ARS germplasm repository was used for comparison of growth characteristics with dallisgrass germplasm developed by the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station. Several varieties of sweetpotato were granted protection in the European Union under Community Plant Variety Rights. Varieties can be attributable to a gene pool emanating from S-9 sweetpotato accessions. The certificates will be issued in 2019. Seven sweetpotato varieties were submitted for U.S. Plant Patent rights in 2018. These also have parentage attributable to S-9 sweetpotato accessions.

Mississippi
Brian Baldwin, Mississippi State University

Germplasm requested from GRIN during 2018-2019 were used for various personal, research and extension activities. During this period seven requests were made from the S-009 Unit by six entities in Mississippi. Of the seven requests, four were made for personal use. USDA-ARS at Poplarville makes okra requests annually. Hibiscus accessions received from Griffin were planted in greenhouse and will be used in crosses to generate interspecific hybrids to introgress adaptation traits into H. syriacus. Also, seeds will be harvested from a single plant and soaked in oryzalin to induce the polyploidy levels. Tetraploid accessions and interspecific hybrids will be evaluated to select plant(s) with winter-hardness and wide adaption to prevalent conditions in southeastern United States.

Baldwin’s subterraneum clover request was for educational purposes at the American Forage and Grasslands Conference.

The Ipomoea batatas slip requested is being used for virus screening at Pontotoc Research Station Mississippi State University. Presentations were made at Miss. Academy of Sciences in June 2019.

Efforts to improve warm- and cool-season native grasses for forage, habitat and reclamation have moved forward. Selection for rapid germination of five warm-season native grasses (lowland and upland switchgrass, Panicum virgatum; big bluestem, Andropogon gerardii; indiangrass, Sorghastrum nutans and little bluestem, Schizachyrium scoparium) have been successful; three other species are still undergoing selection (Eastern gammagrass, Tripsacum dactyloides; purpletop, Tridens flavus and beaked panicum, Panicum anceps). Examiners have approved the lowland switchgrass variety ‘Expresso’ (syn ‘Espresso’), and issuance of the PVP (#201800200) is pending. The upland short-statured switchgrass variety ‘Robusto’ has been submitted for PVP examination; the other three will follow in June. Breeder’s seed of the five entries has been delivered to Roundstone Native Seed, LLC. (Upton, KY and Live Oak, FL). Foundation fields have been established. Spring, 2020 will initiate the generation of Registered seed increase.

‘Tusca’ is a cultivar of lowland switchgrass selected from ‘Alamo’ (USDA NRCS, Knox City, TX) for resistance to the herbicide imazapic. Plant patent has been applied for and published (https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190014734A1/en ). Additional screening to determine if selection for Tusca conferred cross-resistance to similar ALS-inhibiting herbicides was conducted. Five ALS-inhibiting herbicides including; imazapic (IPIC), imazamox (IMOX), imazapyr (IPYR), imazethapyr (ITHR), and metsulfuron methyl (MSUL), were tested on Alamo , Tusca, and wild-type johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L) Pers.] at five rates (25, 50, 75, 100, and 125% of the label rate) plus an untreated control, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Johnsongrass was used as a reference species to confirm efficacy of herbicide treatments. Six replications of 25 seed of both cultivars and johnsongrass were screened for response to herbicide treatment at germination as well as the 3-leaf stage. Mean germination percentage for untreated Tusca, Alamo, and johnsongrass were 71.5, 24.8, and 40.8, respectively. Compared to controls, mean germination percentage of Tusca remained >50% at all rates of ITHR and IMOX, whereas ITHR decreased germination of Alamo to
<25% and IMOX to <50%. While Tusca shows some improved resistance to IPIC at germination, greater resistancetolerance was found to ITHR, IPYR, and IMOX, whereas mean germination percentage of Alamo was significantly reduced by all treatments.

North Carolina
Tom Stalker, North Carolina State University

Germplasm introduction from the Southern Regional Station is an important component of the plant breeding efforts at NC State University. Plant breeders in Crop and Soil Sciences, Horticulture and Forestry conduct research on strawberry, blueberry, brambles, tree crops, ornamentals, maize, soybean, peanut, cotton, tobacco, small grains, turfgrasses, sweet potato, cucurbits, and other crops. Breeding efforts largely concentrate on improving disease and insect resistance, abiotic stress resistance, and quality factors into improved breeding lines and cultivars with high yields. Wild species are important components of the wheat, peanut, cotton, grasses, and several other programs. Because of the diversity of warm and cool season crops grown in North Carolina, research programs cooperate with several different regions.
The Plant Breeding Consortium is comprised of 33 faculty in the Crop and Soil Sciences, Horticulture Sciences, Entomology and Plant Pathology, and Forestry Departments. The consortium supports the graduate program as well as plant breeding projects as a funding source. The college is currently interviewing candidates for a Consortium Director. In addition to germplasm and cultivar development, the Plant Pathology Department manages a micro-propagation unit to assure that strawberry and sweet potato germplasm and root stocks are virus free. This unit is critical for maintaining disease-free cultivars in North Carolina.
Several personal changes have occurred during the past year, including the retirements of Dr. Tom Stalker, who conducts interspecific hybridization research with peanut, and Dr. Ron Qu, who conducts genetic research with grass species. The status of these positions for replacement is unknown.
Two hundred thirteen samples were sent to North Carolina from the S-009 unit during 2018, including cucurbits, grasses, okra, pepper, specialty legumes, and watermelon, castor, Vigna, sorghum, millets, sweet potato, Hibiscus, clover, gourds, guar, and peanut. The Arachis species collection at NC State University is maintaining about 560 accessions and the Nicotiana cultivated and wild species are maintained. Seeds are distributed nationally and internationally from both collections, including accessions of peanut species to the S-009 Unit. In addition, maize germplasm is evaluated for adaptability under short days and a conversion program is in progress to convert South American types to North America.
Germplasm efforts concentrate on all phases of research related to plant breeding from collection and preservation of species collections, genetics, molecular genetics, and cultivar development. Both laboratory and field programs are being conducted at the main NC State University campus and at 16 other locations across the state of North Carolina. Breeding efforts are making progress toward utilizing genetic resources supplied by the S-009 unit by incorporating genes conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. Several programs are evaluating wild species and plant introductions, including grasses and peanut. One hundred forty Arachis species accessions were planted in a field nursery and additional plants of Arachis accessions are being propagated in the greenhouse for seed increase. The wheat, peanut, cotton and grass breeding programs are transferring genes from wild species into cultivated germplasm and then evaluating progenies for disease resistance, agronomic traits and yield potential.
Population development for genetic characterization is important to improve many of the NC crops. For example, the cotton program is developing Nested Association Mapping populations. A high-density genetic map of St. Augustinegrass that includes 2,000 SNP markers was developed by the grass breeding program and being used to evaluate drought and freeze tolerance. Mapping population of strawberry screened in field and phytotron for resistance to two types of anthracnose (Collectotrichum acutatum and
C. gleospoiroides). Additional mapping populations are being developed in peanut, maize and wheat.

Cultivars and breeding lines released
1. Cultivars
Mountain Regina: A hybrid tomato released for tomato mosaic virus, tomato spotted wilt virus, fusarium wilt and root knot nematode resistance in 2018.

Mountain Crown: A hybrid tomato released for late blight tomato mosaic virus, and tomato spotted wilt virus resistance, and its large and smooth fruit quality in 2018.

Mountain Bebe: A hybrid tomato released for late blight resistance (combining Ph-2 and Ph-3 genes), fusarium wilt race 3 and tomato spotted wilt virus resistance in 2018.

NC 1 Plum: Plum tomato breeding line released for its tomato mosaic virus resistance in 2018.

NC 7 Grape: Grape tomato breeding line released for large-fruits combined with fusarium wilt race 3 and tomato spotted wilt resistance in 2018.

NC 8 Grape: Grape tomato breeding line combines excellent fruit quality and late blight (Ph-2 and Ph-3 genes) resistance in 2018.

Stevia clones (31): NC-1101, NC-1103, NC-1104, NC-1105, NC-1106, NC-1107, NC-1108, NC- 1109, NC-1110, NC-1111, NC-1112, NC-1113, NC-1114, NC-1116, NC-1117, NC-1118, NC-1119, NC-1120, NC-1122, NC-1123, NC-1124, NC-1125, NC-1126, NC-1127, NC-1128, NC-1129, NC- 1130, NC-1131, NC-1132, NC-1133, and NC-1134

NC-1 tall fescue was developed jointly by North Carolina State University and Blue Moon Farms LLC. (Lebanon, OR) as a synthetic cultivar improved for summer stress tolerance. NC-1, trade name 'Tara', will be commercially available this spring for landscape use in the transition zone of the United States.

Strawberry cultivars (2): NCS 10-156 as 'Rocco' and NCS 10-038 as 'Liz'

2. Germplasm lines

Maize lines (4) release NC524, NC526, NC528, and NC530.
NC 524 traces back to materials salvaged from the closing of the SC corn breeding program and was derived from NC320, a SC76 derivative.

NC 526 was derived from 258 x (296 x 258). 258 was a Don Thompson line used in several pretty successful commercial hybrids. It was derived from TZ = I14 x I18 from McNair crossed to [(248 x 246) x C103]. 248 and 246 were GT112 derivatives. The McNair lines were derived from Coker hybrid 811A x C103 and were themselves the female parent of McNair 300. NC296 is a white, temperate-adapted, all-tropical line.

NC 528 was derived from 320 x 105.155 x TZ; 105x155 was a cross of two temperate-adapted, all-tropical lines.

NC 530 is derived from a backcross of 492 to Pioneer 3737. 492 was derived from 258 x 296. P3737 was a rare non-Stiff-Stalk hybrid widely used for Ex-PVP development.

Gametophytic maize lines from Mexican accessions have been developed; one, 1222-2, from Jal78 has been released to public.

Cotton germplasm lines (8): NC18-07, NC18-08, NC18-09, NC18-10, NC18-11, NC18-12, NC18- 13, and NC18-14

Oklahoma
Yanqi Wu, Oklahoma State University

In the last reporting period 1,093 plant accessions maintained at the USDA ARS Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA were distributed to organizations and individuals in Oklahoma. The requested plant germplasm in 2018 included peanuts (Arachis spp.), clovers (Triforlium spp.), sorghum (Sorghum spp.), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), legume (Aeschynomene americana), Texas signalgrass (Urochloa texana), peppers (Capsicum annuum), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and millet (Cenchrus americanus) species. Receivers of the plant accessions include researchers at USDA-ARS laboratories, Oklahoma State University, Noble Research Institute, and residents in the state.

Puerto Rico
Diego Viteri, University of Puerto Rico

Citrus
Mexican lime (ML) [Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle], Clementina fine mandarin (CFM), (Citrus reticulata L.), and Campbell Valencia orange (CVO) [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], grafted in Swingle, HRS 812, and HRS 897 rootstocks were evaluated for their morphological characteristics and the presence/absence of Citrus Greening (CG). Tree height and shoot width for ML and CFM were ~1.75 m/75 mm and ~ 2.0 m/63.7 mm, respectively. While for CVO, lower height was found when grafted in Swingle (1.28 m) versus the two HRS rootstocks (~1.75 m). In terms of CG, a total of 53 trees of 107 experimental trees tested positive (17 for ML: 9-HRS 812, 3-HRS 897, 5-Swingle; 16
for CFM- 5 Swingle, 6-HRS 812, 5- HRS 897 and 20 CVO- 8 HRS 812, 7 Swingle and 5- HRS 897) plus two trees are dead (1 ML-Swingle and 1 CVO-HRS 897).

Forages
Planting systems (PS) of crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke) and mixture effects on dry matter yield (DMY), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin (L) were evaluated, when harvested at 49 and 63-d after planting. Pearl millet, crotalaria and mixture averaged 4.8, 1.2, and 6.3 Mg/ha, respectively at 63-d.
Crude protein averaged 8.2, 18.7, 8.2, while L averaged 4.8, 7.9, 6.0%, for pearl millet, crotalaria and mixture, respectively. Also, there was a significant difference between harvest day for CP, averaging
13.9 and 9.5% at 49 and 63-d, respectively. Crotalaria when harvested at the 49 and 63-d presented
39.3 and 49.7 for NDF and 31.7 and 40.0% for ADF, at 49 and 63-d, respectively. In conclusion, DMY was increased in mixtures, and NDF and ADF values were indicative of quality hay.

Legumes
Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill.], common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes were evaluated against Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich isolates PRI16 and PRI18 in the greenhouse. A 195, 'PC 50', PRA 154 and PRA 155 common beans had partial resistance (mean disease scores from 4 to 6) to both isolates; while I-8-3-4 and ICP 6915 pigeon peas and PI 339623 and PI 293570 cowpeas were resistant (scores ? 3) to PRI16. Also, ‘Badillo’ and ‘PC 50’ had one recessive and two recessive genes conferring resistance to PRI16 isolate, respectively. While one dominant gene conferred resistance to the same isolate in the A 195/‘PC 50’ population. Other genetics studies showed that one dominant gene controlled the

presence of purple stripes on the flower standard in ‘Badillo’/PR1144-5 and 92BG-7/'Verano' common bean populations.
In regard to the agronomic performance of pigeon pea, ‘ICP 7035’ and ‘Lázaro’ had the higher seed- yield values (526.0 and 696.5 kg/ha, respectively) compared to ICP 13207 (299.2 kg/ha) and ‘Pinto Original’ (240.8 kg/ha) in Isabela Research Substation. ‘Guerrero’ (1668.7 kg/ha), ICP 7193 (1537.4 kg/ha), ‘Pinto Berrocales’ (1425.9 kg/ha), ‘Pinto Original’ (1329.1 kg/ha), and ‘Super Pinto’ (1355.9 kg/ha) had higher yield in Lajas.

Root crops and Musa spp. genotypes
The four apio (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft), 29 cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), 30 sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), and 22 yam (Dioscorea spp.) accessions were renovated in Corozal and Isabela Research Substations. Also, the 43 Musa spp. genotypes were conserved and maintained at Corozal.

South Carolina
Richard Boyles, Clemson University

I. Germplasm Received from the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit, Southern Regional Plant Introduction Station, Griffin, GA:

The following list of germplasm was received, representing 17 different researchers or individuals in SC during the 2018-2019 period.

Genus # of accessions Abelmoschus 121 Arachis 215 Capsicum 30 Citrullus 104 Ipomoea 111 Sesamum 2 Sorghum 44 Vigna 210
Total 837

II. Germplasm Uses

Very few requests (n=2) were made from individuals outside of the state and federal research programs. A total of 153 accessions across three genera (Capsicum, Citrullus, and Ipomoea) were requested by USDA-ARS scientists, primarily for horticultural research evaluation. Requests for large numbers of accessions from state institutions were primarily made by Clemson University research programs. Important crop species requested by Clemson scientists included lentils (cowpea and mungbean), okra, peanut, and sorghum. Okra, peanut, accessions were requested to evaluate seed under organic conditions to identify potentially valuable germplasm for smallholder farming. Other requests were made to evaluate diverse germplasm for resiliency (abiotic and biotic), reduced allergenicity (peanut), and regional adaptation.

Tennessee
Virginia R. Sykes, University of Tennessee

ASTERACEAE
Project Title: Phylogeny and divergence of the sunflower family

Personnel: Jennifer R. Mandel Institution: University of Memphis
Objective: 1) Reconstruct a robust backbone phylogeny for the Compositae to more fully resolve the evolutionary relationships among its major lineages in order to more precisely identify ancient gene duplication events.

Approach: We have utilized Hyb-Seq, as well as in silico mining of publicly available transcriptome data to reconstruct the most comprehensive phylogeny of the Sunflower Family to date. We used genomic data from more than terminals to estimate evolutionary relationships, the timing of diversification(s), and biogeographic patterns.

Lines
Helianthus annuus L. PI 603989
Helianthus argophyllus Torr. & A. Gray PI 435623 Helianthus niveus spp. tephrodes (A. Gray) Heiser PI 613758 Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet Ames 10809
Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S.F.Blake PI 545684
Porophyllum ruderale spp. macrocephalum (DC.) Cronquist Ames 20101 Carthamus tinctorius L. PI 592391
Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. PI 311739 Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin W6 35156
Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench Ames 1281.1 Centrapalus pauciflorus (Willd.) H. Rob. PI 312852

CORN
Project Title: Breeding maize lines with exotic/new germplasm Personnel: Dennis West1, Matt Krakowsky2
Institution: 1Dept. of Plant Sciences, Univ. of Tennessee, 2USDA and NCSU Objective: Develop improved maize germplasm for the southern region.
Approach: Early generation lines from the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) project, expired PVP lines, and other germplasm obtained from the North Central Regional Plant Introduction station maize collection are crossed with elite adapted lines. Progeny from crosses are advanced by traditional breeding methods, to develop new maize parental lines. In 2019 we obtained the following maize germplasm from the NPGS for inclusion in our maize breeding project:

1. Lines from the GEM project; GEMS-0303
GEMS-0304 GEMS-0305 GEMS-0306 GEMS-0307 GEMS-0308 GEMN-0309 GEMN-0310 GEMS-0311 GEMS-0312

2. Expired PVP lines; PH42B
1.
WQCD10 WKBC5 FBPL F298W 01IZB2
01IBH10

GRAIN AMARANTHS AND LEGUMES
Project: Biotechnology Assisted Breeding of Grain Amaranths and Legumes Personnel: Matthew W. Blair ; Students: Xingbo Wu and Ranjita Thapa Institution: Tennessee State University, Nashville 37209

Germplasm Used: The core collection of 260 USDA grain amaranths were evaluated for agro- morphological characteristics resulting in the publication by the M.S. student Ranjita Thapa and were also genotyped using GBS (Genotype by Sequencing) technology resulting in a second publication by PhD student X. Wu.

Results obtained: Over the course of three years the genotypes were selected for adaptation and grain yield on the TSU experimental farm. The result has been the selection of four accessions as potential varieties for the state which have been tested in strip trials with direct seeding and semi-mechanized harvesting.

PISTACHIO
Project: Genetic diversity and evolution of the Pistacia genus
Personnel: Marcin Nowicki, Postdoctoral Research Associate; Sarah L. Boggess Research Coordinator; Robert N. Trigiano, Institute Professor
Institution: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Univ. of Tennessee

Objective: Develop plastidic genome sequences for Pistacia species, to infer the genus evolution

Approach: A total of 33 pistachio branches with green healthy leaves (14 species total, variable number of accessions) and an outgroup accession (Schinus molle) were obtained from USDA-GRIN. This project aimed to use gradient centrifugation for isolation of intact chloroplast, followed with plastidic total DNA isolation, for next-generation sequencing. The accrued genomes would be assembled based on the available plastidic genomes (NCBI), for later comparisons of the genus phylogeny and evolutionary reticulations. This would also gain access for fast genotyping tool, in places the species-specific SNPs occurred, that would allow for PCR and restriction-driven distinction of species. Need for and application of such a tool was evidenced by us in a service developed for pistachio-breeding companies. The project awaits financing through an external grant (declined in the PRC2018 application).

SOYBEAN
Project Title: Germplasm Resources for Enhancing Soybean Seed Yield and Disease Resistance Personnel: Vince Pantalone, Professor; Chris Wyman, Research Associate; Rachel Fulton, Research
Associate; Mia Cunicelli, Research Associate; Ronald Moore, Graduate Research Assistant Institution: Department of Plant Sciences, Univ. of Tennessee
Objective: Develop elite soybean lines through germplasm resources Approach:
1) Release of glyphosate herbicide resistant cultivar TN16-510R1
1)
The off-patent version of the Roundup Ready transgene, provides less expensive seed costs in comparison with many GMO varieties currently available from leading companies. TN16- 510R1 is a BC4 derivative of Ellis (Pantalone et al., 2017) soybean cultivar CV-523, PI 680630. TN16-510R1 has shown high yields and has resistance to stem canker and resistance to southern root knot nematode.

2) Release of high yielding high meal protein cultivar TN15-5007. TN15-5007 has the pedigree Osage x TN10-4409, where TN10-4409 has the pedigree 5601T x S97-1688 where 5601T is the registered cultivar CV-441 published in: Pantalone, et al. (2003). S97-1688 is the registered germplasm line GP-300 published in: Anand et al. (2004) and Osage is the registered cultivar CV-495 published in: Chen, et al. (2007). The goal was to bring together high yielding germplasm lines with high protein. TN15-5007 yields equivalent to high yield check cultivars and produces ultra-high 50.5% meal protein.

3) Cross of PI 437654 × PI 88788 made in 2018. Target is to improve DNA copy number for soybean cyst nematode (SCN)

4) Cross of PI 437654 × PI 438489B made in 2018. Target is to improve copy number for SCN.

5) Cross of Fayette × PI 437654 made in 2018. Target is to improve copy number for SCN.

6) Cross of Ellis × PI 437654 made in 2018. Target is to improve copy number for SCN.

7) Cross of Ellis × Fayette made in 2018. Target is to improve copy number for SCN.

8) Registration of soybean cultivar TN11-5140 and deposit to GRIN (Smallwood and Pantalone, 2018). TN11-5140 is the registered cultivar CV-525, PI 685014. This high yielding high oil cultivar with high meal protein is now a USDA high yield check cultivar performing very well in the Southern Uniform Testing Program. It is derived from the registered cultivar ‘5601T’ CV-441, PI 630984.

9) EMS treatment of germplsm line JTN-5203 GP-393, PI 664903 led to mutations with variability for soybean protein, oil, fatty acid composition, plant height, plant architecture, and other traits (Espina, et al., 2018).

10) A population developed from the registered cultivar 5601T CV-441, PI 630984 showed a wide distribution for yield, protein, and oil concentration, leading to favorable selections (Wiggins et al, 2018a).

11) A set of near isogenic lines (NILS) developed from the registered cultivar 5601T CV-441, PI 630984 showed that backcrossing was a useful method in transferring two genes governing the low phytate trait and tested the stability of that trait over multiple environments. (Wiggins et al., 2018b).

SUNFLOWER
Project: Genetic diversity of the Helianthus genus
Personnel: Marcin Nowicki, Postdoctoral Research Associate; Sarah L. Boggess, Research Coordinator, Marzena Nowakowska, Postdoctoral Research Associate; Logan C. Houston, Undergraduate Research Assistant; Robert N. Trigiano, Institute Professor
Institution: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Univ. of Tennessee

Objective: Evaluate sunflower germplasm for genetic diversity using nuclear and cytoplasmic microsatellites

Approach: A total of 45 sunflower germplasm seeds (9 species, 5 accessions each) were obtained from USDA-GRIN. After germination in moist filter paper in Petri dishes, the seedlings were frozen for gDNA extraction using a commercial kit. The samples were then genotyped using PCR over
35 SSRs developed for H. annuus, and 35 SSRs developed for H. verticillatus. Cytoplasmic markers (SSRs developed from plastidic and mitochondrial genomes) were also investigated. PCR products were then analyzed using an advanced capillary electrophoresis system, and sized with accuracy of
2 bp. The GRIN germplasm was a part of a bigger collection of over 50 species of Helianthus, and the investigation of the total collection is ongoing. The subsequent data analyses will follow our customary array of population genetics tools, to infer on the genus genetic richness and evolution.

TOBACCO AND POTATO
Project: Phytosensors 2.0 Personnel: Neal Stewart
Institution: Department of Plant Sciences and Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee

Objective: The project is funded by DARPA as part of their Advanced Plant Technologies program, which will develop engineered plants as environmental sense-and-report devices, which respond to various stimuli. Most of the project focuses on using potato as a chassis organism, but also includes tobacco. The team is performing synthetic biology and biotechnology experiments with the germplasm.

Approach:
The following germplasm was received from GRIN.

Tobacco
USDA GRIN Nicotiana Germplasm Collection, Raleigh N.C.

Nicotiana tabacum
Accession Plant name
PI 552432 TC 90

Potato
USDA GRIN Potato Introduction Station, Surgeon Bay, Wisconsin

Solanum tuberosum
Accession Plant name
PI 681076 Diamante
PI 515921 Granola
AV 18 Katahdin
AV 2 Atlantic

Solanum berthaultii
Accession Plant name
PI 310926 UGN 4561
PI 473337 HHCH 4727
PI 473340 HHCH 4746
PI 558035 LAP 32084-2

PI 597733 SFVU 6503
PI 604212 BER 39

Texas
Gerald R. Smith, Texas A&M University

The Sorghum Genetics and Translational Genomics program, under the Sorghum CRIS Project at Plant Stress & Germplasm Development Unit (PSGD), Cropping Systems Research Laboratory (CSRL), USDA-ARS, located in in Lubbock Texas requested and received 193 sorghum accessions from the active collection of Genetic Resource Information Network (GRIN) via the Plant Genetic Resource Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA. We received ~ 100 seeds of each accession in November/December, 2018. The timely and efficient distribution of seed materials by GRIN/PGRCU is greatly appreciated and we were able to include the materials in the 2019 winter nursery in Puerto Rico for seed increase. Following the 2019 PR seed increase and preliminary agronomic evaluation, the accessions are now in use for phenotyping for root diversity and chilling (cold) response under controlled conditions at PSGD, CSRL, Lubbock. These accessions were also planted in the 2019 Summer Nursery of the Sorghum Genetics and Translational Genomics program for agronomic evaluation of phenology, and agronomic traits. The diversity data from these accessions with be used for Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) to identify genome regions associated with favorable root phenotype(s) during cold stress in sorghum.

Miscanthus sinensis germplasm was received and used at TAMU as a colony plant to rear sugarcane aphids. Dr. M. Meeks at TAM AgriLife acquired vegetative clones of several bermudagrass accessions and initiated experiments in turfgrass breeding and ploidy manipulation. Dr. R. Jessup, TAMU College Station, has initiated a phenotyping program on warm season grasses for the presence of terpenoids with pest repellent activity.

Advanta seeds in College Station, TX screened sorghum accessions for pest resistance, including sugarcane aphid, powdery mildew, fusarium head blight and charcoal rot. Drought tolerance and lodging resistance are also of interest in this program. Other commercial sorghum breeding programs evaluated sorghum accessions for agronomic traits and used accessions in test crosses and in the development of parental lines.

Evaluation of forage cowpea accessions continued at TAM AgriLife, Overton. Crosses were made to enhance southern root-knot nematode resistance and F1 and F2 generations evaluated.

U.S. Virgin Islands
Thomas W. Zimmerman, University of the Virgin Islands

The University of the Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station is still recovering from devastating category 5 hurricane Maria. Destroyed greenhouses have not yet been replaced. However, research continues as possible.

Sorrel, Hibiscus sabdariffa, hybrids were evaluated in a fall and spring planting. A spring planting provides a natural selection for non-photoperiodic lines. Controlled crosses among Caribbean varieties and African varieties (obtained through USDA Germplasm Repository, Griffin, GA).
Planting selected seed in the fall allows all to flower and fruit going into the short day photoperiod of winter. However, a February planting inhibits the photo-sensitive lines from flowering and fruiting from April - June. Selection then is possible for the day-neutral characteristic and seed is obtained. A new day-neutral variety has been developed with the desired characteristics which resulted from

crosses among USDA PA#274245 and 291128 from Nigeria and Ghana, respectively and ‘Black Trinidad’ and ‘St Kitts Day-Neutral’. Presently in the F9 generation and ready for release.

Virus-free sweetpotato plants were lost from the tissue culture collection following hurricane Maria. Only a couple hybrids survived post-Maria recovery.

Four lines of Jicama were established and being evaluated for tuberous root development over time and influence of flowering and seed pod developments tuberous root growth and production. Also, the need for trellising this climbing bean is being evaluated.

Germplasm obtained from USDA Hibiscus sabdariffa 8 Pachyrhizus erosus 3 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 35
Virginia
Bastiaan Bargmann, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Several institutions in Virginia have used germplasm provided by the S-009 project over the last five years for educational purposes as well as differing lines of research, some with promising results that are expected to lead to publications in the near future. Moreover, two articles were reported to have been published in the last year, listed below.

Diatta et al., based out of Virginia Tech, have used mungbean (Vigna radiata) for yield analysis to test the effects of soil quality as well as intercropping with millet.
The Mehl lab, at Virginia Tech Tidewater AREC, has used sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) obtained from the S-009 project for pest-management studies and expects to publish that work later in 2019.

The Zhao lab, at Virginia Tech, is using pepper germplasm (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum, Capsicum chinense, Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum pubescens) for plant-pathogen interaction studies and tissue culture.
There were multiple users for whom the recorded contact information was no longer valid and attempts at communication were not successful.

Anciro, A., J. Mangandi, S. Verma, N. Peres, V.M. Whitaker and S. Lee. 2018. FaRCg1: a quantitative trait locus conferring resistance to Colletotrichum crown rot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in octoploid strawberry. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 131:2167-2177.

Bhattarai, K., S. Sharma, and D.R. Panthee. 2018. Diversity among modern tomato genotypes at different levels in fresh-market breeding. International Journal of Agronomy. 2018: 15; Article ID 4170432.

Boyles, R.E., Z.W. Brenton, and S. Kresovich. 2019. Genetic and genomic resources of sorghum to connect genotype with phenotype in contrasting environments. The Plant Journal 97:19-39.

Carvalho PASV, Brasileiro ACM, Leal-Bertioli S, Bertioli D, Silva JP, Agostini-Costa TS, Gimenes MA. 2017. Coupled transcript and metabolite identification: insights on induction and synthesis of resveratrol in peanut, wild relatives and synthetic allotetraploid. Genetics and Molecular Research 16 (3). doi: 10.4238/gmr16039802.

Charles, I, TW Zimmerman 2019. Using Floral Bud Length to Predict Sorrel Harvest Date. Agricukture Research Directors Symposium. March 30 – April 3, 2019, Jacksonville, FL.
Chhetri, M., C. Fontanier, J.Q. Moss, Y.Q. Wu, and K. Koh. 2019. Turf performance of seeded and clonal bermudagrasses under varying light environments. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. 43 (2019): 126355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.05.017.

Chu Y, C.C. Holbrook, T.G. Isleib, M. Burow, A. K. Culbreath, B. Tillman, J. Chen, J. Clevenger, and P. Ozias-Akins (2018) Phenotyping and genotyping parents of sixteen recombinant inbred peanut populations. Peanut Science: January 2018, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 1-11.

Clevenger J, Chu Y, Chavarro C, Botton S, Culbreath A, Isleib TG., Holbrook CC, Ozias-Akins. Peggy. 2018. Mapping Late Leaf Spot Resistance in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Using QTL-seq Reveals Markers for Marker-Assisted Selection. Frontiers in Plant Science 9:83.

Clevenger J, Bertioli DJ, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Chu Y, Stalker HT, Ozias-Akins P. 2017. IntroMap: A Pipeline and Set of Diagnostic Diploid Arachis SNPs as a Tool for Mapping Alien Introgressions in Arachis hypogaea. Peanut Science. 44:66–73.

Cooper, E.A., Z.W. Brenton, B.S. Flinn, J. Jenkins, S. Shu, D. Flowers, F. Luo, Y. Wang, P. Xia, K. Berry, C. Daum, A. Lipzen, Y. Yoshinaga, J. Schmutz, C. Saski, W. Vermerris, and S. Kresovich. 2019. A new reference genome for Sorghum bicolor reveals high levels of sequence similarity between sweet and grain genotypes: implications for the genetics of sugar metabolism. BMC Genomics 20:420.

Crane, M., T. C. Wehner and R. P. Naegele. 2018. Cucumber cultivars for container gardening
and the value of field trials for predicting cucumber performance in containers. HortScience 53: 16- 22.

Dia, M., T. C. Wehner, G. W. Elmstrom, A. Gabert, J. E. Motes, J. E. Staub, G. E. Tolla and I.
E. Widders. 2018. Genotype X environment interaction for yield of pickling cucumber in 24
U.S. environments. Open Agriculture 3: 1-6.

Diatta, A.A., W.E. Thomason, O. Abaye, L.J. Vaughan, T.L. Thompson, M. Lo, B.K. Chim, and S. Bateman. 2018. Inoculation and soil texture effects on yield and yield components of mungbean.
Journal of Agricultural Science, 10(9). DOI:10.5539/jas.v10n9pxx

Diatta, A.A., O. Abaye, W.E. Thomason, M. Lo, F. Guèye, A.B. Baldé, F. Tine, L.J. Vaughan, and
T.L. Thompson. 2019. Effect of intercropping mungbean on millet yield in the Peanut basin, Senegal. Innovations Agronomiques 74:69-81

Dunne, J.C., T.D. Tuong, D.P. Livingston, W.C. Reynolds, and S.R. Milla-Lewis. 2018. Field and laboratory evaluation of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) germplasm for cold hardiness. Crop Sci. 59: 392-399. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2017.11.0667.

Espina, M.J., C.M. Sabbir Ahmed, A. Bemardini, E. Adeleke, Z. Yadegari, P. Arelli, V. Pantalone, and A. Taheri. 2018. Development and phenotypic screening of an ethyl methane sulfonate mutant population in soybean. Frontiers in Plant Sci.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00394.

Ganjegunte, G., A. Ulery, G.H. Niu, and Y.Q. Wu. 2019. Soil organic carbon balance and nutrients (NPK) availability under treated waste water irrigation for bioenergy sorghum production in an arid ecosystem. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 65:345-359,
doi: 10.1080/03650340.2018.1503414

Grimes, S.J., T.D. Phillips, V. Hahn, F. Capezzoni and S. Graeff-Honninger. 2018. Growth, yield performance and quality parameters of three early flowering chia (Salvia hispanica L.) genotypes cultivated in Southwestern Germany. Agriculture 8(10): 154 (20 pages) https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8100154

Guner, N., L. A. Rivera-Burgos, and T. C. Wehner. 2018. Inheritance of resistance to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in watermelon. HortScience 53: 1115-1118.

Guner, N., Z. Pesic-VanEsbroeck, L. A. Rivera-Burgos and T. C. Wehner. 2019. Screening
for resistance to Zucchini yellow mosaic virusin the watermelon germplasm. HortScience 54: 206- 211.

Guner, N., Z. Pesic-VanEsbroeck, L.A. Rivera-Burgos, and T.C. Wehner. 2018. Inheritance
of resistance to Papaya ringspot virus-watermelon strain in watermelon. HortScience 53(5):1-4.

Hancock, W, S Tallury, T Isleib, Y Chu, P Ozias-Akins, and HT Stalker. 2019. Introgression analysis and morphological characterization of an Arachis hypogaea x A. diogoi interspecific hybrid derived population. Crop Science 59:1-10 doi: 10.2135/cropsci2018.07.0461 2018.

Hanna, Wayne. W., Brian M. Schwartz, Ann R. Blount, Gary Knox and Cheryl Mackowiak. 2018. ‘PP-1’ Ornamental perennial Arachis. HortScience vol. 53(11) p. 1715-1718. dol: 10.21273/HORTSCI13402-18.
Holloway, H.M.P., X. Yu, J.C. Dunne, B.M. Schwartz, A.J. Patton, C. Arellano, and S.R. Milla- Lewis. 2018. A SNP-based high density genetic linkage map of zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) and its use for the identification of QTL associated with winter hardiness. Mol. Breed. 38:
10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-017-0763-0

Ibrahim, Amir, M.H., Rex Herrington, Russell Sutton, Brian Simoneaux, Stephan A. Harrison, Ann
R. Blount, Paul Murphy, Ron D. Barnett, Esten Mason, Md A. Babar, Robert W. Duncan, Jackie Rudd, Geraldine Opena, Lloyd R. Nelson, Dennis R. West, Marty L. Carson, Jason Baker, Dirk B. Hays, Jerry W. Johnson, Mohamed Mergoum and Myron O. Fountain. 2018. Registration of ‘TAMO 411’ Oat. J. Plant Reg. Vol. 12(2) p. 186-189.

Jing Li, Yueyi Tang, Alana Jacobson, Phat Dang, Xiao Li, Ming Li Wang, Austin Hagan, and Charles Chen. 2018. Population structure and association mapping to detect QTL controlling tomato spotted wilt virus resistance in cultivated peanuts. The Crop Journal 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2018.04.001.

Kandel R, C.Y. Chen, C.R. Grau, A.E. Dorrance, J.Q. Liu, Y. Wang, and D. Wang. 2018. Soybean Resistance to White Mold: Evaluation of Soybean Germplasm under Different Conditions and Validation of QTL. Frontiers in Plant Science. DOI:10.3389/fpls.2018.00505.

Kantor M, Levi A, Thies J, Guner N, Kantor C, Parnham S, Boroujerdi A. 2018. NMR Analysis Reveals a Wealth of Metabolites in Root-Knot Nematode Resistant Roots of Citrullus amarus Watermelon Plants. JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY 3(50): 303.

Kaur, B., J. Bacheler, L. Zhu, H. Fang, D.T. Bowman, and V. Kuraparthy. 2018. Screening germplasm and quantification of components contributing to thrips tolerance in cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology, toy201, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy201.

Kimball, J.A., T.D. Tuong, C.A. Arellano, D.P. Livingston III, and , S.R. Milla-Lewis. 2018. Linkage analysis and the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with winter survival and turf quality traits in St. Augustinegrass. Mol. Breed. 38:67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-018- 0817-y

Kronberga SL, ZellerbW, Waghorn GC, Grabber JH, Tierril T, Liebig MA. 2018. Effects of feeding Lespedeza cuneata pellets with Medicago sativa hay to sheep: Nutritional impact, characterization and degradation of condensed tannin during digestion. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 245:41- 47

Li, M., H. An, R. Angelovici, C. Bagaza, A. Batushansky, L. Clark, V. Coneva, M. Donoghue, E. Edwards, D. Fajardo, H. Fang, M. Frank, T. Gallaher, S. Gebken, T. Hill, S. Jansky, B. Kaur, P. Klahs, L. Klein, V. Kuraparthy, J. Londo, Z. Migicovsky, A. Miller, R. Mohn, S. Myles, W.C. Otoni,
J.C. Pires, E. Rieffer, S. Schmerler, E. Spriggs, C.N. Topp, A.V. Deynze, K. Zhang, L. Zhu, B. M. Zink and D.H. Chitowood. 2018. Persistent homology defines a leaf morphospace: towards discerning constraint from selection. Frontiers in Plant Science 19: 553.

Mandel, J.R., R.B. Dikow, C.M. Siniscalchi, R. Thapa#, L.E. Watson, V.A. Funk. (2019) A fully resolved backbone phylogeny reveals numerous dispersals and explosive diversifications throughout the history of Asteraceae. PNAS.

Mason, R.E. Mason, J.W. Johnson, M. Mergoum, R.G. Miller, D.E. Moon, J.F. Carlin, S.A. Harrison,
M.A. Babar, P. Murphy, A.M.H. Ibrahim, R. Sutton, and A.R. Blount. 2018. ‘AR11LE24’, a soft red winter wheat adapted to the mid-south region of the USA. J. Plant Reg. Vol. 12 no. 3, p.357-361.

Nascimento EFMB, Santos BV, Marques LOC, Guimarães PM, Brasileiro ACM, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Bertioli DJ. Araujo ACG. 2018. A study of the genome structures of Arachis hypogaea and an induced Arachis allotetraploid using molecular cytogenetics. Comparative Cytogenetics. 12:111-140.

Noh, Y.H., Y. Oh, J. Mangandi, S. Verma, J.D. Zurn, Y.T. Lu, Z. Fan, N. Bassil, N. Peres, G. Cole,
C. Acharya, R. Famula, S. Knapp, V.M. Whitaker and S. Lee. 2018. High-throughput marker assays for FaRPc2-mediated resistance to Phytophthora crown rot in octoploid strawberry. Molecular Breeding 38:104.

Pantalone, V. and C. Smallwood. 2018. Registration of ‘TN11-5102’ soybean cultivar with high yield and high protein meal. J. of Plant Regist. 12:1-5.

Pantalone, V., C. Smallwood, B. Fallen, C. Nyinyi Hatcher, and P. Arelli. 2018. Registration of ‘TN09-008’ soybean cyst nematode–resistant cultivar. J. of Plant Regist. 12:309-313.

Panthee, D.R., J.P. Kressin, and A. Piotrowski. 2018. Heritability of flower number and fruit set under heat stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). HortScience; 53, 1294-1299.

Paudel L, Clevenger J, McGregor C. 2019. Chromosomal Locations and Interactions of Four Loci Associated With Seed Coat Color in Watermelon. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10:788

Salinas, N., S. Verma, N.A. Peres and V.M. Whitaker. 2018. FaRCa1: A major subgenome-specific locus conferring resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum in strawberry. Theoretical and Applied Genetics https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-018-3263-7

Schwartz, B. M., W.W. Hanna, L.L. Baxter, P.L. Raymer, F.C. Waltz, A.R. Kowalewski, A. Chandra,
A.D. Genovesi, B.G. Wherley, G.L. Miller, S.R. Milla-Lewis, C.C. Reynolds, Y. Wu, D.L. Martin,
J.Q. Moss, M.P. Kenna, J.B. Unruh, K.E. Kenworthy, J. Zhang, and P. Munoz. 2018. ‘DT-1’, a drought-tolerant triploid turf bermudagrass. HortScience53:1711-1714.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI13083-18.

Sheflin, A.M. D. Chiniquy, C. Yuan, E. Goren, I Kumar, M. Braud, T. Brutnell, A.L. Eveland, S. Tringe, P. Liu, S. Kresovich, E.L. Marsh, D.P. Schachtman, J.E. Prenni. 2019. Metabolomics of sorghum roots during nitrogen stress reveals compromised metabolic capacity for salicylic acid biosynthesis. Plant Direct 3: e00122.

Smallwood, C., B. D. Fallen, and V. R. Pantalone. 2018. Registration of ‘TN11-5140’ Soybean Cultivar. J. of Plant Regist. 12:203-207.Sun, Y., G. Niu, G. Ganjegunte, and Y.Q.

Wu. 2018. Salt tolerance of switchgrass cultivars. Agriculture 8: 66-77. Thapa R. and M.W. Blair. (2019) Agronomy Journal.
Tirado-Corbalá, R., Rivera-Ocasio, D., Segarra-Carmona, A., Román-Paoli, E., and González, A. 2018. Performance of two citrus species grafted in different rootstocks in presence of Huanglongbing in Puerto Rico. Horticulturae 4:38. DOI:10.3390/horticulturae4040038

Tonnis, B., M.L. Wang, S. Tallury, V. Tishchenko, and H.T. Stalker. 2019. Identification of a mutant from Arachis veigae with enhanced seed oleic acid content. Appl Biol Chem 62:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-019-0420-x

Viteri, D.M., and Linares, A.M. 2019. Inheritance of ashy stem blight resistance in Andean common bean cultivars ‘Badillo’ and ‘PC 50’ and genetic relationship between Andean A 195 and ‘PC 50’. Euphytica 215:12. DOI:10.1007/s1068

Wang M.L. C.Y. Chen, Brandon Tonnis, David Pinnow, Jerry Davis, Yong-Qiang Charles An, and Phat Dang. 2018. Changes of Seed Weight, Fatty Acid Composition, and Oil and Protein Contents from Different Peanut FAD2 Genotypes at Different Seed Developmental and Maturation Stages. J. Agric. Food Chem. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01238.

Wang, X., K. Bao, U. K. Reddy, Y. Bai, S. A. Hammar, C. Jiao, T. C. Wehner, A. O. Ramírez- Madera, Y. Weng, R. Grumet and Z. Fei. 2018. The USDA cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) collection: genetic diversity, population structure, genome-wide association studies, and core collection development. Horticulture Research 5: 64-77.

Wang, Y., J. Tan, Z. Wu, K. VandenLangenberg, T.C. Wehner, C. Wen, X. Zheng, K. Owens,
A. Thornton, H.H. Bang, E. Hoeft, P.A.G. Kraan, J. Suelmann, J. Pan, and Y.
Weng. 2018. STAYGREEN STAY HEALTHY a loss of susceptibility mutation in the STAYGREEN gene provides durable broad spectrum disease resistances for over 50 years of US cucumber production. New Phytologist 2018: 1-16.

Wang, Y., K. VandenLangenberg, C. Wen, T. C. Wehner and Y. Weng. 2018. QTL mapping
of downy and powdery mildew resistances in PI 197088 cucumber with genotyping-by-sequencing in RIL population. Theor. Appl. Genet. 131: 597-611.

Wiggins, B., S. Wiggins, M. Cunicelli, C. Smallwood, F. L. Allen, D. R. West, and V. R. Pantalone. 2018a. Genetic Gain for Soybean Seed Protein, Oil, and Yield in a Recombinant Inbred Line Population. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.

Wiggins, S. J., C. Smallwood, D. R. West, D. A. Kopsell, C. E. Sams, and V. R. Pantalone. 2018b. Agronomic Performance and Seed Inorganic Phosphorus Stability of Low Phytate Soybean Line TN09-239. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 95:787-796.

Wu, S., Wang, X., Reddy, U., Sun, H., Bao, K., Gao, L., Mao, L., Patel, T., Ortiz, C., Abburi, V. L., Nimmakayala, P., Branham, S., Wechter, P., Massey, L., Ling, K.-S., Kousik, C., Hammar, S. A., Tadmor, Y., Portnoy, V., Gur, A., Katzir, N., Guner, N., Davis, A., Hernandez, A. G., Wright, C. L.,
McGregor, C., Jarret, R., Zhang, X., Xu, Y., Wehner, T. C., Grumet, R., Levi, A. and Fei, Z. (2019) Genome of ‘Charleston Gray’, the principal American watermelon cultivar, and genetic characterization of 1,365 accessions in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System watermelon collection. Plant Biotechnol. J., https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi. 13136

Wu X and M.W. Blair (2018) Frontiers in Plant Science.

Xiang, M.Y., J.Q. Moss, D.L. Martin, and Y.Q. Wu. 2018. The Salinity tolerance of seeded-type common bermudagrass cultivars and experimental selections. HortTechnology 28:276-
283. doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH03975-18.

Yan, Z., A. Pérez-de-Castro, M.J. Díez, S.F. Hutton, R.G. Visser, A.M. Wolters, Y. Bai, J. Li. 2018. Resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in tomato germplasm. Front. Plant Sci. 9:1198. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01198.

Yang, L., Y.Q. Wu, J.Q. Moss, S. Zhong, and B. Yang. 2018. Molecular identification and characterization of seeded turf bermudagrass cultivars using simple sequence repeat markers. Agronomy Journal 110:2142-2150. doi:10.2134/agronj2018.01.0068

Yu, X., J.A. Kimball, and S.R. Milla-Lewis. 2018. High density genetic maps of St. Augustinegrass and applications to comparative genomic analysis and QTL mapping for turf quality traits. BMC Plant Biology. 18: 346. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1554-4.

Ye Chu, Peng Chee, Albert Culbreath, Tom G. Isleib, Corley C. Holbrook, PeggyOzias-AkinsMajor QTLs for resistance to early and late leaf spot diseases are identified on chromosomes 3 and 5 in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). bioRxiv 567206; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/567206

Zhu, L. §, P. Tyagi, B. Kaur and V. Kuraparthy. 2019. Genetic diversity and population structure in elite and landrace accessions of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Journal of Cotton Science 23:1–10.

Zifan Zhao, Yu-Chien Tseng, Ze Peng, Yolanda Lopez, Charles Y. Chen, Barry L. Tillman, Phat Dang, and Jianping Wang. 2018. Refining a major QTL controlling spotted wilt disease resistance in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and evaluating its contribution to the resistance variations in peanut germplasm. BMC Genetics (2018): 19:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-018-0601-3.

Non-referred Publications

Cevallos, P., Giraldo, M.C., Feliciano, M., and Millett, S. 2018. Maximizing the production of Arracacia xanthorrhiza disease-free propagation material by the combination of lighting and a temporary immersion bioreactor system (TIBs)”. The 18th Triennial Symposium of International Society for Tropical Root Crops (ISTRC) at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture CIAT, Colombia. October 22-25, 2018.

Chargualaf, R.G., Tuquero, J. and M. Marutani. 2019. Agricultural Research Technical Report: 2016-2018 Vegetable Cultivar Trials on Guam. Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, College of Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Guam. 26p.

Giraldo, M. C. 2018. Prácticas culturales de manejo integrado para el control eficaz de la pudrición del cormo de apio. Boletín 1/ 2018. Empresa de Farináceos. Mayo 2018.

Giraldo, M.C. 2018. Estado de la Investigación y de la Producción de Arracacha en Puerto Rico. IX Encuentro Nacional de Arracacha (IX ENMS) y I Encuentro Latinoamericano de Arracacha (I ELAA) Mayo 7-10, 2018. Pouso Alegre e Senador Amaral, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

Giraldo, M. C. 2018. Procesamiento de material de propagación para la siembra de batata, Ipomoea batatas. Boletín 3/ 2018. Empresa de Farináceos. Diciembre 2018.

Giraldo, M.C., Cathme, M., Chavarría-Carvajal, J. A., Macchiavelli, R., and González-Vélez, A. 2018. The causal agent and methods for the control of apio (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) corm rot disease in Puerto Rico. The 18th Triennial Symposium of International Society for Tropical Root Crops (ISTRC) at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture CIAT, Colombia. October 22-25, 2018.

Harrison M.L., Bradley V.L., Casler M.D. (2019) Native Grass Species for Forage and Turf. In: Greene S., Williams K., Khoury C., Kantar M., Marek L. (eds) North American Crop Wild Relatives, Volume 2. Springer, Cham.

Sarmiento, L., Linares, A. M., and Viteri, D. M. 2018. Response of pigeon pea genotypes to pod- borer and evaluation of their agronomic performance in Puerto Rico. International Annual Meeting of Crop Science Society of America, USA. (https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2018am/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/111147).

Tuquero, J. and G. Takai. 2018. Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) Varieties for Guam Food Plant Production FPP-06. Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, College of Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Guam. 6p.

Viteri, D.M., Linares, A.M., and Urrea, C.A. 2019. Effect of multiple inoculations of an aggressive Macrophomina phaseolina isolate for screening common bean genotypes under high temperatures. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 62:17-18.

Viteri, D.M., Linares, A.M., and Soto, C. 2019. Inheritance of the presence of purple stripes located at the external surface of the flower standard and its relationship with seed coat color in ‘Badillo’/PR1144-5 common bean population. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 62:107-108.

Viteri, D.M., and Linares, A.M. 2018. Inheritance of ashy stem blight resistance in A 195/‘PC 50’ and ‘PC 50’/‘Othello’ common bean crosses. International Annual Meeting of Crop Science Society of America, USA. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2018am/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/111148

Viteri, D.M. 2018. Genetics for resistance to ashy stem blight and white mold in ‘PC 50’/‘Othello’ and A 195/‘Othello’ common bean populations. 11th International Mycologist Congress. San Juan, Puerto Rico.
[http://ut.suagm.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/IMC-2018-Abstract-Book-071618.pdf (page 51)]

Viteri, D.M. 2018. Selecting grain legume genotypes with resistance to ashy stem blight by the cut- stem method. Agrotechnol 7: 12 (DOI: 10.4172/2168-9881-C1-029). (12th International Conference on Agriculture and Horticulture, Sydney-Australia)

Zalesny RS Jr, WL Headlee, G Gopalakrishnan, EO Bauer, RB Hall, DW Hazel, JG Isebrands, LA Licht, MC Negri, EG Nichols, DL Rockwood, and AH Wiese. 2018. Ecosystem services of poplar at long-term phytoremediation sites in the Midwest and Southeast, United States. : Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Fibers from Forest Biomass (Zhu J et al.). p. 27-
63. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2011-1067.ch002

Plant Patents

LaBonte, D., C.A. Clark, and V. Primomo. 2018. Sweetpotato plant named ‘V12B.445’. U.S. Plant Patent 29,941 P3.